大学跨文化交际Unit_1_introduction
大学英语跨文化交际unit1
A Brief IntroductionCourse: Intercultural CommunicationTextbook: Intercultural Communication in English (Revised Edition), by Xu Lisheng, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2010.Teaching aim of this term:To make students understand the relationship between language and culture to foster intercultural communication awareness and develop intercultural communicative competence and to comprehensively improve the overall capacity.Requirements for the course:before class -- prepare the lesson;during the class -- take part in the discussion and case study; take notes very carefully;after class -- finish the exercises; review what’s learned.Your final score:class presentation + class performance + term paper = 40%final examination = 60%Introduction:Intercultural Communication & Cross-cultural CommunicationUnit One Communication Across CulturesI.Warm UpPlease read the folk tale, then answer the questions:1.Why is it difficult to explain to a blind person what colors are?2.Do you sometimes find it hard to make yourself properlyunderstood by others? If you do, why do you think it is hard?II.Reading1.Read the article of “Intercultural Communication: An Introduction”and answer the questions.Supplement:What is intercultural communication (IC)? What do you know about it?1.DefinitionIC is concerned with communication among people from different cultural backgrounds.Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.2.Forms of IC(1) International Communication: International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it isquite formal and ritualized(仪式化) .(2) Interethnic Communication: Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.(3) Interracial Communication: Interracial communication occurs when the sender and thereceiver exchanging messages are from different races.(4) Intracultural Communication: It is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.3.Features(1)It is a branch of communication.(2)It mainly deals with verbal and nonverbal interaction and relatedfactors in intercultural communication.(3)Its verbal medium is language while its nonverbal communicationsystems include body language, facial expressions, etc.2.Read the article of “The Challenge of Globalization” on page 13-16and answer the questions?Supplement: History and Present State of IC Studies(1)IC and IC studiesIC studies are rather new while IC (activities) is almost as long as our human history:(2)IC Studies in USA and ChinaIn 1950s and 1960s America, as the most powerful country, had frequent contacts with other countries. Some of these activities were successful but others were failures. Some of the Americans left a bad or even disgusting impression on the native people. Thus in 1958 The Ugly American shows the American officials in Southeast Asia. (The trigger of IC studies)In 1959 The Silent Language by American cultural anthropologist Edward Hall signified the emergence of this discipline.This course was offered in USA in late 1960s in five universities. Since 1970s it has been popular in USA with 200 universities and 60 graduated schools offering it in 1978.This course was introduced to the Chinese scholars in 1980s. According to Hu Wenzhong in 1995 there were only Beijing Foreign Studies University, Heilongjiang University, Harbin Industrial University, Shanghai Foreign Studies University and Fujian Teachers University. It is rather new in China.Homework: Read the article of “Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication”. Some questions will be asked next class.3. Read the story on page 9, then discuss the question: Which do you think is the mark of beauty, thin or fat? Why is it often said that beauty is in the eye of the beholder?4. Discuss the cases of communication given on page 11-12 is possibly intercultural or not and, if it is, to what extent it is intercultural.5. Read these two different views on IC mentioned on page 12, then state your point of view clearly and support your argument with convincing and substantial evidence.6. Read the story of “How We Address Each Other?” and identify the differences on addressing between Chinese people and Americans.Supplement(补充): formal situation In England , people call each other by firstname, such as between employers andemployees.in less formal settings People usually use first name, even they meetfor the first time, regardless of age and statusinformal situation first names are less likely to be usedin many officesuse of the first name among colleagues iscustomary; use the title plus last name wouldbe taken as an open declaration of dislikesomeone.Mr. / Mrs. / Miss. / Ms.the most frequentused titlesSir / Madam / Mack / Buddy / mategeneral terms ofaddressguyscollective informaltermsterms of endearment husband & wife / dear / darling / loveNotes on English Titles1. In informal situations, people usually call each other by their first names.2. Mutual use of first names does not in every situation imply friendship and intimacy.3. Use of title plus last name in an informal circumstance is still avoided. It would be taken as being too cold, an open declaration of dislike.4. Children often address schoolmistresses（女教师）simply as 'Miss' without adding their surnames.5. "Sir" and "Madam" without adding their surnames are usually addressed by people like shop-assistants or air-hostesses.6. When "Sir" is used before a life peer in Britain, it is of course a title of lords. The word can be used before a person's whole name like"Sir Beatle Paul McCartney" or just with the first name alone like "Sir Paul".7. In English professional titles, the most commonly used three are Doctor(博士),Professor and Doctor(医生) that can go together with a person's name. Other titles that can be used together with a person's name are Queen (Queen Mary 玛丽女王），Prince (Prince Charles),President (President Clinton),Senator (Senator Fulbright议员）, Judge (Judge Harley 法官）, Father (Father White神父),General (General Patten), Colone (Colonel Quail上校)and so on.III.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
跨文化交际 1 Introduction
Discuss what communication is
a) Activity: Discuss what the communication is and its significance and function.
b) Definition of communication
1. Communication, the basis of all human contact, occurs anywhere there are human beings. 2. In its most general sense, communication refers to the share or exchange of information, ideas, feelings and so on. Put simply, it means getting across our ideas, views, feelings, emotions, etc.
We are now in a quite different world from before, which is sometimes referred to as a global village. This globalization is mainly due to the rapid development of science and technology in the areas of transportation and communication systems. It naturally follows that intercultural contact has become more frequent, more abundant and, therefore, more significant than ever before.
