MAGMAIRON帮助文件(翻译)
Magma学习版安装说明
1、检查日期2007-01-29 2007-05-012、安装3、安装Exceed 12，重启4、安装5、安装dongle，插入狗6、安装node-server7、安装客户信息8、安装licence文件从邮件9、运行一、检查日期检查硬盘空间安装后用了检查当前用户属于administrators组检查是不是有网卡，有网卡就行，不需联网二、安装没microsoft windows services for UNIX 插入光盘，自动运行用户和组织随意标准安装在C:\SFU，也能够自概念，不要更改安装组件，然后自概念安装途径二、安装exceed v12 2007，放入安装光盘，选择Install Exceed选择Personal InstallationPer User Directory每一个用户成立自己的同意目录，Shared User Directory用户共享目录任意选择，Shared占空间小些，易用户设置冲突选择yes3、安装放入光盘，自动运行安装完后，自动运行magma的dongle的驱动安装，就不用在手动安装狗驱动了~4、狗驱动安装选择no五、安装node－server运行exceed（运行magma前都必需打开exceed）第一次运行会需要设定键盘默许ok能够按×关掉，只留bar工具正版插入狗，运行magmasoft－setup（magmasoft－dongle setup已经安装完）；学习版是覆盖破解文件到C:\\\NT_INTEL\bin\点安装node serverInstall安装成功，按任意键终止，按dismiss推出node server安装。
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MAGMA操作教程
MAGMA操作教程MAGMA（矩阵代数工具）是一个用于计算数学和代数问题的计算机程序。
它在计算线代或数论问题时非常有用，同时也可以用于多项式插值、点计数和椭圆曲线等其他领域。
本教程将向您介绍如何使用MAGMA进行常见操作。
一旦您进入MAGMA界面，您就可以开始输入和执行各种操作。
下面是一些常见操作的示例：1.简单的矩阵和向量操作:- 创建一个2x2的矩阵A：`A := Matrix([[1, 2], [3, 4]])`- 创建一个长度为4的向量v：`v := Vector([1, 2, 3, 4])`- 计算矩阵A的逆矩阵：`InvA := A^-1`-计算向量v与矩阵A的乘积：`Av:=A*v`2.矩阵特征问题：- 计算矩阵A的特征多项式：`p := CharacteristicPolynomial(A)` - 计算矩阵A的特征值：`eigenvalues := Eigenvalues(A)`3.矩阵分解：- 计算矩阵A的QR分解：`Q, R := QRFactorization(A)`- 计算矩阵A的特征值分解：`A = P*D*P^-1, D := DiagonalMatrix(Eigenvalues(A)), P := EigenvectorMatrix(A)`4.矩阵方程：- 解线性方程组Ax = b：`x := Solution(Transpose(A),Transpose(b))`- 解齐次方程组Ax = 0 的零空间：`NullSpace(A)`- 解非齐次方程组Ax = b 的特解：`ParticularSolution(A, b)`5.矩阵运算：- 计算矩阵A的迹：`Trace(A)`- 计算矩阵A的秩：`Rank(A)`- 计算矩阵A的行列式：`Determinant(A)`6.数论问题：- 计算一个数n的质因数分解：`Factorization(n)`- 计算一个数n是否为素数：`IsPrime(n)`- 计算一个数n的欧拉函数值：`EulerPhi(n)`值得一提的是，MAGMA是一款商业软件，虽然它提供了免费试用版本，但在进行商业和科研项目时可能需要购买正式许可证。
magma中文手册
magma中⽂⼿册MAGMASOFT?4.0Manual Part one1.介紹(Introduction) ………………………………1.1MAGMASOFT? 可以提供你什麼？………………1.2如何成功的使⽤MAGMASOFT?………………1.3MAGMASOFT?的⽂件結構………………………1.4拼字跟⽤法………………………………………1.5疑問………………………………………………2.安裝(Installation)……………………………2.1 系統需求2.2 MAGMA安裝………………………………2.3 啟動MAGMASOFT? 執照………………2.3.1 擷取系統資訊………………………………2.3.2 從Email讀取系統和執照檔………………2.3.3 ⼿動輸⼊系統鑰匙………………………………2.3.4 ⼿動輸⼊執照鑰匙………………………………2.3.5 從檔案讀取系統鑰匙……………………………2.3.6 從檔案讀取執照鑰匙……………………………2.4 管理浮動執照………………………………2.4.1 顯⽰連結………………………………2.5 MAGMASOFT? 的專案………………………………2.6 MAGMASOFT? 的畫⾯………………………………2.7滑⿏鍵盤的⽤法………………………………3.專案管理(Project Administration)3.1開啟專案(Open project)………………………………3.2 產⽣新的專案(Create project)………………………3.3 產⽣新的版本(Create Version)…………………………3.4 刪除結果(Delete Result)…………………………3.5 刪除版本(Delete Version)……………………………3.6 刪除專案(Delete project)……………………………3.7專案資訊(Project info)………………………………4.前處理器(Preprocessor)4.1 開始幾何建構………………………………………4.2 管理幾何資料(Sheets)………………………………4.3 幾何資料庫(Geometry database)………………………4.4 輸⼊CAD資料(Importing CAD Data)…………………4.5 定義⾓度及精度(Definition of Angles & Accuracy)………4.6 選擇畫⾯(View options)………………………………4.7建構指令(Construction commands)……………………4.8操作指令(Manipulation commands)……………………4.9控制點(Control Point)………………………………4.10⽀援幾何功能(Support functions)………………………5.網格化(Mesh Generation)5.1 概論(Overview)………………………………5.1.1格⼦⼤⼩ / ‘wall thickness’………………………5.1.2格⼦再細化/ ‘accuracy’, ‘element size’……………5.1.3格⼦的修飾/ ‘smoothing’………………………5.1.4個⼦的外觀/ ‘aspect ratio’………………………5.2材料群的選⽤與網格化的改善………………………5.3產⽣網格(Generate mesh)……………………………5.4檢查網格(Check enmeshment)………………………5.4.1觀看網格(view mesh)…………………………5.4.2觀看網格品質(view mesh quality)………………6.模擬計算(Simulation)6.1 概論(Overview)………………………………6.1.1 充填(Mold filling)………………………………6.1.2 凝固(Solidification)…………………………6.1.3 充填和凝固………………………………6.1.4 批次⽣產(Batch production)……………………6.2 模擬參數定義(Defining simulation parameters)…………6.2.1 材料 / ‘Material definition’………………………6.2.2 熱傳導係數/ ‘Heat transfer definition’…………MAGMAshakeout選項…………………………6.2.36.2.4 充填 / ‘filling’………………………………6.2.5 注湯速率/ ‘pouring rate’………………………6.2.6 凝固 /‘solidification’……………………………6.2.7 批次⽣產/ ‘batch production’……………………6.3 模擬的開始與控制(Simulation control)…………………6.4 錯誤訊息(Error and Warning messages)…………………7. 選項與模組7.1模組………………………………7.2 選項………………………………1介紹(Introduction)鑄造就是將⾦屬液倒⼊模⽳中成形的⼀種⽣產技術,也是⼀種從設計到成品最快速的⽅法之⼀。
铝合金压铸模英文翻译
program, and then other sections such as biscuit, runner, gate, and overflow were also modeled in the order. Figure 1 shows an example of mold modeling to manufacturer clutch housing parts in application of the high-pressure die casting method. Five gates were used, and the thickness was 3 mm. Figure 2 shows the 3D image of a mold in actual size modeled by using Pro/ENGINEER. The total weight of the mold weighed in 3D modeling was about 12.52 ton, the fixed mold about 3.83 ton, and the moving mold about 8.69 ton, respectively. Two slide cores were operated with five tunnel pins. Specially applied was a chill block with no vacuum device. To prevent dispersion toward the chill block upon casting, a vent insert was added between the moving core and chill block as a shock-observing device to decelerate melting. A slipper was added around the four guide pins to handle problems that might occur to the mold. To prevent the slide core from being pushed toward the hydraulic cylinder upon closing the mold, a retrograding-preventive plate was installed on the fixed mold base. A distributor in contact with the sleeve was designed in a plate type. The hydraulic cylinder applied to
铸造模拟软件MAGMA操作教程
图（2_13）
说明：如图（2_13）中选择，若选择move before（移动方式）则inlet会放在gating1前面。
参照Overlay原理进行排序。一般砂模（sandm)放在最前面，铸件（cast）放在最后。
2－7、设置点
图（2_14）
流迹点选择在inlet下，２０个点左右。热点选择在入水口相连的铸件内，选择热点时步骤２替换为THERMO。
2－3、载入．stl档
接上动把.stl档存在CMD文件夹下后，在创建专案的界面（图（2_1））按下preprocess 键，进入载档界面.见图（2_9）
图（2_9）
图（2_10）
载入顺序如上图所标的序号和箭头指向。注意在载前一定要确定群组属性正确。当载入一物件
后，欲载入同样的群组另一物件。则需要在以上图中的３操作之前按下MAT ID +键（上图虚线框标示）。
4_7 应力设置(stress simulation options)
图（4_7）
4_8 运算
5、后处理
６、Info
五、数据库（DATABASE）
设置完成之后，选择图（2_9）中的SAVE ALL AS1存档。然后离开界面进行下一动作。
３、切网格
图（3_1）
自动切割一般设置３百万的网格数。对于很薄的gating和ingate需要进行单独细切，视切出网格的质量而定。我们用细切的网格数自动切割时，若网格质量比细切的要好，则需要检查一下.Stl档有没有错误。
在建构实体时有一些区域重合。如图（2_7），ingate连接cast和gating，其和两者都有交接的部分。我们希望各部分独立不干涉，保证分析的精确。利用overlay原理切割重合区域。如图（2_8）排在前面的ingate被排在后面的gating和cast切割。在载入．stl档后需利用此原理进行排序。
optimazation of foundry process
Application of a Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm and a Neural Network to the optimisation of foundry processes.G.Meneghetti *, V. Pediroda**, C. Poloni ***Engin Soft Trading Srl, Italy** Dipartiento di Energetica, Università di Trieste, ItalyAbstractAim of the work was the analysis and the optimisation of a ductile iron casting using the Frontier software. Five geometrical and technological variables were chosen in order to maximise three design objectives. The calculations were performed using the software MAGMASOFT, devoted to the simulation of foundry processes based on fluid-dynamics, thermal and metallurgical theoretical approaches. Results are critically discussed by comparing the traditional and the optimised solution.1. IntroductionA very promising field for computer simulation techniques is certainly given by the foundry industry. The possibility of reliably estimating both the fluid-dynamics, thermal and microstructural evolution of castings (from the pouring of the molten alloy into the mould till the complete solidification) and the final properties are very interesting. In fact if the final microstructure and then the mechanical properties of a casting can be predicted by numerical simulation, the a-priori optimisation of the process parameters (whose number is usually high) can be carried out by exploring different technological solutions with significant improvements in the quality of the product, managing of human and economical resources and time-savings.This approach is extremely new in foundry and in this work an exploratory project aimed at the process optimisation of an industrial ductile iron casting will be presented.2. The simulation of foundry processes and foundamental equationsFrom a theoretical point of view, a foundry process can be considered as the sequence of various events [1-4]:-the filling of a cavity by means of a molten alloy, as described by fluid-dynamics laws (Navier-Stokes equation),-the solidification and cooling of