2020年硕士研究生统一入学考试
2020年考研数学一真题及答案(全)
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分．下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的．请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上． （1）若函数0(),0x f x b x >=⎪≤⎩在x 连续，则 (A) 12ab =． (B) 12ab =-． (C) 0ab =． (D) 2ab =．【答案】A【详解】由011lim 2x b ax a +→-==,得12ab =.（2）设函数()f x 可导，且()'()0f x f x >则(A) ()()11f f >- ． (B) ()()11f f <-． (C) ()()11f f >-． (D) ()()11f f <-.【答案】C【详解】2()()()[]02f x f x f x ''=>,从而2()f x 单调递增,22(1)(1)f f >-. （3）函数22(,,)f x y z x y z =+在点(1,2,0)处沿着向量(1,2,2)n =的方向导数为 (A) 12． (B) 6．(C) 4．(D)2 ．【答案】D【详解】方向余弦12cos ,cos cos 33===αβγ,偏导数22,,2x y z f xy f x f z '''===,代入cos cos cos x y z f f f '''++αβγ即可.（4）甲乙两人赛跑，计时开始时，甲在乙前方10(单位：m)处.图中，实线表示甲的速度曲线1()v v t =(单位：m/s)，虚线表示乙的速度曲线2()v v t =(单位：m/s)，三块阴影部分面积的数值一次为10，20，3，计时开始后乙追上甲的时刻记为(单位：s)，则(A) 010t =． (B) 01520t <<． (C) 025t =． (D) 025t >．【答案】C【详解】在025t =时,乙比甲多跑10m,而最开始的时候甲在乙前方10m 处. （5）设α为n 维单位列向量，E 为n 阶单位矩阵，则 (A) TE -αα不可逆． (B) TE +αα不可逆． (C) T 2E +αα不可逆． (D) T2E -αα不可逆．【答案】A【详解】可设T α=(1,0,,0),则T αα的特征值为1,0,,0,从而T αα-E 的特征值为011,,,,因此T αα-E 不可逆.（6）设有矩阵200021001A ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，210020001B ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，122C ⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(A)A 与C 相似，B 与C 相似． (B) A 与C 相似，B 与C 不相似．(C) A 与C 不相似，B 与C 相似． (D) A 与C 不相似，B 与C 不相似． 【答案】B【详解】,A B 的特征值为221,,,但A 有三个线性无关的特征向量,而B 只有两个,所以A 可对角化,B 则不行.（7）设,A B 为随机事件，若0()1P A <<，0()1P B <<，则(|)(|)P A B P B A >的充分必要条件(A) (|)(|)P B A P B A >． (B) (|)(|)P B A P B A <． (C) (|)(|)P B A P B A >． (D) (|)(|)P B A P B A <．【答案】A【详解】由(|)(|)P A B P A B >得()()()()()()1()P AB P AB P A P AB P B P B P B ->=-,即()>()()P AB P A P B ;由(|)(|)P B A P B A >也可得()>()()P AB P A P B . （8）设12,,,(2)n X X X n 为来自总体(,1)N μ的简单随机样本，记11ni i X X n ==∑，则下列结论不正确的是 (A)21()nii X μ=-∑服从2χ分布 ． (B) 212()n X X -服从2χ分布．(C)21()nii XX =-∑服从2χ分布． (D) 2()n X -μ服从2χ分布．【答案】B【详解】222211~(0,1)()~(),()~(1)1n ni i i i i X N X n X X n ==----∑∑μμχχ; 221~(,),()~(1);X N n X n-μμχ2211()~(0,2),~(1)2n n X X X X N --χ.二、填空题：9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分．请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上． （9）已知函数21(),1f x x=+(3)(0)f = ． 【答案】0 【详解】2421()1(11)1f x x x x x==-++-<<+,没有三次项.（10）微分方程032=+'+''y y y 的通解为 ．【答案】12e ()xy C C -=+【详解】特征方程2230r r ++=得1r =-,因此12e ()x y C C -=+.（11）若曲线积分⎰-+-L y x aydy xdx 122在区域{}1),(22<+=y x y x D 内与路径无关，则=a． 【答案】1-【详解】有题意可得Q Px x∂∂=∂∂,解得1a =-. （12）幂级数111)1(-∞=-∑-n n n nx 在(-1,1)内的和函数()S x = ．【答案】21(1)x + 【详解】112111(1)[()](1)n n n n n nxx x ∞∞--=='-=--=+∑∑.（13）⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=110211101A ，321ααα，，是3维线性无关的列向量，则()321,,αααA A A 的秩为 ．【答案】2【详解】123(,,)()2r r ααα==A A A A（14）设随即变量X 的分布函数4()0.5()0.5()2x F x x -=Φ+Φ，其中)(x Φ为标准正态分布函数，则EX = ． 【答案】2 【详解】00.54()d [0,5()()]d 222x EX xf x x x x x +∞+∞-∞-==+=⎰⎰ϕϕ. 三、解答题：15～23小题，共94分．解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤．请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上． （15）（本题满分10分）．设函数(,)f u v 具有2阶连续偏导数，(e ,cos ),xy f x =求2200,x x dyd y dxdx==.【答案】(e ,cos )x y f x =()''12'12''''''''''111212122222''''11122sin ,0(1,1)sin (sin )sin cos 0(1,1)(1,1)(1,1)x x x x x dyf e f x dx dy x f dx d y f e f x e f e f e f x x f x dx d y x f f f dx ∴=-∴===-+---==+- （16）（本题满分10分）．求2limln(1)n k kn n→∞+.【答案】212221120012202lim ln(1)1122lim ln(1)ln(1)...ln(1)11122lim ln(1)ln(1)...ln(1)1ln(1)ln(1)21111ln(1)02211111ln 2221n k n n k k nn n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n x x dx x d x x x x dxx x ∞→∞=→∞→∞+⎛⎫=++++++ ⎪⎝⎭⎛⎫=++++++ ⎪⎝⎭=+=+=+-+-+=-∑⎰⎰⎰1011002111ln 2[(1)]22111111ln 2[()ln(1)]002221111ln 2(1ln 2)2224dxxx dx dx xx x x +=--++=--++=--+=⎰⎰⎰（17）（本题满分10分）．已知函数)(x y 由方程333320x y x y +-+-=确定，求)(x y 的极值. 【答案】333320x y x y +-+-=①，方程①两边对x 求导得：22''33330x y y y +-+=②，令'0y =，得233,1x x ==±.当1x =时1y =，当1x =-时0y =.方程②两边再对x 求导：'22''''66()330x y y y y y +++=，令'0y =，2''6(31)0x y y ++=，当1x =，1y =时''32y =-，当1x =-，0y =时''6y =. 所以当1x =时函数有极大值，极大值为1，当1x =-时函数有极小值，极小值为0.（18）（本题满分10分）．设函数()f x 在区间[0,1]上具有2阶导数，且(1)0f >，0()lim 0x f x x+→<.证明： （I ）方程()0f x =在区间(0,1)内至少存在一个实根;（II ）方程2()''()['()]0f x f x f x +=在区间(0,1)内至少存在两个不同实根. 【答案】 (1)()lim 0x f x x+→<，由极限的局部保号性，(0,),()0c f c δ∃∈<使得，又(1)0,f >由零点存在定理知，(c,1)ξ∃∈，使得，()0f ξ=.(2)构造()()'()F x f x f x =，(0)(0)'(0)0F f f ==，()()'()0F f f ξξξ==，()lim 0,'(0)0,x f x f x +→<∴<由拉格朗日中值定理知(1)(0)(0,1),'()010f f f ηη-∃∈=>-，'(0)'()0,f f η<所以由零点定理知1(0,)(0,1)ξη∃∈⊂，使得1'()0f ξ=，111()()'()0,F f f ξξξ∴== 所以原方程至少有两个不同实根。
2020年考研数学三真题及答案解析
设 k1(α1 α2 ) k2α2 0 ，即 k1α1 (k1 k2 )α2 0 ，
由于 α1, α2 线性无关，故 k1 k2 0 可知 α1 α2 , α2 线性无关.
α3 是 A 属于特征值 1的特征向量，即 Aα3 α3 ，因此 A(α3) (α3 ) ，即 α3 也是 A 属于特征值 1的特征向量
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（B） α1 α2 , α2, α3 .
（C） α1 α3, α3, α2 .
（D） α1 α2 , α3, α2 .
（6）【答案】（D）.
【解析】α1, α2 是 A 属于特征值 1 的线性无关的特征向量，即 Aα1 α1, Aα2 α2 ， 故 A(α1 α2 ) α1 α2 ，即 α α2 也是 A 属于特征值 1 的特征向量.
（D） x k1α2 k2α3 k3α4 ，其中 k1, k2 , k3 为任意常数.
（5）【答案】（C）.
【解析】由 A 不可逆知， r A 4 ，又元素 a12 对应的代数余子式 A12 0 ，故 r A 3 ，从而 r A 3 .