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文 化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication (比较大众传播)
Core Content of ICC
(Rich and Gudykunst)
Interracial
International
Intercultural Communication
Interethnic
Intracultural
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
Four Categories of ICC
Question for Discussion:
1. Can you distinguish intercultural and crosscultural communication? Please give specific examples to illustrate international, interethnic, interracial communication. 2. Compare the core content of intercultural communication study as proposed by Rich and Gudykunst. 3. Please try to come up with at least 3 cases in your daily life to illustrate the features of intercultural communication phenomenon.
跨文化交际导论(英文版)(第二版) Chapter 1 Introduction to Intercultural Communication
Defining Intercultural Communication
International Communication
Chinese Chairman
American President
Defining Intercultural Communication
Interracial Communication
Chapter 1
Introduction to ICC
Learning Objectives
Define intercultural communication. Understand the importance of
intercultural communication. Briefly describe the developmental
Five Forms of ICC
(Rich ,1974)
(1) Intercultural communication (2) International communication (国际间
传播) (3) Interracial communication (种族间传
播)
(4) Interethnic or minority communication (少数民族间传播)
Four Categories of ICC
(Gudykunst and Hammer, 1987)
(1) Intercultural communication (2) Cross-cultural communication (跨文
化传播) (3) International communication (4) Comparative mass communication
跨文化交际第一课材料
Unit 1 An Introduction to Intercultural CommunicationWarm UpCase Study OneProfessor Johnson was invited to give a guest lecture at a Chinese university in the early 1990s. He could tell that the students were very attentive. They applauded warmly when the lecture came to an end. However, Professor Johnson was disappointed when no one asked any questions, even after they were encouraged to do so. In fact, most students avoided eye contact with him as he tried to communicate with them.1. 1 Culture1.1.1 A Definition of CultureIn 1993, two anthropologists, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhorn examined 300 definitions of culture , and they found none of them are the same；Yet there are some fundamental properties about culture on which most people agree. Culture is the collective answer to questions as: Who am I? How should I live my life? Where do I fit in the world? In other words, culture is the set of values and beliefs, norms, and customs, and rules and codes that socially defines a group of people, binds them to one another, and gives a sense of commonality (Trenholm and Jenson, 2000)1.1.2 Characteristics of CultureDespite of the different opinion about the definition of culture, most people agree about the main characteristics of culture. Larry A. Samovar and Richard E. Porter summarized the characteristics of culture as followings:Culture is learned.If one can’t learn from those who live before, we would not have culture. Therefore, we say learning was the most important of all the characteristics of culture. If a baby was cut off from all adult care, training. He can still instinctively eat, drink, defecate, urinate and cry. But what and when would he eat, where would he defecate and urinate, it is most likely he would do all these things randomly.But where and how can we learn culture is hard to explain. We learn our culture through interactions with other people. It’s hard to name who are the “other people”, we receive instructions from family and friends and numerous other “teachers” without knowing it.Culture is transmitted from generation to generation.For culture to exist, endure, and perpetuate, they must make sure that their crucial “message” and elements get passed on. Brislin once said “ if there are values considered central to a soc iety that have existed for many years, they must be transmitted from one generation to another” (p. 6). Keesing said, “ any break in the learning chain would lead to a culture’s disappearance” (p. 28).Culture is based on symbols. Culture is learned and passed from generation to generation, but how to learn and pass? It is our symbol-making ability enables us to learn and pass on our culture from individual to individual, group to group, and generation to generation. The portability of symbols allows people to package and store them as well as transmit them. Culture is historical as well as preservable. Each new generation might “write”Culture is subject to change. Cultures are dynamic systems that do not exist in a vacuum and therefore are subject to change. Cultures are constantly being confronted with ideas and information for “outside” sources.When we talk about culture change, we should keep two points in mind. First, cultures are highly adaptive. In history, there are a lot of examples of how cultures have been forced to changetheir course because of natural disasters, wars, and etc. Second, although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the deep structure of a culture resists major alterations. Barnlund clearly make this point when he writes: “The spread of Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, and Confucianism did not homogenize the societies they enveloped. It was usually the other way around: Societies insisted on adapting the religions to their own cultural traditions” (p.192)Culture is ethnocentric. The important tie between ethnocentrism and communication can be seen in the definition of the term “ ethnocentrism”. Summer defined it as “ the technical name for the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all othe rs are scaled and rated with reference to it” (p.13) Keesing summarized the power and impact of ethnocentrism “ Nearly always the folklore of a people includes myths of origin which give priority to themselves, and place the stamp of supernatural approval upon their particular customs” (p. 45).1.1.3 Cultural SyndromesSome cultures are relatively simple, and other cultures are relatively complex. The organizing theme of the syndrome is complexity. Harry C. Triandis classified culture syndromes according to the following categories.TightnessTight cultures have many rules, norms, and ideas about what is correct behaviour in each situation; loose cultures have fewer rules and norms. In tight cultures, people can not tolerate when others do not follow the norms of the society, and may even kill those who do not behave as is expected, but in loose cultures people are tolerant of many difference from normative behaviours.Thus, conformity is high in tight cultures. Eg. In Japan, which is a tight culture, people are sometimes criticized for minor deviations from norms. Most Japanese live in fear that they will not act properly. (Iwao, 1993).Tightness is more likely in the following situations:1. The culture is relatively isolated from other cultures, so that consensus about what is proper behaviour can develop.2.The culture is more likely to be tight where people are highly interdependent.3. Tightness is more likely to occur where there is a high population density.Individualism and CollectivismIndividualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family only.”Collectivism “stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong cohesive ingroups, which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.”Individualistic cultures like USA and France are more self-centred and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. People from individualistic cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as "I" distinctive from other people. They make just a little different between ingroup and outgroup communication . They prefer clarity in their conversations to communicate more effectively and come in general directly to the point like the Finns and Americans are doing. Vertical and Horizontal