(英语毕业论文)英汉礼貌用语的对比研究
中英礼貌用语之比较研究
中英礼貌用语之比较研究论文导读：礼貌是人类语言的重要组成部分。
中国式的礼貌有着悠久的历史渊源。
本文从中英“礼貌”概念的渊源、文化差异、礼貌用语差异等几方面进行阐述。
从比较的角度对汉英礼貌用语作一梳理。
关键词：礼貌，渊源，文化差异，比较一、概述礼貌是人类语言的重要组成部分，是人类文明的标志，人们在日常交际中不可避免地要使用礼貌语言。
正如有些语言学家提出的，人类社会的一切冲突和争斗，包括政治上的分歧和争端都是由于语言使用不当导致误解而引起的。
这种说法虽然有些极端，但却足以说明礼貌在语言使用中的重要性。
长期以来，礼貌语言是一个语用学及社会语言学共同探讨的传统课题，这方面的研究成果很多。
早在50年代，美国学者E. Goffman就从社会学角度提出了“面子行为理论”，建立了最初的礼貌模式。
根据他的解释，面子与“难为情”(embarrassed)、“蒙羞”(humiliated)或“丢脸”(losing face)之类的感情概念有关。
人们往往会在交际中“给面子”、“丢面子”、“留面子”，故人们要学会使用礼貌语言。
1987年，英国学者布朗(P. Brown)和莱文森(S. Levinson)发表了一篇题为《语言应用的普遍现象：礼貌现象》的文章，第一次对礼貌中的面子问题进行了系统的探讨，因而引起了语言学界的极大关注。
他们把它分成积极面子和消极面子两种：前者指人们期望自己的言行、思维等得到肯定和赞赏，后者指人们希望在交际活动中自己的自由不受侵犯。
这样,礼貌也就随之分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。
20世纪80年代，英国语言学家利奇(G. Leech)从语用学的角度对交际活动中的礼貌原则重新进行了归纳和分类，认为礼貌原则由得体、慷慨、赞誉、谦虚、一致和同情等六个准则构成。
利奇的礼貌原则注意自身并尊重他人，二者兼顾，更符合言语交际的本质。
中国是文明古国，礼仪之邦，中国式的礼貌有着悠久的历史渊源。
自古就有“一言而兴邦,一言而丧邦”的说法。
中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文
中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文中英文礼貌用语的差异毕业论文Contents摘要...……………………………………………………......………….i Abstract……………………………………………….……….….……..i i Introduction............................................................. . (1)Chapter 1 A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Maxims inE n g l i s h a n dChinese…........................................(2)1.1E n g l i s h P o l i t e n e s sM axims…..….............................................…(2)1.2C h i n e s e P o l i t e n e s sM axims…...................................................(3)Chapter 2 The Main Performance of Different Expression BetweenC h i n e s e a n d E n g l i s h o nP o l i t e n e s s (5)2.1T e r m s o f Address……………...............…………….................(5)2.2T e r m s o f G r e e t i n g s a n d Farewells (7)2.3T e r m s i n C o m p l i m e n t s a n d t h e R e s p o n s e s t oC o m p l i m e n t s (9)2.4T e r m s o f E u p h e m i s m a n d Taboo......................................................1 3 Chapter 3 The Reasons, Effects and Strategies of DifferentE x p r e s s i o nB e t w e e nC h i n e s e a n d E n g l i s h o nP o l i t e n e s s (18)3.1 The Reasons of Different Expression Between Chinese andE n g l i s ho n Politeness.............................................(18)3.2 The Influence of the Different Expression Between Chinesea n dE n g l i s h o n Politeness................................................. ......................2 23.3 The Strategies to the Different Expression Between Chinesea n dE n g l i s h o nPoliteness................................................. ......................2 4 Conclusion.................................................................... .......2 6 Bibliography............................................................... .. . (27)AcknowledgementIntroductionWhen we communicate with other people, we have to obey a lot of rules of manners which have rooted in our daily life. If not, there would appear many misunderstandings. Every nation has its politeness. People use different politeness language in different situations. And we can say politeness language plays an important role in our communication with people around us.People from different countries may have different manners,thus they could encounter difficulties in their communication. As the development of our country, the internationalism is becoming more and more rapidly. We need to communicate with people of the world. But they have their own attitudes towards things which maybe a little bit different or totally different from ours. If we do not understand the cultures of them, absolutely, we will have a lot of difficulties in this process. Sometimes, we are likely to understand one thing in our own perspective. Today, a better understanding of people who come from other cultures is very important. Especially in the cross-culture communication. This article is written tointroduce the different expression between Chinese and English on politeness from different perspectives.Chapter 1A Comparative Analysis of Politeness Maxims in Englishand ChineseIn the past decades, researchers focused on the politeness principle as an important pragmatic principle. The function of politeness, as a social phenomenon, is maintaining social order, reducing conflicts and misunderstanding in communications. We can make our behavior polite with the help of some politeness maxims, such as Cr ice’s Cooperative Principle, Leech’s politeness principles and Gu Yueguo’s politeness principles.1.1 English Politeness MaximsAmong the principles proposed by pragmaticists to explain the phenomena in the use of language in conversation, Crice’s Cooperative Principle is one of the basic ones. But Leech thinks that it fails to explain all the phenomena in language use, especially fails to explain why people tend to use many indirect speech acts to violate Cooperative Principle, so he puts forwardthe Politeness Principle. Here are his six politeness maxims.(1)T act Maxim: It means minimize cost and maximize benefit toothers.(2)G enerosity Maxim: It means minimize benefit and maximizecost to selfs.(3)A pprobation Maxim: It means minimize dispraise and maximizepraise of others.(4)M odesty Maxim: It means minimize praise and maximizedispraise of self.(5)A greement Maxim: It means minimize disagreement betweenself and others while maximize agreement between self and others.(6)S ympathy Maxim: It means minimize antipathy between self andothers while maximize sympathy between self and other.1.2 Chinese Politeness MaximsIn China, the real study of politeness only began in the 1980s when pragmatics was introduced into China. The most important figure in this area is Gu Yueguo. He is a student of Leech and comes from Beijing Foreign Studies University. On the basis of Chinese culture, Gu used L eech’s principle of politeness for reference and summed up four features of Chinese politeness, and later developed them into five politeness。