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2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力真题
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类联考综合能力真题(总分：200.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、问题求解(总题数：15，分数：45.00)1.某产品去年涨价 10%，今年涨价 20%，则产品这两年涨价（）。
（分数：3.00）A.15%B.16%C.30%D.32% √E.33%比例之增长率假设产品涨价前（即前年）的价格为 1，两年涨了 p ，则由1(1+p) 1(1+10%)(1+20%)可得 p=0.32，即 32%，故选项 D 正确。
2.，则 A⊂B 的充分必要条件是（）。
（分数：3.00）A.|a-b|≤1√B.|a-b|≥1C.|a-b|＜1D.|a-b|＞1E.|a-b|=1绝对值不等式、集合子集关系3.一项考试的总成绩由甲、乙、丙三项成绩组成，总成绩=甲成绩×30%+乙成绩×20%+丙成绩×50%，考试通过的标准是每部分≥ 50 分，且总成绩≥60 分。
已知某人甲成绩 70 分，乙成绩 75 分，且通过了这项考试，则此人丙成绩的分数至少是（）。
（分数：3.00）A.48B.50 √C.55D.60E.62应用题之不等式最值设丙成绩为 x ，由题意70×30%+75×20%+x.50%≥60, x≥50 ，解得x≥48, x≥50，故 x 至少取 50。
4.从 1 至 10 这 10 个整数中任取 3 个数，恰有 1 个质数的概率是（）。
（分数：3.00）A.B.√C.D.E.古典概型、质数穷举5.若等差数列{an }满足a1=8，且a2+a4=a1，则{an}的前n 项和的最大值为（）。
（分数：3.00）A.16B.17C.18D.19E.20 √等差数列前n 项和最值6.已知实数 x 满足（）。
（分数：3.00）A.12B.15C.18 √D.24E.27公式、整体法7.设实数 x y, 满足|x-2|+|y-2|≤2，则x2+y2的取值范围是（）。
2020年考研英语一真题答案及解析
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语((一)试题解析Section I Use of English1、【答案】[C] On【解析】本题考查介词的用法。
在具体的某一天之前要用介词on,故本题正确答案为[C]On o2【答案】[A]match【解析】本题考查语义理解。
前文说数百万的英国人将在本周末庆祝本国的一个重大传统节日：周日烧烤节。
故英国人民在这一天应该特别欢乐的，因而也就没有什么烹饪乐趣(culinary pleasure)能与之媲美，故本题正确答案为[A]match 031 答案答案]][B] enjoyment【解析】本题考查语义理解。
由空前this可知本空应填名词，且该名词在前文应该出现过或与前文出现过的名词同义，而前文反复出现的名词为pleasureo并且，填入之后本句大意为这种快乐将会被视为是某种快乐，语义上能够说通，故本题正确答案为[B]enjoyment41 答案】[D] guaranteed【解析】本题考查语义理解。
前文说这种快乐将被视为是另一种罪悉的欢愉，并且从语法结构来看本句已完整，故本空及空后内容应该是分词短语作后置定语，修饰前文的guilty pleasure0后文说这种欢愉会损害我们的健康，根据情感一致原则可首先排除privileged,再结合上下文语义，可确定本题正确答案为[D]guaranteed,本句意为：这是一种升级的欢愉，并确定无疑地会损害我们的健康。
51 答案][A]issued公开的警示))为本空的宾语，浏览【解析】本句考查语意搭配。
由结构分析可知，空后名词短语a public waning (公开的警示四个选项可知本题正确答案为[A]issued,填入后意为“发布一则公开的警示”。
61答案】[B]at【解析】本题考查介词搭配的用法。
空前后大意为“在高温下烹饪的食物"，a...temperature表示在……温度下，故本题正确答案为[B]at071 答案][D]avoid【解析】本题考查语义理解。
2020年考研数学二真题及解析
2020全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学二试题详解一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. （1）当0x +→时，下列无穷小量中最高阶是（ ） （A ）()21xt e dt -⎰（B）(0ln 1xdt +⎰（C ）sin 20sin xt dt ⎰（D）1cos 0-⎰【答案】（D ）【解析】由于选项都是变限积分，所以导数的无穷小量的阶数比较与函数的比较是相同的。
（A ）()()222011x t x e dt e x '-=-~⎰（B ）(()(22ln 1ln 1x t dt x x'+=⎰（C ）()()sin 2220sin sin sin xt dt x x '=⎰（D ）()1cos 22301sin sin(1cos )2xt dt x x x-'=-⎰经比较，选（D ）（2）函数11ln 1()(1)(2)x x e xf x e x -+=--的第二类间断点的个数为 （ ）（A ）1 （B ）2 （C ）3 （D ）4 【答案】（C ）【解析】由题设，函数的可能间断点有1,0,1,2x =-，由此11121111ln 1lim ()lim lim ln 1(1)(2)3(1)x x x x x e x ef x x e x e ---→-→-→-+==-+=-∞---； 111000ln 1ln(1)1lim ()lim lim (1)(2)22x x x x x e x e x f x e x x e--→→→++==-=---；1111111111111ln 1ln 2lim ()lim lim 0;(1)(2)1ln 1ln 2lim lim ;(1)(2)1x x x x x x x x x x x exf x e e x e e x e e x e ---++--→→→--→→+===---+==-∞---；112222ln 1ln 31lim ()limlim (1)(2)(1)2x x x x x e x e f x e x e x -→→→+===∞----故函数的第二类间断点（无穷间断点）有3个，故选项（C ）正确。
中国科学院大学 2020 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题 338生物化学
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：生物化学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题3分，共24分）1.转导（transduction）2.甘油磷脂3.ABO血型系统4.断裂基因5.X染色体失活6.酶促反应的米氏方程（Michaelis-Menten Equation）7.必需脂肪酸（essential fatty acids）8.糖原二、单项选择题（每题2分，共36分）1.线粒体的主要功能是什么？（）(A) 蛋白修饰(B) 光合作用(C) ATP合成(D) 细胞间信号传导2.下列不属于己糖的是（）(A) D-半乳糖(B) D-甘露糖(C) L-山梨糖(D)D-赤藓糖3.下面哪一种蛋白具有帽子结合活性（）(A) eIF4A (B) eIF4B (C) eIF4C (D) eIF4E4.结构与次黄嘌呤很相似的别嘌呤醇（allopurinol）对（）有很强的抑制作用，治疗痛风。
该病是由于尿酸在体内过量积累而引起的。
(A) 黄嘌呤氧化酶(B) 次黄嘌呤氧化酶(C) 腺嘌呤脱氨酶(D)鸟嘌呤脱氨酶5.生物膜的主要成分是什么？（）(A) 葡萄糖(B) 磷脂(C) 淀粉(D) 钙离子6.下列哪种组分不为革兰氏阴性细菌所拥有（）(A) 肽聚糖(B) 磷壁酸(C) 脂多糖(D)脂蛋白7.在真核细胞线粒体基质中负责DNA复制的聚合酶是（）(A) DNA聚合酶α(B) DNA聚合酶β(C) DNA聚合酶γ(D) DNA聚合酶δ8.用同位素标记的化合物做实验，证明生物体内能利用二氧化碳、甲酸盐、天冬氨酸和甘氨酸作为合成嘌呤环的前体。
嘌呤环中的第1位氮来自（）。
(A) 天冬氨酸(B) 谷氨酰胺(C) N10-甲酰四氢叶酸(D) 甘氨酸9.下列哪种氨基酸不属于芳香族氨基酸（）(A) 苯丙氨酸(B) 酪氨酸(C) 异亮氨酸(D)色氨酸10.脂肪酸β氧化的β表示什么？（）(A) 脂肪酸饱和度(B) 脂肪酸碳链长度(C) 氧化反应方式(D) 脂肪酸上氧化反应发生碳的位置11.三羧酸循环一次产生几个二氧化碳分子？（）(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 112.蛋白质生物合成的方向是（）(A) 从N端到C端(B) 从C端到N端(C) 从3'端到5'端(D) 从5'端到3'端13.以下的四种说法中哪一种是对的（）(A) SV40病毒基因组表达的一个重要特点是它的RNA剪辑模式比较简单(B) SV40是在人类中先发现，随后又在猴子中发现的致瘤病毒(C) SV40病毒的基因组是一种环形单链的DNA(D) SV40 DNA是同寄主细胞组蛋白（H4、H2a、H2b和H3）相结合14.性激素来源于哪种脂质分子？（）(A) 胆固醇(B) 甘油三酯(C) 磷脂(D) 脂肪酸15.稳定蛋白质的三维结构的弱相互作用不包括（）(A) 二硫键(B) 范德华力(C) 氢键(D) 疏水作用16.基因治疗中选择接受转移基因的受体细胞的原则以下哪一条是不正确的（）(A) 需要较坚固，足以耐受处理(B) 具有增殖优势，生命周期长(C) 易于受外源遗传物质的转化氢键(D) 最好是不具有组织特异性的细胞17.为防止尿苷酸掺入DNA，细胞内尿嘧啶脱氧核苷三磷酸一生成即被dUTPase转变成（），保持尿嘧啶脱氧核苷三磷酸在一个很低的水平。
2020全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(二)真题及答案解析
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三、解答题：15～23 小题，共 94 分．解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤．请将答案写在答． 题．纸．指定位置上．
15.（本题满分 10 分）.