the alloy, according to the heat transfer laws (Fourier equation),-the solid state transformations, related to the thermodynamics and the kinetics.A full understanding of the whole foundry process requires an investigation throughout all these three phenomena. However under some hypotheses (regular filling of the mould cavity, homogeneous temperature distribution at the end of filling, etc.) the analyses of the solidification and the solid state transformation only can lead to reliable estimation of the final microstructure and of the properties of the casting.The accuracy in simulating the solidification process depends mainly on:- the use of proper thermophysical properties of the materials involved in the process, taking into account their change with temperature,- the correct definition of the starting and boundary conditions, with particular regard to the heat transfer coefficients.From a numerical point of view, the investigation of the solidification process could be carried out by means of a pure heat flow calculation described by Fourier’s law of unsteady heat conduction :∂∂ρ∂∂λ∂∂t ()x [x C T T p j j=However a more correct evaluation requires to incorporate the additional heat transport by convective movement of mass due to temperature dependent shrinkage of the solidifying mush.Doing that temperature-dependent density functions are needed, so that the shrinkage can be calculated basing on the actual temperature loss. The total metal shrinkage within one time interval will lead to a corresponding metal volume flowing from the feeder into the casting passing through the feeder-neck. The actual temperature distribution in the feeder neck can be calculated on the basis of the following equation :∂∂ρ∂∂ρ∂∂λ∂∂t ()x (u )x [x ]C T C T T S p j p j j j+=+where the second term on the left hand side of the equation is the convective term while the first one on the right hand side is the conductive term. S denotes the additional internal heat source. The additional heat transport by convective movement of mass means that feeding may last much longer than being calculated by heat flow based uniquely on conduction.Anyway, when the feeder-neck freezes to a certain temperature, the feeding mechanism locks.Therefore the solidification of any other portion of the cast, now insulated, will take place independently from one another and the feed metal required during solidification will come from the remaining liquid. The final volume shrinkage will result in a certain porosity, which typically will be located at the hot spots.From the point of view of the real industrial interest, the above phenomena and the related equations can be approached only numerically: in fact complex 3D geometries have to be taken into account, as well as manufacturing parameters ensuring compliance with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties of the materials, production and process parameters. Finite elements,finite differences, control volumes or a combination of these are typical methods implemented in the software packages [2-3].The final result of the simulation is the knowledge of the actual feeding conditions, which is the basis for correctly design the size of feeders. It must be recalled that this knowledge-based approach is often by-passed by the use of empirical rules and in most cases the optimisation of the feeder size is not really performed (so that the feeders are simply oversized) or it is carried out by means of expensive in-field trial-and-correction procedures.The analyses were performed by using the MAGMASOFT ® software, specifically devoted to the simulation of foundry processes, based on fluid-dynamics, thermal and metallurgical theoretical approaches. In particular MAGMASOFT has a module, named MAGMAIron, devoted to the simulation of mould filling, casting solidification, solid state transformation, with the related mechanical properties (such as hardness, tensile strength and Young Modulus) of cast irons [8]3. Optimisation toolFormally, the optimisation problem addressed can be stated as follows.Minimise: F j (X ) , j=1,nWith respect to:X Subject to c X i mi (;,≥=01X (F ),......X (F ),X (F n 21Where X is the design variables vector, F i(X) are the objectives, and c i(X) are the constraints. FRONTIER’s optimisation methods are based on Genetic Algorithms (GA) and hill climbing methods. These allow the user to combine the efficient local convergence of traditional hill climbers, with the strengths of GA’s, which are their robustness to noise, discontinuities and multimodal characteristic, their ability to address multiple objectives cases directly, and their suitability for parallelisation.GA GENERAL STRUCTURE. A GA has the following stages:1.initialise a population of candidate designs and evaluate them, then2.create a new population by selecting some individuals which reproduce or mutate, and evaluatethis new populationStage 2 is repeated until terminationGA MECHANISMS. Design variables are encoded into chromosomes by means of integer number lists. Though there is an inherent accuracy limitation in using integer values, this is not significant since accuracy can easily be refined using classical optimisation techniques. The initial selection of candidates is important especially when evaluations are so expensive that not many can be afforded in the total optimisation. Initialisation can be done in FRONTIER either by reading a user-defined set, or by random choice, or by using a Sobol algorithm [9] to generate a uniformly distributed quasirandom sequence. The optimisation can also be restarted from a previous population.The critical operators governing GA performance are selection, crossover reproduction, and reproduction by mutation.Four selection operators are provided, all based on the concept of Pareto dominance. They are; (1) Local Geographic Selection; (2) Pareto Tournament Selection; (3) Pareto Tournament Directional Selection; and (4) Local Pareto Selection. The user can choose from these though (4) is recommended for use with either type of crossover, and (2) to generate the proportion of the population which is sent to the next generation unmodified.Most emphasis in FRONTIER is on use of directional crossover, which makes use of detected direction of improvement, and has some parallels with the Nelder & Mead Simplex algorithm. Classical two-point crossover algorithm are also provided.Mutation is carried out when chosen, by randomly selecting a design variable to mutate, then randomly assigning a value from the set of all possibilities.In all cases, GA probabilities can be selected by the user, in place of recommended defaults, if desired. All the algorithm are described in more detail in [10].OPERATIONAL USER CHOICE. Traditional GA’s generate a complete new population of designs from an existing set, at each generation. This can be done in FRONTIER using its MOGA algorithm. An alternative strategy is to use steady state reproduction via a MOGASTD algorithm. In this case, only a few individuals are replaced at each generation. This strategy is more likely to retain best individuals. The FRONTIER algorithm removes any duplicates generated. Population size are under the user’s control. FRONTIER case study work has usually used population from 16 to 64, due to the computational expense of the design evaluations.Classical hill climbers can be chosen by the user not only the refine GA solution. They can be adopted from the start of the optimisation, if the user can formulate his problem suitably, and if he is confident that the condition are appropriate.Returning to the problem of expansive design evaluation, many research have made use of response surface. These interpolate a set of computed design evaluation. The surface can then be used to provide objective functions which are much faster to evaluate. Interpolation of nonlinear functions in many variables, using polynomial or spline