复旦考博英语(2014回忆版)
2014考研英语真题及答案解析(详细)
2014考研真题及答案解析Section I Use of LanguageDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(S) for each numbered blank and mark A, B ,C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 Points)As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can't remember 1 we put the keys just a moment ago, or an old acquaintance's name, or the name of an old band we used to love. As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as "senior moments." 3 seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(an) 4 impact on our professional, social, and personal 5 .Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that there's actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort.Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first "brain training program" designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental 14 .The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing--much like a(n) 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use.1.[A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why2.[A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses3.[A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While4.[A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure5.[A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook6.[A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures7.[A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations8.[A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion9.[A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process10.[A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature11.[A]Therefore [B]Moreover [C]Otherwise [D]However12.[A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of13.[A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around14.[A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility15.[A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows16.[A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace17.[A] to [B]with [C]for [D]on18.[A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually19.[A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take20.[A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar答案：1-5 ABDCA6-10 ACBDC11-15 DABAD16-20 BDCCB1. [标准答案] [A][考点分析] 上下文语义和连词辨析[选项分析] 本题考查连词。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编19(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编19(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The workers went on strike for ______ working conditions.A．idealB．cleanC．comfortableD．decent正确答案：D解析：decent a.像样的，过得去的，尚可的；合宜的，得体的，正派的(如：We pay a very decent price，She never had decent clothes to wear．I get decent marks at school．I only associate with good decent fellows．)。
ideal a.理想的，完满的。
clean a. 干净的，清洁的。
comfortable a.舒适的，舒服的。
2．They issued a______to the effect that the covenant(违反契约的诉讼)would not have any place in the treaty.A．declarationB．certificateC．proposalD．pronunciation正确答案：A解析：declaration n．宣布，宣告；宣言。
声明(书)(如：The Declaration of Independence was made in America in 1776．Then they drew up their declaration concerning the war．)。
certificate n.证明书。
proposal n．提议，建议；求婚。
pronunciation n．发音，发音方法。
3．He was afraid he would have to ______ her invitation to the party.A．refuteB．refuseC．rejectD．decline正确答案：D解析：decline vt．婉辞，谢绝(邀请)；不愿(做某事)(后面跟不定式)；vi．下降，减少，衰落。
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)
2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)2014年上海高考英语试题及答案(清晰完整版)Part A: Reading Comprehension (共20小题；每小题2分，满分40分)Passage 1A: When Mangalyaan successfully entered the Mars orbit, India became the first country to achieve this on its first attempt. Scientists were thrilled with the success of the mission, which was proof of India's growing strength in space technology. Mangalyaan, or Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) as it's officially known, was launched by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on November 5, 2013 and entered Mars orbit on September 24, 2014.B: The journey to Mars was not an easy one. The spacecraft traveled 420 million miles over a span of 300 days to reach its final destination. Mangalyaan had to overcome various challenges, including exposure to extreme radiation and the risk of failure during the intricate process of entering Mars' orbit. However, the mission was completed successfully, and Mangalyaan is currently conducting experiments to gather data on Mars' atmosphere and climate.C: India's successful mission to Mars is a significant achievement in the field of space exploration. It showcases India's technological prowess and its ability to compete with established space agencies such as NASA. The mission also brings hope to many other countries that aspire to explorespace and conduct scientific research beyond Earth. Mangalyaan has inspired scientists, engineers, and students around the world and has fuelled an increased interest in space exploration.1. What did Mangalyaan achieve?A. It completed experiments on Mars' atmosphere and climate.B. It became the first spacecraft to reach Mars.C. It successfully entered Mars' orbit on its first attempt.D. It traveled 420 million miles to reach Mars.2. What was the challenge Mangalyaan faced during its journey?A. Exposure to extreme radiation.B. Competing with established space agencies.C. Conducting experiments on Mars' atmosphere.D. Traveling a long distance.3. How does India's mission to Mars inspire others?A. It showcases India's technological prowess.B. It fuels interest in space exploration.C. It provides hope for other countries' space missions.D. All of the above.Passage 2In the future, driverless cars may become a common sight on our roads. These autonomous vehicles are capable of sensing their environment and navigating without human input. They use advanced sensors, machine learning algorithms, and artificial intelligence to analyze and interpret data from their surroundings.One of the main advantages of driverless cars is increased safety. Human errors and distractions are often the cause of accidents on the road. With autonomous vehicles, the risk of accidents due to human error is greatly reduced. These cars can react faster than humans and are not affected by fatigue, alcohol, or other factors that can impair driving abilities.Driverless cars also have the potential to improve traffic flow. They can communicate with each other and with road infrastructure, such as traffic lights, to optimize their movements. By avoiding unnecessary stops and maintaining a constant speed, driverless cars can reduce congestion and make the overall driving experience more efficient.Additionally, driverless cars have the potential to increase accessibility for people who are unable to drive or do not have access to private transportation. These vehicles can be programmed to accommodate individuals with disabilities and can provide a reliable means of transportation for those who are unable to drive themselves.4. What technology do driverless cars use to navigate their surroundings?A. Advanced sensors.B. Machine learning algorithms.C. Artificial intelligence.D. All of the above.5. Why are driverless cars considered safer than human-driven cars?A. They can react faster than humans.B. They are not affected by distractions.C. They eliminate the risk of human errors.D. All of the above.6. How can driverless cars improve traffic flow?A. By communicating with each other and with road infrastructure.B. By optimizing their movements to avoid unnecessary stops.C. By maintaining a constant speed.D. All of the above.7. What is one potential benefit of driverless cars for individuals who are unable to drive?A. Increased safety on the roads.B. Improved accessibility to transportation.C. Reduced traffic congestion.D. optimized driving experience.Passage 3In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainability and environmentally friendly practices. Many individuals and businesses aremaking efforts to reduce their carbon footprint and minimize their impact on the environment. One area where these efforts are being seen is in the fashion industry.Fast fashion, the production of cheap and disposable clothing, has been a major contributor to environmental degradation. The industry consumes vast amounts of water, energy, and natural resources, and also produces a significant amount of waste and pollution. However, a shift towards sustainable fashion is slowly gaining momentum.Sustainable fashion refers to the production and design of clothing that prioritizes environmental responsibility and social equity. It promotes the use of eco-friendly materials, such as organic cotton and recycled fibers, and encourages practices such as recycling, upcycling, and fair trade. Sustainable fashion also emphasizes the importance of transparency and ethical supply chains.Despite the challenges, there are promising signs of progress in the fashion industry. Various brands are adopting sustainable practices and offering eco-friendly alternatives to fast fashion. Consumers are becoming more conscious of the environmental impact of their clothing choices and are demanding more sustainable options. By supporting sustainable fashion, individuals can contribute to a more sustainable future and help drive positive change in the fashion industry.8. What is one of the negative impacts of the fast fashion industry?A. Increased consumption of natural resources.B. Environmental degradation.C. Waste and pollution.D. All of the above.9. What is the goal of sustainable fashion?A. Prioritizing environmental responsibility and social equity.B. Using eco-friendly materials.C. Encouraging recycling and upcycling.D. All of the above.10. What are consumers increasingly demanding in the fashion industry?A. Sustainable and eco-friendly options.B. Fast and disposable clothing.C. Ethical supply chains.D. Transparent production processes.11. How can individuals contribute to a more sustainable fashion industry?A. By supporting sustainable fashion brands.B. By choosing eco-friendly materials.C. By demanding transparency and ethical practices.D. All of the above.Passage 4The concept of Universal Basic Income (UBI) has gained traction in recent years as a possible solution to economic inequality. UBI is a system in which all citizens receive a regular, unconditional sum of money from the government, regardless of their employment status or income level. Proponents argue that UBI can help alleviate poverty, provide financial security, and promote equal opportunity.One of the main advantages of UBI is that it ensures a minimum standard of living for all individuals. It provides a safety net that guarantees basic needs can be met, regardless of fluctuations in the job market or personal circumstances. This can help reduce poverty and improve the overall well-being of society.UBI also has the potential to empower individuals to pursue their passions and take risks. With a guaranteed income, individuals may have more freedom to explore their interests, start businesses, or engage in creative endeavors without the fear of financial instability. This can lead to greater innovation and personal fulfillment.However, critics argue that UBI may disincentivize work or encourage dependency on the government. They suggest that providing unconditional income may reduce the motivation to seek employment or pursue educational and career opportunities. Additionally, implementing UBI on a large scale would require significant financial resources and could potentially lead to increased taxation.12. What is Universal Basic Income (UBI)?A. A system in which all citizens receive a regular sum of money from the government.B. A program to alleviate poverty.C. A method to promote equal opportunity.D. All of the above.13. How can UBI help reduce poverty?A. By ensuring a minimum standard of living for all individuals.B. By providing a safety net for basic needs.C. By improving the overall well-being of society.D. All of the above.14. What potential advantage does UBI offer to individuals?A. The freedom to pursue their passions and take risks.B. Financial stability.C. The ability to start businesses.D. All of the above.15. What is one criticism of UBI?A. It may discourage work.B. It could lead to increased taxation.C. It may create dependency on the government.D. All of the above.Part B: Non-Text Information (共6小题；每小题2分，满分12分)16.其中一段是2014年上海高考英语试题及答案。
2023年复旦大学考博英语试题
2023年复旦大学考博英语试题题目一阅读下面短文，并回答问题。
（文章内容略）问题：1. 根据短文，当代社会面临的最大挑战是什么？为什么？题目二将以下汉语句子翻译成英语。
1. 我们应该保护环境，减少污染。
2. 这个项目需要大量资金支持。
题目三选择正确的选项填空。
- A. working hard- B. to work hard- C. worked hard- D. work hard2. I have ______ seen such a beautiful sunset before. - A. never- B. ever- C. already- D. yet题目四写一封回信，回答以下问题。
假设你是一位大学生，你的国外朋友Tom来信向你了解中国传统文化。