CulturesVertical cultures take hierarchy as a natural state. In this culture, people are different from each other. The people who are at the top “naturally” have more power and privileges than those atthe bottom of the hierarchy. In horizontal culture, people are basically similar, equality is a given state.Active-Passive CulturesThis way of classifying culture is from the perspective of attitude towards nature. In active cultures people try to change the nature to fit them; in passive cultures people try to change themselves to fit into the nature. (Diaz-Guerrero, 1979). The active cultures are more competitive, and emphasize self-fulfillment; in passive cultures , people are more cooperative, emphasize the experience of living, and getting along with other people are their concerns.Universalism-ParticularismUniversalism and particularism are standards that may guide behavior of persons or of whole cultures. Universalism implies that correct behavior can be defined and always applies, while particularism suggests that relationships come ahead of abstract social codes. In universalist culture people try to treat others on the basis of universal criteria regardless of who they are in sex, age, race, etc.; in particularist cultures people treat others on the basis of who the other person is.In universalist cultures, people’s focus is more on rules than on relationships; while in particulist culture, people’s focus is more on relationships than on rules. A univeralist is preparing for “rational”, while a particulist is preparing for “personal”.Take the case of trying to cross the street at the red light. In a universalist culture, you will still be frowned at even if there is no traffic. In a particularist culture, it is likely to be OK with one if it is his/her brothers or friends that violate the traffic rule. These people are not "citizens", but their "friends" or "brothers".Diffuse-SpecificThis dimension measures how far people get involved with other's life space. Take a research group as an example. In specific-oriented cultures, the project leader would segregate out the task relationship he/she has with a subordinate, and insulates this "work relationship" from other dealings. Therefore, the leader's authority only reaches where his/her work relationship with the subordinate is defined, and each area in which the two persons encounter each other is considered apart from the other. Work and life are sharply separated in specific-oriented cultures life the U.S. In diffuse cultures, however, life space and every level of personality tends to permeate ALL others. For example, a teacher would be treated by the student not only as an instructor in the classroom, but also has certain influence on the student's home life. The boss-subordinate relationship usually does not stop only in the office; the boss is likely to have a say in other aspects of his/her employee's personal life.Affective - NeutralIn relationships between people, reason and emotion both play a role. Which of these dominates will depend upon whether we are affective, that is we show our emotions, in which case we probably get an emotional response in return, or whether we are emotionally neutral in our approach. Members of cultures which are affectively neutral do not express their feelings but keep them carefully controlled and subdued. In contrast, in cultures high in affectivity, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling and gesturing; they attempt to find immediate outlets for their feelings.Neutral cultures are not necessarily cold or unfeeling, nor are they emotionally constipated or repressed. In fact, the amount of emotion we show is often the result of convention. Achievement vs. AscriptionThis dimension is about how status is accorded to people in different cultures. The contrast between an achievement culture and an ascriptive culture is not difficult to understand. Achievement means that people are judged on what they have accomplished and on their record. Ascription means that status is attributed to you by things like birth, kinship, gender, age, interpersonal connections, or educational record. The former kind of status is called achieved status and the latter ascribed status. Achieved status refers to doing; ascribed status refers to being. Take a look at the difference from another angle. Achievement-oriented societies or organizations justify their hierarchies by claiming that senior people have "achieved more." Inascription-oriented cultures, however, hierarchies are justified by "power-to-get-things-done." Here are some examples.Let's assume that you are being interviewed by your potential boss and he/she is interested in knowing more about your educational background. In an achievement culture, the first question is likely to be "What did you study?" In contrast, this question will more likely be "Where did you study?" and only if it was a lousy university or one they do not recognize will this ascriptive interviewer asks what you studied.In addition to sampling different attributes, members of different cultures give different weights to the attributes that they sample. One can identify many more syndromes.1.2 Communication1.2.1 A Definition of CommunicationAlthough communication has been written for about 25 centuries, there is still disagreement about how to define it. In 1972, Frank Dance and Karl Larson surveyed the field for definition of communication. They found 126. And we can list some.Communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.Communication… is an “effort after meaning,” a creative act initiated by man in which he seeks to discriminate and organize cues so as to orient himself in his environment and satisfy his changing needs.Speech communication is a human process through which we make sense out of the world and share that sense with others.Communication: the transmission of information, ideas, emotions, skills, etc. by the use of symbols…Communication is a process by which a source transmits a message to a receiver through some channel.Communication is a transactional process and we develop a mutually dependent relationship by exchanging symbols. First, communication is a process. And it is symbolic, continuous, systematic, irreversible, and unrepeatable.1.2.2 The Prosperities of CommunicationIn last section, communication was defined. The definition reflects how we define communication. But there are numerous ways this word communication can be defined. Dance and Larson (1976) list over 125 definitions of this term. Yet despite these different definitions, most theorists agree on the properties of communication. Neuliep (2000) provides a summary of these, along with eight definitions of communication.1. Communication is a process. “Communication theory reflects a process point of view…you cannot talk about the beginning or the end of communication…”(Berlo)2. Communication is dynamic. “Communication is a transaction among symbol users in which meanings are dynamic, changing as a function of earlier usages and of changes in perceptions and metaperceptions. Common to both meanings is the notion that communication is time-bound and irreversible.” (Bowers and Bradac)3. Communication is interactive/ transactive. “Communication occurs when two or more people interact through the exchange of messages.” (Goss)4. Communication is symbolic. “… all the symbols of the mind, together with the means of conveying them through space and preserving them in time.” (Cooley)5. Communication is intentional. “…communication has as its central interest those behavioral situations in which source transmits a message to a receivers with conscious intent to affect the latter’s behavior.” (Miller)6. Communication is contextual. “Communication always and inevitably occurs within some context.” (Fisher)7. Communication is ubiquitous. “…communication is the discriminatory response of an organism to a stimulus.” (Stevens)8. Communication is cultural. “…culture is communication…communication is culture.”