functions, becomes rapidly intractable however. FRONTIER provides a response surface option based on use of a neural net, with two nodal planes.Tests have shown this to be an extremely effective strategy when closely combined with the GA to provide a continuous update to the neural net.FITNESS AND CONSTRAINTS HANDLING. The objective values themselves are used as fitness values. Optionally, the user can supply weights to combine these into a single quantity. Constraints are normally used to compute a penalty decrementing the fitness. Alternatively, the combined constraint penalty can be nominated as an extra objective to be minimised.PARALLELISATION OF GA. The multithreading features of Java have been used to parallelise FRONTIER’s GA’s. The same code is usable in a parallel or sequential environment, thus enhancing portability. Multithreading is used to facilitate concurrent design evaluations, with analyses executed in parallel as far as possible, on the user’s available computational resources.DECISION SUPPORT. Even where there are a number of conflicting objectives to consider, we are likely to went to choose only one design. The Pareto boundary set of designs provides candidates for the final choice. In order to proceed further, the designer needs to focus on the comparative importance of the individual objectives. The role of decision support in FRONTIER is to help him to do this, by moving to a single composite objective which combines the original objectives in a way which accurately reflect his preferences.LOCAL UTILITY APPROACH. A wide range of methods has been tried for multiple criteria decision making . The main FRONTIER technique used is the Local Utility Approach (LUTA)[11]. This avoids asking the designer to directly weight the objectives relative to each other (though he can if he wishes), but rather asks him to consider some of the designs which have already been evaluated, and state which he prefers, without needing to give reasons. The algorithm then proceeds in two stages. First it decides if the preferences give are consistent in themselves, and guides the designer to change them if they are not. Then, it proposes a ‘common currency’ objectives measure, termed a utility, this being the sum of a set of piecewise linear utility functions, one for each individual objective. The preference information which the designer has provided can then be stated as a set of inequality relations between the utilities of designs. The algorithm uses the feasible region formed by these constraints to calculate the most typical composite utility function which is consistent with the designer’s preferences.This LUTA technique can be invoked after accumulating a comprehensive set of Pareto boundary designs as a result of a number of optimisation iterations. The advantage of the latter approach is that the focusing of attention on the part of the Pareto boundary which is of most interest can result in considerable computational saving, by avoiding computing information on the whole boundary. In practice so far in FRONTIER, we have generally used the LUTA technique after a set number of design evaluations, after which the utility function for a local hill climber to rapidly refine a solution.4. Object of the study and adopted optimisation procedureThe component investigated is a textile machine guide, for which both mechanical and integrity requirements are prescribed. Such requirements are satisfied, respectively, by reaching proper hardness values and by minimising the porosity content. Furthermore, from the industrial point of view, it is fundamental to maximise the process yield, lowering the feeder size.The chemical composition of the ductile iron is the following :C Si Mn P S Cu Sn Ni Cr Mg3.55 2.770.130.0380.00370.0480.0450.0170.0300.035The liquidus and solidus temperatures are 1155°C and 1120°C respectively. The thermo-physical properties of the material (thermal conductivity, density, specific heat, viscosity) are already implemented into the MAGMASOFT Materials Database.The GA optimisation process was performed starting from a configuration of the casting system which is already the result of the foundry practise optimisation.Only the solidification process was taken into account for the simulation, since it was considered to be more affected by the technological variables selected. Therefore the temperature of the cast at the beginning of the solidification process was set as a constant. Moreover the gating system was neglected in the simulation since its influence on the heat flow involved in the solidification process was thought to be negligible. As a consequence the numerical model considers only the cast, the feeder and the feeder-neck (see Fig. 1, referred to the starting casting system). The adopted mesh was chosen in such a way to balance the accuracy and the calculation time. As a consequence a number of metal cells ranging from 9000 to 12000 (resulting in a total number of cells approximately equal to 200000) was obtained in any analysed model.Five technological variables governing the solidification process have been taken into account and the respective ranges of possible variation were defined:1.temperature of the cast at the beginning of the solidification process , 1300 °C <T init.< 1380°C;2.heat transfer coefficients (HTC) between cast and sand mould , 400 W/m2K <HTC< 1200W/m2K;3.feeder height, 80 mm <H f< 180 mm4.feeder diameter, 30 mm<D f < 80 mm5.section area of the feeder-neck, 175 mm2 <A n< 490 mm2.These variables were considered to be representative of the foundry technology and significant in order to optimise the following design objectives :1.Hardness of the material in a particular portion of the cast2.casting weight (i.e. raw cast + feeder + feeder-neck)3.porosityAim of the analysis was to maximise the hardness and to minimise the total casting weight and the porosity. No constraints were defined for this analysis.Generally speaking, the optimisation procedure should be performed running one MAGMA simulation for each generated individual. That implies the possibility to assign all the input parameters and start the analysis via command files. Similarly the output files should be available in the form of ascii files from which the output parameters can be extracted. However at this stage a complete open interface between MAGMASOFT and Frontier is not still available. As a consequence another solution was adopted. First of all 64 analyses were performed in order to get sufficient information in all the variable domain. After that a interpolation algorithm was used to build a response surface model basing on a Neural Network, “trained” on the available results. It has been verified that the approximation reached is lower than 1% for all the available set of solutions with the exception of one point only where the approximation is slightly lower than 5%. After that the response surface model was used in the next optimisation procedure to calculate the design objectives. In such a way further time-expensive work needed to run one MAGMASOFT interactive session for each simulation was avoided.Concerning the Genetic Algorithm a mix between a classical and directional cross-over was used. The first population was created in a deterministic way.5. Results and discussionThe first optimisation task was done for 4 generations with 16 individuals for each generation. Since a complete simulation required about 20 minutes of CPU time on a workstation HP C200, the total CPU time resulted in about 21 hours and 20 minutes. Figs. 3, 4 and 5 report the obtained solutions. In particular from the tables it can be noted that the hardness values increase as we move from the first to the fourth generation, while the weights decrease. Not the same for the porosity, whose values seems to be less stable to converge towards an optimum solution: in fact the same range between the minimum and the maximum