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2020考研英语一真题及答案
2020 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of the nation’s great traditions: the Sunday roast.1 a cold winter’s day, few culinary plea sures can2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this3 should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure4 to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. 12 the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 .Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, its 19 risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.1. A. In B. On C. Till D. Towards2. A. match B. express C. satisfy D. influence3. A. patience B. concern C. surprise D. enjoyment4. A. intensified B. guaranteed C. compelled D. privileged5. A. ignored B. received C. issued D. cancelled6. A. under B. by C. for D. at7. A. forget B. avoid C. finish D. regret8. A. easily B. regularly C. partially D. initially9. A. If B. Since C. While D. Unless10. A. conclusive B. external C. secondary D. negative11. A. likely B. bound C. insufficient D. slow12. A. In addition to B. At the cost of C. On the basis of D. In contrast to13. A. interesting B. fortunate C. urgent D. advisable14. A. As usual B. After all C. By definition D. In particular15. A. connection B. combination C. resemblance D. pattern16. A. made B. used C. saved D. served17. A. To be brief B. For instance C. To be fair D. In general18. A. entirely B. gradually C. reluctantly D. carefully19. A. promise B. competition C. experience D. campaign20. A. follow up B. end up C. open up D. pick upSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1A group of Labour MPs, among them Yvette Cooper, are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK “town of culture” award. The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title, which was held by Hull in 2017, and has been awarded to Coventry for 2021. Cooper andher colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull, where it brought in £220m of investment and an avalanche of arts, ought not to be confined to cities. Britain’s towns, it is true, are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bid to beat their bigger competitors. A town of culture award could, it is argued, become an annual event, attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a booby prize for the fact that Britain is no longer able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture, a sought-after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008. A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: after town of culture, who knows what will follow —village of culture? Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise to recall that such titles are not a cure-all. A badly run “year of culture” washes in and out of a place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community. The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year. They transform the aspirations of the people who live there; they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light. It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities, the private sector, community groups and cultural organisations. But it can be done: Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of a complex series of factors that have turned the city into the powerhouse of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A “town of culture” could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities —helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people. Jeremy Wright, the culture secretary, should welcome this positive, hope-filled proposal, and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a “town of culture” award couldA.consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.B.promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.C.increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.D.focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some asA.a sensible compromise.B.a self-deceiving attempt.C.an eye-catching bonus.D.an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if itA.endeavours to maintain its image.B.meets the aspirations of its people.C.brings its local arts to prominence.mits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to presentA.a contrasting case.B.a supporting example.C.a background story.D.a related topic.25.What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Favourable.D.Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only to find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of thepublishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as "a licence to print money" partly becauseA.its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.B.its marketing strategy has been successful.C.its payment for peer review is reduced.D.its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers like Elsevier haveA.thrived mainly on university libraries.B.gone through an existential crisis.C.revived the publishing industry.D.financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?A.Relieved.B.Puzzled.C.Concerned.D.Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access termsA.allow publishers some room to make money.B.render publishing much easier for scientists.C.reduce the cost of publication substantially.D.free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?A.Trial subscription is offered.bour triumphs over status.C.Costs are well controlled.D.The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad, to ensure "gender parity" on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. If the bills become law, state boards and commissions will berequired to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. In signing the measure, California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an "important" policy interest. Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of "equal protection."But are such government mandates even necessary? Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. According to a study by Catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a "golden skirt" phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes that the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad willA.help little to reduce gender bias.B.pose a threat to the state government.C.raise women's position in politics.D.greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?A.It has irritated private business owners.B.It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.C.It may go against the Constitution.D.It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrateA.the harm from arbitrary board decisions.B.the importance of constitutional guarantees.C.the pressure on women in global corporations.D.the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led toA.the underestimation of elite women's roleB.the objection to female participation on boards.C.the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.D.the growing tension between labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?A.Women's needs in employment should be considered.B.Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.C.Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.D.Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services. Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a "GAFA tax," meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon — in other words, multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. But it hasalready sparked significant controversy, with the United States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law), and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. At the same time, the European Union, Spain, Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. In other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution. Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France's planned tax is a clear warning: Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill toA.regulate digital services platforms.B.impose a levy on tech multinationals.C.protect French companies’ interests.D.curb the influence of advertising.37.It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services taxA.will prompt the tech giants to quit France.B.aims to ease international trade tensions.C.is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.D.may trigger countermeasures against France.38.The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion thatA.the current international tax system needs upgrading.B.redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.C.tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.D.all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39.It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECD's current workA.is being resisted by US companies.B.is faced with uncertain prospects.C.needs to be readjusted immediately.D.needs to involve more countries.40.Which of the following might be the best title for this text?A.France Leads the Charge on Digital TaxB.France Is Confronted with Trade SanctionsC.France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyD.France Says "NO" to Tech MultinationalsPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs (41-45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A.Eye fixations are brief.B.Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to be rude.C.Eye contact can be a friendly social signal.D.Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact.E.Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated.F.Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers.G.Eye contact can be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. But it can also be antagonistic, such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41.We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back. This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood, looking at someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention. It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room. "Eye contact and smiles" can signal availability and confidence, a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.Neuroscientist Bonnie Auyeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found in high-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.With the use of eye-tracking technology, Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation. While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations. "Whether you're a politician or a parent, it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you," said Minson.44.When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. "Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ." A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. (46) With the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual t erritories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47) Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48) Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. (49) As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era — the Age ofReason.The 17th and I8th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method, reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. (50) Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase “sapere aude” or “dare to know”, after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay "An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?". It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:The student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international students about an upcoming singing contest. White a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below. In your essay, you should1)describe the pictures briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning, and3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)习惯2020 年试题答案速查表Section I Use of English (10 points)1. B2. A3. D4. B5. C6. D7. B8. C9. C 10.A11. A 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. D 20. BSection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)Text 121. C 22. B 23. D 24. B 25. CText 226. D 27. A 28. C 29. A 30. DText 331. A 32. C 33. D 34. C 35. BText 436. B 37. D 38. A 39. B 40. APart B (10 points)41. C 42. E 43. G 44. A 45. DPart C (10 points)46.随着教会的教义和思维模式因文艺复兴而暗淡无光，中世纪和现代两个历史时期之间架起了桥梁，进而通向了崭新和未探索过的知识领域。
2020全国硕士研究生入学统一考试204英语二考研真题及答案