请你用英语回信，向Tom介绍中国传统节日中的一个，并解释该节日的由来和庆祝方式。
题目五阅读以下文章，并回答问题。
（文章内容略）问题：1. 文章主要讲述了什么？题目六将以下英语句子翻译成汉语。
2. The book you lent me is really interesting.题目七选择正确的选项填空。
1. The concert was ______ amazing. I enjoyed every moment of it.- A. such- B. so- C. too- D. very2. ______ the weather is good, we can go for a picnic.- A. If- B. Although- C. Because- D. Since以上为2023年复旦大学考博英语试题，请同学们按部就班完成。
祝你们考试顺利！。
复旦大学外国语言文学学院
复旦大学外国语言文学学院
2014 年博士研究生复试名单公示
2014-04-04
序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 报考专业 英语语言文学 英语语言文学 英语语言文学 英语语言文学 英语语言文学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 外国语言学及应用语言学 考生编号 102464123004712 102464111001567 102464111001543 102464111001499 102464111001491 102464111001607 102464111001578 102464111001591 102464111001606 102464111001587 102464111001600 102464111001598 102464111001595 姓名 陈毅栋 彭颖 段天婷 陆晓蕾 张建 邹沁 杨晓燕 董超燕 祝晶 潘宁宇 胡泊 杨一天 景艳燕 外国语 免试 0 俄语 88 法语 83 法语 80 俄语 73 英语 77 英语 60 英语 61 英语 70 法语 78 德语 69 英语 57 英语 58 业务课 1 免试 0 高级英语 59 高级英语 64 高级英语 64 高级英语 82 高级法语 83 高级法语 79 韩国语语法理论 90 高级俄语 77 高级英语 66 高级英语 68 高级德语 79 高级德语 81 业务课 2 免试 0 翻译理论与技巧 65 语言学理论 60 英美文学 94 英美文学 67 法语语言学理论 82 法语语言学理论 76 语言学理论 89 俄语语言学理论 81 语言学理论 64 语言学理论 60 语言学理论 84 语言学理论 74 212 207 238 222 242 215 240 228 208 197 220 213 定向就业 对口支援 西部专项 少数民族定向骨干计划 初试成绩 备注 硕博连读
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编5.doc
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编5(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which ______ treatments are unsatisfactory.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.similarB.dangerousC.uncommonD.alternative2.The project is not______a failure. It is a success in some respect.（分数：2.00）A.altogetherB.likelyC.possiblyD.inevitably3.______are not allowed to play in most professional golf tournaments.（分数：2.00）A.AmateursymenC.FencersD.Boxers4.All of us were______ that the old man could walk on his hands.（分数：2.00）A.shockedB.amazedC.frightenedD.pleased5.George Bush, once U.S.______ to China, became President in 1988.（分数：2.00）A.deputyB.ambassadorC.representativeD.envoy6.I don't know how to interpret her remark. I think it was deliberately______.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.distinctB.ambiguousC.suspiciousD.invisible7.His ______ directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intricateB.arbitraryplicatedD.ambiguous8.His ______ had always been to become an architect.（分数：2.00）A.careerB.ambitionC.ideaD.attempt9.A(n)______ must have priority over other vehicles for it has an emergency to deal with.（分数：2.00）A.carB.busC.ambulanceD.truck10.So ______ was the mood of the meeting that an agreement was soon reached. (2003年复旦大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.resentfulB.amiableC.suffocatingD.gloomy11.The sailor______ the little boy by telling him an interesting story.（分数：2.00）A.teasedB.tickledC.amazedD.amused12.October 1st is the______of the founding of the People's Republic of China.（分数：2.00）A.dayB.dateC.anniversaryD.celebration13.The bright flowers and warm winds ______ that spring had come.（分数：2.00）A.threatenedB.announcedC.statedD.pronounced14.The baby is always ______ his sister by pulling her hair.（分数：2.00）A.enragingB.upsettingC.annoyingD.frustrating15.Some people believe that "King John" was written by Shakespeare, but some people think it might be written by an ______ author.(2002年复旦大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.deliveredB.anonymousC.antiqueD.ambiguous16.Mrs. Green received an ______ letter threatening to expose her private life if she refused to pay $10,000.(2010年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.anonymousB.apparentC.arbitraryD.artificial17.People ______ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.（分数：2.00）A.convincedB.anticipatedC.resolvedD.assured18.When Ph. D candidates______ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefits offered by the prospective universities.(2002年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.anticipateB.assumeC.applyD.demand19.I'm______ to get the tickets for the show today, as there are hardly any left.（分数：2.00）A.worriedB.curiousC.anxiousD.interested20.Do you want me to do this in any particular way or with special care, or can I do it______?（分数：2.00）A.somehowB.somewhatC.sometimeD.anyhow21.It is easy to take a watch______, but difficult to put it back together.（分数：2.00）A.apartB.awayC.downD.off22.I wish to meet you to______ for my rudeness on Saturday this week.（分数：2.00）A.apologizeB.criticizeC.accountpensate23.The child was told to make a(n) ______ for being rude to his sister.（分数：2.00）A.excuseB.admissionC.confessionD.apology24.Sometimes the machine will go wrong without any______ cause.（分数：2.00）A.actualB.apparentC.naturalD.excusable25.Police have ______ to the public to come forward with any information which might help them in their inquiries.（分数：2.00）A.urgedB.claimedC.calledD.appealed。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编65(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编65(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The newcomers found it impossible to______themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country. (厦门大学2014年试题) A．suitB．adaptC．regulateD．coordinate正确答案：B解析：句意为：刚来的人们发现适应新国家的气候是不可能的。
本题考查短语adapt to…“适应……”。
suit“诉讼”、regulate“调整”、coordinate“协调”均不符合句意。
2．It’s a program designed to______mainly to 16 to 25 year olds. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16岁到25岁的人而设计的项目。
根据句意，应选C项appeal“吸引”。
include“包括”、appreciate“欣赏”、conduct“实施”均不符合句意。
3．The actress lives in a very fashionable______ of town. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．positionB．componentC．quarterD．zone正确答案：C解析：句意为：演员住在城镇一个上流社会的地区。
quarter意为“地区，区域”，符合句意。
zone虽也有“地区”的意思，但是着重讲面积，故排除。
A项和B项明显不符合句意。
4．The store displayed its most______ products in the front window. (厦门大学2014年试题)A．modelB．presentC．distinctiveD．favorite正确答案：C解析：句意为：这家商店将他们最有特色的产品放置在窗前。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编60(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编60(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．______is supposed to be the essence of private enterprise.A．CompeteB．CompetitionC．CompetitiveD．Competence正确答案：B解析：competition n.竞争；比赛。
2．Because a degree from a good university is the means to a better job, education is one of the most______ areas in Japanese life.A．sophisticatedB．competitiveC．considerateD．superficial正确答案：B解析：competitive a.竞赛的，竞争的；(人)好竞争的；(价格)有竞争力的(如：competitive games；Important posts are filled by competitive examinations．Our firm offers you competitive prices．He is a competitive young man and has competitive spirit．)。
sophisticated a.(人)老练的，富有经验的：(机器、武器等)精密的，尖端的。
considerate(of／to)a.考虑周到的，体贴人的。
superficial a.肤浅的，浅薄的：表面的。
3．Unless my room is warmer tonight, I’m going to______ to the hotel manager.A．complainB．argueC．blameD．reason正确答案：A解析：complain vi．抱怨(句型：complain to sb．of／about sth．；complain that…)。
复旦大学博士研究生入学考博英语历年真题试题(经典6套)2007-2012年
2012年复旦大学考博英语真题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure1 It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the ______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2 Mississippi also uplolds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectable3 If she is stupid,she’s _____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4 The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5 In your teens,peer-group friendships may _____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take over6 Parents often faced the ___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemma7There have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidated9 It has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilith to use language, is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10 Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11 When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however ,he responded _____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12 The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively _______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13 In both America and Europe,it is _____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from 10% to 20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14 Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental borndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15 As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16 His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17 They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18 The poor old man was _____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19 The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to _______the marriage.A terminateB initiate Cconsummate D separate20 Join said that the richer countries of the world should make a _____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21 The problem is inherent and _______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23 It would be _____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtle Bfeeble C nasty D naïve24It is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD converyed25 Hummans are ___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26 More than 100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27 To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused panie.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28 Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher ,aiming at truth,must not ____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29 I found the subject very difficult ,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and ____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30 They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to _____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenact阅读：AIn 1896 a georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. in contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,000. the transformation in social values implicit in juxta- posing these two incidents is the subject of viviana zelizer's excellent book, <i>pricing the priceless child</i>. during the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread through- out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. for zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex. the gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,'... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," zelizer maintains. "was also part of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives. " protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. in stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth. zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values totransform price. as children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or " surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.1.it can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in Americaduring the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on the(a) earnings of the person at time of death(b) wealth of the party causing the death(c) degree of culpability of the party causing the death(d) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed2.it can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800's children were generallyregarded by their families as individuals who(a) needed enormous amounts of security and affection(b) required constant supervision while working(c) were important to the economic well-being of a family(d) were unsuited to spending long hours in school3.which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value ofchildren would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?(a) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents beganto increase their emotional investment in the upbringing oftheir children.(b) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expectedearnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.(c) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread ofhumanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual(d) the cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsoryeducation laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor.4.the primary purpose of the passage is to(a) review the literature in a new academic subfield(b) present the central thesis of a recent book(c) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change(d) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon5.zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessmentof children's worth except changes in(a) the mortality rate(b) the nature of industry(c) the nature of the family(d) attitudes toward reform movementsBA stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself. It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians, but she replied: 'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.' It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road, then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos. Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere. Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket, and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means. It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved, the liberties of everybody must be curtailed. When the policeman,say, at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand, he is the symbol not of tyranny, butof liberty.You may not think so. You may, being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office, feel that your liberty has been outraged. How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway? Then, if you are a reasonable person, you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you, he would interfere with no one, and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all. You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only, but a socialcontract. It is an accommodation of interests. In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty, of course, I may be as free as I like. If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown whoshall say me nay? You have liberty to laugh at me, but I haveliberty to be indifferent to you. And if I have a fancy for dyeingmy hair, or waxing my moustache (which heaven forbid), or wearing an overcoat and sandals, or going to bed late or getting up early, I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission. I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton. And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that, whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth, or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I pleaseourselves and ask no one's leave. We have a whole kingdom inwhich we rule alone, can do what we choose, be wise or ridiculous, harsh or easy, conventional or odd. But directly we step out of that kingdom, our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning. If I went on to the top of Everest to do it, I could please myself, but if I do it in my bedroom my family will object, and if I do it out in the streetsthe neighbors will remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone must not interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world, and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this, and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own. A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct, in the observance of the rule of the road, that we pass judgment upon ourselves, anddeclare that we are civilized or uncivilized. The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare. It is the little habits ofcommonplace intercourse that make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.1. The author might have stated his ‘rule of the road’ asA. do not walk in the middle of the roadB. follow the orders of policemenC. do not behave inconsiderately in publicD. do what you like in private2. The author’s attitud e to the old lady in paragraph one isA. condescendingB. intolerantC. objective D supportive3 A situation analogous to the ‘insolence of office’ described in paragraph 2 would beA. a teacher correcting grammar errorsB. an editor shortening the text of an articleC. a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD. an army office giving orders to a soldier4 The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA. all matters of dress and foodB. any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC. anything that is not against the lawD. his own home5 In the sentence ‘ We are all liable.. the author isA. pointing out a general weaknessB. emphasizing his main pointC. countering a general misconceptionD. suggesting a remedyCThe name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of theworld by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea. Had she died - as she nearly did - upon her return to England, her reputation would hardly have been different; her legend would 5 have come down to us almost as we know it today - that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoringeyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari. Yet, as a matter of fact, shelived for more than half a century after the Crimean War; and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the10 devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could, indeed, hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs; but it was certainly more important. The true history was far stranger even than the myth. In Miss Nightingale's15 own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident - scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career. Itwas thefulcrum with which she hoped to move the world; but it was only the fulcrum. For more than a generation she was to sit in secret, working her lever: and her real life began at the very 20 moment when, in popular imagination, it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health. The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system; her heart was affected; she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter25 physical prostration. The doctors declared that one thing alonewould save her - a complete and prolonged rest. But that was alsothe one thing with which she would have nothing to do. She had never been in the habit of resting; why should she begin now? Now, when her opportunity had come at last; now, when the iron 30 was hot, and it was time to strike? No; she had work to do; and, come what might, she would do it. The doctors protested in vain; in vain her family lamented and entreated, in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course. Madness? Mad -possessed - perhaps she was. A frenzy had seized upon her. As 35 she lay upon her sofa, gasping, she devoured blue-books, dictatedletters, and, in the intervals of her palpitations, cracked jokes. Formonths at a stretch she never left her bed. But she would not rest.At this rate, the doctors assured her, even if she did not die, shewould become an invalid for life. She could not help that; there 40 was work to be done; and, as for rest, very likely she might rest ...when she had done it.Wherever she went, to London or in the country, in the hills of Derbyshire, or among the rhododendrons at Embley, she was haunted by a ghost. It was the specter of Scutari - the hideous 45 vision of the organization of a military hospital. She would lay thatphantom, or she would perish. The whole system of theArmy Medical Department, the education of the Medical Officer, the regulations of hospital procedure ... rest? How could sherestwhile these things were as they were, while, if the like necessity50 were to arise again, the like results would follow? And, even inpeace and at home, what was the sanitary condition of the Army? The mortality in the barracks, was, she found, nearly double themortality in civil life. 'You might as well take 1, 100 men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,' she said. After 55 inspecting the hospitals at Chatham, she smiled grimly. 'Yes, thisis one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea, put to death 16,000 men.' Scutari had given her knowledge; and it had given her power too: her enormous reputation was at her back -an incalculable force. Other work, other duties, might lie before60 her; but the most urgent, the most obvious, of all was to look tothe health of the Army.1. According to the author, the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was, when compared with her work in the Crimea, all of the following exceptA. less dramaticB. less demandingC. less well-known to the publicD. more important2 Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA. mentally shatteredB. stubborn and querulousC. physically weak but mentally indomitableD. purposeful yet tiresome3 . The primary purpose of paragraph 3 is toA. account for conditions in the armyB. show the need for hospital reformC. explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD. argue that peacetime conditions were worse than wartime conditions4 The author's attitude to his material isA. disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB. over-inflation of a reputationC. debunking a mythD. interpretation as well as narration5 In her statement (lines 53-54) Miss Nightingale intended toA. criticize the conditions in hospitalsB. highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC. prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD. ridicule the dangers of army lifeDHow many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when in come and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families.Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree oflabor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job c reation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.1.Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?(A) What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering(B) Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty(C) Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures(D) How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities2. The author uses “labor market problems” in lines 1-2 to refer to which of the following?(A) The overall causes of poverty(B) Deficiencies in the training of the work force(C) Trade relationships among producers of goods(D) Shortages of jobs providing adequate income3 Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?(A) Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.(B) A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.(C) New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.(D) Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.4 The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt by(A) the employed poor(B) dependent children in single-earner families(C) workers who become disabled(D) retired workers5 According to the passage, one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is the(A) recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workers(B) possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per worker(C) fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poor(D) establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statistics完形填空As children we start _____a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during thematuration process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends ___our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do ____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so_____of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it ______we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved _____the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are ____play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing .We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have ____to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common____very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.翻译：由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。
复旦医学考博英语
复旦医学考博英语Fudan Medical School is one of the top medical schoolsin China, known for its rigorous academic programs and cutting-edge research. The entrance exam for the doctoral program in Fudan Medical School is highly competitive and requires a strong command of English.To prepare for the entrance exam, I have been studying diligently to improve my English proficiency. I have been practicing reading and writing extensively, as well as working on my listening and speaking skills. I have also been reviewing medical terminology and concepts to ensure that I am well-prepared for the exam.In addition to studying English, I have also been focusing on my research skills. I have been working on several research projects in my field of study, and I have been collaborating with professors and colleagues to deepen my understanding of the subject matter. I believe that my research experience will be a valuable asset in the doctoral program at Fudan Medical School.Overall, I am confident in my preparation for the entrance exam for the doctoral program at Fudan Medical School. I believe that my hard work and dedication will pay off, and I am excited about the opportunity to further my education and research at such a prestigious institution.复旦医学院是中国顶尖的医学院之一，以其严格的学术计划和前沿的研究而闻名。
2014年复旦大学考博英语试题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记
underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is
incorrectly used. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice byoss the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer
the dollar, make it more
A
B
C
difficult to sell U.S. exports.