value is maintained both in the first and in the last generation. Moreover Fig. 2 illustrates the strong correlation between the casting weight and the hardness: such correlation is due to the particular geometry of the casting under examination and to the position where the hardness value was determined. Anyway the dependency between these two variables is favourable, the hardness increasing as the casting weight decreases, due to the changed cooling conditions. Figs 3 and 4 show that the other variables are not correlated to each other. From all these three figures it can be noted that the optimisation algorithm tends to calculate a greater number of solutions in a specific area of the design objectives plane, where the optimum solution can be expected to be located.As mentioned before the second optimisation step was performed using an approximation function consisting of three independent Neural Networks (one for each design objective) to fit the results obtained from the first optimisation procedure. Then to explore more extensively the variables domain, an optimisation task was done for 8 generation with 16 individuals for each generation.Figs. 5, 6 and 7 report the obtained solutions. By comparing this set of figures with the corresponding previous one (figs. 2, 3 and 4), it can be noted that the GA could reach better solutions, located at the top-right side area of each diagram. Since the raw casting weight was equal to about 2.5 kg and not influenced by any of the chosen variables, the casting weight resulted to be never lower than about 3 kg.All these design objectives were further processed to obtain the results in the form of Pareto Frontier. The Pareto set is reported in table 1, consisting of 11 non-dominated solutions. A direct comparison among them allowed for identifying three solutions (indicated with number 4, 7 and 8 in table 1) which seemed to reach the best compromise among the three objectives.These solutions were checked by running three MAGMAIron simulations. The comparison between the design objectives as predicted by the response surface model and as calculated by MAGMAIron is reported in table 2. It can be noted that the hardness values are predicted with good approximation by the Neural Network, while the porosity values do not match satisfactorily those calculated by MAGMAIron. Anyway the optimum set of variables (4, 7 and 8) reported in table 1 together with the objectives calculated by MAGMAIron were compared with the set of variables corresponding to the present foundry practise. The results, reported in table 3, suggest to decrease the heat transfer coefficient and the feeder size and to increase the feeder-neck section, in order to reach the objectives. The initial temperature instead is already very near to the optimised value.Finally Fig. 8 compares the sizes of the feeders and highlights the bigger feeder now adopted with respect to that of the optimised solution.6. ConclusionsFrontier was applied to MAGMASOFT code enabling the numerical simulation of mould filling and solidification of castings. On the other hand till now it was not possible to interface Frontier with MAGMASOFT since this software does not accept command files to input design parameters. As a consequence an initial optimisation procedure running MOGA for 4 generations with 16 individuals for each generation was performed and a Neural Network was built through the available design objectives. A second optimisation task running Frontier for 8 generations with 16 individuals for each generation was performed. Some design objectives belonging to the Pareto setwere then checked running MAGMASOFT simulations. The following conclusions could be drawn :•In this application the hardness could be increased from 207 HB up to 220 HB and the casting weight reduced from 4.53 kg to 3.11 kg with a slight increase in porosity from 1.27% to 1.80%.•The approximation that could be reached with the Neural Network is probably limited by the small number of available “training points” considering that five design variables were treated. Infact one of the three design objectives was not predicted satisfactorily, as compared with the solution obtained by MAGMASOFT.References[1]M.C. Flemings: "Solidification Processing", Mc Graw Hill, New York (1974).[2]ASM Metals Handbook, 9th ed., vol. 15: Casting (1988), ASM - Metals Park, Ohio.[3]P.R. Sahm, P.N. Hansen: "Numerical simulation and modelling of casting and solidificationprocesses for foundry and cast-house", CIATF (1984)[4] D.M. Stefanescu: "Critical review of the second generation of solidification models forcastings: macro transport - transformation kinetics codes", Proc. Conf. "Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 3-20.[5]T. Overfelt: "The manufacturing significance of solidification modeling", Journal of Metals, 6(1992), pp 17-20.[6]T. Overfelt: “Sensitivity of a steel plate solidification model to uncertainties inthermophysical properties”, Proc. Conf. "Modelling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes - VI", 663-670.[7] F. Bonollo, N. Gramegna: "L'applicazione delle proprietà termofisiche dei materiali nei codicidi simulazione numerica dei processi di fonderia", Proc. Conf. "La misura delle grandezze fisiche" (1997), Faenza, pp 285-299.[8]MAGMAIron User Manual[9] C.Poloni, V.Pediroda "GA Coupled with Computationally Expensive Simulations: Tool toImprove Efficiency" in "Genetic Algorithms and Evolution Strategies in Engineering and Computer Science", J.Wiley and Sons 1998[10]Paul Bratley and Bennett L. Fox, Algorithm 659, “Implementing Sobol’s QuasirandomSequence Generator”, 88-100, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, vol.14,No. 1, March 1988.[11]Pratyush Sen, Jian Bo Yang, “Multiple-criteria Decision-making in Design Selection andSynthesis”, 207-230, Journal of Engineering Design,vol.6 No. 3, 1995[12]I.L. Svensson, E. Lumback: "Computer simulation of the solidification of castings", Proc.Conf. "State of the art of computer simulation of casting and solidification processes", Strasbourg (1986), pp 57-64.[13]I.L. Svensson, M. Wessen, A. Gonzales: "Modelling of structure and hardness in nodular castiron castings at different silicon contents", Proc. Conf. "Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 29-36.[14] E. Fras, W. Kapturkiewicz, A.A. Burbielko: "Computer modeling of fine graphite eutecticgrain formation in the casting central part", Proc. Conf. "Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 261-268.[15] D.M. Stefanescu, G. Uphadhya, D. Bandyopadhyay: "Heat transfer-solidification kineticsmodeling of solidification of castings", Metallurgical Transactions, 21A (1990), pp 997-1005.[16]H. Tian, D.M. Stefanescu: "Experimental evaluation of some solidification kinetics-relatedmaterial parameters required in modeling of solidification of Fe-C-Si alloys", Proc. Conf."Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 639-646.[17]S. Viswanathan, V.K. Sikka, H.D. Brody: "The application of quality criteria for theprediction of porosity in the design of casting processes", Proc. Conf. "Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 285-292.[18]S. Viswanathan: "Industrial applications of solidification technology", Journal of Metals, 3(1996), p 19.[19] F. Bonollo, S. Odorizzi: "Casting on the screen - Simulation as a casting tool", Benchmark, 2(1998), pp 26-29.[20] F. Bonollo, N. Gramegna, L. Kallien, D. Lees, J. Young: "Simulazione dei processi difonderia e ottimizzazione dei getti: due casi applicativi", Proc. XIV Assofond Conf. (1996), Baveno.[21] F. Bonollo, N. Gramegna, S. Odorizzi: "Modellizzazione di processi di fonderia", Fonderia,11/12 (1997), pp 50-54.[22] F.J. Bradley, T.M. Adams, R. Gadh, A.K. Mirle: "On the development of a model-basedknowledge system for casting design", Proc. Conf. "Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 161-168.