2020全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Being a good parent is, of course, what every parent would like to be. But defining that it means to be a good parent is undoubtedly very 1 , particularly since children respond differently to the same style of parenting. A calm, rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than, 2 , a younger sibling. 3 , there’s another sort of parent that’s a bit easier to 4 : a patient parent. Children of every age benefit parenting. Still, 5 every parent would like to be patient, there is no easy 6 . Sometimes parents get exhausted and frustrated and are unable to maintain a 7 and composed style with their kids. I understand this.You are only human, and sometimes your kids can 8 you just a little too far. And then the 9 happens; You lose your patience and either scream at your kids or say something that was a bit too 10 and does nobody any good.You wish that you could 11 the clock and start over. We ’ve all been there.12 , even though it’s common, it’s important to keep in mind that in a single moment of f atigue, you can say something to your child that you may 13 for a long time. This may not only do damage to your relationship with your child but also 14 your child’s self-esteem.If you consistently lose your 15 with your kids, then you are inadvertently modeling a lack of emotional control for your kids. We are all becoming increasingly aware of the 16 of modeling tolerance and patience for the younger generation. This is a skill that will help them all throughout life. In fact, the ability to emotionally regulate or maintain emotional control when 17 by stress is one of the most important of all life’s skills.Certainly, it’s incredibly 18 to maintain patience at all times with your children. A more practical goal is to try, to the best of your ability, to be as tolerant and composed as you can when faced with 19 situations involving your children. I can promise you this: As a result of working toward this goal, you and your children will benefit and 20 from stressful moments feeling better physically and emotionally.1. A. tedious B.pleasant C. instructive D.tricky2. A. in addition B.for example C. at once D.by accident3. A. Fortunately B.Occasionally C. According D.Eventually4. A. assume B.assist C. describe D.train5. A. while B.because C.unless D.once6. A. answer B.task C.choice D.access7. A. tolerant B.formal C. rigid D.critical8. A. move B.drag C. push D.send9. A. mysterious B.illogical C. suspicious D.inevitable10. A.boring B.native C.harsh D.vague11. A. turn back B.take apart C. set aside D.cover up12. A. Overall B.Instead C.However D.Otherwise13. A. like B.miss C.believe D.regret14. A. raise B.affect C. justify D.reflect15. A. time B.bond C. race D. cool16. A. nature B.secret C. importance D.context17. A. cheated B.defeated C. confused D.confronted18. A. terrible B.hard C.strange D.wrong19. A. trying B.changing C. exciting D.surprising20. A. hide B. emerge C. withdraw D.escapeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats.They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat---one social and one asocial---for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and pened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them bypressing a lever.Across 18 trials each,the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. " We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary," says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals." We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,"says Wiles.21.Quinn and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can ____ .[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats[B]distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one[C]attain sociable traits through special training[D] send out warning messages to their fellow22.What did the asocial robot do during the experiment?[A]It followed the social robot.[B]It played with some toys.[C]It set the trapped rats free.[D]It moved around alone.23.According to Quinn,the rats released the social robot because they____ .[A]tried to practice a means of escape[B]expected it to do the same in return[C]wanted to display their intelligence[D]considered that an interesting game24.James Wiles notes that rats ____ .[A]can remember other rat's facial features[B]differentiate smells better than sizes[C]respond more to actions than to looks[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels25.It can be learned from the text that rats____ .[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings[B]are more socially active than other animals[C]behave differently from children in socializing[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expectedText 2It is true that CEO pay has gone up-top ones may make 300 times the pay of typical workers on average, and since the mid-1970s, CEO pay for large publicly traded American corporations has, by varying estimates,gone up by about 500%. The typical CEO of a top American corporation now makes about S 18.9 million a year.The best model for understanding the growth of CEO pay is that of limited CEO talent in a world where business opportunities for the top firms are growing rapidly. The efforts of America's highest-earning 1% have been one of the more dynamic elements of the global economy. It's not popular to say, but one reason their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their game relative to many other workers in the U.S.economy.Today's CEO, at least for major American firms.must have many more skills than simply being able to"run the company". CEOs must have a good sense of financial markets and maybe even how the company should, trade in them. They also need better public relations skills than their predecessors, as the costs of even a minor slip up can be significant. Then there's the fact that large American companies are much more globalized than ever before, with supply chains spread across a larger number of countries. To lead in that system requires knowledge that is fairly mind-boggling.The common idea that high CEO pay is mainly about ripping people off doesn't explain history very well.By most measures, corporate governance has become a lot tighter and more rigorous since the 1970s. Yet it is principally during this period of stronger governance that CEO pay has been high and rising. That suggests it is in the broader corporate interest to recruit top candidates for increasingly tough jobs.Furthermore, the highest CEO salaries are paid to outside candidates, not to the cozy insider picks. Another sign that high CEO pay is not some kind of depredation at the expense of the rest of the company. And the stock market reacts positively when companies tie CEO pay to, say, stock prices, a sign that those practices build up corporate value not just for the CEO.26. Which of the following has contributed to CEO pay rise?A. The growth in the number of corporationsB. The general pay rise with a better economyC. Increased business opportunities for top firmsD. Close cooperation among leading economicspared with their predecessors, today's CEOs are required to ___.A. foster a stronger sense of teamworkB. finance more research and developmentC. establish closer ties with tech companiesD. operate more globalized companies28. CEO pay has been rising since the 1970s despite ____.A. continual internal oppositionB. strict corporate governanceC. conservative business strategiesD. repeated governance warnings29.High CEO pay can be justified by the fact that it helps ___.A. confirm the status of CEOsB. motive inside candidatesC. boost the efficiency of CEOsD. increase corporate value30.The most suitable title for this text would be ___.A.CEOs Are Not OverpaidB. CEO Pay : Past and PresentC.CEOs' Challenges of TodayD.CEO Traits: Not Easy to DefineText 3Madrid was hailed as a public health beacon last November when it rolled out ambitious restrictions on the most polluting cars. Seven months and one election day later, a new conservative city council suspendedenforcement of the clean air zone, a first step toward its possible demise.Mayor Jose Luis Martinez-Almeida made opposition to the zone a centrepiece of his election campaign, despite its success in improving air quality. A judge has now overruled the city's decision to stop levying fines, ordering them reinstated. But with legal battles ahead, the zone's future looks uncertain at best.Among other weaknesses, the measures cities must employ when left to tackle dirty air on their own are politically contentious, and therefore vulnerable. That's because they inevitably put the costs of cleaning the air on to individual drivers---who must pay fees or buy better vehicles---rather than on to the car manufacturers whose cheating is the real cause of our toxic pollution.It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London. The new ultra-low emission zone (Ulez) is likely to be a big issue in next year's mayoral election. And if Sadiq Khan wins and extends it to the North and South Circular roads in 2021 as he intends, it is sure to spark intense opposition from the far larger number of motorists who will then be affected.It's not that measures such as London's Ulez are useless. Far from it. Local officials are using the levers that are available to them to safeguard residents' health in the face of a serious threat. The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits---fewer heart attacks, strokes and premature births, less cancer, dementia and asthma. Fewer untimely deaths.But mayors and councillors can only do so much about a problem that is far bigger than any one city or town. They are acting because national governments---Britain's and others across Europe---have failed to do so.Restrictions that keep highly polluting cars out of certain areas---city centres, “school streets”, even individual roads---are a response to the absence of a larger effort to properly enforce existing regulations and require auto companies to bring their vehicles into compliance. Wales has introduced special low speed limits to minimise pollution. We're doing everything but insist that manufacturers clean up their cars.31.Which of the following is true about Madrid's clean air zone?[A]Its effects are questionable[B]It has been opposed by a judge[C]It needs tougher enforcement[D]Its fate is yet to be decided32.Which is considered a weakness of the city-level measures to tackle dirty air?[A]They are biased against car manufacturers.[B]They prove impractical for city councils.[C]They are deemed too mild for politicians.[D] They put too much burden on individual motorists.33.The author believes that the extension of London's Ulez will ____.[A]arouse strong resistance.[B]ensure Khan's electoral success.[C]improve the city's traffic.[D]discourage car manufacturing.34.Who does the author think should have addressed the problem?[A]Local residents[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D] National governments.35.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that auto companies ____.[A]will raise low-emission car production[B]should be forced to follow regulations[C]will upgrade the design of their vehicles[D]should be put under public supervisionText 4Now that members of Generation Zs are graduating college this spring --- the most commonly-accepted definition says this generation was born after 1995, give or take a year --- the attention has been rising steadily in recent weeks. GenZs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. And employers are planning on hiring about 17 percent more new graduates for jobs in the U.S. this year than last, according to a survey conducted by the National Association of Colleges and Employers. Everybody wants to know how the people who will soon inhabit those empty office cubicles will differ from those who came before them.If "entitled" is the most common adjective, fairly or not, applied to millennials (those born between 1981 and 1995), the catchwords for Generation Zs are practical and cautious. According to the career counselors and experts who study them, Generation Zs are clear-eyed, economic pragmatists. Despite graduating into the best economy in the past 50 years, Gen Zs know what an economic train wreck looks like. They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobs or their life savings or both. They aren't interested in taking any chances. The booming economy seems to have done little to assuage this underlying generational sense of anxious urgency, especially for those who have college debt. College loan balances in the U.S. now stand at a record S1.5 trillion,according to the FederalReserve.One survey from Accenture found that 88 percent of graduating seniors this year chose their major with a job in mind. In a 2019 survey of University of Georgia students, meanwhile, the career office found the most desirable trait in a future employer was the ability to offer secure employment (followed by professional development and training,and then inspiring purpose). Job security or stability was the second most important career goal (work-life balance was number one) followed by a sense of being dedicated to a cause or to feel good about serving the greater good.That's a big change from the previous generation. Millennial wanted more flexibility in their lives, notes Tanya Michelson, Associate Director of Youth Sight, a UK-based brand manager that conducts regular 60-day surveys of British youth, in findings that might just as well apply to American youth. Generation Zs are looking for more certainty and stability, because of the rise of the gig economy. They have trouble seeinga financial future and they are quite risk averse."36.Generation Zs graduating college this spring ____[A]are recognized for their abilities[B]are in favor of job offers[C]are optimistic about the labor market[D] are drawing growing public attention37.Generation Zs are keenly aware____.