中西礼貌用语的语用对比研究
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英汉礼貌原则对比分析,英语其它论文
英汉礼貌原则对比分析,英语其它论文A Comparative Study of Politeness Principle in Chinese and English Culture[Abstract] As we all know, different people hold different views about politeness and different cultures may lead to pragmatic differences. Because of the cultural differences, sometimes what the Chinese people consider to be polite may not be true according to western culture. To be polite, there are some principles to follow, such as H. P. Grice’s Cooperative Principle, Geoffrey N. Leech’s Politeness Principle, and in China, there are Prof. Gu Yueguo’s five notions of politeness based on the Chinese conception of limao. This paper briefly describes these principles, and also makes a comparative study on Politeness Principle in Chinese and English cultures. Besides, this paper also attempts to shed light on some of the pragmatic differences on politeness between Chinese and western cultures, indicating that typical Chinese and English politeness principles are similar to each other in nature but the differences between them are also playing a significant role in intercultural speech interaction. At the end, this paper analyses another maxim—Culture Self-identity Maxim, and indicates that grammatical mistakes in intercultural communication can be forgiven, but improper use of language can often cause misunderstandings and embarrassments. So the comparative study of Politeness Principle in Chinese and English cultures becomes more important. Meanwhile, to be familiar with the different cultural backgrounds and to choose the right politeness maxims during communication are also very important.[Key Words] politeness; politeness principle; pragmatics differences; intercultural communication英汉礼貌原则对比分析【摘要】众所周知，不同的人对礼貌持有不同的观点,而不同的文化又会导致语用差异。
汉英礼貌用语对比研究
汉英礼貌用语对比研究一、引言礼貌是各种文化普遍存在的一种社会现象。
礼貌用语是人们日常语言交际过程中的重要手段，不同的文化背景下有着不同的礼貌用语。
恰当使用礼貌用语，对调和及融洽人际关系起到了意想不到的作用。
二、本论(一)“礼貌”概念的不同渊源1．汉文化中的“礼貌”概念的历史渊源.汉文化中“礼貌”概念的历史渊源礼貌具有普遍性，但不同文化在实现礼貌的方法以及在礼貌的判断标准上存在着差异。
这些差异是在社会、历史、人文、地理等多种因素的长期影响下逐步形成的。
首先，汉英文化中礼貌概念的渊源有所不同。
汉文化中现代的“礼貌”概念有着悠久的历史渊源，它起源于古代的“礼”，即礼制。
众所周知，礼是中国古代哲学思想的一个重要组成部分，也是儒家思想的重要概念之一。
孔子生活的春秋末期，诸侯争霸，统治者内部矛盾重重，战争不断，社会动荡。
孔子为了适应当时的社会生活的要求，致力于恢复“礼制”，以便使社会平稳地过渡到一个新的“天下有道”的社会。
孔子的“礼”并不指“礼貌”，而是指自奴隶社会时期的周朝（公元前1100年）以来的社会等级秩序。
通过“正名”，“礼”规定了社会成员之间的等级差别，要求每个社会成员按照自己的社会地位来说话、做事。
在《论语·子路》中，孔子指出：“名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成，事不成则礼乐不兴，礼乐不兴则刑罚不中，刑罚不中则民无所措手足”。
因此，“正名”就是要维护君君、臣臣、父父、子子等的等级关系，这种关系在某种程度上是通过语言来实现的。
《荀子·礼论》也谈到了礼的起源（当然说的是礼制）：“人生而有欲，欲而不得，则不能无求；求而无度量分界，则不能不争；争则乱，乱则穷。
先王恶其乱也，故制礼义以分之，以养人之欲，给人之求，使欲不穷乎物，物必不屈于欲，两者相持而长，是礼之所起也”，“也就是说，礼起源于人类欲望与欲望的难以满足之间的不平衡”［1］，因此，无论是孔子还是荀子，都把“礼”看成是维护现行社会等差的行为法则，只要人人遵守“礼”，既定的社会秩序就不会打乱；相反，若违反“礼”，就会受到惩罚。
英语专业毕业论文--从礼貌用语看中西文化差异
AbstractLanguage, as part of culture, is influenced by culture. So is courtesy. Courtesy language is the important part of the culture. All the courtesy languages are the mirrors to their cultures. Different cultures between China and West lead to different politeness principles. Courtesy language plays a very important role in the cross-cultural communication. It is the basic element to keep a good relationship. Whether the use of courtesy languages is proper or not will directly influence the communication. This article tries to analyze the cultural differences between Chinese and Western courtesy languages in their causes and effects on the cross-cultural communication, such as: addressing, greeting, compliments and responses and taboos. And, the paper deeply analyzes the causes for the differences from the histories, customs and social norms. The purpose is to know the use of the courtesy language and improve cross-cultural communication.Key words: courtesy language; cultural difference; cross-cultural communication摘要语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的一部分，语言受到文化的影响，是文化的一面镜子。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
英汉礼貌用语对比研究学生姓名：周丽平指导老师：王亚琼教学单位：外国语学院摘要：当社会文明达到一定程度，人们在相互交往时十分看重礼貌，东方和西方国家在内涵方面有所差异。
这个课题以英汉礼貌用语以及双方的面子维持和礼貌策略，采用积极礼貌和消极礼貌策略、关联性与独立性等概念，就事论事的分析英汉两种语言在具体的间接言语行为方面的文化差异。
本文从信件为基础，就双方的礼貌策略和面子维持策略，包括感谢、祝贺、以及其他表情性文字等进行详细的分析，并据此来分析翻译中必要的调整。
关键词：礼貌与面子策略；英汉礼貌言语行为对比和翻译一、引言礼貌是文明的象征，在中西国家礼貌运用广泛，但他们之间有鲜明的对比，在运用当中才能体出来。
二、礼貌与面子策略贾玉新以Goffman(1959)，Levinson(1983)，Scollon和Scollon(1995)的有关理论为依据，认为礼貌是非对称性的，对听话人来讲是礼貌的行为(如祝贺，邀请，感谢)，对说话人来讲可能是不礼貌的，即说话人必须有所付出；反之，对说话人有礼貌的(如命令，请示，请求，建议等)，对听话人来讲可能不礼貌，构成对听话人面子的威胁。
礼貌概念分为积极礼貌和消极礼貌。
从言语行为来看，积极礼貌可能包括承诺性和表情性言语行为，而消极礼貌则可能包括指示性言语行为，常常涉及到对别人自由的干扰，尽量委婉或策略地表示我们对其他人的尊重。
积极礼貌是“对别人表示赞许”，消极礼貌是“对强加(行为)的回避”。
R．Scollon 和S．W．Scollon在《跨越文化交际一话语分析法》中提到了关联面子(involvement face)和独立面子(independence face)两个原则，一方面我们要参与和别人的活动，并向别人表明我们在参与；另一方面我们要与其它参与者相区别，保持一定程度的独立性。
关联面子强调“平等性”，而独立面子则强调“尊重性”。
这两个方面相悖相反的，却同时发生。
任何交际过程中，说话人和听话人同时面临对自己面子的威胁。
跨文化交际中英汉礼貌用语差异对比研究
跨文化交际中英汉礼貌用语差异对比研究摘要跨文化交际中的礼貌用语是一个非常重要的话题，其涉及到不同语言文化之间的差异。
英汉两种语言文化在礼貌用语方面存在许多差异，例如在称呼方式、道歉方式以及感谢方式等方面。
本文首先探讨了英汉两种语言文化的礼貌用语的概念以及意义，然后分别从称呼方式、道歉方式、感谢方式、客套话等几个方面对英汉两种语言文化的礼貌用语差异进行详细比较，并分析了其背后的文化背景。
最后，提出在跨文化交际中如何避免礼貌用语的误用。
关键词：跨文化交际；礼貌用语；英汉文化差异；称呼方式；道歉方式；感谢方式；客套话AbstractPoliteness language in cross-cultural communication is a very important topic, which involves the differences between different language cultures. There are many differences in politeness language between English and Chinese cultures,such as the way of addressing, apologizing and expressing gratitude. This paper first explores the concept and significance of politeness language in English and Chinese cultures, and then compares the differences in politeness language between English and Chinese cultures in terms ofways of addressing, apologizing, expressing gratitude, and polite language. analyzes the cultural background behind it. Finally, how to avoid the misuse of politeness language in cross-cultural communication is proposed.Keywords: cross-cultural communication; politeness language; English and Chinese cultural differences; ways of addressing; ways of apologizing; ways of expressing gratitude;polite language一、引言随着经济全球化和文化多元化的发展，跨文化交际已成为一种常见的交际方式。
