主动语态与被动语态

主动语态与被动语态●

一.概念:主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

●二.被动语态的构成：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词

●三.被动语态的时态:以为work 例:

●1. 一般现在时: am / is/are+ worked

●2. 一般过去时: was / were+ worked●3. 一般将来时: shall / will +be+ worked

●4. 过去将来时: should / would+ worked

●5. 现在进行时: am /is/are+ being+ worked

●6. 过去进行时: was /were+ being+ worked

7. 过去进行时: was/were +being +worked

8. 现在完成时: have/has+ been+ worked

9. 过去完成时: had +been+ worked

10. 将来完成时: shall/ will +have been +worked

11. 过去将来完成时: should/would +have been+ worked

12. 情态动词(can/may/must/should etc.)+be+动词的过去分词

●四.用法：

●当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。

五. 方法：

●Many people speak English.(主动语态)

●English is spoken by many people.（被动语态）

六.注意以下问题：

● A.带有双宾语的动词变为被动语态时，可以把其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，若将直接宾语(sth.)变为主语，须根据习惯在原间接宾语前加上介词to或for

用to的常见词有：give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, take, bring etc.

用for的常见词有：make, choose, sing, play, draw, save, buy, get, leave, cook etc.

●eg.

●1. Mary gave him some books.

●He was given some books by Mary.

●Some books were given to him by Mary.

●2. Her father bought her a new bike.

●She was bought a new bike by her father.

● A new bike was bought for her by her father.

●B.带复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的动词变为被动语态时，只能将宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语不可变为主语。

●eg. 1. We call him Gina.

●He is called Gina (by us).

● 2. They made me happy.

●I was made happy( by them).

● 3. He asked me to come here.

●I was asked to come here (by him)●C. 在see, let, make, hear, watch etc.动词之后，作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to，但在变为被动语态时，则一定要加上to。

●eg.

●1. We saw them play football just now.

●They were seen to play football just now.

2. We often hear her sing in English.

●She is often heard to sing in English.

●D.在某些“不及物动词+介词/副词”(相当于及物物动词)的句子中，变被动语态时，注意不要丢掉介词/副词。eg.

●1. People often talk about that film.

●That film is often talked about.

●2. We should speak to the old people politely.

●The old people should be spoken to politely.

E. 主动形式表示被动意义的词：

●1）某些感官动词:

●look, smell, taste , feel, wear ,sound, etc.

●2）某些及物动词+副词：

● wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, shut, keep,

●etc.

● 1. This coat feels soft.

● 2. The pen writes smoothly.

● 3. That book sells well.

● 4. This kind of shirt washes easily.

●F. 只有及物动词(vt.)才有被动语态，不及物动词(vi.)没有被动语态，因为它不带宾语。

●eg. happen

●What was happened? ×

●What has happened? √●What is happening? √●G. 若主动句的主语是表示地点的名词，变为被动语态时，应将其变为in+名词，作地点状语，而不变为by的宾语。

●eg. Our village opened a new school last year.

● A new school was opened in our village last year.

●H.若主动句的谓语动词是know变为被动语态时，应将其变为be known to，而不能变为be known by。