[23]G. Upadhya, A.J. Paul, J.L. Hill: "Optimal design of gating & risering for casting: anintegrated approach using empirical heuristics and geometrical analysis", Proc. Conf."Modeling of Casting, Welding and Advanced Solidification Processes VI", TMS (1993), pp 135-142.[24]T.E. Morthland, P.E. Byrne, D.A. Tortorelli, J.A. Dantzig: "Optimal riser design for metalcastings", Metallurgical Transactions, 26B (1995), pp 871-885.[25]N. Gramegna: "Colata a gravità in ghisa sferoidale", Engin Soft Trading Internal Report(1996)MATERIALSData-baseadopted mesh for the cast and the feeder-7.66-6.128-4.596-3.064-1.532198.3202.62206.94211.26215.58219.9Hardness Brinell C a s t i n g w e i g ht -6,29-5,032-3,774-2,516-1,2580198,3202,62206,94211,26215,58219,9Hardness BrinellP o r o s i ty -6.29-5.032-3.774-2.516-1.258-7.66-6.128-4.596-3.064-1.5320Casting weightP o r o s i t y Figs. 2,3 and 4 : solutions in the design objectives space obtained using MAGMASOFT software.VARIABLESDESIGN OBJECTIVES N°T init .(°C)HTC (W/m 2úK)H feeder (mm)D feeder (mm)A neck (mm 2)Hardness Brinell casting weight (kg)porosity (%)1130012008630194217 2.90 4.60213808119736289215 3.340.873134110378732276218 3.17 2.354135246010533400218 3.380.70513719408030176219 3.09 3.756133512008531225216 3.01 3.93713654008932341220 3.640.778133640011231400219 3.470.43913628148431315217 3.11 2.7810134610098932278219 3.18 2.6011133510598531225217 3.10 1.90Table 1: Pareto Set extracted from the 128 available solutions obtained with the Neural Network。
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MAGMASOFT®Version 4.4MAGMAviewerViewing Presentations of MAGMASOFT®Simulation ResultsManual2MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALThis manual supports MAGMASOFT® 4.4. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written consent of MAGMA GmbH.The use of the software described herein is restricted by a license agreement between MAGMA GmbH and the licensee.MAGMA and MAGMASOFT®, MAGMAiron, MAGMAdisa, MAGMAwheel, MAGMAhpdc and sim-ilar names are registered trademarks of MAGMA GmbH. The trademarks of all other products in this document are claimed as the trademarks of their respective owners.The information in this document is subject to change without notice.The information in this publication is believed to be accurate in all aspects; however, MAGMA does not assume responsibility for any consequential damages resulting from its use. The infor-mation contained herein is subject to change. Such changes may be incorporated through revi-sions and / or new editions.© Copyright 2006MAGMA G IESSEREITECHNOLOGIE G MB HK ACKERTSTRASSE 11D-52072 A ACHENG ERMANYT EL.: +49 / 241 / 88 90 1- 0F AX: +49 / 241 / 88 90 1- 60I NTERNET: E-MAIL: MAIL@MAGMASOFT.DET ABLE OF C ONTENTS3 Table of Contents1Introduction (5)1.1What is MAGMAviewer (5)2Licensing Procedure (7)3User Interface (11)3.1Short Overview – First Steps (11)3.2Importing a Presentation (12)3.3Functions – Overview (20)3.3.1General Handling (20)3.3.2Slide and Tree Navigation (20)3.3.3Files (21)3.3.4Windows (21)3.3.5Views (22)3.3.63-D Tools (22)3.4Example for a Presentation Tree (23)3.5Models and Animations (24)3.6Running Animations and/or Image Sequences (24)4Table of Figures (27)4MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALC H. 1: I NTRODUCTION5 1Introduction1.1What is MAGMAviewerMAGMAviewer is a free software tool that allows running a presentation of MAGMASOFT® results quickly and easily within companies as well as with customers, suppliers, and designers. MAG-MAviewer enables the presentation of results composed with the MAGMAcomposer.A presentation created with MAGMAcomposer can only be displayed in MAGMAviewer after the data has been exported from MAGMAcomposer and packed into a MPZ file. You must then import this file into the MAGMAviewer.In the following, the term "presentation" is applied to a sequence of any number of MAGMASOFT®result images and further objects that have been generated from simulation results and composed to the presentation within the MAGMAcomposer. Usually, such a presentation is a collection of 3-D and 2-D results, 3-D and 2-D animations, and text elements.The file formats that are used by MAGMAviewer/MAGMAcomposer for storing and further pro-cessing of presentations are proprietary formats. This means that they can be used within MAG-MAviewer/MAGMAcomposer and MAGMASOFT® only, but not in any other presentation software.A full explanation of how a presentation is created is supplied in the MAGMAcomposer 4.4 Man-ual.6MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALC H. 2: L ICENSING P ROCEDURE7 2Licensing ProcedureWhen you open the MAGMAviewer program for the first time, you will be prompted to enter the license information – normally sent by E-mail after submitting the download request on the MAG-MASOFT® website (Fig. 2-1 and Fig. 2-2).Fig. 2-1: Viewer licensing window8MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALFig. 2-2: Viewer licensing window and license informationIf your licensing procedure fails, an error message appears and MAGMAviewer will terminate (Fig. 2-3 and Fig. 2-4).C H. 2: L ICENSING P ROCEDURE9Fig. 2-3: Viewer licensing window after invalid licensing procedureFig. 2-4: Licensing procedure failedThe main interface of the MAGMAviewer opens if your license information was correct (Î Fig. 3-1, page 11).10MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUAL3User Interface3.1Short Overview – First StepsAfter the MAGMAviewer has been opened, the main interface of MAGMAviewer appears (Fig. 3-1).Fig. 3-1: Main MAGMAviewer window (no presentation started)In order to display a presentation (that has been created with MAGMAcomposer) in the MAGMA-viewer software, the data has to be imported first of all, i.e. all necessary data and files have to beunpacked (similar to extracting ZIP files) and saved to the hard disc. Once the presentation has been imported (a presentation file in MP format is available on your disc), it can simply be opened.ÖTo open a presentation, click on the folder symbol or choose 'File' Î 'Open'. The main inter-face of MAGMAviewer appears like in Î Fig. 3-9, page 18.3.2Importing a PresentationÖTo import a presentation: Choose 'File' Î 'Import' or click on the Import symbol.ÖThe MAGMAviewer Import Wizard opens. In the following, you find all wizard windows with explanations.Fig. 3-2: Importing a presentation, step 1Fig. 3-3: Importing a presentation, step 2ÖChoose the presentation that you want to import (Fig. 3-3).Fig. 3-4: Importing a presentation, step 3A short summary appears that includes the directory and the file name (Fig. 3-5).Fig. 3-5: Importing a presentation, step 4If the chosen directory for the import already exists, "Next>" in Fig. 3-5 is not active, and the fol-lowing error message appears:Fig. 3-6: Error message during importÖIf you get this error message, confirm with "OK". The window in Fig. 3-5 appears. Click on "<Back", change the directory and proceed as described to continue with the import. Other-wise click on "Cancel" to cancel the import process.Fig. 3-7: Importing a presentation, step 5ÖAfter you have clicked on "Next>" in Fig. 3-5, the program unpacks all necessary data and files (Fig. 3-7).Fig. 3-8: Importing a presentation, step 6ÖClick on "Finish" to finish the Import Wizard. If you activate "Open Presentation <name>.mp"(default setting), the imported presentation will be opened immediately (Fig. 3-9).Fig. 3-9: MAGMAviewer main window with opened presentation (title slide)Fig. 3-10: MAGMAviewer main window with opened presentation (image slide)The elements and their contents of the main interface are as follows:Main window Display of entered text and/or selected graphical objectsMenu bar Pull-down menus with the MAGMAviewer functionsTool bar Buttons for quick access to the MAGMAviewer functionsPresentation tree Hierarchical structure of the components of the presentation (chapters)and their individual slides. Use the plus and minus signs to unfold andminimize the tree.3.3Functions – Overview3.3.1General HandlingThe functions of MAGMAviewer are available via the following access modes. You can often choose from several access modes (e.g. choose the menu entry or the quick access button for the desired function).