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析
汉英礼貌用语对比与分析06秋专升本学员张先存学号z06205604001礼貌作为一种社会现象,普遍存在于各国语言中,但由于语用文化价值差异和语用习惯特点的不同,人们对礼貌的理解、处理和运用方式则各不相同.中西方由于受到不同文化、民族心理和价值观的影响,会用不同的方式来表达自己的礼貌言行.而这种差异往往会影响我们进行有效的跨文化交际,因此在英语学习中我们有必要了解汉英礼貌语用方面的差异.一。
汉英礼貌用语的对比：例1：问候语以什么样的方式与别人见面打招呼，分手告别，也因东西方文化传统和风俗习惯的不同而不同。
西方人则注重逻辑，他们讲究科学，追求准确、系统的分析和实证，西方形式逻辑中有三大定律，即同一律、矛盾律、排中律；在演绎推理中有三段论，即大前提、小前提和结论。
在语言上表现为重视语言的形式，人称要一致、单复数有讲究、时态有要求，主语和谓语要配合，介词讲究搭配等等，每个细节都不能马虎。
例如：中文说“你吃了吗？”可以表示字面意义，也可以表示问候，这里的“吃”字后面的“饭”可以省略，不论早饭、中饭、晚饭都可以这样说，也不管什么时候吃的。
而英语中可能要说三句不同的话“Have you had your lunch/super/dinner?” 而且他们并不能用来表示问候，除了字面意义，这三句话可能用来暗示一种邀请，但说话人至少要考虑到两个问题：吃的是哪一餐饭，用什么时态，这些问题不清楚，这句话就没法说。
所以，中国人见面时常用的客套话是：“吃过饭了吗？”“你去哪儿？”而与英美人打招呼，不要说“Have you had your meal?”或者“Where are you going?”他们会以为你想邀请他一起外出用餐或你在打听他的私事呢。
而当他们正等着听你的下文时，你却谈起旁的事情。
这样往往会使对方觉得莫名其妙。
他们会想，不请我吃饭，干吗问我吃过饭没有？即使你见他正在用餐，一般也不能说“Are you having meal?”（你在吃饭？）或者“You are going to the dinning room?”（你去吃饭吗？）他们认为这简直是无用的话，明知故问，你不是看见我正在吃饭吗？又如你正巧遇见一个美国人在修理他的汽车，你走过去说声“Hello. ”或者“Hi.”就行了。
谈英汉礼貌用语的差异及对英语教学的启示的论文
谈英汉礼貌用语的差异及对英语教学的启示的论文摘要：受不同文化、价值观等影响，英汉语言的礼貌用语也有所不同。
这种差异往往会影响跨文化交际的有效进行。
因此教师在英语教学中有必要使学生了解英汉礼貌用语的差异，以培养学生的跨文化意识，提高他们的跨文化交际能力。
关键词：礼貌用语差异跨文化意识1引言礼貌是各种文化普遍存在的一种社会现象。
礼貌用语是人们日常语言交际过程中的重要手段，不同的文化背景下有着不同的礼貌用语。
恰当使用礼貌用语，对调和及融洽人际关系起到了意想不到的作用。
随着对外交流的不断加强，跨文化交际也日益频繁，了解中西方礼貌用语的差异，无疑可以避免跨文化交际的失败。
2英汉礼貌用语的差异表现在不同场合，不同社会背景和文化的人会话时所采用的表达方式不尽相同，礼貌用语也有天壤之别。
下面主要从称呼语、称赞语、致谢、禁忌语与委婉语等方面来谈谈英汉礼貌用语的差异。
2．1称呼语不同的称呼语体现了不同的民族文化，反映了不同的文化取向、社会格局、人际关系等。
中国素以“礼仪之邦”甲天下，一直遵循“上下有礼，长幼有序”称呼原则，称呼繁杂；而西方崇尚民主自由，称呼简单明了。
中国文化主张尊老讲辈分，各种称呼五花八门。
上辈直系亲属的称呼就有“舅舅”、“伯父”、“叔父”、“姨父”、“姑父”、“舅妈”、“姨妈”、“姑妈”等。
同辈中则有“堂哥”、“堂弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”、“表哥”、“表弟”、“表姐”、“表妹”。
在英语国家中，由于不同的价值观念，亲属的称谓比较笼统且简单，上一辈中只有“unle”、“aunt”，在同辈中也只有一个“usin”。
晚辈和长辈之间、同辈之间都可以直呼对方的名字，甚至对父母也可直呼其名。
而在中国传统教育中，孩子不能直呼父母、长辈的大名，学生不可直接叫老师的名字，下属不能直接叫上司的名字。
否则，就会被视作缺少家教、没有教养、不守规矩等。
在社会交往中，汉语称呼语可用两种表达式来概括：“姓氏+官衔或职务／先生／女士／／小姐／老”和“老／小、+姓氏”，如“张局长”、“王先生”、“郑老”、“老陈”等。
中英礼貌用语差异对比研究毕业论文
毕业设计（论文）题目：中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究A Constructive Study of Politeness in ChineseAnd English Culture学生姓名：蔡美玲学号：0807060128专业班级：B08英语（国际商务）1班指导教师：唐红梅学院：外国语学院2012年4 月中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究摘要语言礼貌是一种普遍的社会现象，广泛地存在于人类社会生活之中。
它协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动,是维系人际和谐的工具,避免交际冲突的手段。
随着中国加入WTO，中国与西方国家在政治，经济，文化方面的联系变得越来越紧密，社交越来越频繁，礼貌用语也显得越来越重要。
在此过程中，言语交际成功与否,在很大程度上取决于能否选用恰当的礼貌表现形式。
本课题将通过对中英文化中礼貌语的对比研究，阐明中西礼貌用语的共性和差异性，以及在不同文化背景下，中英不同的礼貌原则和各自的侧重点。
通过对此课题的研究，使人们在社交过程中，根据不同的场合，正确的使用合适的礼貌语，避免不同文化下不同礼貌用语带来的各种冲突。
同时，能使英语学习者更加透彻的了解西方文化，掌握交际语言。
最后，若用于英语教学中，将提高学生的综合素质，以及跨文化交际能力。
关键词：礼貌用语; 礼貌原则; 文化; 差异对比A CONSTRUCTIVE STUDY OF POLITENESS IN CHINESEAND ENGLISH CULTUREABSTRACTLanguage Courtesy is a kind of common social phenomenon, which widely occurs in the human society of life, coordinating the people's social relationships and communication activity, maintaining interpersonal harmony,and avoiding the communication conflicts. As China entering the WTO and the forming of the globalized market, the relationship between China and the western countries has become closer, with more frequent activities in politics, economy and culture. So language courtesy is taking a more important role in our social life. In this process, the successful cross-cultural communication, to a great extent, depends on the selection of the appropriate politeness. This paper expounds the common features and different courtesy between Chinese and the western through a constructive study of politeness in Chinese and English culture. On the other hand, the paper expounds different politeness principle and the emphasis of the respective in different cultural background.Therefore, the study of this subject can conduct people to use the right polite language, avoiding the conflict that brings about the different culture courtesy and different culture according to the different occasions in the social process. At the same time, the paper can make the reader understand and master the western culture and the right way of communication. Finally, if the politeness principles are used in the English teaching and Learning, it will improve the students' comprehensive quality, and the ability of cross-cultural communication.Key words: polite language; politeness principle; culture;Contents1. Introduction (1)2. Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and English (1)2.1 Politeness Principles of English (1)2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theory (1)2.1.2 Grice Cooperative Principle (2)2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness Principle (2)2.2 Politeness Principles of Chinese (3)3. A Comparison between Chinese and English Politeness (5)3.1 Terms of Address (5)3.2 Humility Language and Formal L anguage (5)3.3 Terms of Privacy (6)3.4 Terms of Greeting (6)3.5 Terms of Thanks (7)3.6 Terms of Goodbye (8)3.7 Terms of Invitation (8)3.8 Differences Politeness of Cooking Culture (8)3.8.1. The Politeness of Atmosphere on T able (8)3.8.2 The Politeness of Customary Actions on T able (9)4. Reasons for the different & countermeasures (9)4.1 Reasons for the Difference (9)4.1.1 Confucianism and Christianity (10)4.1.2 Philosophy D ifferences (10)4.1.3 Differences of Culture, Thinking and V alue (10)4.2 Countermeasures (11)4.2.1 Countermeasures in English teaching (11)4.2.2 Countermeasures in communication (11)5. Conclusion (13)References (14)1.Introduction“As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society; its main functions are maintaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech acts so as to attain the aim of communication.”