D
41. It can be argued that the problems, even something as fundamental as
the ever-increased world
A
B
C
population, have been caused by technological adcance.
D
42. It takes the most cool-headed and good-tempered of drivers to resist
the temptation to revenge
A. within reach of
B. for fear of
C. by means of D. in case of
20. A young man sees a sunset and unable to understand of express the
emotion that it _________in him, concludes that it must be the gateway to
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参考资6.
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参考资料( 7一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定, 每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。
预计测试时间（25分钟）151. Language, culture and personality may be considered of each other in thought, but theyare inseparable in fact.[ A ] indistinctly [ B ] separately[ C ] irrelevantly [ D ] independently152. Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city's green space.[ A ] inefficient [ B ] inaccurate[ C ] inadequate [ D ] indispensable153. It is well known that knowledge is the __ condition for expansion of mind.[ A ] incompatible [ B ] incredible[ C ] indefinite [ D ] indispensable154. Although sports __ the household, Joe drew the line when they interfered with family tradi-tions and routine.[ A ] overwhelmed [ B ] affected[ C ] dominated [ D ] influenced155. Once you have made your point clear at the __ of the essay, you must then proceed to con-vince readers about the position you have taken.[ A ] departure [ B ] outset[ C ] concentration [ D ] initiation156. These excursions will give you an even deeper __ into our language and culture.[ A ] inquiry [ B ] investigation[ C ] input [ D ] insight157. The novel contains some marvelously revealing __ of factory life.[ A ] glimpses [ B ] glances[ C ] shots [ D ] insights158. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and thisproduces artificial cold surrounding it.[ A ] absorption [ B ] transition[ C ] consumption [ D ] interaction159. One way for writers to support a point is through , that is, by means of several examples to back up an idea.[ A ] illustration [ B ] demonstration[ C ] explanation [ D ] interpretation160. In this factory the machines are not regulated __ bm are jointly controlled by a central com-puter system.[ A ] independently [ B ] individually[ C ] irrespectively [ D ] irregularly161. We must ___ __ that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.[ A ] assure [ B ] secure[ C ] ensure [ D ] issue162. If we believe something is good and true we should __ to it.[ A ] hold up [ B ] keep on[ C ] hold on [ D ] keep up163. That cupboaM must always be carefully locked.[ A ] shut [ B ] held[ C ] closed [ D ] kept164. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system will __down the economy'.[ A ] put [ B ] settle[ C ] drag [ D ] knock165. By the end of 1994, 559 kinds of products had been __ green food.[ A ] named [ B ] restricted[ C ] classified [ D ] labeled166. Why should anyone want to read __ of books by great authom when the real pleasure comesfrom reading the originals.'?[ A ] digests [ B ] insights[ C ] themes [ D ] leaflets167. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages __ in the dictionary.[ A ] missing [ B ] losing[ C ] dropping [ D ] leaking168. Fewer and fewer of today's workers expect to spend their working lives in the same field,the same company.[ A ] all else [ B ] much worse[ C ] let alone [ D ] less likely169. China started in nuclear power industry only in recent years, and should __ no time in catching up.[ A ] delay [ B ] lose[ C ] lag [ D ] lessen170. The mother said she would __ her son washing the dishes if he could finish his assignment be-fore supper.[ A ] let down [ B ] let alone[ C ] let off [ D ] let out171. Despite their good service, most inns are less costly than hotels of standards.[ A ] equivalent [ B ] alike[ C ] uniform [ D ] likely172. With all its advantages, the computer is by no means without its[ A ] boundaries [ B ] restraints[ C ] confinements [ D ] limitations173. I shall have a companion in the house after all these __ years.[ A ] single [ B ] sole[ C ] alone [ D ] lonely174. The manager promised to have my complaim ___[ A ] looked through [ B ] looked into[ C ] looked over [ D ] looked after175. The republication of the poet's most recent works will certainly __ his national reputation.[ A ] enhance [ B ] strengthen[ C ] enlarge [ D ] magnify176. Does it to let little children play with fireworks?[ a ] make clear [ B ] make sure[ C ] make out [ D ] make sense177. Every society has its own peculiar Customs and __ of acting.[ A ] ways [ B ] behavior[ C ] attitudes [ D ] means178. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are in a __[ A ] scarcity [ B ] shortage[ C ] minimum [ D ] minority179. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the of hunger.[ A ] sensation [ B ] cause[ C ] purpose [ D ] motive180. The microscope can ~ the object 100 times in diameter.[ A ] magnify [ B ] increase[ C ] develop [ D ] multiply。
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: It would help me if you could go over last week and give me an idea how much beer you drank each evening. M: Well, let me see, I went up to the pub 4 times last week, and drank about 3 pints each evening. Q: How much beer did the man drink last week?1．A．About 12 pints.B．About 3 pints.C．About 4 pints.D．About 7 pints.正确答案：A解析：男士说，“I went up to the pub 4 times last week，and drank about 3 pints each evening．”简单计算后可知，男士上周总共喝了12品脱的啤酒。
故答案为A。
听力原文：W: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep tonight?M: Don’t worry so much about things of work. I know, I know, easier said than done. W: Should I stay home from work?M: No, I don’t think that’s necessary; just remember to stay calm. Q: What did the doctor suggest the woman do?2．A．Take a holiday from work.B．Worry less about work.C．Take some sleeping pills.D．Work harder to forget all her troubles.正确答案：B解析：医生建议说“Don’t worry so much about things of work”，即建议病人少想工作。
复旦大学外文学院2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生参考书目
复旦大学外文学院2015年招收攻读博士学位研究生参考书目备注：1.本院不提供历年考博、考研试卷；2.二外、基础英语不提供参考书目050201英语语言文学01语言学研究(1) Akmajian, A., et al. 2001. Linguistics: An introduction to language and communication. 5th edition. MIT Press.(2) Carnie, A. 2013. Syntax. 3rd edition. Blackwell.(3) Saeed, J.I. 2003. Semantics. 2nd edition. Blackwell.(4) Levinson, S.C. 1983. Pragmatics. CUP.(5) Roach, P. 2000. English phonetics and phonology. 3rd edition. CUP.(6) Brown, G. and G. Yule 1983. Discourse Analysis. CUP.(7) Robins, R.H. 1997. A Short History of Linguistics. 4th edition. Longman.(8) Pragmatics: an introduction by Jacob L. Mey, 外语教学与研究出版社和布莱韦尔出版社2001年(9) Syntactic theory and the structure of English, by Andrew Radford, 北京大学出版社和剑桥大学出版社2002年(10) Understanding Phonology, by Carlos Gussenhoven and Haike Jacobs, 外语教学和研究出版社和爱德华·阿诺德出版社，2001年02英美文学(1) 《新编美国文学史》(1-4卷)(2) E.Elliott: Columbia Literary History of the United States or any available books in English or British and American literature, and literary Criticism.03西方文论(1) Adams, Hazard, and Leroy Searle, eds. 1993. Critical Theory Since Plato. 3rd edn. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. （北京大学出版社2006年影印版）(2) Habib, M. A. R. 2008. Modern Literary Criticism and Theory: A History. Wiley-Blackwell.(3) Macey, David. 2000. The Penguin Dictionary of Critical Theory. Penguin.(4) 刘象愚主编：《外国文论简史》，北京大学出版社，2005年。
(完整版)复旦大学年博士研究生入学考试英语试题(含答案),推荐文档