[A]what a tough economic situation is like[B]what their parents expect of them[C]how they differ from past generations[D]how valuable a counselor's advice is38.The word "assuage" (line 9,para 2) is closet in meaning to ____[A]define [B]relieve [C]maintain [D]deepen39.It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that Generation Zs____[A] care little about their job performance[B] give top priority to professional training[C] think it hard to achieve work-life balance[D] have a clear idea about their future job.40.Michelsen thinks that compared with millennials, Generation Zs are ____[A]less realistic [B]less adventurous [C]more diligent [D]more generous Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Give compliments, just not too many.[B] Put on a good face,always.[C] Tailor your interactions.[D] Spend time with everyone.[E] Reveal,don't hide,information.[F] Slow down and listen.[G] Put yourselves in others' shoes.Five Ways to Win Over Everyone in the OfficeIs it possible to like everyone in your office? Think about how tough it is to get together 15 people,much less 50,who all get along perfectly.But unlike in friendships,you need coworkers.You work with them every day and you depend on them just as they depend on you.Here are some ways that you can get the whole office on your side.41.[E] Reveal, don't hide, information.If you have a bone to pick with someone in your workplace, you may try stay tight-lipped around them. But you won't be helping either one of you. A Harvard Business School study found that observers consistently rated those who were frank about themselves more highly, while those who hid lost trustworthiness.The lesson is not that you should make your personal life an open book, but rather, when given the option to offer up details about yourself or painstakingly conceal them,you should just be honest.42.[F] Slow down and listen.Just as important as being honest about yourself is being receptive to others.We often feel the need to tell others how we feel, whether it's a concern about a project, a stray thought, or a compliment. Those are all valid, but you need to take time to hear out your coworkers, too. In fact, rushing to get your own ideas out there can cause colleagues to feel you don't value their opinions. Do your best to engage coworkers in a genuine, back-and-forth conversation, rather than prioritizing your own thoughts.43.[D] Spend time with everyone.It's common to have a "cubicle mate" or special confidant in a work setting. But in addition to those trusted coworkers, you should expand your horizons and find out about all the people around you. Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues you don't always see. Find out about their lives and interests beyond the job. It requires minimal effort and goes a long way. This will help to grow your internalnetwork, in addition to being a nice break in the work day.44.[A] Give compliments, just not too many.Positive feedback is important for anyone to hear. And you don't have to be someone's boss to tell them they did an exceptional job on a particular project. This will help engender good will in others. But don't overdo it or be fake about it.One study found that people responded best to comments that shifted from negative to positive, possibly because it suggested they had won somebody over.45.[C] Tailor your interactions.This one may be a bit more difficult to pull off, but it can go a long way to achieving results. Remember in dealing with any coworker what they appreciate from an interaction. Watch out for how they verbalize with others. Some people like small talk in a meeting before digging into important matters, while other are more straightforward. Jokes that work one person won't necessarily land with another. So, adapt your style accordingly to type. Consider the person that you're dealing with in advance and what will get you to your desired outcome.Section III TranslationIt’s almost impossible to go through life wit hout experiencing some kind of failure. But, the wonderful thing about failure is that it’s entirely up to us to decide how to look at it.We can choose to see failure as “the end of the world”. Or, we can look at failure as the incredible learning experience that it often is. Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we’re meant to learn. These lessons are very important, they’re how we grow, and how we keep from making that same mistake again. Failures stop us only if we let them.Failure can also teach us things about ourselves that we would never have learned otherwise. For instance, failure can help you discover how strong a person you are. Failure at something can help you discover your truest friends, or help you find unexpected motivation to succeed.生活中几乎不可能没有经历过某种失败。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020年版)
I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。
II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。
除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。
这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。
此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。
考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。
(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。
2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题-科目名称：《材料专业综合》
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：材料专业综合考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3.试题分成四个部分，每一部分试题的分值和为100分，总分值为400分。
考生需在400分的试题中任意选做分值和不超过150分的大题并在答题纸上明确标示。
如果选做大题的分值和超过150分，考生需要在答题纸的最前面标注计分的题号。
如没有标注，判卷将按照所选做试题的题号顺序依次判卷直到所做题目分值和超过150分题目的前一题，后面所做试题视作无效考试内容。
4.可以使用无字典存储和编程功能的电子计算器，三角板、量角器。
第一部分材料力学（100 分）一、(20 分) 简答题1.如图1所示，解释为何作为脆性材料的木材受压缩时的断面与轴线成45º角。
(8分)图 1 受压缩失效的木材块体图 2 受拉伸材料中的吕德带2.如图2所示，受拉伸的韧性材料试件中经常出现吕德带(Lüders bands)，给出其发生的成因。
(6分)3.写出材料力学中的四个强度理论并给出其适用范围。
(6 分)二、(20 分) 材料力学中主要讨论了拉、压、弯、扭、稳定性、断裂、能量法等内容，请提纲挈领地回答下列问题：1．分别给出拉伸刚度 (EA)、扭转刚度 (GI p)、弯曲刚度 (EI) 、应力强度因子K IC = πa的量纲；(9 分)2．材料筛选中效能因子的定义；(4 分)3．在手机中，射频器件可简化为一个悬臂梁，其长度为L，杨氏模量为M，其材料密度为ρ，请给出该器件的材料筛选原则。
(7 分)三、(20 分) 圆轴的扭转问题中材料的剪切模量为 G，密度为ρ，半径为 R。
请求解下列问题：G1.应用量纲分析，证明圆轴的扭转波速的数量级为：c t ~；ρ(6 分)2.给出该圆轴截面的极惯性矩I p；(5 分)3.建立该圆轴的扭转波动方程：，，这里φ为扭转角，横波波速。
2020年考研英语(一)真题及答案
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试（英语一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C],or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Even if families don’t sit down to eat together as frequently as before,millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation’s great traditions:the Sunday roast.l a cold winter’s day,few culinary pleasures can2it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health.That this3should be rendered yet another quality pleasure4to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority(FSA)has5a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrvlamide that forms in some foods cooked6high temperatures. This means that people should7crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin—crust pizzas and only8toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice?9studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no10evidence that it causes cancer in humans. Scientists say the compound is l1to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof l2 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is l3to follow the FSA advice.l4, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to wove a l5.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be l6up on Sunday alongside some steamedvegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine.But would life be worth living?l7,theFSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods l8,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its l9risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just20with one listening.1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern4.[A]intensified[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed5.[A]issued[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed6.[A]under[B]at[C]for[D]by7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid8.[A]partially[B]regularly[C]easily[D]initially9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]if[D]While10.[A]secondary[B]external[C]conclusive[D]negative11.[A]insufficient[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow12.[A]On thebasis of[B]At the cost of[C]In addition to[D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting[B]advisable[C]urgent[D]fortunate14.[A]As usual[B]In particular[C]By definition[D]After all15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern16.[A]made[B]saved[C]saved[D]used[D]In general17.[A]To be fair[B]For instance[C]To be brief18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition20.[A]follow up[B]pick up[C]open up[D]end upSection II Reading ComprehensionPartADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C],or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture”award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in2017and has been awarded to Coventry for zozl.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in£220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain’town,it is true are not prevented from applying,but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of European capital of culture,a sough-after award banM1w Glawow in1990and Liveropool in2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever ofself-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world:after town of culture,who knows that will follow—village of culture?Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-alt A badly run“year of culture”washes in and out of a place like the tide,bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high-profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right,and requires a remarkable degree of vision,as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow’s year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art,music and theatre that it remains today.A“town of culture”could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town’s peculiarities—helping sustain its high street,supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture”award could______[A]consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B]promote cooperation among Britain’s towns.[C]increase the economic strength of Britain’s towns.[D]focus Britain’s limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph2,the proposal might be regarded by some as_______[A]a sensible compromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye-catching bonus.[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it_______[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people.[C]brings its local arts to prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Praannh3in precent_______[A]a contrasting cast(B]a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D]a related topic.25.‘What is the author’s attitude towards the proposal?[A]Skeptical.[B]Objective.[C]Favourable.[D]Critical.Text2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money Scientists need journals in which to publish their research,so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only fmd a market for its journal.Until this century,university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching40%on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish25%of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profils of more than£900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than£21Gm in2016to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic,and thoroughly illegal,reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in2012,which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since2015.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all British scientific research is nowpublished under open access terms:either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.These range from around£500to$5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs”had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money”partly because_______[A]its fUnding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs2and3,scientific publishers Elsevier have_______[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D]financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sd-Hub?