[1]Both English and Chinese language has much different restriction in the pragmatic, among which the most important is the restriction of cultural factors. British linguists, Leech listed the six politeness principles according to the English culture characteristic, while Gu YueGuo analysed Chinese culture characteristic and had conclude five politeness principles in his work Politeness, Pragmatics and Culture. Comparing the politeness principles of Gu YueGuo and Leech we can find that there are many politeness norms of differences. It is an effective way to prevent pragmatic failures and promote the communication smoothly by analyzing and comparing these differences scientifically.2.Different Principles of Politeness in Chinese and EnglishPoliteness is the common phenomenon existing in social and group which is the symbol of human civilization and the tool of maintaining interpersonal harmony. People should comply with the politeness principles in order to avoid the failures that cause by different politeness 2.1 Politeness Principles of English2.1.1 Brown and Levinson’s “face” theoryPoliteness, in the interaction, can then be defined as the means employed to show awareness of another person’s face. [2]Early in the 1950s, E Goffman, the United States Scholar, had put forward the “Face Behavior T heory”from sociology. Then in 1978, Brown and Levinson had further put forward the “Mature Face T heory”which tried to take face as a common language phenomenon to research on the basis of Goffman in their work of Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena. The Mature Face Theory of Brown and Levinson is the firsttime to discuss the face problems of politeness systematically from anthropology and philosophy. They thought that face i s ,for every social member ,wanted to gain for the public self-image of them. In the process of interaction, people hope each other can maintain each other's face. Along with the face threat increasing, people use the higher politeness strategies to maintain their face. The face threat level depends on the difference of social distance and social power between the communications.Brown and Levinson divided the face into positive face and negative face. Then politenes s is also divided into the positive manner and negative manner. [3]2.1.2 Grice Cooperative PrincipleGrice, an American linguist, has put forward the Cooperative Principle in people’s conversation. He thought that, “in all the communicati on, the speaker and listener should follow some principles which make the process of communication develop toward the tacit understanding and cooperation. There are four maxims to embody the Cooperative Principle: (1) Quantity Maxim: the information you offer should accord with the conversation, justthe right amount(2). Quality maxim: what you said should be reasonable and true.(3). Relevant maxim: what you said should be related to the content of the front(4). Manner maxim: the word you said should be terse, clear, and systematical. [4]But some people do not comply with this social principle; even some of them violate those in social communication. In other words, the Cooperative Principle can't completely contain the kinds of conversation. According to this, the English linguist Leech thought the root of people violating the Cooperative Principle is that they want to comply with another principles — Politeness Principle. From the Pragmatics and Interpersonal Rhetoric, Leech summed up and classified the Politeness Principle during the social communication. Leech pointed that: the Cooperative Principle guides what we should say, so as to meet the expectations. However, the politeness principle can be maintained the friendship. So the Cooperation Principles and politeness principles can make a supplement each other which restrict people's conversation behaviors.2.1.3 Leech’s Politeness PrincipleEnglish scholar Leech, in his principles of pragmatics, put forward his politeness principle on the basis of Gricean framework. He believed that,”besides Cooperative Principle, Politeness Principle guides and constrains rational people’s conversation as well. It is closelyconnected with Cooperative Principle. Yet on the other hand, it solves the problem why people prefer to use indirect speech in conversation, which cooperative principle can not explain”. Leech’s Politeness Principle is elaborated into six maxims.(1). Maxim of tact: minimize cost to other, maximize benefit to other(2). Maxim of generosity: minimize benefit to yourself, maximize cost to yourself.(3). Maxim of approbation: minimize dispraise to other, maximize praise to other(4). Maxim of modesty: minimize praise of self, maximize dispraise of self,(5). Maxim of agreement: minimize disagreement between self and other; maximizeagreement between self and other.(6). Maxim of sympathy: min imize antipathy between self and other’, maximize s ympathybetween self and other. [5]This is the main content of Leech’s politeness principles. The above criteria have the different emphasis. For example, the maxim of tact and the maxim of generosity, maxim of approbation and maxim of modesty, which is the same, have two different aspects. The maxim of tact is referring to how to treat others which is applied to causative Verbal Behavior “request”. But the maxim of generosity is referring to how to treat self which is applied to commitment Verbal Behavior “promise to help”. Analogously, Approbation maxim is referring to how to treat others while Modesty maxim is referring to how to treat self. The Agreement maxim points out that it is not suitable to express directly the diversity viewpoint with other person. The last maxim, sympathy, stresses out that we should express common mood with others when people are in bad mood.2.2 Politeness Principles of ChineseLike the English speaking countries, the ancient Chinese have made an important discussion on politeness. “道德仁义非礼不成”, “人有礼则安。