复旦大学2007 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠVocabulary and Structure （15 points）Directions：There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark thecorresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ with a single line through the center.1.Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not to a closeexamination.A．keep up B．put up C．stand up D．look up2．When I bent down to tie my shoelace, the seat of my trousers .A．split B．cracked C．broke D．holed3.His thighs were barely strong enough to support the weight of his body.A．inanimate B．rustic C．malleable D．shrunken4.To get my travellers' cheques I had to a special cheque to the bank for the totalamount.A．make for B．make out C．make up D．make off5．She described the distribution of food and medical supplies a s a nightmare.A．paranoid B．putative C．benign D．logistical6．A sordid, sentimental plot unwinds, with a n inevitable ending.A．mawkish B．fateful C．beloved D．perfunctory7．Despite efforts by the finance minister, inflation rose to 36 points.A．absurd B．grimy C．valiant D．fraudulent8.In I wish I had thought about alternative courses of action.A．retrospect B．disparity C．succession D．dissipation9．Psychoanalysts tend to regard both and masochism as arising from childhood deprivation.A．attachment B．distinction C．ingenuity D．sadism10．Fear showed in the eyes of the young man, while the old man looked t ired and .A．watery B．wandering C．weary D．wearing11.The clash between Real Madrid and Arsenal i s being as the match of the season.A．harbinger B．allured C．congested D．lodged12．What he told me was a of downright lies.A．load B．mob C．pack D．flock13．We regret to inform you that the materials you o rdered are .A．out of work B．out of stock C．out of reach D．out of practice14.I realized the consequences, I would never have contemplated getting involved.A．Even if B．Had C．As long as D．If15.They managed to the sound on TV every time the alleged victim's name was spoken.A．deaden B．deprive C．punctuate D．rebuff16．He had been to appear in court on charges of incitement o f lawbreaking.A．illuminated B．summoned C．prevailed D．trailed17．The computer doesn't human thought; it reaches the same ends by different means.A．flunk B．renew C．succumb D．mimic18．How about a glass of orange juice to your thirst？A．quench B．quell C．quash D．quieten19．The rain looked as if it had for the night.A．set off B．set up C．set out D．set in20.My aunt lost her cat last summer, but it a week later at a home in the next village.A．turned up B．turned in C．turned on D．turned out21．As is known to all, a vague law is always to different interpretations.A．invulnerable B．immune C．resistant D．susceptible22．The manager facts and figures to make it seem that the company was prosperous.A．beguiled B．besmirched C．juxtaposed D．juggled23.To our great delight, yesterday we received a（n）donation from a benefactor.A．handsome B．awesome C．miserly D．prodigal24．Students who get very high marks will be from the final examination.A．expelled B．banished C．absolved D．ousted25．It me that the man was not telling the truth.A．effects B．pokes C．hits D．stirs26．John glanced at Mary to see what she thought, but she remained .A．manifest B．obnoxious C．inscrutable D．obscene27．My neighbor tended to react in a heat and way.A．impetuous B．impertinent C．imperative D．imperceptible 28．This morning when she was walking in the street, a black car beside her.A．drew out B．drew off C．drew down D．drew up29．She decided to keep reticent about the unpleasant past and it to memory.A．attribute B．allude C．commit D．credit30.It did not take long for the central bank to their fears.A．soothe B．snub C．smear D．sanctifyPart ⅡReading Comprehension （40 points）Directions：There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A,B, C and D．Choose the best answer and mark corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰwith a single line through the center.Passage OneJean left Alice Springs on Monday morning with regret, and flew all day in a “Dragonfly”' aircraft; and it was a very instructive day for her. The machine did not go directly to Cloncurry, but flew to and for across the wastes of Central Australia, depositing small bags of mail at cattle stations and picking up cattle-men and travelers to drop them off after a hundred or a hundred and fifty miles. They landed eight or ten times in the course of the day, at places like Ammaroo and Hatches Creek and many other stations; at each place they would get out of the plane and drink a cup of tea and have a talk with the station manager or owner, and get back into the plane and go on their way. By the end of the day Jean Paget knew exactly what a cattle station looked like, and she was beginning to have a very good idea of what went on there.They got to Cloncurry in the evening, a fairly extensive town on a railway that ran eastwardto the sea at Townsville．Here she was in Queensland, and she heard for the first time the slow deliberate speech of the Queensland that reminded her at once of her friend Joe Harman. She was driven into town in a very old open car and deposited at the Post Office Hotel; she got a bedroom but tea was over, and she had to go down the wide，dusty main street to a café for her evening meal. Cloncurry, she found, had none of the clean attractiveness of Alice Springs; it was a town which smelt of cattle, with wide streets through which to drive them down to the stockyard, many hotels, and a few shops. All the houses were of wood with red-painted iron roofs; the hotels had two floors, but very few of the other houses had more than one.She had to spend a day here, because the air service to Normanton and Willstown ran weekly on a Wednesday．She went out after breakfast while the air was still cool and walked in one direction up the huge main street for half a mile till she came to the end of the town, then came back and walked down it a quarter of a mile till she came to the other end. Then she went and had a look at the railway station, and, having seen the airfield,with that she had seen all there was to see in Cloncurry. She looked in at a shop that sold toys and newspapers, but they were sold out of all reading matter except a few books about dress-making; as the day was starting to warm up she went back to the hotel. She managed to borrow a copy of the Australian Women's Weekly from the manageress of the hotel and took it to her room, and took off most of her clothes and lay down on her bed to sweat it out during the heat of the day. Most of the other citizens of Cloncurry seemed to be doing the same thing.She felt like moving again shortly before tea and had a shower, and went out to the café for an ice. Weighed down by the heavy meal of roast beef and plum-pudding that the Queenslanders call “tea” she sat in a folding chair for a little outside in the cool of the evening, and went to bed again at about eight o'cock. She was called before daybreak, and was out at the airfield with the first light.31.When Jean had to leave Alice S prings, she .A.wished she could have stayed lodgerB．regretted she had decided to flyC．wasn't looking forward to flying all dayD．wished it had not been a Monday morning32.How did Jean get some idea of Australian cattle station？A.She learnt about them at first h and.B.She learnt about them from friends.C.She visited them weekly.D.She stayed on one for a week.33.Jean's main complaint about Cloncurry in comparison with Alice Springs, was .A．the width of the main street B．the poor service at the hotelC．the poor-looking buildings D．the smell of cows34．For her evening meal on the second day J ean had .A．only an ice-cream B．a lot of cooked foodC．some cold beer D．a cooling, but non-alcoholic drink35．Jean left Cloncurry .A．early on Wednesday morning B．late on Tuesday eveningC．after breakfast on Tuesday D．before breakfast on TuesdayPassage TwoIt was unfortunate that, after so trouble-free an arrival, he should stumble in the dark as he was rising and severely twist his ankle on a piece of rock. After the first shock the pain became bearable, and he gathered up his parachute before limping into the trees to hide it as best he could. The hardness of the ground and the deep darkness made it almost impossible to do this efficiently. The pine needles lay several inches deep so he simply piled them on top of the parachute, cutting the short twigs that he could feel around his legs, and spreading them on top of the needles. He had great doubts about whether it would stay buried, but there was very little else that he could do about it.After limping for some distance in an indirect course away from his parachute he began to make his way downhill through the trees. He had to find out where he was, and then decide what to do next. But walking downhill on a rapidly swelling ankle soon proved to be almost beyond his powers. He moved more and more slowly，walking in long sideways movements across the slope, which meant taking more steps but less painful ones. By the time he cleared the trees and reached the valley, day was breaking. Mist hung in soft sheets across the field. Small cottages and farm buildings grouped like sleeping cattle around a village church, whose pointed tower, pointed high into the cold winter air to welcome the morning.“I can't go no further，” John Harding thought. “Someon e is bound to find me, but what can't I do？I must get a rest before I go on. Ther'll look for me first up there on the mountain where the plane crashed. I bet they're out looking for it already and they're bound to find the parachute in the end. I can't believe they won't. So they'll know I'm not dead and must be somewhere. They'll think I'm hiding up there in the trees and rocks so they'll look for me, so I'll go down to the village. With luck by the evening my foot will be good enough to get me to the border.”Far above him on the mountainside he could hear the faint echo of voices, startling him after great silence. Looking up he saw lights like little pinpoints moving across the face of the mountain in the grey light. But the road was deserted, and he struggled along, still almost invisible in the first light, easing his aching foot whenever he could, avoiding stones and rough places, and limping quietly and painfully towards the village. He reached the church at last. A great need for peace almost drew him inside, but he knew that would not do. Instead, he limped along its wails towards a very old building standing a short distance from the church doors. It seemed to have been there for ever, as if it had grown out of the hillside. It had the same air of timelessness as the church. John Harding pushed open the heavy wooden door and slipped inside.36.It is known from the passage that John Harding was .A.an escaped prisonerB．