Unit 1-3现在完成时梳理
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现在完成时
一、知识梳理
要点一:现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但它的影响现在还存在;
也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。
要点二:
1、构成:have (has) +过去分词。
规则变化的过去分词与过去式的变化一样,在动词词尾加ed; 不规则变化的过去分词见不规则动词表,需要同学记忆。
现以see the film为例将现在完成时的肯定句,否定句和疑问句列表如下:
肯定句:I/You/We/They have seen the film. He/She /It has seen the film.
否定句:I/You/We/They have not/ haven’t seen the film.
He/ She/It has not/hasn’t seen the film.
疑问句:Have I/you/they seen the film? Yes, you/ we/I/they have. No, you/ we/I/they haven’t.
Has he/she/it seen the film? Yes, he/ she/ it has. No, he/ she/ it hasn’t.
2、变化规则:与动词过去式规则相同。
①一般直接在词尾加上ed。look —looked
②以e结尾的动词,直接加d。move —moved
③以y结尾,y前面是辅音字母的动词,变y 为i,再加ed。carry —carried
④部分动词需双写尾字母,加ed。stop —stopped
⑤不规则变化
AAB型
ABB型
用法:现在完成时既涉及过去,又联系现在。
用法1:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
常与just(刚刚),already(已经),never(从来没有),ever(曾经),before(以前),yet(仍然),once(一次),twice(两次),many times(很多次),how many times(多少次),so far(迄今为止),during the past(last)three years(最近三年来)等连用。
※副词的位置:
①just常用于肯定句中,放在have / has后,He has just come .
②never表示否定, 放在have / has后, He has never visited the Great Wall.
③ever用于疑问句中,句型为: Have / Has+主语+ever+过去分词?“…曾经……过
吗?”用于询问某人过去的经历。Have you ever been to the farm?
④before用于句末,The woman has never heard of that before.
⑤yet 用于句末或not 之后. Has the train arrived yet? No, not yet.
⑥already用于肯定句, have / has 之后或句末.We have already finished it.
⑦so far用于句首或句末. So far, we have visited the moon.
用法2:表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语有:
①for+表示一段时间的词语I have taught English for 19 years。
②since+表示过去时间点的词语He has been at this school since 1986.
③since+表示过去的时间状语从句I have lived here since I was born.
④since+一段时间+ago. I have known him since 20 years ago.
用法3:表示到现在为止多次发生的动作,常带有twice, ever, never, three times等时间状语。
I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。
He has watched the film twice. 这部电影他已经看过两遍了。
要点四:
现在完成时态中,可以和表示一段时间状语(for,since,how long, all one’s life)连
用的动词必须是表示延续的情况或动作的动词,即延续性动词。
如:be,have,know,live,work,study,learn,teach,keep,speak,talk,draw,wait,wear,walk,sleep,drive,write,do,clean等。
I have been a teacher for nearly 20 years. How long has he lived here?
要点五:
延续性动词的现在完成时可和包括“现在”在内的(到说话时仍未结束)表示一段时间的状语连用。
如this morning,today,this week,these days
He has been to Beijing three times this year.
He has written two letters this morning.(说话时间在上午)
He wrote two letters this morning.(说话时间在下午或晚上)
要点六:
英语中还有一些动词的意义决定它们所表示的动作不能延续,只是一瞬间就结束的动作,这类动词叫做“非延续性动词”(短暂性动词/瞬间动词),常见的有:come,go,arrive,reach,see,hear,close,open,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die,get up,become,borrow,lend,find,finish,receive等。这些动词可用于现在完成时,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语(how long,for,since)连用。
He has come back.(√)He has come back for two hours.(×)
※但在否定句中,非延续性动词也可用表示一段时间的状语来修饰(因为非持续性动词的这种否定形式构成一种状态,而这一状态是可以持续的),如
I haven’t heard from my father for a long time.
We haven’t seen him since 1999.
【注意】:当终止性动词(非延续性动词)与表示一段时间的状语(how long,since,for,all one’s life)相矛盾时,改正错句的方法有如下几种:
(1)用副词ago把现在完成时的句子改为一般过去时.
He has come back for two weeks.(错)改为:He came back two weeks ago.(正)
I have lost my bike for ten days. (错)改为:I lost my bike ten days ago. (正)
(2)用“It is / has been+时间+since+一般过去时态”句型来改写。
He has joined the League(社团)for 3 years. (错)It is 3 years since he joined the League.
I have bought the book for 5 days. (错)It is 5 days since I bought the book. (正)