中英礼貌用语对比研究 毕业论文
Cultural Differences between Chinese and English on Politeness中英礼貌用语对比研究摘要礼貌是人类文化的普遍现象，广泛的存在于人类社会生活之中，它不仅是人类社会活动的重要准绳，也是人类文明的主要标志。
文明古国中国和西方处于不同的地域，有着不同的文化背景，道德价值观，风土人情等等，中英文化的巨大差异必然导致其礼貌用语的使用差异。
本文将从文化价值角度对中英两种礼貌用语进行对比分析，旨在使交流顺利进行，提高跨文化交际能力。
关键词礼貌用语；英语；汉语；差异对比绪论礼貌作为一种文化习俗，在人脑中是根深蒂固的，它以巨大的力量促使人们按照本民族的习惯进行交际。
即使是许多有文化有教养，知道入乡随俗的人也难以摆脱文化习俗的羁绊，在跨文化交际中有意无意的触犯对方的禁忌，造成语用失误。
跨文化交际中关键性的问题，就是人们能否冲破各自文化的约束去领略认可，或接受其他文化中多重且隐蔽的特性。
为了顺利融洽的进行交际，除了建立良好的习俗差异意识，遵守“入境问禁，入国问俗，入门问佛”的礼仪，规范，更重要的还应重视移情，不管是说话人还是听话人，在认知心理上都要乐于接受对方d 的不同文化，想方设法去理解对方的用意。
在跨文化交流中我们会轻松地发现，英汉两种语言的礼貌用语存在很大的不同，下面我将从以下几个方面进行分析。
一、中英称呼语的文化差异中国人较习惯于非对等式的称呼类型，称呼要讲究“长幼尊卑贵贱”之分，体现出一种权势倾向，是垂直社会关系的标志。
而英语国家受西方文化影响，较崇尚对等式称呼，表现出平等的文化取向 。
（一）、姓名。
比如，在中国，下属不能叫上司的名字，学生不能直接叫老师的名字，孩子不能直呼父母的名字。
否则就会被认定为没有礼貌，缺乏教养。
而英语文化中的称呼语注重双方亲近，表现出平等的文化取向。
在英语国家，一般来说，不论对方年龄多大，地位和级别多高，人们更愿意直呼其名，以示亲近。
汉英礼貌用语的对比研究
A contrastive study of politeness principle in Chinese andEnglish culture汉英礼貌用语的对比研究【Abstract】With the development of society and culture, communicatio ns between people become more and more important. As we all know, dif ferent people hold different views about politeness and different cul tures may lead to pragmatic differences. Because of the cultural diff erences, sometimes what the Chinese people consider to be polite may not be true according to western culture. As a universal phenomenon, politeness is observed in every society, whose main functions are mai ntaining social order; maintaining friendly interpersonal relations; reducing conflicts and misunderstandings by means of polite speech ac ts so as to attain the aim of communication.To be polite, there are s ome principles to follow. This paper aims at describing these princip les, and also f ocusing on a comparative study on Politeness Principle in Chinese and English cultures.【Keyword】：Politeness Principle; difference; English culture; Chine se culture1. Overview of the Politeness PrincipleIn our daily life, we have to communicate with other people to get in formation, to gain knowledge about a topic or to reach a variety of g oals. To be successful, one has to follow some important strategies. Besides the rule--- the Cooperative Principle(abbrev. CP) of the Amer ican language philosopher and linguist, H.P. Grice, who thought that in order to make the conversation go on, we should obey some basic p rinciples, especially “Cooperative Principle”, bring ing about a gre at development in the concept of conversational implicate, there exis ts another concept --- the Politeness Principle (abbrev. PP), which h as above all been developed by Leech,a famous British linguist. In th e centre of this concept does not stand the information of a conversa tion, but the effect of what is said on the people.2.The basic contents of English and Chinese Politeness Principle2. 1.Theories of the Politeness PrincipleReferring to Searle`s categories of illocutionary acts, Leech points out a subdivision into negative and positive politeness. The negative politeness belongs eminently to the directive group, while positive politeness is dominant in the commissive and expressive group. He int roduces the term "impositives", too. Among those groups there existsa variety of theories and maxims which I’d like to deal with in the following essay.Following Grice’s example in dividing the CP, Leech divides the PP i nto six maxims, each consisting of two sub-maxims.(1) Tact Maxim (in impositives and commissives)a. Minimize cost to others;b. Maximize benefit to others.(2) Generosity Maxim (in impositives and commissives)a. Minimize benefit to self;b. Maximize cost to self.(3) Approbation Maxim (in expressives and assertives)a. Minimize dispraise of others;b. Maximize praise of others.(4)Modesty Maxim (in expressives and assertives)a. Minimize praise of self;b. Maximize dispraise of self.(5) Agreement Maxim (in assertives)a. Minimize disagreement between self and others;b. Maximize agreement between self and others.(6)Sympathy Maxim (in assertives)a. Minimize antipathy between self and others;b. Maximize sympathy between self and othe rs.”The PP’s function lies in that speakers should try to express themse lves in a polite way, in an indirect way and let the hearers sense th eir implication. The purpose of doing this is not to hurt others’ fe eling or make them lose face. So if there is the need of politeness, people in talking must observe PP. In observing the PP, speakers shou ld be always polite to others—minimize cost to other and maximize be nefit to other, so as to make a good impression on other and win the mutual respect.2.2. Chinese Politeness PrincipleWhen it comes to the Chinese scholars who have studied the Chinese Po liteness Principle and contributed significantly to the study of it, I would like to refer to Gu Yueguo , a professor of Beijing Foreign S tudies University. In his articles related to the study of politeness in modern Chinese, Prof. Gu has traced the origin of the motion of p oliteness in the Chinese culture, and has also formulated a different set of politeness maxims, which , he thinks, are more suitable to th e Chinese environment.Gu holds the view that there are basically four notions underlying th e Chinese conception of limao(礼貌)，which are respectfulness, modest y, attitudinal warmth and refinement. And he concludes five maxims of limao(礼貌) according to Leech’s Politeness Principle:(1) Respectfulness Maxim: self’s positive appreciation or admirationof others concerning the lat ter’s face, social status, and so on.(2). Appellation Maxim: use proper appellation to address others.(3) Refinement Maxim: self’s demonstration of kindness, consideratio n, and hospitality to others.