a criminal on the run from the policeC．an airman who had landed in an enemy country areaD．a spy who had been hiding in the forest37.John Harding found it hard to hide his parachute because .A．he got his ankle twisted severelyB.the trees did not give very good coverC.the earth was not soft and there was little lightD.the pine needles lay too thick on the ground38.In spite of his bad ankle John Harding was a ble to .A．carry on walking fairly rapidlyB.walk in a direction that was less steepC.bear the pain without changing directionD.find out where he had landed39.When John Harding got out of the forest he saw that .A．it was beginning to get much lighterB.washing was hanging on the lines in the villageC.the fields were full of sleeping cowsD.some trees had been cleared near the village40.John Harding decided to go down to the village .A.to find a doctor to see to his ankle B．to be near the frontierC．to avoid the search party D．to find shelter in a buildingPassage ThreeA trade group for liquor retailers put out a press release with an alarming headline: “Millions of Kids Buy Internet Alcohol, Landmark Survey Reveals.”The announcement, from the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America received wide media attention. On NBC's Today Show, Lea Thompson said, “According to a new online survey, one in 10 teenagers have an underage friend who has ordered beer, wine or liquor over the internet. More than a third think they can easily do it and nearly half think they won't get caug ht.” Several newspapers mentioned the study, including USA Today and the Record of New Jersey. The news even made Australia's Gold Coast Bulletin.Are millions of kids really buying booze online？To arrive at that jarring headline, the group used some questionable logic to pump up results from a survey that was already tilted in favor of finding a large number of online buyer.For starters, consider the source. The trade group that commissioned the survey has long fought efforts to expand online sales of alcohol; its members are local distributors who compete with online liquor sellers. Some of the news coverage pointed out that conflict of interest, though reports didn't delve more deeply into how the numbers were computed.The Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America hired Teenage Research Unlimited, a research company, to design the study. Teenage Research, in turn, hired San Diego polling firm Luth Research to put the questions to 1,001 people between the ages of 14 and 20in an online survey. Luth gets people to participate in its surveys in part by advertising them online and offering small cash awards—typically less than $ 5 for short surveys.People who agree to participate in online surveys are, by definition, internet users, something that not all teens are. （Also, people who actually take the time to complete such surveys may be more likely to be active, or heavy internet users. ）It's safe to say that kids who use the internet regularly are more likely to shop online than those who don't. Teenage Research Unlimited told me it weighted the survey results to adjust for age, sex, ethnicity and geography of respondents, but had no way to adjust for degree of internet usage.Regardless, the survey found that, after weighting, just 2.1 points of the 1,001 respondents bought alcohol online—compared, with 56 points who had consumed alcohol. Making the questionable assumption that their sample was representative of all Americans aged 14 to 20 with access to the internet—and not just those with the time and inclination to participate in online surveys—the researchers concluded that 551,000 were buying alcohol online.But that falls far short of the reported “millions of kids”. To ju stify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online. Some 12 points said they did. Of course, it's ridiculous to extrapolate from a state like that—one buyer could be known by many people, and it's impossible to measure overlap. Consider a high school of 1,000 students, with 20 who have bought booze on line and 100 who know about the purchases. If 100 of the school's students are surveyed at random, you'd expect to find two who have bought and 10 who know someone who has—but that still represents only two buyers, not 10．（Not to mention the fact that thinking you know someone who has ordered beer online is quite different from ordering a six pack yourself. ）Karen Gravois Elliott, a spokeswoman for the wholesalers' group, told me, “The numbers are real,” but referred questions about methodology to Teenage Research. When I asked her about the potential problems of conducting the survey online, she said the medium was a strength of the survey: “We specifically wanted to look at the teenage online population.”Nahme Chokeir, a vice president of client service for San Diego-based Luth Research Inc., told me that some of his online panel comes from word of mouth, which wouldn't necessarily skew toward heavy internet users. He added that some clients design surveys to screen respondents by online usage, though Teenage Research didn't.I asked Michael Wood, a vice president at Teenage Research who worked on the survey，whether one could say, as the liquor trade group did, that millions of teenagers had bought alcoholonline. “You can't,” he replied, adding, “This is their press release.”41.Which of the following is the message that this passage is trying to convey？A．The severe social consequences of kids buying alcohol online.B.The hidden drawback of the American educational system.C.The influence of wide coverage of news media.D.The problems in statistic methodology in social survey.42.According to the author, what is wrong with the report about kids buying alcohol？A．It is unethical to offer cash awards to subjects of survey.B.The numbers in this report were falsified.C.The samples and statistic methods were not used logically.D.The study designers and survey conductors were bribed.43.Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “extrapolate” in paragraph 8？A.Conduct. B．Infer. C．Deduct. D．Whittle.44.By saying “To justify that headline, the wholesalers' group focused on another part of the survey that asked respondents if they knew a teen who had purchased alcohol online”, the author implies that .A.it is absurd to conduct a survey among teenagersB.the ways the wholesalers' group conducted surveys are statistically questionableC.this kinds of survey is preliminary, therefore undependableD.teenagers might not be honest since buying alcohol online is an indecent behavior45．Which of the following is more likely to be the source for problems in this survey？A．This survey is tilted in favor of local alcohol distributors, who have a conflict of interest with online sellers.B.The data collection and analysis are not scientific and logical.C.Subjects are not sampled in a right way and can not represent the whole American teenage population.D.The survey results are affected by gifts to subjects, which can be misleading.Passage FourI had visited the capital before although my friend Arthur had not, I first visited London as astudent, reluctantly released from the bosom of a tearful mum, with a traveling trunk stuffed full of home-made fruit cakes and woolly vests. I was ill-prepared for the Spartan standards of the South. Through even the grimmest post-war days, as kids we had ploughed our way through corner cuts of beef and steamed puddings. So you can imagine my dismay when I arrived, that first day, at my London digs to be faced with a plate of tuna-paste sandwiches and a thin slice of cake left curling under a tea-towel. And that was supposed to be Sunday l unch!When I eventually caught up with my extremely irritating landlady, I met with a vision of splendor more in keeping with the Royal Enclosure at the races than the area in which she lived. Festooned with jewels and furs and plastered with exclusive cosmetics, she was a walking advert for Bond Street.Now, we have a none too elegant but very apt phrase for this in the North of England, and it was the one my friend Arthur to describe London after three days there: “All fur coat and nothing underneath.”Take