(Hall)Case Study TwoMing Li is a Chinese scholar in agriculture. He had been co-operating with Hank, an American professor on a project. And Hank had been to China twice for the project. And Ming Li arranged everything for him, including accommodation, having his students accompany him whenever he needed to do something. Frequently Ming Li invited him to home or restaurants for meals. And every meal was like a feast. Hank was very grateful, but told Ming Li several time that he could take care of himself.Eventually, Ming Li went to the United States to work with Hank for a period of time. Hank picked him up at the airport and took him directly to his temporary accommodations. Saying that he would take Ming Li out for dinner some day and went back home.Ming Li did not speak much English and he felt like a stranger in U.S. and he expected more from Hank. Hank did take him out for dinner in a nice restaurant one evening and invited him to his home once. But Ming Li had to arranged everything himself from shopping to traveling. Neither Hank nor his students accompanied him. He was very disappointed and hurt by Hank, thinking Hank should at least return the favor he had done to him.In fact, Ming Li was so upset that his working relationship with Hank suffered. Hank noticed the change but did not know where the tension came from.Questions:1.What is hospitality in Chinese perspective?2.Having Ming Li’s students accompany him everywhere, does Hank feel verycomfortable?3.Was Hank not very grateful and hospitable?1.3 Intercultural Communication1.3.1 What is Intercultural Communication?According to Neuliep (2003), intercultural communication occurs whenever a minimum of two persons from different cultures or microcultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal symbols. Microcultures are groups of people that exist within the broader rules andFood.dress.music. visual arts. Drama. craftsnguagecelebrations.gamescourtesy. Contextual conversational patterns. Concept of time. Personalspace. Rules of conduct. Facial expressions. Nonverbal communication.Body language. Touching. Eye contact. Patterns of handling emotions.Notions of modesty. Concept of beauty. Courtship practices.Relationships to animals. Notions of leadship. Tempo of work. Conceptsof food. Ideals of childrearing. Theory of disease. Social interaction rate.Nature of friendships. Tone of voice. Attitudes toward elders. Concept ofcleanliness. Notions of adolescence. Patterns of group decision-making.Definition of insanity. Preference for competition or cooperation.Tolerance … and so forthSurface CultureAbove sea levelEmotional Load:relatively low guidelines of the dominant culture, but are distinct in some way: racially, linguistically, occupation, age, or sexual orientation. Often microcultural groups have histories that differ from the dominant cultural group and are subordinate in some way.Intercultural communication, like all communication, is contextual. A context is a combination of factors--- situation, setting, circumstance, the people involved, the relationship of those people, and so on. In short, context is the overall framework within which communication takes place.1.3.2 A Narrative Approach to Intercultural CommunicationThere are numerous approaches to the study of intercultural communication--- all of which have their strengths and weaknesses. Based on our own intercultural living experiences, we are convinced that the most effective and insightful approach is the narrative approach.Scholars often discuss culture in terns of an iceberg metaphor. What we see in any culture is only the tip of the iceberg. Yet, effective communication occurs only when we begin to understand what is below the water level.The Iceberg Concept of CultureLike an iceberg, nine-tenths of culture is below the surface.Another metaphor compares culture to a theatrical production. You see what is on stage, but you don ’t see all the activity backage. It is the backstage activity that enables the action on stage to be effective.We suggest a narrative approach to the study of intercultural communication. We are the stories we tell. We make sense out of others and ourselves through story. As storytellers, our values, emotions, and aesthetic considerations ground our beliefs and behaviors.A key concept in the narrative approach is the concept of narrative itself. Fisher indicated “By ‘narration’, I mean symbolic actions---- words and/or deeds--- that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create, or interpret them”(p.58), he also states it “ There is no genre, including technical communication, that is not an episode in the story of life” (p. 347).Thus, listening to a class lecture, talking with your friends, listening to a political speech or the evening news, reading a book--- all consist of your hearing and shaping narratives. If story is a universal medium, then story is the key to our understanding of others from cultures unlike our own.Because our lives are experienced through narratives, some standard for determining which stories to believe and which to disregard is essential. This standard is narrative rationality. It is different from the traditional one in which most Westerners have been trained. Traditional standards of rationality ask questions such as:1. Are the claims supported by the facts?2. Have all relevant facts been considered?3. Are the arguments internally consistent?4. Does the reasoning used conform to the tests of formal and informal logic?In contrast, narrative rationality is concerned with the principle of coherence and fidelity. Coherence refers to the internal consistency of the narrative and asks such questions as:1.Do the elements of the story flow smoothly?2.Is the story congruent with the stories that seem related to it?3.Are the characters in the story believable?Fidelity, the second principle of narrative rationality, concerns truthfulness or reliability of the story. Stories with a high degree of fidelity “ring true” to the listener. When the elements of a story “represent accurate assertions about social reality” (Fisher, 1987, p.105), they have fidelity. Fisher proposes that we assess narrative fidelity through the logic of good reasons. If a narrative possesses fidelity, it constitutes good reasons for a person to hold a certain belief or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or act in a certain way. The logic of good reasons enables a person to judge the worth of stories by presenting the listener with a set of values that appeal to her or him and form warrants for accepting or rejecting a certain story.The logic of good reasons consists of asking two sets of questions. The first set constitutes a logic of reasons:1. Are the statements that claim to be factual in the narrative really factual?2. Have any relevant facts been omitted from the narrative or distorted in its telling?3. What are the patterns of reasoning that exist in the narrative?4. How relevant are the arguments in the story to any decision the listener may make?5. How well does the narrative address the important and significant issues of this case? Assignment:Terms: culture , Individualism and Collectivism, communication, intercultural communication, Questions:1.What are characteristic of culture?2.What are properties of communication/3.How do Harry C. Triandis clarify Cultural Syndromes4. How do you understand The Iceberg Concept of Culture。
英语跨文化交际实用教程Unit-1(可直接使用).ppt
Never kiss parents
Fake goods everywhere
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Attitudes towards Westerners
Kiss and hug anytime and anywhere
Go Dutch
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Attitudes towards Westerners
3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them.