•Menu entries •Buttons •Key shortcuts •Pop-up menus (right mouse button)3.3.2Slide and Tree NavigationThe arrows located in the status bar to the left and right of the slide title have the following actions assigned (starting from the left):•Change to the first slide of the presentation and display of its contents •Change to the previous slide and display of its contents •Change to the next slide and display of its contents •Change to the last slide and display of its contents Status bar Information on the presentation, active slide, navigation tools (Î Ch.3.3.2, page 20, Î Ch. 3.6, page 24)!Not all access modes are always explained in this manual. Quite often, it is referred toone mode only.C H . 3: U SER I NTERFACE 213.3.3FilesFunctions of the buttons (from the left to the right, including "tool tip" and corresponding menu en-try):3.3.4Windows•Open presentation (Ctrl+O)'File' Î 'Open'Opens an existing presentation •Import'File' Î 'Import'Imports a presentation •Sidebar left'Window' Î 'Sidebar left'Shows presentation tree on the left of the main window •Sidebar right'Window' Î 'Sidebar right'Shows presentation tree on the right of the main window •No sidebar'Window' Î 'No sidebar'No presentation tree is shown22MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUAL3.3.5ViewsThese functions are available for models and animations only.3.3.63-D ToolsThese functions are available for models and animations only.With these functions, you assign certain actions to the mouse:•Show an isometric view (F5)'Window' Î 'Sidebar left'Shows model/animation in isometric view •Show a top view (F6)'Window' Î 'Sidebar right'Shows model/animation from above •Show a front view (F7)'Window' Î 'No sidebar'Shows model/animation from the front •Show a right view (F8)'Tools' Î 'View / Right'Shows model/animation from the right•No actions 'Tools' Î '3D' Î 'No actions'(No action)•Activate rotate 'Tools' Î '3D' Î 'Rotate'Rotates view by clicking and dragging the mouse •Activate panning 'Tools' Î '3D' Î 'Translate'Pans (moves) view by clicking and dragging the mouse •Activate zoom 'Tools' Î '3D' Î 'Zoom'Zooms view by clicking and dragging the mouse •Zoom to fit all'Tools' Î '3D' Î 'Fit all'Zooms view to fit the main windowC H. 3: U SER I NTERFACE233.4Example for a Presentation TreeFig. 3-11 shows a sample presentation tree.Fig. 3-11: Presentation treeAs you can see, each slide has an individual symbol assigned in the presentation tree. There are slides containing text only (title slide or text slide), slides containing graphical objects only, and slides containing both. Furthermore, each of the various graphical objects has an individual sym-bol allocated to allow an easy distinction (Fig. 3-12).24MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALFig. 3-12: Icons of various graphical objectsFurther details about the different objects can be found in Ch. 3.1, page 19 of the MAGMAcom-poser 4.4 Manual.3.5Models and AnimationsGenerally speaking, each model corresponds to an image, and each animation corresponds to a sequence. Images and sequences can "only" be displayed or run within MAGMAviewer, but not edited any further. Models, on the other hand, are equipped with additional internal information and can be processed with the View and 3D functions that are explained in Î Ch. 3.3.5, page 22 and Î Ch. 3.3.6, page 22. The same holds true for animations. This means that – like in the post-processor of MAGMASOFT® – you can e.g. freely choose the view, angle, and any zooming area as you wish.3.6Running Animations and/or Image SequencesFig. 3-13: Status bar for animations and/or image sequencesFig. 3-13 shows the status bar for slides containing animations and/or image sequences. You can use the slider to select individual results within the animation / image sequence.If you want to run the animation, proceed as follows:C H. 3: U SER I NTERFACE25•Click on the arrow on the left. The images of the animations and/or image sequences areplayed, and the slider moves from the left to the right with those time steps that you have de-fined via the input field on the right. Whilst the animation is running, a pause button appears instead of the arrow.•If you want the animation or the image sequence to be paused, click on the pause button.Whilst the animation is paused, the play arrow appears instead of the pause button. If you click on the arrow, the animation continues.•If you want to stop the animation, click the rectangle placed next to the arrow. If you click on the arrow again, the animation will start from the beginning.•If you want to repeat the animation in an infinitive loop, activate 'Loop' (click on the checkbox, the box must be ticked). If you want to deactivate the loop, untick the box.•You can define the time steps between the images of the animation (in milliseconds) via the small arrows or the input field on the right of the bar. If you choose 'Auto' (like in Fig. 3-13), the animation runs as fast as the capacity of your computer allows.•If you run an animation that is based on models ('Animation' entry in the result browser), you can edit all images during the animation with the View and 3D functions, e.g. rotate, pan, and zoom.26MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUALC H. 4: T ABLE OF F IGURES27 4Table of FiguresFig. 2-1: Viewer licensing window (7)Fig. 2-2: Viewer licensing window and license information (8)Fig. 2-3: Viewer licensing window after invalid licensing procedure (9)Fig. 2-4: Licensing procedure failed (9)Fig. 3-1: Main MAGMAviewer window (no presentation started) (11)Fig. 3-2: Importing a presentation, step 1 (12)Fig. 3-3: Importing a presentation, step 2 (13)Fig. 3-4: Importing a presentation, step 3 (14)Fig. 3-5: Importing a presentation, step 4 (15)Fig. 3-6: Error message during import (15)Fig. 3-7: Importing a presentation, step 5 (16)Fig. 3-8: Importing a presentation, step 6 (17)Fig. 3-9: MAGMAviewer main window with opened presentation (title slide) (18)Fig. 3-10: MAGMAviewer main window with opened presentation (image slide) (19)Fig. 3-11: Presentation tree (23)Fig. 3-12: Icons of various graphical objects (24)Fig. 3-13: Status bar for animations and/or image sequences (24)28MAGMA VIEWER 4.4 M ANUAL Notes。
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2.2 Alloy Composition
The composition of the alloy should be such that the alloying elements form a dilute solution in the iron melt. The total amount of alloying elements should not exceed a few percent. The content of carbon and silicon should be within the normal composition range for most cast iron alloys. Tab. 2-1 shows the recommended composition range (combined amount of elements marked 'x' should not exceed 2%). Element Recommended composition range % C Mg Si P S 3 to 4.3 0 to 0.05 1.5 to 4 0 to 0.2 0 to 0.1
4 Summary - What to Do
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Data Specific to Iron Casting Project Definition Geometry Modeling Simulation Setup Presentation of Results Additional Information
file://C:\magma\v4.4\lib\help\online\en\MAGMAsoft\iron.html
通用公司“铸铁过程文件”第四版
3
GLOBAL PROCESS
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
GM Iron Castings
Introduction This Process Document contains specific details on the following items: 1. Manufacturing Related Requirements for Quote 2. Basic Process & Tooling Design 3. Casting Process Flow 4. Production Readiness (Pre-Production) See Appendix C in the RFQ package for additional product related requirements including simultaneous engineering related items. RFQ C
