霍夫斯泰德文化维度
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92).
个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社 会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只 关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在 集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融 入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群
在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身 利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影 响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被 集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事 情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。
expected to look after him- or herself and his or
her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people
will tend to be influenced less by group or
isdistributed unequally' (Hofstede et al., 2010: 61).
People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place that needs no further justification, whereas those in small power distance societies strive for power equalization and demand justification for power inequalities.
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation Long-term orientation stands fo r “ the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards – in particular, perseverance and thrift ” . Short-term orientation, as the opposite pole, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present – in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling “social obligations”(Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005).
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
于尚弘
1.Power Distance （权力距离）
2.Individualism
vs Collectivism （个人主义vs集体主义）
CONTENTS
3.Uncertainty Avoidance
（不确定性规避）
4.Masculinity
定义：在一个国家内部，组织机构中处于弱势地位的成员对权力分布不平等 的接受度
在权力距离远的社会中，人们接受等级制度，而不去寻求正义。然而在权力 距离小的社会中，人们谋求权力的平等，在不平等面前要求伸张正义。
Individualism vs Collectivism Individualism pertains to 'societies in which the ties between individuals are loose:everyone is People in an individualist culture are more concerned with their own self-interest, and
长期导向意味着培育以追求未来回报
为导向的品德—尤其是坚韧和节俭。 与之相对的另一端，短期导向，意味
着培育与过去和现在相关的品德—尤
其是尊重传统、维护面子，以及履行 社会义务
References
[1]Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ and Minkov M (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. [2]Hofstede G (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors,
Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [3]Hofstede G (1984) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in WorkRelated Values, abridged edn. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage [4]Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G.J. (2005), Cultures and Organizations – Software of the Mind,
体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们
对于该群体的绝对忠诚.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance is defined as ‘the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations’
vs Femininity （男性度vs女性度） 5.Long-Term Orientation vs Short-term orientation
（长期取向vs短期取向）
Power Distance
Power distance is defined as 'the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power
societal norms. In a collectivist culture, the individual is more likely to be motivated by
from birth onward are integrated into strong,
cohesive in-groups, which throughout people's lifetime continue to protect them in exchange
tolerated.
定义：某种文化中的成员在面对不确定的或未知的情况时感到威胁的 程度.
不确定规避性强的社会对于思想和行为有着严格的限制，不能容忍越 轨的人和想法；但是不确定规避性弱的社会氛围更加轻松，人们认为实
践大于规则，偏离正轨的行为也更容易被人们接受。
Masculinity vs Femininity Masculinity stands for 'a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life'(Hofstede, 2001: 297). Femininity, as the opposite of masculinity, stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap. They maintain warm personal relationships, care for the weak, and solidarity (Hofstede, 1984). 男性度代表社会中两性角色差距显 著。男性应变现为自信、坚强、注 重物质成功而女性应更谦虚、温柔、 关注生活质量。相反，女性度意味 着社会中两性角色相互重叠。男女 都注重维护良好的人际关系，关心 弱者，团结一致。
group interests. People are guided by what is
the best for the group through sharing, cooperation, and group harmony.
for unquestioning loyalty' (Hofstede et al.,2010:
(Hofstede et al., 2010: 1ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1).
Strong uncertainty avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior and are intolerant towards deviant persons and ideas, but weak uncertainty avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily
个人主义意味着在这样的社会中，社 会成员之间的联系很松散，每个人只 关心自己或与之亲近的人。相反，在 集体主义社会中，人们从出生起就融 入到强大而紧密的群体当中，这个群
在个人主义文化里，人们更关注自身 利益，较少受到集体和社会准则的影 响。在集体主义文化中，个体容易被 集体利益驱使，做出有利于集体的事 情，如共享，合作及维护团体和睦。
expected to look after him- or herself and his or
her immediate family. Collectivism as its opposite pertains to societies in which people
will tend to be influenced less by group or
isdistributed unequally' (Hofstede et al., 2010: 61).
People in large power distance societies accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place that needs no further justification, whereas those in small power distance societies strive for power equalization and demand justification for power inequalities.
McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation Long-term orientation stands fo r “ the fostering of virtues oriented toward future rewards – in particular, perseverance and thrift ” . Short-term orientation, as the opposite pole, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present – in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling “social obligations”(Hofstede and Hofstede, 2005).
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
于尚弘
1.Power Distance （权力距离）
2.Individualism
vs Collectivism （个人主义vs集体主义）
CONTENTS
3.Uncertainty Avoidance
（不确定性规避）
4.Masculinity
定义：在一个国家内部，组织机构中处于弱势地位的成员对权力分布不平等 的接受度
在权力距离远的社会中，人们接受等级制度，而不去寻求正义。然而在权力 距离小的社会中，人们谋求权力的平等，在不平等面前要求伸张正义。
Individualism vs Collectivism Individualism pertains to 'societies in which the ties between individuals are loose:everyone is People in an individualist culture are more concerned with their own self-interest, and
长期导向意味着培育以追求未来回报
为导向的品德—尤其是坚韧和节俭。 与之相对的另一端，短期导向，意味
着培育与过去和现在相关的品德—尤
其是尊重传统、维护面子，以及履行 社会义务
References
[1]Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ and Minkov M (2010) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. [2]Hofstede G (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors,
Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage [3]Hofstede G (1984) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in WorkRelated Values, abridged edn. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage [4]Hofstede, G. and Hofstede, G.J. (2005), Cultures and Organizations – Software of the Mind,
体为人们提供终身的保护以换取人们
对于该群体的绝对忠诚.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance is defined as ‘the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations’
vs Femininity （男性度vs女性度） 5.Long-Term Orientation vs Short-term orientation
（长期取向vs短期取向）
Power Distance
Power distance is defined as 'the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power
societal norms. In a collectivist culture, the individual is more likely to be motivated by
from birth onward are integrated into strong,
cohesive in-groups, which throughout people's lifetime continue to protect them in exchange
tolerated.
定义：某种文化中的成员在面对不确定的或未知的情况时感到威胁的 程度.
不确定规避性强的社会对于思想和行为有着严格的限制，不能容忍越 轨的人和想法；但是不确定规避性弱的社会氛围更加轻松，人们认为实
践大于规则，偏离正轨的行为也更容易被人们接受。
Masculinity vs Femininity Masculinity stands for 'a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life'(Hofstede, 2001: 297). Femininity, as the opposite of masculinity, stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap. They maintain warm personal relationships, care for the weak, and solidarity (Hofstede, 1984). 男性度代表社会中两性角色差距显 著。男性应变现为自信、坚强、注 重物质成功而女性应更谦虚、温柔、 关注生活质量。相反，女性度意味 着社会中两性角色相互重叠。男女 都注重维护良好的人际关系，关心 弱者，团结一致。
group interests. People are guided by what is
the best for the group through sharing, cooperation, and group harmony.
for unquestioning loyalty' (Hofstede et al.,2010:
(Hofstede et al., 2010: 1ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้1).
Strong uncertainty avoidance societies maintain rigid codes of belief and behavior and are intolerant towards deviant persons and ideas, but weak uncertainty avoidance societies maintain a more relaxed atmosphere in which practice counts more than principles and deviance is more easily