[A]R.elieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concerned.[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learned from Paragraphs5and6that open access terms___________[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication substantially[D]free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D]The few feed on the many.Text3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field.But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure“gender parity”on boards and commissions,provide a case in point.Haddad and Lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than40percent female.In order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities,they have proposed imposing government quotas.If the bills become law,state boards and commissions will be required to set aside50percent of board seats for women by2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California,which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Governor Jerry Brown admitted that the law,which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important’policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,even where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently minor the percentage of women in the general population,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between2010and2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by54percent. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.Writing in The New Republic,Mice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skin”phenomenon.where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will[A]help lite to reduce gender bias.[B]pose a threat to the state government.[C]raise women’s position in politics.[D]greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the California measure?[A]It has irrited private business owners.[B]It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D]It will settle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate______[A]the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B]the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C]the pressure on women in global corporations.[D]the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway’s adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to______[A]the underestimation of elite women’s role.[B]the objection to female participation on bards.[C]the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D]the growing tension between Labor and management.35.Which of the following can be inferred from the text?[A]Women’s need in employment should be considered[B]Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C]Eveone should try hard to promote social justice.[D]Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text4Last Thursday,the French Senate passed a digital services tax,which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital sen-ices to consumers or users in France.Digital services include everything from providing a platfonu for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data.and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a”GAFA tax.”meaning that it is designed to apply primañly to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon—in other words,multinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy,with the Unite States trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against France.The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend,with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain’s DPT(diverted profits tax),Australia’s MAAL(muthnational antiavoidance law),and India’s SEP(significant economic presence)test, but a few.At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if international tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures,the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD)is currently working with131countries to reach a consensus by the end of2020on an international solution.Both France and the United States are involved in the organization’s work,but France’s digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.France’s planned tax is a clear waning:Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system.other nations are likely to follow suit,and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36.The French Senate has passed a bill to______[A]regulate digital services platforms.[B]protect French companies’interests.[C]impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D]curb the influence of advertising.37.It can be learned from Para2raoh2that the digital services tax______[A]may trigger countermeasures against France.[B]is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C]aims to ease international trade tensions.[D]will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38-The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that_______[A]redistribution of tech giants’revenue must be ensured.[B]the current international tax system needs upgrading[C]tech multinationals’monopoly should be prevented.[D]all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39.It can be learned from Paragraph5that the OECO’s current work______[A]is being resisted by US companies.[B]needs to be readjusted immediately.[C]is faced with uncertain prospects.[D]needs to involve more countries.40.Which of the following might be the best title for this text?[A]France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B]France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C]France Says“NO”to Tech Multinationals[D]France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph(4145).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Eye fixations are brief[B]Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude[C]Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D]Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E]Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F]Most people are not comfoztble holding eye contact with strangers[G]Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation,eye contact with another person can show that you are paving attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here’s what hard science reveals about eye contact:41.We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother’s eyes,and she will look back This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child.In adulthood,looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.It can catch someone’s attention in a crowded room,“Eye contact and smile”can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42.Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocn increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded This was also found inhigh-functioning men with some autistic spectnim symptoms,who may tend to avoid eye contact.Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches,using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.With the use of eye-tracking technology,Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation.While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations,it’s more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.“Whether you’re a politician or a parent,it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you’re trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,”said Minson.44.When we look at a face or a picture,our eyes pause on one spot at a time,often on the eyes or mouth.These pauses typically occur at about three per second,and the eyes then jump to another spot,until several important points in the image areregistered like a series of snapshots.How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.In people who score high in a test of neuroticism,a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety,eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jan Hietanen and colleagues.“Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ.”A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Yourtranslation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the14th century known as the Renaissance,the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being.Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition.(46)With the Church’s teachings and ways of thinking eclipsed by the Renaissance,the gap between the Medieval and modem periods had been bridged leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance,the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus,Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. (47)Before each of their revelations,many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking including the geo-centric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicus theorized in1543that all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth,but the Sun.a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death.(48)Despite attempts by the Church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists.more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that the people could no longer ignore.It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church’s long standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists.This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of17th century.(49)As many took on the duty of trying tointegrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world,the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era—the Age of Reason.The17th and18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity.Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty,tolerance and progress.(50)Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase‘sapere aude’or‘dare to know’,after Irnmanuel Kant used it in his essay“An Answer to the Question:What is Enlightenment’?”.It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go fort and seek out the truth,which they believed to be founded in knowledgeSection III WritingPartA51.Directions:The student union of your university has assigned you to infomi the international students about an upcoming singing contest.Write a notice in about100words. Write your answer on theANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the pictures below In your essay,you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning,and3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)2020年考研英语一答案解析Section I1.【答案】C On【解析】此处考察介词词义辨析。
2020考研数学三真题及答案解析
旺旺id 河北师大研胜教育
积函数为偶函数的变限积分函数为奇函数。所以，本题选 A ;对于 C和D 选项， f ′(x) 为偶
函数，则 cos= f ′(x) cos f ′(−x) 为偶函数， f (x) 为奇函数，则 cos f ′(x) + f (x) 既非奇函数又
非偶函数。
∞
∞
(4).已知幂级数 ∑ nan (x − 2)n 的收敛区间为 (−2, 6) ，则 ∑ an (x + 1)2n 的收敛区间为
又 ABC ⊂ AB ， P( ABC) ≤ P( AB) = 0
原式 = 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 − 1 = 5 4 12 4 12 4 12 12 12
(8) .若二维随机变量 (X ,Y ) 服从 N 0,0;1,4;− 1 ，则下列服从标准正态分布且与 X 独立的
2
是（
4
12
（）
(A). 3
4
(B). 2
3
(C) . 1
2
(D). 5
12
旺旺id 河北师大研胜教育
【答案】（D）
【解析】
P( ABC) + P( ABC) + P( ABC) = P( A I B UC) + P(B I A UC) + P(C I A U B) = P( A) − P( AB) − P( AC) + P( ABC) + P(B) − P( AB) − P(BC) + P( ABC) + P(C) − P( AC) − P(BC) + P( ABC)
dx
(11)设产量为 Q ，单价为 P ,厂商成本函数为 C(Q=) 100 +13Q ，需求函数为 Q= (P) 800 − 2 ，