(4) Consistency Maxim: self’s behaviour to other which meets certain standards.(5) Virtue, Speech and Behaviour Maxim: on motivation, minimize other s’ cost and maximize other s’ benefit; on verbalism, maximize benef it self received and minimize cost self paid out.”3. Comparison between Politeness Principles in English and Chinese We can see that there are some common points of Politeness Principle between English and Chinese. But because of the different culture bac kgrounds, English and Chinese people have different viewpoints on pol iteness. Therefore, when using Politeness Principle, they will have s ome differences.3.1 The difference in Tact MaximMany scholars regard Tact Maxim as the upmost maxim of Politeness Pri nciple, for Tact Maxim, in English culture, is one of the most import ant and useful maxim. when showing some imperatives Tact Maxim is oft en used. But we often speak indirectly to show our politeness, the mo re indirectly we speak the more politeness we are. In English-speakin g countries individualism is considered to be of great value, which i s closely related with the history and culture. It usually refers to the freedom, right and independency of an individual. Therefore, impe rative action is considered as an intrusion to others, even between s uperior and subordinate, eldership and junior, teacher and student. S o they will obey Tact Maxim when they communicate with each other and avoid imposition.To Chinese, who have been overwhelmed by feudalism for more than a th ousand years, it is hard for them to understand individualism. Impera tive action is very common in China. When they say or do something th ey often consider other s’ status and strictly obey the rule of resp ecting elders. For instance:(1) Close the door.(2) Give me a cup of tea.In these two examples, both use imperative sentences. They are consid ered to be polite in China, but westerners do not think so.3.2. The difference in Appellation MaximIn China, either in formal or informal occasions, people often addres s others by using other’s occupation to show respect, when their soc ial positions are considered to be high or respectful, such as Profes sor Li, Teacher Zhang, Dean Sun and so on. If their social positions are considered to be low, such as barber, cleaner, technical worker, cook, plumber and most other people in service profession, people will often call them “shifu”(师傅) instead of their occupations to be polite. To the people in English-speaking countries, this is not the same. In formal situations, they often address people with high socia l position with their professions, such as Professor Green, Chairman Johnson, etc. But they never address people with “teacher or manage r”. In informal occasions, even a professor or a chairman prefers hi mself to be called with his given name to show intimacy to others. An d they tend to call others like this while a Chinese may feel unpleas ant to be called in such a term by unfamiliar person. For example, if a girl named “Yang Sitong (杨丝彤) ” is called as “Sitong(丝彤)” or “tong(彤)” by an ordinary friend, she will look on it as an insu lt.3.3. The difference in Modesty MaximAs for modesty, people all over the world hold the same view that to show modesty is a way to be polite. Leech’s Mo desty Maxim runs as “Minimize praise of self (Maximize dispraise of self)”. But how thi s maxim is adhered to in different cultures is very much a matter of degree. When being complimented, an English-speaking person would rea dily accept the compliment by s aying something like “Thank you” to show his appreciation of the praise, but a Chinese speaker would try to deny the truth of the compliment. They both are being modest and t hey both think they are behaving properly. Yet either of them would t hink the other is being polite. For instance:(1)A: Oh, how beautiful your dress is! B: Thank you.(2)A: Your English is very good. B: Not at all. My English is very poor.In examples (1) and (2) are the typical answers to praise of Engl ish and Chine se people. “The English speaker is being polite to the extent that by accepting and showing appreciation of the compliment; while the Chinese speaker ignoring the factuality of the compliment p aid to him. Because self-denigration has been at the core of the Chin ese notion of politeness for over two thousand years, the Chinese in order to show modesty will go to such lengths as to underrate what he himself has achieved and deny the truth of a complimentary remark.3.4. The difference in Sympathy MaximRespecting old people is the virtue of China, for old people in Chin a are the symbol of wisdom. During communication Chinese people often show respect and regard to old people. However, the situation in wes t is just the opposite. In English-speaking countries old people do n ot want to be considered as old. They will do everything in themselve s to prove that they are still young. People in English-speaking coun tries consider old as useless, so they don’t like to be treated as o ld and don’t like to accept other’s sympathy and help. So don’t of fer help too actively when communicate with people in English-speaking countries unless they ask for your help.4. Summary of the comparisonThe comparison of pragmatic differences of politeness between Chinese and English demonstrates that this politeness phenomenon is universa l in all cultures, but its expressions and implications are different from culture to culture. So a good understanding of pragmatic differ ences in politeness can undoubtedly contribute to the avoidance of pr agmatic failures in cross-cultural exchange so as to attain the goal in communication.Besides, grammatical mistakes are easy to be forgiven during intercul tural communication, but improper language use may cause embarrassmen ts and misunderstandings. Therefore, the comparative study of Politen ess Principle in Chinese and English cultures becomes more important. Meanwhile, to be familiar with the different cultural backgrounds an d to choose the right politeness maxims during communication are also very important and useful to intercultural communication.Reference:George Leec h. Principles of Pragmatics. (London & New York: Longman, 1997) 107Jenny Thomas, Meaning in Interaction (London & New York: Longman, 199 7) 155Li Tong. Pragmatic Differences in Politeness Compared between English and Chinese[J] Journal of Xinzhou Teachers University,2003,12,Hu Shangtian. A Probe into the Relation between the Cooperative Princ iple and the Politeness Principle[J].1997,7He Zhaoxiong. Study of Politeness in Chinese and English Culture[J]. 1995,5。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