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4) To acquire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence.
Young independent
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A farm family
A photo of Ba Jin’s Family
Insensitive to time
Tending to misunderstand
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Attitudes towards the Chinese People
Obey but not Follow
Being doubtful
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Attitudes towards the Chinese People
Catherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, I’m NOT old, and I’m NOT tired.
跨文化交际chapter 1 introduction and communication (2)
Chapter One A Brief IntroductionⅠ. Introduction1. Questionnaires (extra hand-outs)These two questionnaires are presented as the warming up exercises to check how the students can handle communications in daily practice. Discuss the communicative problems with students and analyze the relevant reasons. Then ask the students some questions.2. Lead-in Questionsⅰ. What do you usually communicate with other people?ⅱ. Have you ever been embarrassed when talking with strangers? Why is that?ⅲ. Do you know how to communicate with foreigners?Tell their conversation partner something concrete and significant about themselves.Look for common interests and shared opinions for a more solid basis of relationship.Individualize the foreigners.ⅳ. Have you come across the cultural shock in communication?3. DiscussionDiscuss the different ways of cultural communication and found out the reasons by analyzing some cases.4．Introduction of Intercultural Communicationa.Cross-cultural communication is also called intercultural communication. “Intercultural Communication”is communication between members of different cultural backgrounds. Intercultural Communication involves different perceptions, attitudes, and interpretations. Intercultural Communication is an interdisciplinary field which includes anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, and communication.Anthropology(from the Greek word ἄνθρωπος, "human" or "person") consists of the study of humanity (see genus Homo). It is holistic in two senses: it is concerned with all humans at all times and with all dimensions of humanity. In principle, it isconcerned with all institutions of all societies.Cultural studies combines sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology,philosophy and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in industrial societies. Cultural studies researchers often concentrate on how a particular phenomenon relates to matters of ideology, race, social class, and/or gender.Cultural studies concerns itself with the meaning and practices of everyday life. Cultural practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television, or eating out) in a given culture. Particular meanings attach to the ways people in particular cultures do things.Psychology is an academic and applied field involving the study of the human mind, brain, and behavior. Psychology also refers to the application of such knowledge to various spheres of human activity, including problems of individuals' daily lives and the treatment of mental illness.For instance, if you talk with your American teacher, intercultural communication takes place. If you interact with a Japanese student, there is intercultural communication.It takes place everywhere.Intercultural communication dates back to thousands of years ago. A long time ago, when people started intermingling with each other, when people were having trade relations with each other, there was intercultural communication. A very good example is the Silk Road.b. Reasons for us to learn cross-cultural communication:Modern means of communicationNow jet planes fly everywhere. It used to take a month to travel from Shanghai to Los Angeles. But now, it takes only twelve hours. It is much easier for people to move from one country to another. People of different countries and races get together much oftener than before. Besides, people get in touch with each other in various ways, including the telephone, the internet, the satellite, etc.Sophisticated communication systems have also helped to increase intercultural communication.Global villageThis means multinational companies now operate in many countries in the world.They employ people of different ethnic groups and of different countries.Actually some multinational companies make a point of employing people from different countries. They don't use people from just one country because their company is a multinational company and they want to use people from different countries. People everywhere need to learn about other cultures. They need to know their neighbors. They need to know how to get along with them and how to solve problems that inevitably arise. To do this it is necessary to learn how to communicate across cultures or how to do culture.Mass migrationMillions of people now move across national boarders every year. All these contribute to the fact that intercultural communication is now a daily occurrence.Its importance is now being recognized by an increasing number of people. The United States is a “melting pot”. Many young Americans no longer accept the melting pot image, because it includes the idea that people lose their home cultural identities, traditions, and values when they become Americans. We now replace the melting pot with mosaic. A mosaic is made up of diverse materials or elements that keep their original character when they are combined to create a new design. This new image expresses the idea that part of the American way of life is respect for cultural diversity.c. ApplicationIt can be applied in the training of business executives and technicians, particularly for those who go overseas. And they have to encounter a lot of cultural problems, so they have to be trained before they are sent overseas.Otherwise they would not be able to work effectively.And then there is the training of new immigrants and foreign students. This is done both in the United States, and also in countries like Australia.And then there is multicultural education because at American schools and also at some of the British schools, the pupils, the students are from different ethnic groups, and they have different cultures. So they have to be given what is calledmulticultural education. And also in foreign language teaching, intercultural communication is very important. Finally, it is useful for improving general cultural awareness.