2020年考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C],or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1____a cold winter's day,few culinary pleasures can2____it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health. That this 3____should be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4___to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6____high temperatures.This means that people should 7____ crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin- crust pizzas and only_ 8____toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11____to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12____the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13____to follow the FSA advice.14____,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15____.Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17____,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods18____,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its 19____risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20____ with one listening.1.[A]In [B]Towards [C]On [D]Till2.[A] match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence :3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concern4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C]compelled [D]guaranteed5.[A]isued [B]received [C]compelled [D] guaranteed6.[A]under [B]at [C]for [D]by7.[A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D]avoid8.[A]partially [B]regular [C]easily [D]intally9.[A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D] While10.[A]secondary [B]external [C]conclusive [D]negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D] slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C]In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C]connection [D]patterm16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C]gradually [D]carefully19.[A]promise [B]experience [C]campaign [D]competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C]open up [D]end up .Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below cach text bychoosing[A],[B],[C],or[D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1A group of labour MPs,among them Yvette Cooper,are bringing in the new year with a call to institute a UK“town of culture"award.The proposal is that it should sit alongside the existing city of culture title,which was held by Hull in 2017 and has been awarded to Coventry for zoz1.Cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for Hull,where it brought in 220m of investment and an avalanche of arts,out not to be confined to cities.Britain' town,it is true are not prevented from applying, but they generally lack the resources to put together a bit to beat their bigger competitions.A town of culture award could,it is argued,become an annual event,attracting funding and creating jobs.Some 1might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that Britain is no longer be able to apply for the much more prestigious title of Furopean capital of culture,a sough after award bagged by Glasgow in 1990 and Liverpool in 2008.A cynic might speculate that the UK is on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever ofself-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for the post-Brexit world: aftertown of culture, who knows that will follow-village of culture?Suburb of culture? Hamlet of culture?It is also wise lo recall that such titles are not a cure-al1.A badly run“year of culture"washes in and out ofa place like the tide, bringing prominence for a spell but leaving no lasting benefits to the community.The really successful holders of such titles are those that do a great deal more than fill hotel bedrooms and bring in high profile arts events and good press for a year.They transform the aspirations of the people who live there;they nudge the self-image of the city into a bolder and more optimistic light.It is hard to get right, and requires a remarkable degree of vision, as well as cooperation between city authorities,the private sector,community.groups and cultural organisations.But it can be done:Glasgow's year as European capital of culture can certainly be seen as one of complex series of factors that have turned the city into the power of art, music and theatre that it remains today.A“town of culture" could be not just about the arts but about honouring a town's peculiarities-helping sustain its high street, supporting local facilities and above all celebrating its people and turn it into action.21.Cooper and her colleagues argue that a“town of culture" award could_____[A] consolidate the town-city ties in Britain.[B] promote cooperation among Britain's towns.[C] increase the economic strength of Britain's towns.[D] focus Britain's limited resources on cultural events.22.According to Paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as______[A]a sensible compromise.[B]a self-deceiving attempt.[C]an eye catching bonus[D]an inaccessible target.23.The author suggests that a title holder is successful onlyif it_____[A]endeavours to maintain its image.[B]meets the aspirations of its people.[C]brings its local arts to prominence.[D]commits to its long-term growth.24.Glasgow is mentioned in Paragraph 3 to present_____[A]a contrasting case.(B]a supporting example.[C]a background story.[D]a related topic.25.What is the author 's attitude towards the proposal?[A]Skeptical.[B]Objective.[C]Favourable.[D]Critical.Text 2Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need joumals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward.Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also forfree,because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.With the content of papers secured for free,the publisher needs only find a market for its journal.Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive.Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations,at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.The Dutch giant Elsevier,which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than f900m last year,while UK universities alone spent more than f210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research;both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub,a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers,set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015.The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed,shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies.In some ways it has been very successful.More than half of all Brtish scientificresearch is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication,or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities.Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around ￡500 to S5,000.A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these“article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation.In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet:labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status,while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.In both cases,we need a rebalancing of power.26.Scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money" partly because______[A]its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.[B]its marketing strategy has been successful.[C]its payment for peer review is reduced.[D]its content acquisition costs nothing.27.According to Paragraphs 2 and 3,scientific publishers Elsevier have_____[A]thrived mainly on university libraries.[B]gone through an existential crisis.[C]revived the publishing industry.[D]financed researchers generously.28.How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?______[A]Relieved.[B]Puzzled.[C]Concermed.[D]Encouraged.29.It can be learmned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms_____[A]allow publishers some room to make money.[B]render publishing much easier for scientists.[C]reduce the cost of publication subtantially[D]free universities from financial burdens.30.Which of the following characteristics the scientific publishing model?______[A]Trial subscription is offered.[B]Labour triumphs over status.[C]Costs are well controlled.[D]The few feed on the many.Text 3Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. But all too often such policies are an insincere form ofvirtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.A pair of bills sponsored by Massachusetts state Senator Jason Lewis and House Speaker Pro Tempore Patricia Haddad,to ensure “gender parity"on boards andcommissions, provide a case in commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.The bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in California, which last year became the irst state to require gender quotas for private companies.In signing the measure,California Govermor Jery Brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex,is probably unconstitutional.The US Supreme Court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an“important"policy interest,Because the California law applies to all boards,ever where there is no history of prior discrimination,courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of“equal protection”.But are such government mandates even necessary?Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women.in the general population,but so what?The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without govenment interference.According to a study by Catalyst,between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent. Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards.That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a“golden skirt"phenomenon. where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity,remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women.31.The author believes hat the bills sponsored by Lewis and Haddad will_____[A] help lttle to reduce gender bias.[B] pose a threat to the state government.[C] raise women's position in politics.[D] greatly broaden career options.32.Which of the following is true of the Califomnia measure?____[A] It has irritated private business owners.[B] It is welcomed by the Supreme Court.[C]It may go against the Constitution.[D] It will setle the prior controversies.33.The author mentions the study by Catalyst to illustrate_____[A] the harm from arbitrary board decision.[B] the importance of constitutional guarantees.[C] the pressure on women in global corporations.[D] the needlessness of government interventions.34.Norway's adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to_____[A] the underestimation of elite women's role.[B] the objection to female participation on bards.[C] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.[D] the growing tension between Labor and management.35. Which of the following can be inferred from the text?_____IAI Women's need in employment should be considered[B] Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.[C] Everyone should try hard to promote social justice.[D] Major social issues should be the focus of legislation.Text 4Last Thursday, the French Senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in France. Digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data and the tax applies to gross revenue from such services.Many French politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“GAFA tax,"meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as Google,Apple,Facebook and Amazon-in other words,mutinational tech companies based in the United States.The digital services tax now awaits the signature of President Emmanuel Macron, who has expressed support for the measure,and it could go into effect within the next few weeks.But it has already sparked significant controversy, with the Unite States trade representative opening a investigation into whether the tax discriminates against American companies,which in tum could lead to trade sanctions against France. The French tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need ofrevenue.Instead,the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countriesover the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions.These have included Britain's DPT (diverted profits tax), Australia's MAAL (multinational antiavoidance law),and India's SEP (significant economic presence) test, but a few.At the same time,the European Union,Spain,Britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.These unilateral developments differ in their specifics,but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax,even if intermnational tax rules do not grant them that right.In other words,they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy.In response to these many unilateral measures, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2020 on an international solution.Both France and the United States are involved in the organization's work, but France's digital services tax and the American response raise questions about what the future holds for the interational tax system.France's planned tax is a clear waning:Unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system.other nations are likely to follow suit, and American companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.36. The French Senate has passed a bill to____[A] regulate digital services platforms.[B] protect French companies' interests.[C] impose a levy on tech multinationals.[D] curb the influence of advertising.37. It can be learmned from Paragraph 2 that the digital services tax_____[A] may trigger countermeasures against France.[B] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.[C] aims to ease intermational trade tensions.[D] will prompt the tech giants to quit France.38. The countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that_____[A] redistribution of tech giants' revenue must be ensured.[B] the current intermational tax system needs upgrading[C] tech multinationals' monopoly should be prevented.[D] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.39. It can be learned from Paragraph 5 that the OECO'S current work_____[A] is being resisted by Us companies.[B] needs to be readjusted immediately.[C] is faced with uncertain prospects.[D] needs to involve more countries.40. Which of the following might be the best title for this text?