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Forster’s A Room with a View196 女性意识的觉醒——评《雨中的猫》中的人物对比描写197 英汉礼貌用语对比研究198 A Cultural Analysis of English and Chinese Names199 从心理学角度谈中国学生英语学习中典型语法错误的产生原因及其应对策略200 英汉礼貌用语及交际策略的对比分析。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究
英汉礼貌用语对比研究礼貌用语在人际交往中起着至关重要的作用，它能够帮助我们建立良好的人际关系，促进有效沟通，并展现个人的素养和文化背景。
英语和汉语作为两种具有广泛影响力的语言，在礼貌用语的使用上存在着一定的差异。
本文将对英汉礼貌用语进行对比研究，以揭示它们在形式、表达习惯和文化内涵方面的不同之处。
一、问候语在英语中，常见的问候语有“Hello”“Hi”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening”等。
这些问候语比较简洁直接，使用范围广泛，适用于各种场合和关系。
例如，在朋友之间、同事之间、陌生人之间都可以使用。
而汉语的问候语则更加丰富多样，并且会根据时间、场合和关系的不同而有所变化。
早上见面可以说“早上好”，中午可以说“中午好”，晚上则说“晚上好”。
此外，还有“吃了吗？”“最近怎么样？”“忙啥呢？”等问候方式，这些问候语不仅是简单的打招呼，还可能包含着对对方生活的关心。
在正式场合，汉语中常用“您好”来表示尊敬。
这种问候语比较庄重，适用于对长辈、上级或者初次见面的人。
二、感谢语英语中的感谢语通常是“Thank you”“Thanks”，表达比较直接和简洁。
在程度上的区分，可以加上“Thank you very much”“Thanks a lot”等来加强感谢的程度。
汉语中的感谢语则相对丰富一些。
比如“谢谢”“多谢”“感谢您”等。
而且，在表达感谢时，中国人可能会更加委婉和含蓄。
有时候会说“麻烦您了”“给您添麻烦了”等，这些表达方式虽然没有直接提到“感谢”，但实际上也传达了感激之情。
此外，对于别人的帮助，中国人还可能会通过回赠礼物或者请客吃饭等方式来表达感谢，而不仅仅是通过语言。
三、道歉语英语中的道歉语常见的有“Sorry”“I'm sorry”，如果想要更加强调歉意，可以说“I'm terribly sorry”“I'm so sorry”。
在汉语中，“对不起”“抱歉”“不好意思”是常用的道歉语。
汉英礼貌用语对比研究王国兰
摘要：中西方文化的巨大差异导致其礼貌用语的使用差异。
如果我们不了解这些差异，就容易造成使用失误。
本文试图从礼貌原则的角度去分析中西方文化礼貌用语在称呼﹑隐私语等各方面的语用差异。
关键词：礼貌原则；礼貌用语；语用差异1. 概述众所周知，在现代社会，礼貌是人类社会的一种普遍现象。
礼貌反映了一个民族的文化素养和修养，礼貌能保持人与人之间的融洽与和谐，消除抵触，促成合作。
礼貌是社会文明的标志。
“语用”，顾名思义，就是指语言的使用。
“语用差异”是指在语言使用过程中所产生的差异。
正如Leech在他的Principles of Pragmatics指出的那样，礼貌是一个相对的概念，带有明显的民族性。
几乎每一个民族都提倡礼貌，重视礼貌。
但由于文化背景的不同，衡量礼貌与否的标准也不相同，不同的文化背景导致不同的礼貌观念及表达方式。
一个民族认为是“礼貌”的，而另一个民族也许认为是“不礼貌”的；这个民族认为是“不礼貌”的，而另一个民族也许认为是“礼貌”的。
一般说来，语言是表达礼貌的一种非常重要的手段，反过来礼貌又制约了语言的使用，而礼貌原则为人们礼貌用语的正确使用提供了一个可以借鉴与遵循的标准。
那么，英汉礼貌用语到底有何区别呢？本文将试从以下两方面来阐述：（1）中西方两种礼貌准则；（2）礼貌用语在英汉两种语言中的使用差异。
本文试图找出英汉礼貌用语的不同与相似之处，更进一步地剖析礼貌准则，从而在日常交往和跨文化交际中更加灵活地应用礼貌原则，使得跨文化交际得以顺利进行。
2．英汉两种礼貌准则礼貌是维系人们成功交际的重要方式之一，但英汉语言中却存在不同的礼貌准则，他们有不同的文化背景及不同的国情。
2.1Leech的礼貌准则英国著名的语言学家Leech在研究了礼貌现象及合作原则的基础上，提出了礼貌准则，不仅完善了Grice的合作原则，而且回答了一些Grice的合作原则不能解释的问题。
它包括以下6个方面：（１）策略准则：尽量减少他人付出的代价，尽量增大对他人的益处。
英汉礼貌用语对比研究-文学学士毕业论文
AbstractThis paper is a comparative study on the different use of polite language between English and Chinese. As an universal phenomenon, politeness exists in all kinds of cultures，which plays a vital role not only in maintaining friendly relationship between human beings but also in creating the harmonious atmosphere conversation. As English-speaking countries and China have different cultures, they use different ways to express their own polite words and deeds, and the different nationalities’ understan ding of polite language always affects the effective cross-culture communication between them. What is more, it would causes unsuccessful cross-cultural communication. A comparative study of polite language between English and Chinese, will urge English learners to reduce the faults in using cross-cultural language, and will simultaneously achieve effective human communication through using appropriately polite expressions.Key Words:polite language; communication; comparative study; cultural differences中文摘要礼貌是人们在频繁的交往中彼此表示尊重与友好的行为规范。
本科毕业论文-汉英礼貌用语的对比研究
摘要英语与汉文化的巨大差异导致其礼貌用语的使用差异。
本文从历史渊源、语用差别、中西礼貌原则和相同的礼貌用语所产生的语用差别等来展开论述，为了能主动地、自觉地排除文化干扰，避免文化冲突，求同存异，从而保证跨文化交流的顺利进行。
关键词：英语；汉语；礼貌用语；礼貌原则；语用差异AbstractThe huge difference in English and Chinese culture led to the use of polite language differences. In this paper, from the historical origin, pragmatic differences between Chinese and Western Politeness Principle, and the same courtesy expressions generated by the pragmatic differences to discuss, in order to be active, consciously eliminate cultural barriers, to avoid cultural conflicts, seek common ground while reserving differences, so as to ensure the smooth intercultural communication.Key words: English; Chinese; politeness; politeness principle; pragmatic difference.汉英礼貌用语的对比研究一、引言礼貌是文明的象征，礼貌是社会存在的普遍现象。
礼貌用语是人们日常语言交际过程中的重要手段，礼貌用语协调着人们的社会关系和交际活动，是维系人际和谐的工具。
试论英汉礼貌用语之比较
试论英汉礼貌用语之比较摘要】本文根据Leech提出的英语文化的礼貌原则和顾曰国先生提出的汉文化的礼貌原则，进行对比研究，并就英汉语言的文化差异和礼貌语言策略进行分析，最后，阐述了这一研究对跨文化交际的重要性。
【关键词】文化差异;礼貌原则;语言策略On the English language courtesy ComparisonXu Chuying【Abstract】This article made in accordance with Leech’s Politeness Principle in English culture and to Mr. Gu Yueguo courtesy of the Chinese culture the principle of comparative studies, and cultural differences between English and Chinese language and politeness strategy analysis, and finally, on the study of the importance of cross-cultural communication.【Key words】Cultural differences Politeness Principle Language Strategy礼貌作为人类文明的体现，它不仅是一种社会现象，也是语言现象。
随着跨文化交际研究的迅速发展，不同文化中礼貌的概念与内涵在跨文化交际中如何做到礼貌得体，越来越引起人们的关注。
由于人们对什么是礼貌和怎样做才是有礼貌持有不同观点，因而常常能导致交际失误乃至失败，因此，对礼貌现象，特别是跨文化交际中英汉两种语言所体现的礼貌现象进行比较是非常必要的。
本文对英汉礼貌现象从理论基础到其表现形式进行了比较性地研究。
本文试图综述中西方言语行为中礼貌语言文化差异及语言策略差异，给跨文化研究中讲英语与讲汉语的人遵守彼此的“礼貌原则”，达到相互沟通提供一点启示。