B. The casting supplier is expected to provide an estimate of quality performance (parts per million (PPM)) with their quote. It is to include the impact of applying the visual porosity standards and leak testing after machining using the specifications defined in the Product SOR. . SOR C. The supplier will also be expected to provide the GMPT Product Development Team (PDT) with periodic internal scrap, and PPM updates as the process validation work progresses. PPM D. The Supplier must follow the requirements in this Process Document and the Global Supplier Quality Manual GM1927. GM1927
【初中地理】地理词汇英语翻译(M开头)
【初中地理】地理词汇英语翻译(M开头) maar低平火山口macedonite方假象橄玄岩maceration冲泡machineproof开印样macroaggregate小团圆体macroclimate大气候macroclimatology小气候学macrometeorology大气象学macromolecule大分子macrophage巨噬细胞macrophyte大型植物macroplankton大型浮游生物macroporosity小孔隙度macrorelief大区地形macrotherm高温植物maelstrom大涡流mafite镁铁矿物magazine暗匣magentacontactscreen品红接触网目片maghemite磁赤铁矿magma岩浆magmachamber岩浆储源magmareservoir岩浆储源magmaticassimilation岩浆同化酌magmaticdifferentiation岩浆分异酌 magmaticevolution岩桨进化magmaticmigration岩浆搬迁magmaticrock岩浆岩magmaticsegregation岩浆分结酌magmaticwater岩浆水magmatism岩浆酌magnesianlimestone含镁石灰岩magnesianskarn镁质夕卡magnesioferrite镁铁矿magnesite菱镁矿magnesitedeposit菱镁矿床magnesium镁magneticaction磁酌magneticamplifier磁放大器magneticanisotropy磁力蛤异性magneticanomaly地磁异常magneticattraction磁吸引力magneticaxis磁轴magneticazimuth磁方位角magneticbearing磁方位magneticchart磁力线图magneticcourse磁针方向magneticdatacarrier磁数据载体magneticdeclination磁偏角magneticdeclinationdiagram磁偏角略图 magneticdeflection杨氏模量偏移magneticdeviation磁力差magneticdomain磁畴magneticequator地磁赤道magneticfield磁场magneticflux磁通量magnetichysteresis电导magneticleakage磁漏magneticmeridian磁子午线magneticmoment磁矩magneticneedle磁针magneticnorth磁北magneticobservatory地磁台magneticorientation磁针定向magneticpermeability导磁系数magneticpolarity磁极性magneticpolarization磁极化magneticpole磁极magneticpotential磁位magneticprospecting磁法勘探magneticrecording磁记录magneticspinquantumnumber磁自旋量子数 magneticstorm磁暴magneticstratigraphy古地磁地层学 magneticsurvey地磁测量magneticsusceptibility磁化率magnetictapedrive磁带机magnetictapeunit磁带机magnetictheodolite罗盘经纬仪magneticvariation磁变magnetite磁铁矿magnetizationofrocks岩石磁化magnetizingforce磁化力magnetograph地磁记录仪magnetometer磁力计magnetomotiveforce磁通势magnetosphere磁圈magnificationfactor放大倍数magnifier放大镜magnifyingglassonastand分划放大镜 magnitudeofearthquake地震强度maindivide种水岭mainelement知素mainfault窒层mainfold洲皱maingroupelement皱元素malachite孔雀石malariaplasmodium三日疟原虫malleability展性malnutrition营养不足mammalia哺乳纲mammals哺乳纲mammatuscloud乳房状云mammoth猛犸象manandbiosphereprogram人与生物圈计划maninducedclimaticchange人为气候变化manmadedeposits人工堆积物manmadegeologichazard人为地质灾害manmadepollution人为污染manmadepollutionsources人为污染源manmadescreen人工遮障manmadesoil人为土壤managementinformationsystem信息管理系统 manganapatite锰磷灰石manganblende硫锰矿mangandolomite锰白云石manganese锰manganesebacteria锰细菌manganeseconcretion锰结核manganesedeposit锰矿床manganesenodules锰结核manganesepollution锰污染manganite水锰矿manganocalcite锰方解石manganosite方锰矿mangrove红手mangrovemarsh红手沼泽mangrovesoil红手沼泽土mangroveswamp红视泽manipulation操作mannagrassmeadow辣茅草甸mannedspacecraft载人飞船manner方法manometer压力计mantle地幔mantleofglacialdrift冰碛物覆盖mantlerock风化层manualhillshading手工晕渲法manualtrackingdigitizer手扶追踪数字化仪manure肥料manuredfallow浇水消闲manuring施肥manuscriptrecordofatopographicsurvey地形测量原图 map地图mapaccuracy地图精度mapanalysis地图分析maparrangement地图布局mapassemblage地图拼贴mapbibliography地图目录mapcataloguing地图编目mapcharacterizedbyformoffunction合成地图 mapcollection地图收集mapcontent地图内容mapcorrection地图审校mapdatabase地图数据库mapdesign地图设计mapediting地图编辑mapelectrostaticreproduction地图静电复印 mapelements地图要素mapengraving刻图maperror地图误差mapexhibition地图展览mapextract地图片断mapface图幅面积mapfeatures地图要素mapfolding地图折叠mapforvisualeffect表明特定对象图mapformat图幅尺寸mapinset地图插画mapinterlinking接图mapinterpretation读图mapintobook插图mapissue地图发售mapmargin图廓mapmatchingguidance地图匹配制导mapmeasurement地图量算mapmeasurer测距仪mapnomenclature地图编号mapofmineraldeposits矿产图mapofprimitivedata完整材料图mapofwalkers徒步旅游图mapoverlay分色透眉mappaper地图纸mapprinting地图印刷mapprintingcolors地图印刷颜色mapproduction地图生产mapprojection地图投影mapprojectiondistortion地图投影变形mapprojectiontransformation地图投影变换mapproofchecking地图校对mappublishinghouse地图出版社mapreading读图mapreliability地图可靠性maprepresentingcartometricmeasurements地图量制图 mapreproduction地图制印maprevision地图更新maproom地图资料室mapsections地图片断mapseries地图系列mapset接图表mapsheet地图图幅mapspecification地图设计书mapstorage地图看管mapstyle地图类型mapsubject制图对象mapsubtitle副图名mapsymbol地图符号maptitle图幅标题maptitleinbibliographies目录的地图名称maptrimming地图切齐maptype地图种类mapwithfluorescentcolouring荧光地图mapleforest槭村林mappingagency制图部门mappingcontrolsurvey图根测量mappingfromremotesensingimage遥感图象制图 mappingoflandscapes景观制图maquis马魁群落marble大理石marbleization大理岩化marcasite白铁矿march三月mareograph自记湖汐计margaliticsoils热带火山灰土marginaldistribution边缘原产marginalgeosyncline副地槽marginalinformation图廓资料marginaljoint边缘节理marginalschistosity边缘片理marginalsea边缘海marginalzone边缘拎marinealgae海藻类marinebacterium海洋细菌marinebiology海洋生物学marinecharting海图制图marinecharts海图marineclimate海洋气候marineclimatology海洋气候学marinedeposit海洋沉积marineenvironment海洋环境marineerosion海蚀marinefacies海相marinefronts海洋锋marinegeochemicalprospecting海洋地球化学探矿 marinehumus海成腐殖质marineironmanganesedeposit海洋铁锰矿床marinemarsh海滨湿地marinemeteorology海洋气象学marinemicroorganism海洋微生物marinepeneplain海蚀准平原marinepollution海洋污染marineproducts海产物marinesediment海洋沉积marinesoil海成土marineterrace海阶marinetransport海运marinetransportation海运maritimeairmass海洋气团maritimepinescale海岸松干蚧maritimepolarairmass极地海洋气团mark测标marking标注marksofdirectvegetationinterpretation植被直接判读标志 markstone标石marl泥灰岩marlysoil泥灰质土壤marsh湿地marshbordersoil沼泽边缘土壤marshgas沼气marshpeat沼泽泥炭marshyironmanganesedeposit沼泽铁锰矿床 marshywasteland沼泽荒地mask蒙版masking蒙片法masonrydam石坝massactionlaw质量酌定律masscurve积累曲线massflowmeter质量量计massgrowth生长量massmovement块体运动massnumber质量数massselection混合选种massseparation质量拆分massseparator质量分离器massspectrograph质谱仪massspectrographicmethod质谱法massspectrometer质谱分析器质谱仪massspectrometry质谱术massspectrum质谱masstransfer质量传递massif地块massivecoal块煤massiveoredeposit块状矿床massivestructure整块结构地理网存有最全面的地理知识，热烈欢迎大家稳步写作自学。
Photoshop 常用术语的英文翻译
最佳答案Photoshop 常用术语的英文翻译一、File－（文件）1.New－（新建）2.Open－（打开）3.Open As－（打开为）4.Open Recent－（最近打开文件）5.Close－（关闭）6.Save－（存储）7.Save As－（存储为）8.Save for Web－（存储为Web所用格式）9.Revert－（恢复）10.Place－（置入）11.Import－（输入）－（1）PDF Image－（2）Annotations－（注释）12.Export－（输出）13.Manage Workflow－（管理工作流程）－（1）Check In－（登记）－（2）Undo Check Out－（还原注销）－（3）Upload To Server－（上载到服务器）－（4）Add To Workflow－（添加到工作流程）－（5）Open From Workflow－（从工作流程打开）14.Automate－（自动）－（1）Batch－（批处理）－（2）Create Droplet－（创建快捷批处理）－（3）Conditional Mode Change－（条件模式更改）－（4）Contact Sheet－（联系表）－（5）Fix Image－（限制图像）－（6）Multi－（7）Picture package－（图片包）－（8）Web Photo Gallery15.File Info－（文件简介）16.Print Options－（打印选项）17.Page Setup－（页面设置）18.Print－（打印）19.Jump to－（跳转到）20.Exit－（退出）二、Edit－（编辑）1.Undo－（还原）2.Step Forward－（向前）3.Step Backward－（返回）4.Fade－（消退）5.Cut－（剪切）6.Copy－（拷贝）7.Copy Merged－（合并拷贝）8.Paste－（粘贴）9.Paste Into－（粘贴入）10.Clear－（清除）11.Fill－（填充）12.Stroke－（描边）13.Free Transform－（自由变形）14.Transform－（变换）－（1）Again－（再次）－（2）Sacle－（缩放）－（3）Rotate－（旋转）－（4）Skew－（斜切）－（5）Distort－（扭曲）－（6）Prespective－（透视）－（7）Rotate 180°－（旋转180度）－（8）Rotate 90°CW－（顺时针旋转90度）－（9）Rotate 90°CCW－（逆时针旋转90度）－（10）Flip Hpeizontal－（水平翻转）－（11）Flip Vertical－（垂直翻转）15.Define Brush－（定义画笔）16.Define Pattern－（设置图案）17.Define Custom Shape－（定义自定形状）18.Purge－（清除内存数据）－（1）Undo－（还原）－（2）Clipboard－（剪贴板）－（3）Histories－（历史纪录）－（4）All－（全部）19.Color Settings－（颜色设置）20.Preset Manager－（预置管理器）21.Preferences－（预设）－（1）General－（常规）－（2）Saving Files－（存储文件）－（3）Display ＆Cursors－（显示与光标）－（4）Transparency ＆Gamut－（透明区域与色域）－（5）Units ＆Rulers－（单位与标尺）－（6）Guides ＆Grid－（参考线与网格）－（7）Plug－（8）Memory ＆Image Cache－（内存和图像高速缓存）－（9）Adobe Online－（10）Workflows Options－（工作流程选项）三、Image－（图像）1.Mode－（模式）－（1）Bitmap－（位图）－（2）Grayscale－（灰度）－（3）Duotone－（双色调）－（4）Indexed Color－（索引色）－（5）RGB Color－（6）CMYK Color－（7）Lab Color－（8）Multichannel－（多通道）－（9）8 Bits/Channel－（8位通道）－（10）16 Bits/Channel－（16位通道）－（11）Color Table－（颜色表）－（12）Assing Profile－（制定配置文件）－（13）Convert to Profile－（转换为配置文件）2.Adjust－（调整）－（1）Levels－（色阶））－（2）Auto Laves－（自动色阶）－（3）Auto Contrast－（自动对比度）－（4）Curves－（曲线））－（5）Color Balance－（色彩平衡）－（6）Brightness/Contrast－（亮度/对比度）－（7）Hue/Saturation－（色相/饱和度）－（8）Desaturate－（去色）－（9）Replace Color－（替换颜色）－（10）Selective