Ⅱ. Communication1.Types of Communicationa)human communicationHumans communicate in various ways. We speak, use body languages,intentionally or unintentionally communicate each other in either formal orinformal ways. (formal&informal, oral&written, intentional&unintentional,verbal&nonverbal)b)animal communicationResearchers have discovered that animals share with humans a number ofcharacteristics, including those associated with attraction and mating,territoriality, rivalry and play, familial ties, colony organization, division oflabor, and numbers of other traits that we once assumed were uniquely“human”. (animal language)c)human-animal communicationnon-word soundbody languaged)human-computer communicationInformation that was once conveyed verbally through stories and myths inancient times is now transmitted through high-tech media. (artificiallanguage)e) machine-machine communicationartificial language: codes2. Compare and ContrastGreetingsDialogue 1Friend: Hi, George, have you met Bill?George: No, I haven’t. Hi, Bill.Bill: Hi! How ya doing?Dialogue 2香港人到現在一見面還是會問：“食咗飯未？”意思就是吃過飯了嗎。
跨文化交际课件第一章介绍ChapterOne-AnIntroduction资料
A Short History of Intercultural Communication
• The chronological development
• The content of intercultural communication study
The content of intercultural communication study
American: I feel uncomfortable with many of the people here, but I’m not sure why. I speak the same language, so there shouldn’t be any problem. Back home, I usually get along with people. You know that I’m very friendly.
night, you immediately called people by their first names. We do that here, but not when we first meet someone. American: That’s how we make people feel comfortable. People feel friendlier toward each other when they use first names. Englishman: It’s different here. For example, when you met my boss you should have used his last name. Also there’s something else that you do that English people don’t often do.
跨文化交际第一章PPT课件
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Intercultural communicative competence
• The ability to communicate effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds.
• Page 3(举例说明)
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Studying international communication
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• International communication
Communication between people from different nations.
• Interethnic communication Communication between members of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.
• Interracial communication
• Even the young and the old , the female and the male .
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• What does marriage mean to you ?
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Communication
1.Verbal communication
• Communication that takes place between people of different cultural backgrounds.
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How do you understand the concept of different cultural
英语跨文化交际实用教程Unit 1
4) To acquire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence. 5) To have an understanding of the meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.
The Objectives
1) To explore cultural self-awareness, other culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two.
2) To understand how communication processes differ among cultures. 3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them.
The way of showing concern is different.
In China statement
In the West question
must
how would
Case 2 First Offer
A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sightseeing is a thirsty business. We did not trust the water, and enjoyed excellent beer. We politely offered some to Heping but he refused. We said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched. On another day, Heping quickly accepted our offer of beer. Questions for discussion In your daily life, do you often accept first offer? If yes, in what situation?
大学跨文化交际Unit_1_introduction
2
Course expectations/tasks
1. preview the text:looking up the new
words and expressions before class; prepare what the teacher has asked you to do 2. take an active part in class discussions and performances.
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Fish Swimming in Water
The same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.
4natureoffriendshiporderingoftimeconceptofselfpreferenceforcompetitionorcooperationbodylanguagenotionsaboutlogicandvaliditypatternsofhandlingemotionssubjectiveculture17culturaliceberg1美术文学戏剧古典音乐流行隐喻民间舞蹈饮食服饰2目光语境谈话方式社交频率面部表情1谦虚观念美的概念子女抚养标准与动物的关系2上下级关系模式罪恶的定义求爱方式工作的积极性友谊的性质对领导的看法工作节奏集体决策3整洁的概念对依赖的态度疾病理论解决问题方法地位变化看法因年龄性别阶级职业亲属关系等社会地位的称谓4朋友的意义时间观念对个人的看法对竞争和合作的偏爱肢体语言对逻辑和信度的概念控制情感的模式1谦虚观念美的概念子女抚养标准与动物的关系2上下级关系模式罪恶的定义求爱方式工作的积极性友谊的性质对领导的看法工作节奏集体决策3整洁的概念对依赖的态度疾病理论解决问题方法地位变化看法因年龄性别阶级职业亲属关系等社会地位的称谓4朋友的意义时间观念对个人的看法对竞争和合作的偏爱肢体语言对逻辑和信度的概念控制情感的模式182
跨文化交际Unit_1
A: How are you doing now? Would you like to rest?
B: No, not a bit.
The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.
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Comment
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The western way of showing concern is generally different from the Chinese way.
In China:
Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. You’re old…
Discussion
I. Why take Intercultural Communication?
2012-2-Case
Please discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it.
A Case: Showing Concern In China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be
Intercultural Communication
A Practical Coursebook 跨文化交际实用教程
Culture is a Bridge.
Requirements
Presentation 20% Attendance 30% Final exam 50%
Unit 1 An Introduction
Whatever the reason behind the rule, you do not insist on offering alcohol. And while I certainly did not figure Heping for Mormon, a Muslim or a reformed alcoholic, so unconscious and so strong are our communicative competence rules that we equally politely never made a second offer of beer to Heping, who probably thought North Americans are most uncouth.