_____[A] France Is Confronted with Trade Sanctions[B] France leads the charge on Digital Tax[C]France Says "NO" to Tech Multinationals[D] France Demands a Role in the Digital EconomyPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the A-G for each of the numbered paragraph (41 -45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark youranswers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)[A] Eye fixations are brief[B] Too much eye contact is instinctively felt to rude[C] Eye contact can be a friendly social signal[D] Personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact[E] Biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated[F] Most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers[G] Eye contact can also be aggressive.In a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way.But it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate turns toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility.Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact:41._________________________We know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother's eyes, and she will look back.This mutual gaze is a major part of the attachment between mother and child. In adulthood,looking someone else in a pleasant way can be a complimentary sign of paying attention.It can catch someone 's attention in a crowded room,“Eye contact and smile" can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist Monica Moore.42._________________________Neuroscientist Bonnie Augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. This was also found inhigh-functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms,who may tend to avoid eye contact.Specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.43.__________________________With the use of eye-tracking technology,Julia Minson of the Harvard Kennedy School of Government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages,depending on the situation.While eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations,it's more likely to be associated with dominance or intimidation in adversarial situations.“Whether you're a politician or a parent,it might be helpful to keep in mind that trying to maintain eye contact may backfire if you're trying to convince someone who has a different set of beliefs than you,"said Minson.44.___________________________When we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time,often on the eyes or mouth.These pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots.How the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.45.____________________________In people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance,according to the Finnish researcher Jari Hietanen and colleagues. “Our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ."A more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known.It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century,with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the Church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the Medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations. many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the Ptolemaic and Aristotlean geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.Copernicus theorised in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense.Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy, and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentricprinciple.48.Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made, and at a ratethat the people一including the Church一could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.The Church's long- standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase 'sapere aude' or'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?. It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe.48. Despite attempts by the Church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase's 'Sapere aude’or ’dare to know’.SectionⅢwritingPart AThe student union of your university has assigned you to inform the international studentsabout an upcoming singing contest.Write a notice in about 100 words.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the notice.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the pictures below.In your essay,you should1) describe the picture briefly,2) interpret the implied meaning. am3) give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）真题答案一：完型填空答案解析：今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
2020考研数学一真题及答案解析
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2020 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
数学（一）试题
一、 选择题：1～8 小题，每小题 4 分，共 32 分．下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求
的．请将所选项前的字母填在答．题．纸．指定位置上．
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题及答案
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C],or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation s great traditions:the Sunday roast.1____a cold winter's day,few culinary pleasures can 2____it.Yet as we report now.The food police are determined our health. That this 3____should be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4___to damage our health.The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6____high temperatures.This means that people should 7____ crisping their roast potatoes,reject thin- crust pizzas and only_ 8____toast their bread.But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice,there is no 10____ evidence that it causes cancer in humans.Scientists say the compound is 11____to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12____the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is13____to follow the FSA advice.14____,it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15____. Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables,without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17____,the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18____,but reduce their lifetime intake.However its19____risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective.Constant health scares just 20____ with one listening.1.[A]In [B]Towards [C]On [D]Till2.[A] match [B]express [C]satisfy [D]influence :3.[A]patience [B]enjoyment [C]surprise [D]concern4.[A]intensified [B]privileged [C]compelled [D]guaranteed5.[A]isued [B]received [C]compelled [D] guaranteed6.[A]under [B]at [C]for [D]by7.[A]forget [B]regret [C]finish [D]avoid8.[A]partially [B]regular [C]easily [D]intally9.[A]Unless [B]Since [C]If [D] While10.[A]secondary [B]external [C]conclusive [D]negative11.[A]insufficient [B]bound [C]likely [D] slow12.[A]On the basis of [B]At the cost of [C]In addition to [D]In contrast to13.[A]interesting [B]advisable [C]urgent [D]fortunate14.[A]As usual [B]In particular [C]By definition [D]After all15.[A]resemblance [B]combination [C]connection [D]patterm16.[A]made [B]served [C]saved [D]used17.[A]To be fair [B]For instance [C]To be brief [D]In general18.[A]reluctantly [B]entirely [C]gradually [D]carefully19.[A]promise [B]experience [C]campaign [D]competition20.[A]follow up [B]pick up [C]open up [D]end up .完型填空答案解析：今年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，虽然话题不难理解，但不易把握上下文的线索。
2020-年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题(中国科学院大学)计算机专业综合
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：计算机专业综合考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3．试卷共16道大题，每题15分，共240分，考生可以任意选择其中10道大题回答，并在答题纸的该题答案前标明“选做本题”。
4．如果选做的题目多于10道，则判卷将按照所选做试题的题号顺序选择前10道大题计分，后续所做视为无效考试内容。
第一部分：《数据结构》第一题，简答题，共15分（1）请给出下列程序的时间复杂度（n>0）。
（2分）void func(int n) {int i,j;for(i=1,j=0; j<=n; j=j+i) i++;}（2）现有一个线性表的应用，线性表的元素总数不确定，其主要的操作是插入元素、删除表尾元素、查找表尾结点和查找指定结点的前驱结点，那么请问用怎样的数据结构比较好？请给出理由和该数据结构的C语言定义。
（3分）（3）若循环队列存储在数组A[0..m]，头指针Front指向当前队头元素，尾指针Rear指向当前队尾元素的下一个位置，那么当前实际存储有多少队列元素？现有元素x需要入队，请写出元素入队的语句。
（3分）科目名称：计算机专业综合第1页共6页（4）用如下数据结构存储广义表：typedef enum {ATOM, LIST} ElemTag;typedef struct GLNode {ElemTag tag;union {AtomType atom;struct {struct GLNode *hp, *tp;} ptr;}} *Glist;那么，对于广义表X=(A,((),(B,C)),(D,E))，给出其存储结构图，并利用Head、Tail 操作分离出元素E。
（3分）（5）现在需要从5000个元素组成的序列中，用最快的速度挑出前10个最大的元素。
中国科学院大学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题-科目名称：《物理化学(乙)》
中国科学院大学2020 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：物理化学（乙）考生须知：1．本试卷满分为150 分，全部考试时间总计180 分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3. 可以使用不具有储存及编程功能的计算器。
下列一些基本常数供解题时参考：普朗克常数 h = 6.626 × 10-34 J·s；玻兹曼常数 kB = 1.38× 10-23 J·K-1；摩尔气体常数 R = 8.314 J·mol-1·K-1；法拉第常数 F = 96500 C·mol-1一、是非题(每小题1 分，共18 分) (判断下列各题是否正确，正确用“”表示，错误用“”表示)1.同温、同压下，某实际气体的摩尔体积大于理想气体的摩尔体积，则该气体的压缩因子Z 是大于 1 的。
2.可逆过程一定是循环过程，循环过程一定是可逆过程。
3.最概然分布可以代表系统的一切可能的分布。
4.气体CO 和N2 有相近的转动惯量和相对分子摩尔质量，在相同温度和压力时，两者的平动熵和转动熵都相等。
5.298 K 时，汞的表面张力明显大于水的表面张力，这主要归因于汞原子之间的主要作用是金属键而水分子之间的主要作用是氢键。
6.在极性分散介质中，由于离子的溶剂化，胶粒和胶团也是溶剂化的，胶团常带有正电或负电。
7.因为亨利定律是稀溶液定律，所以任何溶质在稀溶液范围内都遵守亨利定律。
8.对吉布斯自由能而言，化学势即为偏摩尔量。
9.通常所见的三相共存的水一定处于三相点。
10.二组分能形成恒沸混合物，只有在定温条件下，该恒沸混合物才有恒定的组成。
科目名称：物理化学（乙）11.当体系状态一定时，若选取不同的标准态，各物质的标准态化学势不同，但对于等温反应，其r G m 相同。
12.对于给定的系统，亲和势有定值，它取决于系统的始态和终态，而与反应过程及系统中各物质的强度性质无关。
2020考研数学一真题
2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学（一）试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分．下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的．请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上．（1）当0x +→，下列无穷小量中最高阶的是（A ）2(1)xt e dt -⎰（B）0ln(1xdt⎰（C ）sin 20sin xt dt⎰．（D）1cos 0-⎰（2）设函数()f x在区间(1,1)-有定义，且0lim ()0x f x →=，则（）（A ）当x →=时，()f x 在0x =处可导（B ）当x →=时，()f x 在0x =处可导（C ）()f x 在0x =处可导时，0x →=（D ）()f x 在0x =处可导时，x →=（3）(,)f x y 在()00，可微，(0,0)0f =，()''(0,0),,1x y n f f =-，非0向量n α⊥，则（）（A ）(,)limx y →存在（B ）(,)limx y →存在（C ）(,)limx y →存在（D ）(,)limx y →存在（4）R 为1nnn a x∞=∑收敛，r 为实数，则（）（A ）221nnn ax∞=∑发散，则r R≥（B ）221nnn ax ∞=∑收敛，则r R≤（C ）r R≥，221nnn ax∞=∑发散（D ）r R≤，则221nnn ax ∞=∑收敛（5）若矩阵A 由初等列变换为矩阵B ，则（）（A ）存在矩阵P ，使PA B =；（B ）存在矩阵P ，使BP A =；（C ）存在矩阵P ，使PB A =；（D ）方程组0AX =与=0BX 同解；（6）已知22211113332322::x a y b z c l a b c x a y b z c l a b c ---==---==相交于一点，令i i i i a b c α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭，1,2,3i =，则（）（A ）1α可由2α，3α线性表示（B ）2α可由1α，3α线性表示（C ）3α可由1α，2α线性表示（D ）123,,ααα线性无关（7）()()()()()()121,0,41======BC P AC P AB P C P B P A P ，则C B A ,,恰好发生一个的概率为（）（A ）43（B ）32（C ）21（D ）512（8）设为12100,,...,x x x 来自总体X 的简单随机样本，其中1{0}{1}2P x P x ====，()x Φ表示标准正态分布函数，则由中心极限定理可知，1001{55}i P x =≤∑的近似值为（）（A ）1(1)-Φ（B ）(1)Φ（C ）1(0.2)-Φ（D ）(0.2)Φ二、填空题：9～14小题，每小题4分，共24分．请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上．()011lim 1ln1x x e x→⎡⎤-=⎢⎥-+⎣⎦．（10）设(ln x y t ⎧=⎪⎨=⎪⎩,则221t d y dx ==．数()f x 满足()()()0f x af x f x '''++=()0a >,且()0f m=,()0f n'=,则()f x dx +∞=（12）设函数2dt,则()21,1f x y∂=∂∂．（13）行列式01101111011a a a a --=--．（14）已知随机变量X 服从区间,22ππ⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭上的均匀分布,sin Y X =,则(),Cov X Y =．三、解答题：15～23小题，共94分．解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤．请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上．（15）（本题满分10分）求函数()33,8f x y x y xy=+-的极值.（16）（本题满分10分）计算2222444L x y x yI dx dy x y x y -+=+++⎰,其中L 为222x y +=,方向为逆时针方向.（17）（本题满分10分）设数列{}na满足11a=,11(1)2n nn a n a+⎛⎫+=+⎪⎝⎭.证明:当1x<时幂级数1nnna x∞=∑收敛并求其和函数.（18）（本题满分10分）设∑为曲面224)z x y =≤+≤下侧,()f x 为连续函数.计算()[]()2()2I xf xy x y dydz yf xy y x dzdx zf xy z dxdy∑=+-+++++⎡⎤⎡⎤⎣⎦⎣⎦⎰⎰（19）（本题满分10分）设函数()f x 在[]0,2上具有连续导数.()()020f f ==,[](){}0,2max x M f x ∈=.证:(1)存在()0,2ξ∈使()f Mξ'≥(2)若对任意()0,2x ∈,()f x M'≤,则0M =.（20）（本题满分11分）设二次型()22121122,44f x x x x x x=-+经正交变化1122x yQx y⎛⎫⎛⎫=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭化为二次型()22121122,46g y y ay x x y=++,其中a b≥.(1)求a,b的值(2)求正交变换矩阵Q（21）（本题满分11分）设A 为2阶矩阵,(),P A αα=,其中α是非零向量且不是A 的特征向量.(1)证明P 为可逆矩阵.(2)若260A A ααα+-=,求1P AP -,并判断A 是否相似于对角矩阵.（22）（本题满分11分）设随机变量123,,X X X 相互独立，其中1X 与2X 均服从标准正态分布，3X 的概率分布为331{0}{1}2P X P X ====,3132(1)Y X X X X =+-。
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2020年硕士研究生统一入学考试
《电路分析基础》
第一部分考试说明
一、考试性质
电路分析基础是电子与通信工程专业学位（非全日制）硕士生入学考试的专业基础课。
考试对象为报考武汉理工大学信息工程学院的2020年全国硕士研究生入学考试准考学生。
二、考试形式与试卷结构
1、答卷方式：闭卷，笔试
2、答题时间：180分钟
3、考试题型：计算综合题
4、参考书目：电路分析(第3版)，刘岚、叶庆云、胡钋、张小梅，科学出版社，2012年9月。
第二部分考查要点
一、电路模型及基本定律
1、实际电路与电路模型
2、电路变量及其参考方向
3、电阻元件
4、电压源和电流源
5、受控源
6、基尔霍夫定律
二、电阻电路的等效变换
1、电路的等效变换
2、电阻的串联、并联和混联等效
3、电阻Y与∆两种联接的等效变换
4、无源单口网络的输入电阻
5、电压源和电流源的串联和并联
6、含源支路的等效变换
三、电阻性电路的一般分析
1、支路法
2、网孔分析法和回路分析法
3、节点分析法
四、电路定理
1、叠加定理
2、替代定理
3、戴维南定理和诺顿定理
4、最大功率传输定理
五、储能元件
1、电容元件
2、电感元件
3、电容、电感的串并联等效
六、一阶动态电路的时域分析方法
1、一阶电路的零输入响应和零状态响应
2、一阶电路的全响应
3、一阶电路的阶跃响应和冲激响应
七、正弦稳态电路分析
1、正弦交流电的基本概念
2、正弦量的相量表示
3、电路元件与定律的相量形式
4、复阻抗与复导纳
5、相量法分析求解正弦稳态电路
6、正弦稳态电路的功率：有功功率、无功功率、视在功率、复功率、功率因数
7、最大功率传输
八、含有磁耦合元件的正弦稳态电路分析
1、耦合电感
2、含耦合电感电路的分析
3、空心变压器分析方法
4、理想变压器
九、非正弦周期信号激励下的稳态电路分析
1、非正弦周期信号的有效值和平均功率
2、非正弦周期电流电路的分析计算
十、正弦交流电路的频率特性
1、网络函数
2、RLC串联谐振电路的频率特性
3、RLC并联谐振电路的频率特性
4、基本滤波器电路及其频率特性
十一、线性动态网络复频域分析
1、拉普拉斯变换及其重要性质
2、拉普拉斯反变换的部分分式法
3、电路定律的复频域形式
4、电路元件的复频域形式
5、复频域分析法
6、网络函数及其应用
7、网络函数的极点和零点。