our hotel. The reception area was plush and inviting, the lounge and diningroom poor enough to start Arthur speaking “properly”. But journey upstairs from one landing to the next, at the veneers of civilization fell away before your eyes. By the time we reached our room, all pretension to refinement and comfort had disappeared. The fur coat was off （back in the bands of the hire purchase company）, and what we were really expected to put up with for a small fortune a night was exposed in all its shameful nakedness. It was little more than a garret, a s habby affair with patched and peeling walls. There was a stained sink with pipes that grumbled and muttered all night long and an assortment of furnishings that would have disgraced Her Majesty's Prison Service. But the crowning glory was the view from the window. A peek behind the handsome facade of our fabled city, rank gardens choked with rubbish, all the debris of life piled against the back door. It was a good job the window didn't open, because from it all arose the unmistakable odor of the abyss.Arthur, whose mum still polishes her back step and disinfects her dustbin once a week, slumped on to the bed in a sudden fit of depression. “Neve r mind，” I said, drawing the curtains. “You can watch telly.” This was one of the hotel's luxuries, which in the newspaper ad had persuaded us we were going to spend the week in style. It turned out to be a yellowing plastic thing with a picture which rolled over and over like a floundering fish until you took your fist to it.But Arthur wasn't going to be consoled by any cheap technological gimmicks.He was sure his dad had forgotten to feed his pigeons and that his dogs were pining away for him. He grew horribly homesick. After a terrible night spent tossing and turning to a ceaselesscacophony of pipes and fire doors, traffic, drunks and low-flying aircraft, Arthur surfaced next daylike a claustrophobic mole. London had got squarely on top of him. Seven million people had saton him all night, breathed his air, generally fouled his living space, and come between him andthat daily quota of privacy and peace which prevents us all from degenerating into mad axemen orreservoir poisoners.Arthur had to be got out of London for a while.46．When the writer first came to t he capital .A.he had been very reluctant to leave his motherB.his mother had not wanted him to leave homeC.he had made no preparations for his journey southD.he had sent his possessions on ahead in a trunk47.The writer was surprised at what he received for Sunday lunch because .A.food had always been plentiful at homeB.he had been used to grimmer times at homeC.things had been difficult after the war up NorthD.beef had always been available from the butcher on the corner at home48.The landlady seemed to epitomize a phrase used in the North of England to indicate thatthings were .A.tender underneath the surface B．vulnerable to the outside worldC．more profound than they seemed D．beautiful but only superficially49．The room which the writer and his friend were t o share .A.was more suited to housing prisoners than hotel guestsB.had a magnificent view from one of its windowsC.had a door which provided access to a rubbish tipD.was situated above some foul-smelling gardens50.The writer feels that in order to remain sane, one needs a certain amount of .A．physical exercise B．fresh airC．daily nourishment D．breathing space注意：以下各题的答案必须写在ANSWER SHEETⅡ上。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．She had a great______ for the toxin where she grew up.A．feelingB．tasteC．emotionD．affection正确答案：D解析：affection(for)n．爱，深挚的感情(注：如果前面有形容词修饰可加不定冠词：A feeling of affection grew up between them．He thanked her with genuine affection．He had a warm affection for his mother．)。
feeling n．感情(中性名词，常有形容词修饰才能说明具体的感情)。
taste(for)n．口味，鉴赏力(have a taste for sth．能欣赏……)。
emotion n．情感，情绪(没有have an emotion for sth．的句型)。
2．The company that Joan works for is ______ with an automotive company, so she can get a discount on a new car.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题) A．correlatedB．parallelC．affiliatedD．accounted正确答案：C解析：本题考查固定搭配。
A有相互关系的：B使与……平行；C附属的，有关联的；D解释，认为。
句意为：琼工作的公司隶属于一家汽车公司，所以她可以得到一辆新车。
此处“be affiliated with”为固定搭配，意思“隶属于……”，故此处答案为C。
3．The Supreme Court______the judgment of the lower court in that case last week. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．amplifiedB．affirmedC．ascendedD．applauded正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是；amplified放大：affirmed认可，批准(法律，判决)：ascended上升，攀登；applauded鼓掌，赞同。
2014年医学考博英语听力原文
W:It would help me if you could go over last week and give me an idea how muchbeer drank each evening. M:Well, let me see, I went on to the bar 4 times last week, and drank about 3pints each evening. Question:How much beer did the man drink last week?Question2W:Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night?M:Don’t worry about so much things about work. I know, I know, easily said thandone.W:Should I stay home from work?M:No, I don’t think that necessary. Just remember to stay ca lm.Question:What did the doctor suggest the woman do?Question3W:How is with your feeling in general?M:No complaints really.Question:What does the man mean?Question4W:Our managing director is going to give you a raise.M:Really? Are you kidding me?W:Absolutely! He thinks you would!Question:What does the woman say?Question5W:I’ve been so worry about my daughter. She is so different and temperament forme. We are not always on the same wheeling.M:That’s quite common with mothers and daughters.W:She is a further personality and very much on the ball, but she is an excitedball child.Question:What does the woman mean?Question6W:Where is your injury?M:Here, my ankle.W:How did it happen?M:I tripped over on the evening and twisted it. It was swollen and very painful.Question:What is true about the woman?Question7W:John wants to move upwards and onwards within his new company.M:He is well qualified and the boss was into him.W:So you think he will achieve his goal?M:Year! For a better he will.Question:What did the man mean?M:Take the slip to the front desk and then arrange an appointment for the tests.W:Thanks doc! Have a nice day!Question:What will the woman do?Question9M:There is one girl on my school who everybody picks up.W:Why?M:Because she doesn’t wear everybody wears.Question:What can be inferred about the girl in question?Question10M:What’s your coming for today, Mrs. Sanderson?W:I’ve been having some pains in my joints, especially the knees!Question:Where does the conversation most probably take place?Question11W:How long does the pain last when you get it?M:It comes and goes! Sometimes I hardly feel anything, other times it can lastfor half an hour or more. W:Is there any type of food that seems to cause the strong pain or other types?M:Um, heavy foods like stake insonnia usually bring it on, I’m trying to avoid those.Question:What kind of food seems to cause strong pain to the man?Question12W:Carl, your bicycle is too old, it’s not safe for you to ride.M:Year! I think I need to buy a new one, but it will go with time.Question:What did the man mean?Question13M:How long could you have these symptoms?W:Oh, I have the cough for two weeks, but feeling ill just be part a few days.Question:What do we know about the woman’s illness?Question14W:I think I could recover the cough at the end of this year.M:I’m sorry to burst your bubble, but the stock index still ranges between 1900 and2900 after every year. Question:What does the man mean?Question15M:I just want check to understand which pills to take and when?W:The yellow one in the morning and the others, Oh, I think no, maybe, Ah, you’dbetter to write it down! Then you won’t forget!M:Here is some paper! The yellow one once a day before breakfast, the large roundone three times a day after meals, the small ones when you need one forsleeping.Question:Which of the following statements is true?W:Hi, Patrick, how is your feeling today?M:A bit better!W:That’s good to hear! Are your still feeli ng nausea?M:No, I haven’t feel sick to my stomach since you switched my medication.W:Great! See, your test results come in this morning.M:I’s about time! Is it good news or bad?W:I get it a bit of both! Which do you want first?M:Let’s get the bad news over with it.W:OK, it looks like you are going to need a surgery to remove the tumor from yourleg. After the operation, you are going to have to stay off your feet for atleast 3 weeks, that means no soccer!M:Oh, I’m afraid you are going to say that!W:Now for the good news! The biopsy shows that the tumor is benign, which meansit’s not cancerous. We are going to take it off any way just to be on the safeside!M:Wow, that’s a load off my mind! Thanks doctor!W:Don’t get too excited! We still need to get the bottom all this way