Unit+1 跨文化交际
An Introduction
CONTENTS
1. Case study 2. Terminology (术语) 3. Barriers to effective intercultural communication 4. Strategies for effective intercultural communication
Examine the following cases and summarize the characteristics of culture:
1. Your parents kiss you and you learn about kissing—whom to kiss, when to kiss, and so on. 2. Your children laugh at the same jokes you laugh at ,which you heard from your parents in your own childhood. 3. You read Chinese books or talk with an American in English.
Tip (external culture): language, customs, typical food, dress acquired through observation, education/training easily learned and can be changed. Under water (internal culture): values, ways of thinking and perceiving, nonverbal communication Overtly（公开地）learned (formal education) or implicitly learned through socialisation influences/motivates our behaviour
跨文化交际课件Unit_1
Discussion
I. Why take Intercultural Communication?
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1. Warm-up Case
Please discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it.
A Case: Showing Concern In China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be
The interpreter gave the impression that he thought the elderly lady would collapse any minute if she doesn’t rest immediately.
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Comment
In the West, there is a value placed in being young that many people consciously, or subconsciously, are not willing to accept that they are growing old.
charges with modesty. But Heping did not
Unit 1 An Introduction Intercultural Communicati
Nomadic Culture: worship nature, love nature, depend upon nature, moving from one place to another, not fixed at one point.
Englishman: Not surprised, shrugged his shoulders, going away, without being troubled by nothing.
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German man: Made a mark within 100 meters on the ground, looking for the lost coin with a magnifying glass.
Islam. Meaning being obedient; Muslims are those who are obedient. Quran.
Buddhism. Are you a Buddhist? Buddhists are taught to live for kindness rather than evils.
Intercultural Communication
A Practical Coursebook 跨文化交际实用教程
Culture is a Bridge.
Unit 1 An Introduction
Discussion
I. Why take Intercultural Communication?
跨文化交际复习unit 1
三是非语言过程：包括非语言行为、时间的观念及空间 的使用。
Barriers to Intercultural Communication
Assumption of similarities: Ethnocentrism Language differences: Language as a barrier
Globalization
a. (from economic perspective): It is conceived as a process of increasing involvement in international business operations. b. (from sociological perspective): It occurs when the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangement recede as people around the world become increasingly aware that they are receding.
--- John F. Kennedy
To know another’s language and not his culture is a very way to make a fluent fool of one’s self. We may all be members of the same village, but we are sitting at our own campfires.
Unit 1 An introduction to Intercultural Communication
跨文化交际全部答案
跨文化交际全部答案参考资料Unit 1 Communication Across CulturesReading IIntercultural Communication：An IntroductionComprehension questions1. Is it still often the case that “everyone?s quick to blame the alien” in the contemporary world?This is still powerful in today‘s social and political rhetoric. For instance,it is not uncommon intoday‘s society to hear people say that most, if not all, of the social and economic problems arecaused by minorities and immigrants.2. What?s the difference between today?s intercultural contact and that of any time in the past?Today‘s intercultural encounters are far more numerous and of greater importancethan in anytime in history.3. What have made intercultural contact a very common phenomenon in our life today?New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact; innovative communication systems have encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction; globalization of the economy has brought people together; changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to intercultural encounter.4. How do you understand the sentence “culture iseverything and everywhere”?Culture supplies us with the answers to questions about what the world looks like and how we live and communicate within that world. Culture teaches us how to behavein our life from the instant of birth. It is omnipresent.5. What are the major elements that directly influence our perception and communication?The three major socio-cultural elements that directly influence perception and communication are cultural values, worldview (religion), and social organizations (family and state).6. What does one?s family teach him or her while he or she grows up in it?The family teaches the child what the world looks like and his or her place in that world.7. Why is it impossible to separate our use of language from our culture?Because language is not only a form of preserving culture but also a means ofsharing culture. Language is an organized, generally agreed-upon, learned symbol system that is used to represent the experiences within a cultural community.8. What are the nonverbal behaviors that people can attach meaning to?People can attach meaning to nonverbal behaviors such as gestures, postures, facial expressions, eye contact and gaze, touch, etc.9. How can a free, culturally diverse society exist?A free, culturally diverse society can exist only if diversity is permitted to flourish without prejudice and discrimination, both of which harm all members of the society.Reading IIThe Challenge of GlobalizationComprehension questions1. Why does the author say that our understanding of the world has changed?Many things, such as political changes and technological advances, have changed the world very rapidly. In the past most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. Such an existence, however, no longer prevails in the world. Thus, all people are faced with the challenge of understanding this changed and still fast changing world in which we live.2. What a “global village” is like?As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remote cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. In a ―global village‖, members of once isolated groups of people have to communicate with members of other cultural groups. Those people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other.3. What is considered as the major driving force of the post-1945 globalization?Technology, particularly telecommunications and computers are considered to be the major driving force.4. What does the author mean by saying that “the …global?may be more local than the …local?”?The increasing global mobility of people and the impact of new electronic media on human communications make the world seem smaller. We may communicate more with people of other countries than with our neighbors, and we may be moreinformed of the international events than of the local events. In this sense, ―the ?global‘may be more local than the ?local‘‖.5. Why is it important for businesspeople to know diverse cultures in the world?Effective communication may be the most important competitive advantage that firms have to meet diverse customer needs on a global basis. Succeeding in the global market today requires the ability to communicate sensitively with people from other cultures,a sensitivity that is based on an understanding of cross-cultural differences.6. What are the serious problems that countries throughout the world are confronted with?Countries throughout the world are confronted with serious problems such as volatile international economy, shrinking resources, mounting environmental contamination, and epidemics that know no boundaries.7. What implications can we draw from the case of MichaelFay?This case shows that in a world of international interdependence, the ability to understand and communicate effectively with people from other cultures takes on extreme urgency. If we are unaware of the significant role culture plays in communication, we may place the blame for communication failure on people of other cultures.8. What attitudes are favored by the author towardsglobalization?Globalization, for better or for worse, has changed the world greatly. Whether we like it or not, globalization is all but unstoppable. It is already here to stay. It is both a fact and anopportunity. The challenges are not insurmountable. Solutions exist, and are waiting to be identified and implemented. From a globalistic point of view, there is hope and faith in humanity.Translation纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
跨文化交际Unit 1 An Introduction
Religions—Christianity or Buddhism
2. Characteristics of Culture
Culture is learned Culture is usually acquired
unconsciously Culture is shared among its
members
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2. Characteristics of Culture
Culture manifests itself both implicitly and explicitly
Culture is changeable Culture affects behaviors Culture involves beliefs, values
“文化或文明，就其广泛的民族学意义来讲，是一 复合整体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、 习俗以及作为一个社会成员的人所习得的其他一 切能力和习惯。”
1. Define culture from different perspectives
From Anthropologic Perspective Culture is “ everything that people have, think, and do as members of a society.” (Ferraro, 1995)
Culture shock occurs when everything that was familiar to you—language, food, values, beliefs and even such take-for-granted incidents as mealtimes and sleep patterns— vanishes.