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最新专业原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 A Study on Differences of Family Education between China and America－－A Case Study of The Joy Luck Club2论简奥斯丁在《傲慢和偏见》中的女性意识和婚姻观3对林语堂的《吾国和吾民》几种中译本比较研究4生态哲人约翰斯坦贝克5从家庭伦理关系视角解读《儿子和情人》的女性主义6论报刊语言翻译中的译者主体性7凯特肖邦作品中女性自我意识觉醒的主题研究8商务英语信函中的礼貌原则9《紫色》中“家”的解读10从电影《七宗罪》看‘七宗罪’和基督教传统的关系11基于微博（推特）文化的新型营销模式12Bertha Is Jane:A Psychological Analysis of Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre13爵士时代下的狂欢化精神——分析豪华宴会在《了不起的盖茨比》中的写作手法以及作用14外来词的翻译方法初探15中文古诗词叠词的研究和翻译16文类、历史和受众心态——论小说《红字》的电影改编17电影名称的翻译特点18浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突19中西方鬼怪比较研究20汉英“眼”概念隐喻的对比研究21从僵尸和吸血鬼比较中西方文化的异同22法律英语翻译中的动态对等理论分析23浅论《汤姆琼斯》的现实主义特征24从《法国中尉的女人》看约翰福尔斯的女性主义思想及其局限性25从功能对等理论谈中国小吃名英译26简奥斯丁的女权主义在《理智和情感》中的体现27海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例28从叔本华的哲学思想角度简析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧29中英文颜色词的非对应翻译30英语抽象名词和物质名词的数概念分析31《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义32女性主义解读《傲慢和偏见》中的柯林斯33《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读34论高中英语文化教学35论翻译的艺术36英汉职业委婉语中“礼貌原则”之对比分析37《王尔德童话故事》的翻译美学探析38《了不起的盖茨比》和《太阳照常升起》中时髦女郎的对比39Elements on the Growth of Mary in The Secret Garden40不做房间里的天使——解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识41纳博科夫小说《洛丽塔》的爱情讽刺42浅析英语习语的翻译原则和方法43英语阅读有效教学活动设计研究44浅谈中学英语教学中的情感教学方法45商务英语的语用特点及翻译46从成长小说角度比较研究《哈克贝利费恩历险记》和《麦田里的守望者》47《三国演义》中带数字的词语翻译研究48中国和英国传统婚俗差异研究49美国宪法形成的历史和原因之研究50The Influence of The New Policy of Export Tax Rebates51论《拉合尔茶馆的陌生人》中昌盖茨“美国梦”的转变52浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森53浅谈礼仪在商务谈判中的重要性及其相关策略54浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森55浅析菲尔丁《弃儿汤姆琼斯史》中的世俗女性形象56《嘉莉妹妹》时代背景下女性的地位57论女性的牺牲——对《儿子和情人》中女性形象的分析58从文化的角度看英语电影片名的翻译59非传统式英雄——从女性主义批评角度看《名利场》60论约翰多恩诗歌中的张力61《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中圣克莱尔一家的人物分析62社会语言学视角下女性语言的特点63从爱情观的转变谈《飘》中斯嘉丽的成长历程64 A Comparison of the English Color Terms65西方电影片名翻译的功能目的论分析66The Features of Classic-literature-based Movies Showed in Pride and Prejudice67黑人社区的替罪羊－－论托尼莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人小女孩佩科拉68海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩69从跨文化的角度研究故事影片名字的英汉翻译70英汉“悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析71从奈达功能对等理论谈李继宏译《追风筝的人》72分析托马斯哈代对西奥多德莱塞的文学影响73试析英语广告中双关语的翻译74浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森75《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读76少儿英语学习中的情感因素分析77浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森78麦克莫波格《柑橘和柠檬啊》的叙事艺术79从诗歌分析威廉.华兹华斯的人生观和自然观80从女性主义角度看斯嘉丽和命运的抗争81论《呼啸山庄》中的象征主义运用82论《织工马南》中的象征意义83论杰伊盖茨比之“了不起”84艾米莉狄金森雏菊诗中的死亡观85浅谈提高高中生英语写作能力的途径86浅谈公示语的翻译87从多视角比较《论读书》的两个译本88模糊语在国际商务谈判中的语用功能研究89英语电影片名翻译微探90Situational Approach to Grammar Teaching in Senior High English Classes91用合作原则和礼貌原则分析网络聊天室会话的含义92量词“片”和“piece”的语法化对比研究93从《草原日出》看多丽丝莱辛的成长观94苔丝悲剧原因探究9596科技英语中名物化的功能97女性意识的觉醒——评《雨中的猫》中的人物对比描写98《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读99从关联理论看电视剧《神探夏洛克》中的英式幽默的翻译100浅议我国民营企业薪酬管理101写作中学生语言的石化现象分析102弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《到灯塔去》中艺术家莉丽的女性意识103《哈利波特》中的励志精神104Difference between Chinese Buddhism and American Christianity105爱和孤独的互生——舍伍德安德森《曾经沧海》和戴维劳伦斯《马贩子的女儿》对比研究106从《又见棕榈，又见棕榈》中看旅美华人的美国梦107108礼貌原则和中西文化的差异109《推销员之死》中男主人公悲剧命运分析110《红楼梦》中文化内容的翻译研究111On the Translating Strategies of Children’s Literature Seen from the Translation of E.B.White’s Charlotte’s Web112A Comparison of the English Color Terms113On Cultural Default and Translation Compensation114文化视角下的英汉委婉语翻译探讨115动物成语的英译116论叶芝诗歌中的女性面具117论广告定位中的文化冲突及对策118论《爱玛》中简奥斯丁的女性主义观119自我效能感对大学生英语学习的影响120浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森121德伯家的苔丝中苔丝的悲剧成因分析122莎士比亚的悲剧对当代女性的影响123论商务谈判中的文化因素124文化价值观视野中的中美家庭教育比较研究125论《红楼梦》英译本中“红”字的翻译126《我弥留之际》中的荒诞性元素127《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读128朗读在中学英语教学中的作用129英语体育新闻的翻译130谭恩美《喜福会》中的母女关系研究131“美国梦”的再探讨—以《推销员之死》为例132任务型教学理念下的教材分析－－以《牛津高中英语》为例133浅析《小王子》的象征和哲学134When Chinese Tradition Meets Western Culture: Comparison between Qi Xi and Valentine’s Day135中美肢体语言的差异136“A Rose for Emily”中“Rose”寓意的新解137《看不见的人》主题分析138任务型教学法在高中英语阅读教学中的使用139论英语教学中的非智力因素140动物词在中英文化中的喻义及其翻译141从意象理解艾米莉狄金森其人其诗142种族沟通的桥梁——对《宠儿》中两个丹芙的人物分析143浅析《睡谷传奇》中的浪漫主义144The Positive Impact of English Movies on Oral English145浅论广告语汉译的美学效果146初中英语词汇教学法研究综述147论网络英语广告的语言特征148浅谈中学英语教学中交际任务型教学活动的设计149《威尼斯商人》的新历史主义解读150A Research on the Symbolic Meanings of“Ghost”in Anil’s Ghost151宗教禁欲下的爱情-论霍桑的宗教观和道德观在《红字》中的体现152A Comparison of the English Color Terms153顺句驱动原则下英汉同声传译中英语非动词转换为汉语动词的研究154小说的织体－－论《了不起的盖茨比》的叙事线索和叙事艺术155英汉语广告的词汇比较研究156莎士比亚悲剧中的人文思想157“红”、“黄”汉英联想意义对比研究158Psychological Analysis of Stuttering in The King’s Speech159浅析英语新闻标题的翻译160男女二元等级对立的颠覆－－《奥兰多》之女性主义解读161解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中麦琪的悲剧命运162从存在主义视角研究J.D.塞林格《泰迪》163大学英语电影教学现状及对策分析164商务信函中委婉语的语用功能分析—基于xx公司商务往来信函165中西方爱情悲剧故事的比较分析——以“梁祝”和《罗密欧和朱丽叶》为例166中西广告语言中的文化差异167经济学视野下的《鲁滨逊漂流记》168口译者听力环境的适应研究169William Wordsworth’s Romantic Nature in Daffodils170中式英语和标准英语的差别171形合和意合对比研究及翻译策略172现代美式英语和英式英语的比较研究173王尔德唯美主义对现代消费文化的启示－－以《道林格雷的画像》为例174概念整合对英语移就的认知解读175从《一个干净明亮的地方》看极简主义在短篇小说中的使用176基于网络的英语听力学习的优势和局限研究177英语思维模式及其对英译汉的影响178全身反应法在少儿英语教学中的使用——以杭州英之辅EF语言培训为例179中美大学毕业典礼演讲之叙事结构的比较研究180从《马丁伊登》分析杰克伦敦的“超人”思想181《水浒传》两个英译本中称谓语的翻译对比研究182Cultural Approaches to the C-E Translation of Chinese Brand Names183显现的被动隐现的自我——《看不见的人》中被动语态的身份建构功能研究184托马斯哈代和张爱玲作品中女性悲剧命运对比研究——以苔丝和顾曼桢为例185分析《绯闻女孩》中的美国社会文化特征186论埃德加爱伦坡短篇小说的创作风格187《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读188解读《爱玛》中的女性主体意识189场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究190A Comparative Study on Two Chinese Versions of Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Ode to The West Wind191旅游景点标志翻译初探192论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义193《麦田里的守望者》霍尔顿考尔菲德精神世界的分析194On the Female Influences on Pip’s Character in Great Expectations195Translation of Gududeqiu from the Perspective of Qian Zhongshu’s Realm of Sublimation 196从功能对等理论看《好汉两个半》的幽默字幕翻译197从跨文化交际的角度看广告翻译198中美学校教育和家庭教育之比较199《白鲸》原型批判的分析。