loss!M:I probably just been so worry about this stupid lump!W:These things often our stressed related. But we are still going to have a fewblood tests just to rule off things out!M:Like what? Cancer?W:Actually I’m thinking more of the line of food allergy!Question16Whydid the man have to switch medication?Question17What’sthe bad news for the man?Question18Whatmedical procedures has the man already undergone?Question19Whydid the doctor ask the man to take a few blood tests?Question20Whichof the following could best describe the man’s feeling in the end?Women may be more susceptible to the lung-damaging effect to smoking than man. According toNew research by Inassessali Sohine, MD, and her colleagues from Chiming laboratory，Briven and Women Hospital at University of Bourger, Norway. They analyzed data from the Norwegian case control study, including 954 subjects with chronic obstructed pulmonary disease(COPD) and 955 control, all are current or ex-smokers. The COPD subject have moderate or severe COPD. A role our analysis indicated the women may be more vulnerable to the effect of smoking, which is something previously suspected the (norkuven?), said Dr. Sohine. The study result would be presented on may 18, at the 105 international conference of the American directive society in San Diego. Examining the total study sample there is nogender differences with respect to lung function and COPD severity, but the women were on average younger, and they smoked significantly less than the man. To experience the differences further they also analyzed two subgroup a six study samples. COPD subject on the age of 60 and COPD subject with less than 20 pack years. In both subgroups women have more severe disease and great impairment to the lung function than men. New (flims?) that female smokers in our study experienced reduced lung function at a lower level of smoking exposure and at earlier age than men, said Dr Sohine. It is long been suspected that the effective Smoking on lung function may be modified by gender. Interaction analysis confirm that being female represent a higher risk of reduced lung function and severer COPD. This gender reset were less pronounced when smoking exposure is low. According to Dr Sohine, the reason why the women may be more susceptible to the effect of cigarette smoke is still unknown. But there are four possible explanations. Women have small airways, therefore eat cigarettes may be more harm. Also there are gender differences in the metabolism of cigarette smoke.Genes or hormones could also be important. Question No. 21: what is the most likely surface topic for this talk?Question No. 22: How many subjects the Dr. Sohine recruited in the study?Question No. 23: When and where the Dr Sohine presented their study result?Question No. 24: According to the talk, When is the gender difference most likely to be obvious in COPD susceptibility?Question No. 25: which of the following is not the explanation for user great susceptibility to the effect of smoking?。
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参考资3之欧阳美创编
复旦大学考博英语词汇练习题及参一、根据复旦大学考博英语考试大纲规定,每年词汇题共30小题，每小题0.5分，共15分。
预计测试时间（25分钟）61. This kind of material can heat and moisture. [ A ] delete [ B ] compel[ C ] repel [ D ] constrain62. For the past two years, Audi cars have __ Germany's Touring Car Championship.[ a ] dominated [ B ] conquered[ C ] determined [ D ] contested63. The pollution question as well as other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is inagain next spring.[ A ] assembly [ B ] session[ C ] conference [ D ] convention64. The prisoner has been of many privileges that average citizens enjoy.[ a ] ensured [ B ] informed[ C ] deprived [ D ] convinced65. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler __ respectable social scientists who agree withhim.[ A ] recites [ B ] confirms[ C ] quotes [ D ] convinces66. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable __ to the total cost of the product.[ A ] proportion [ B ] correlation[ C ] connection [ D ] correspondence 67. I was I by their kindness and moved to tears.[ A ] preoccupied [ B ] embarrassed[ C ] overwhelmed [ D ] counseled68. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a __ way when in a furious state.[ a ] stable [ B ] rational[ C ] legal [ D ] credible69. A friendship may be __ , casual, situational or deep and lasting.[ A ] identical [ B ] original[ C ] superficial [ D ] critical70. Our readers are comfortable with our clear, words that inform and entertain them.[ A ] conventional [ B ] concise[ C ] creative [ D ] crucial71. By computation, he estimated that the repairs on the house would cost him a thousand dollars.[ A ] coarse [ B ] rude[ C ] rough [ D ] crude72. Children and old people (lo not like having their daily__ upset.[ A ] habit [ B ] routine[ C ] practice [ D ] custom73. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we were__[ A ] hung [ B ] hung back[ C ] cat down [ D ] cat off74. I tried very. hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat __[ A ] disapproval [ B ] rejection[ C ] refusal [ D ] decline75. Last year, the crime rate in Chicago has sharply _--[ A ] slipped [ B ] lessened[ C ] descended [ D ] declined76. I could see that my wife was __ having that fur coat, whether I approved of it or not.[ A ] intent on [ B ] adequate for[ C ] short of [ D ] deficient in77. The human voice often sounds on the telephone.[ A ] twisted [ B ] irregular[ C ] distorted [ D ] deformed78. Some people either __ avoid questions of right and wrong or remain neutral about them.[ A ] violently [ B ] enthusiastically [ C ] sincerely [ D ] deliberately79. We are __-- faced with the necessity to recognize that having more people implies a lower stand-ard of living. [ A ] readily [ B ] smoothly [ C ]inevitahly [ D ] deliberately 80. Some people criticize family doctors for too many medicines for minor illnesses.[ A] prescribing [ B] ordering [ C ] advising [ D] delivering81. It is rather that we still do not know how many species there are in the world today.[A ] misleading [ B ] embarrassing[ C ] boring [ D ] demanding82. In one scene of Modem Times Charlie Chaplin was shown trying __ to keep in time with a rap-id assembly line.[ A ] aimlessly [ B ] violently[ C ] hardly [ D ] desperately 83. I a letter to an Internet service that distributes journalists' questions to more than 75 institu-tions.[ A ] assigned [ B ] dispatched[ C ] attached [ D ] detached84. It is strictly that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.[ A ] secured [ B ] forbidden [ C ] regulated [ D ] determined 85. Where in our brain do we _-- meanings to words.'?[ a ] associate [ B ] attach[ C ] commit [ D ] devote。
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老师开始发试卷后我是按顺序做题的。
只记得选transform而不是选transfer的那题是真题原题。
单选题我自己感觉难度不大，几乎没有不认识的单词，但选项是否正确不敢保证！阅读理解四篇文章基本看懂，第一篇讲一个人根据记录他自己孩子的成长过程发现了一项孩子心理理论，其中有几个小故事，一个是他的孩子会通过扶着沙发去够远处的玩具，另一个故事是她即使看着他爸爸把玩具藏在另一个地方，她也会去找她之前找过的地方，孩子大一点之后就会明白硬币不是藏在这个手就是藏在另一个手了。
第二篇讲的是关于劳动的。
this belief 指的是什么不确定。
第三篇讲的是妈妈习惯把孩子抱在左侧，因为人的心跳声对孩子有益。
但是有道选择题答案不确定:这篇文章的发现到底是妈妈有没有instinct把孩子抱在左侧？第四篇讲的是一门外语pigan（好像是这么写的）。
有道题说那句话的意思是什么，没看懂。
完型填空对了答案，发现大概对3-4个。
作文和写作一般。
总体时间是很紧张，写完作文刚好打铃，所以没来得及检查。
翻译讲的是雾霾，其中的重点词汇是，雾霾，圣经，发展才是硬道理。
作文题目是what makes a good phd canditate.我后来查了一下发现phd是哲学博士，不知道对整天评分有没有影响。
完型只记得九个空了，最后一个实在想不起来了。
Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course, over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the verge of despair.
I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy --- ecstasy so great （that） I would have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of this joy. I have sought it, （next）, because it relieves loneliness --- that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, （ because） in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is （ what） I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what --- at last --- I have found.
With equal passion I have sought （ knowledge）. I have wished to understand the hearts of men, I have wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which number holds away above the flux. A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.
Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always （pity）brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberated in my heart. Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, （and） the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.
This has been my life. I have found it（worth）living, and I would gladly live it again（ if ）the chance were offered to me.
翻译大致原题：今年春节回家的时候，扑面而来的是前所未有的雾霾，整天昏天昏地，让人感到烦闷，人们戴着口罩，帽子，头巾，沙镜在拥挤的人群和车辆中抢路、奔跑、躲闪。
环境雨污染的危害性，我原来以为离我很遥远，因为地球很大，自我很小。
现在，这样的“切肤之痛”让我意识到，它不在遥远，就在眼前。
诚如圣经所说。
生产不是为了让生活更好吗？如果不是，那是为什么。
发展是硬道理，如果经济发展了，是以自我毁灭为代价，那又有何意义？发展才是硬道理，我们必须有全面、科学的认识。
只有良性，平衡，有益于我们的生产才是硬道理。