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Cultural Iceberg
1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰 2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情
1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、
对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策
3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、 因年龄（性e Studies
Showing Concern First Offer
Same language, different behavior
Showing concern
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A baby boomer is a person who was born during the demographic Post-World War II baby boom between the years 1946 and 1959
在二战之前出生的美国人较为传统，被称为
Silent Generation（沉静的一代）。二战后的 美国百废待兴，很多男性从战场返乡，结婚生 子，创造了美国史无前例的baby boom（婴儿 潮），而在此期间出生的孩子则被称为baby boomer（婴儿潮世代）。人们将战后新生活 的希望寄托在baby boomers身上，因此他们 从小就受到良好的教育，长大之后在美国诸多 领域挑大梁。而目前baby boomers大都面临 退休，使社会养老负担加重。
The Nature of Culture
Think about the following similes and
metaphors, how do you think culture is related to the references? 1. Culture is like an iceberg. 2. Culture is our software. 3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in. 4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.
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Fish Swimming in Water
The same is true for us. Our culture is so much a part of who we are and what the world is like for us that we do not notice it. We take it for granted.
(4) nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions
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3.The Cultural Fish
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Culture Like the Water a Fish Swims in
a. The fish notices everything except the water he is swimming in. b. The fish takes the water for granted. c. We take everything around us for granted.
Intercultural Communication
Presentation 2
Understanding Cultures Cultural Metaphors 文化的比喻
Culture is a Bridge.
1
Plan
1. Time schedule:36 periods in one term 4 periods(2周） for each unit 2. Evaluation will be based on Attendance, participation and homework(20%) case study Midterm-exam(30%) paper Final-exam(50%)
1.The Cultural Iceberg
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Culture Like an Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs.(visible, observable, small part) b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
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Course expectations/tasks
1. preview the text:looking up the new
words and expressions before class; prepare what the teacher has asked you to do 2. take an active part in class discussions and performances.
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The Culture in our Own Story
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The Culture in our Own Story
Chinese Dragons powerful; brave; all-conquering
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The Culture in our Own Story
Western Dragon Ferocious; frightening; terrible
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Choose and read at least one recommended textbook
1. 《跨文化交际英语教程 》主编/许力生，上海外语 教育,2004 2. 《Communication Between Cultures 》， Larry A. Samovar，外研社，2002年7月。 3.《跨文化交际学概论》，胡文仲，外语教学与研究出 版社，1999年11月 4.《跨文化交际学》，贾玉新，上海外语教育出版社 5. 《跨文化交际研究:与英美人交往指南》，林大津， 福建人民出版社，2008.
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4.The Culture in our Own Story
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The Culture in our Own Story
5) Culture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves. a. Every cultural group has a story for understanding who they are and what the world is like. b.The story is told in their folklore arts, in politics and in intimate conversation. c. What is significant is that people tell the story to show themselves and others who they are.
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而在baby boom之后，接踵而至的是baby bust（生育
低谷），在baby bust这段时期出生的孩子被称为 Generation X（被遗忘的一代，或X一代，20世纪60年 代到70年代初出生的美国人）。这代人成长的过程，恰 逢美国社会风气偏向于个人价值的体现和个人幸福的实 现，因此他们身上有着不同程度的不负责任、冷漠和物 质主义等特点。 Generation Y（Y一代）是在Generation X之后出生的 美国人，他们出生于20世纪七八十年代，伴随着计算机 以及互联网的成长而成长。有人认为Y一代有着更开放 的文化价值观，和新的消费方式和行为方式，而也有些 人认为他们更加以自我为中心，缺乏同情心和责任感。
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What is culture?
Three Ingredients: artifacts人造物品 concepts (beliefs, values, world views…) behavior e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior.
4）朋友的意义、时间观念、 、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、
肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式
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2. The Cultural Software
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Operating System
1)The basic operating system that makes us human. 2) Humans around the world are physically the same, universal. 3) Physical selves are the hardware. 4) Home culture programs us and proves us the software. 5) An infant is a potential human at birth and become a real human with culture. 6)The computer stops working as a result of its incompatibility with someone else’s software.
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