Color－（可选颜色）－（11）Channel Mixer－（通道混合器）－（12）Gradient Map－（渐变映射）－（13）Invert－（反相）－（14）Equalize－（色彩均化）－（15）Threshold－（阈值）－（16）Posterize－（色调分离）－（17）Variations－（变化）3.Duplicate－（复制）4.Apply Image－（应用图像）5.Calculations－（计算）6.Image Size－（图像大小）7.Canvas Size－（画布大小）8.Rotate Canvas－（旋转画布）－（1）180°－（180度）－（2）90°CW－（顺时针90度）－（3）90°CCW－（逆时针90度）－（4）Arbitrary－（任意角度）－（5）Flip Horizontal－（水平翻转）－（6）Flip Vertical－（垂直翻转）9.Crop－（裁切）10.Trim－（修整）11.Reverl All－（显示全部）12.Histogram－（直方图）13.Trap－（陷印）14.Extract－（抽出）15.Liquify－（液化）四、Layer－（图层）1.New－（新建）－（1）Layer－（图层）－（2）Background From Layer－（背景图层）－（3）Layer Set－（图层组）－（4）Layer Set From Linked－（图层组来自链接的）－（5）Layer via Copy－（通过拷贝的图层）－（6）Layer via Cut－（通过剪切的图层）2.Duplicate Layer－（复制图层）3.Delete Layer－（删除图层）yer Properties－（图层属性）yer Style－（图层样式）－（1）Blending Options－（混合选项）－（2）Drop Shadow－（投影）－（3）Inner Shadow－（内阴影）－（4）Outer Glow－（外发光）－（5）Inner Glow－（内发光）－（6）Bevel and Emboss－（斜面和浮雕）－（7）Satin－（光泽）－（8）Color Overlay－（颜色叠加）－（9）Gradient Overlay－（渐变叠加）－（10）Pattern Overlay－（图案叠加）－（11）Stroke－（描边）－（12）Copy Layer Effects－（拷贝图层样式）－（13）Paste Layer Effects－（粘贴图层样式）－（14）Paste Layer Effects To Linked－（将图层样式粘贴的链接的）－（15）Clear Layer Effects－（清除图层样式）－（16）Global Light－（全局光）－（17）Create Layer－（创建图层）－（18）Hide All Effects－（显示/隐藏全部效果）－（19）Scale Effects－（缩放效果）blend mode 混合模式6.New Fill Layer－（新填充图层）－（1）Solid Color－（纯色）－（2）Gradient－（渐变）－（3）Pattern－（图案）7.New Adjustment Layer－（新调整图层）－（1）Levels－（色阶）－（2）Curves－（曲线）－（3）Color Balance－（色彩平衡）－（4）Brightness/Contrast－（亮度/对比度）－（5）Hue/Saturation－（色相/饱和度）－（6）Selective Color－（可选颜色）－（7）Channel Mixer－（通道混合器）－（8）Gradient Map－（渐变映射）－（9）Invert－（反相）－（10）Threshold－（阈值）－（11）Posterize－（色调分离）8.Change Layer Content－（更改图层内容）yer Content Options－（图层内容选项）10.Type－（文字）－（1）Create Work Path－（创建工作路径）－（2）Convert to Shape－（转变为形状）－（3）Horizontal－（水平）－（4）Vertical－（垂直）－（5）Anti-Alias None－（消除锯齿无）－（6）Anti-Alias Crisp－（消除锯齿明晰）－（7）Anti-Alias Strong－（消除锯齿强）－（8）Anti-Alias Smooth－（消除锯齿平滑）－（9）Covert To Paragraph Text－（转换为段落文字）－（10）Warp Text－（文字变形）－（11）Update All Text Layers－（更新所有文本图层）－（12）Replace All Missing Fonts－（替换所以缺欠文字）11.Rasterize－（栅格化）－（1）Type－（文字）－（2）Shape－（形状）－（3）Fill Content－（填充内容）－（4）Layer Clipping Path－（图层剪贴路径）－（5）Layer－（图层）－（6）Linked Layers－（链接图层）－（7）All Layers－（所以图层）12.New Layer Based Slice－（基于图层的切片）13.Add Layer Mask－（添加图层蒙板）－（1）Reveal All－（显示全部）－（2）Hide All－（隐藏全部）－（3）Reveal Selection－（显示选区）－（4）Hide Selection－（隐藏选区）14.Enable Layer Mask－（启用图层蒙板）15.Add Layer Clipping Path－（添加图层剪切路径）－（1）Reveal All－（显示全部）－（2）Hide All－（隐藏全部）－（3）Current Path－（当前路径）16.Enable Layer Clipping Path－（启用图层剪切路径）17.Group Linked－（于前一图层编组）18.UnGroup－（取消编组）19.Arrange－（排列）－（1）Bring to Front－（置为顶层）－（2）Bring Forward－（前移一层）－（3）Send Backward－（后移一层）－（4）Send to Back－（置为底层）20.Arrange Linked－（对齐链接图层）－（1）Top Edges－（顶边）－（2）Vertical Center－（垂直居中）－（3）Bottom Edges－（底边）－（4）Left Edges－（左边）－（5）Horizontal Center－（水平居中）－（6）Right Edges－（右边）21.Distribute Linked－（分布链接的）－（1）Top Edges－（顶边）－（2）Vertical Center－（垂直居中）－（3）Bottom Edges－（底边）－（4）Left Edges－（左边）－（5）Horizontal Center－（水平居中）－（6）Right Edges－（右边）22.Lock All Linked Layers－（锁定所有链接图层）23.Merge Linked－（合并链接图层）24.Merge Visible－（合并可见图层）25.Flatten Image－（合并图层）26.Matting－（修边）－（1）Define－（去边）－（2）Remove Black Matte－（移去黑色杂边）－（3）Remove White Matte－（移去白色杂边）五、Selection－（选择）1.All－（全部）2.Deselect－（取消选择）3.Reselect－（重新选择）4.Inverse－（反选）5.Color Range－（色彩范围）6.Feather－（羽化）7.Modify－（修改）－（1）Border－（扩边）－（2）Smooth－（平滑）－（3）Expand－（扩展）－（4）Contract－（收缩）8.Grow－（扩大选区）9.Similar－（选区相似）10.Transform Selection－（变换选区）11.Load Selection－（载入选区）12.Save Selection－（存储选区）六、Filter－（滤镜）st Filter－（上次滤镜操作）2.Artistic－（艺术效果）－（1）Colored Pencil－（彩色铅笔）－（2）Cutout－（剪贴画）－（3）Dry Brush－（干笔画）－（4）Film Grain－（胶片颗粒）－（5）Fresco－（壁画）－（6）Neon Glow－（霓虹灯光）－（7）Paint Daubs－（涂抹棒）－（8）Palette Knife－（调色刀）－（9）Plastic Wrap－（塑料包装）－（10）Poster Edges－（海报边缘）－（11）Rough Pastels－（粗糙彩笔）－（12）Smudge Stick－（绘画涂抹）－（13）Sponge－（海绵）－（14）Underpainting－（底纹效果）－（15）Watercolor－（水彩）3.Blur－（模糊）－（1）Blur－（模糊）－（2）Blur More－（进一步模糊）－（3）Gaussian Blur－（高斯模糊）－（4）Motion Blur－（动态模糊）－（5）Radial Blur－（径向模糊）－（6）Smart Blur－（特殊模糊）4.Brush Strokes－（画笔描边）－（1）Accented Edges－（强化边缘）－（2）Angled Stroke－（成角的线条）－（3）Crosshatch－（阴影线）－（4）Dark Strokes－（深色线条）－（5）Ink Outlines－（油墨概况）－（6）Spatter－（喷笔）－（7）Sprayed Strokes－（喷色线条）－（8）Sumi5.Distort－（扭曲）－（1）Diffuse Glow－（扩散亮光）－（2）Displace－（置换）－（3）Glass－（玻璃）－（4）Ocean Ripple－（海洋波纹）－（5）Pinch－（挤压）－（6）Polar Coordinates－（极坐标）－（7）Ripple－（波纹）－（8）Shear－（切变）－（9）Spherize－（球面化）－（10）Twirl－（旋转扭曲）－（11）Wave－（波浪）－（12）Zigzag－（水波）6.Noise－（杂色）－（1）Add Noise－（加入杂色）－（2）Despeckle－（去斑）－（3）Dust ＆Scratches－（蒙尘与划痕）－（4）Median－（中间值）7.Pixelate－（像素化）－（1）Color Halftone－（彩色半调）－（2）Crystallize－（晶格化）－（3）Facet－（彩块化）－（4）Fragment－（碎片）－（5）Mezzotint－（铜版雕刻）－（6）Mosaic－（马赛克）－（7）Pointillize－（点状化）8.Render－（渲染）－（1）3D Transform－（3D 变换）－（2）Clouds－（云彩）－（3）Difference Clouds－（分层云彩）－（4）Lens Flare－（镜头光晕）－（5）Lighting Effects－（光照效果）－（6）Texture Fill－（纹理填充）9.Sharpen－（锐化）－（1）Sharpen－（锐化）－（2）Sharpen Edges－（锐化边缘）－（3）Sharpen More－（进一步锐化）－（4）Unsharp Mask10.Sketch－（素描）－（1）Bas Relief－（基底凸现）－（2）Chalk ＆Charcoal－（粉笔和炭笔）－（3）Charcoal－（3）Chrome－（铬黄）－（4）Conte Crayon－（彩色粉笔）－（5）Graphic Pen－（绘图笔）－（6）Halftone Pattern－（半色调图案）－（7）Note Paper－（便条纸）－（8）Photocopy－（副本）－（9）Plaster－（塑料效果）－（10）Reticulation－（网状）－（11）Stamp－（图章）－（12）Torn Edges－（撕边）－（13）Water Paper－（水彩纸）11.Stylize－（风格化）－（1）Diffuse－（扩散）－（2）Emboss－（浮雕）－（3）Extrude－（突出）－（4）Find Edges－（查找边缘）－（5）Glowing Edges－（照亮边缘）－（6）Solarize－（曝光过度）－（7）Tiles－（拼贴）－（8）Trace Contour－（等高线）－（9）Wind－（风）12.Texture－（－（纹理）－（1）Craquelure－（龟裂缝）－（2）Grain－（颗粒）－（3）Mosained Tiles－（马赛克拼贴）－（4）Patchwork－（拼缀图）－（5）Stained Glass－（染色玻璃）－（6）Texturixer－（纹理化）13.Video－（视频）－（1）De－（2）NTSC Colors14.Other－（其它）－（1）Custom－（自定义）－（2）High Pass－（高反差保留）－（3）Maximum－（最大值）－（4）Minimum－（最小值）－（5）Offset－（位移）15.Digimarc－（1）Embed Watermark－（嵌入水印）－（2）Read Watermark－（读取水印）七、View－（视图）1.New View－（新视图）2.Proof Setup－（校样设置）－（1）Custom－（自定）－（2）Working CMYK－（处理CMYK）－（3）Working Cyan Plate－（处理青版）－（4）Working Magenta Plate－（处理洋红版）－（5）Working Yellow Plate－（处理黄版）－（6）Working Black Plate－（处理黑版）－（7）Working CMY Plate－（处理CMY版）－（8）Macintosh RGB－（9）Windows RGB－（10）Monitor RGB－（显示器RGB）－（11）Simulate Paper White－（模拟纸白）－（12）Simulate Ink Black－（模拟墨黑）3.Proof Color－（校样颜色）4.Gamut Wiring－（色域警告）5.Zoom In－（放大）6.Zoom Out－（缩小）7.Fit on Screen－（满画布显示）8.Actual Pixels－（实际象素）9.Print Size－（打印尺寸）10.Show Extras－（显示额外的）11.Show－（显示）－（1）Selection Edges－（选区边缘）－（2）Target Path－（目标路径）－（3）Grid－（网格）－（4）Guides－（参考线）－（5）Slices－（切片）－（6）Notes－（注释）－（7）All－（全部）－（8）None－（无）－（9）Show Extras Options－（显示额外选项）12.Show Rulers－（显示标尺）f13.Snap－（对齐）14.Snap To－（对齐到）－（1）Guides－（参考线）－（2）Grid－（网格）－（3）Slices－（切片）－（4）Document Bounds－（文档边界）－（5）All－（全部）－（6）None－（无）15.Show Guides－（锁定参考线）16.Clear Guides－（清除参考线）17.New Guides－（新参考线）18.Lock Slices－（锁定切片）19.Clear Slices－（清除切片）八、Windows－（窗口）1.Cascade－（层叠）2.Tile－（拼贴）3.Arrange Icons－（排列图标）4.Close All－（关闭全部）5.Show/Hide Tools－（显示/隐藏工具）6.Show/Hide Options－（显示/隐藏选项）7.Show/Hide Navigator－（显示/隐藏导航）8.Show/Hide Info－（显示/隐藏信息）9.Show/Hide Color－（显示/隐藏颜色）10.Show/Hide Swatches－（显示/隐藏色板）11.Show/Hide Styles－（显示/隐藏样式）12.Show/Hide History－（显示/隐藏历史记录）13.Show/Hide Actions－（显示/隐藏动作）14.Show/Hide Layers－（显示/隐藏图层）15.Show/Hide Channels－（显示/隐藏通道）16.Show/Hide Paths－（显示/隐藏路径）17.Show/Hide Character－（显示/隐藏字符）18.Show/Hide Paragraph－（显示/隐藏段落）19.Show/Hide Status Bar－（显示/隐藏状态栏）20.Reset Palette Locations－（复位调板位置。
Asphyre增强版帮助文档 英文翻译
淮阴工学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系（院）：计算机工程学院专业：计算机1062姓名：李楠学号：1061301201外文出处：Asphyre增强版帮助文档(用外文写)the help of Asphyre eXtreme附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文Asphyre增强版帮助文档关于Asphyre 加强版Asphyre加强版是创造电脑游戏和交互式程序的一个Delphi VCL组件的框架。
其组件包括以下类别:广泛的 2 D 支持:简单的几何图形例如线、长方形、圆等等；图行变换 (旋转, 裁剪, 拉伸及其他变换) 和多种混合效果；容易对目标图像进行渲染并把它们当做来源图像显示到电脑屏幕上；动态纹理支持: 无论是2 D或3D模型中都能快速更改纹理目录并加以应用；使用多纹理的先进多通道效果；通过字体工具对已渲染的字体文本进行显示。
文本有多种风格(阴影效果,浮雕效果), 可以拉伸也可以包含本文标签；强大的可拉伸的粒子引擎可以显示爆炸, 透镜和其他的效果。
图形用户接口支持 + WYSIWYG 编者:完全可订制的控制；容易使用和加入Asphyre 应用；支持半透明和多幅图画重叠效果；通过使用透明度通道的4角梯度渐变使用户界面更加友好；标签, 编辑框, 列表框，按钮以及其他的控制应用；带有常用图形用户接口组件的类集合。
局部 3D支持:载入和显示静态模型；通过增加高阶层点阵式类来提供一个完全的数学单元；本地公告技术支持爆炸，烟和其他的视觉 3D立体效果；可将原始事物以简单形式显示，好像它在 2D 中–比如测定体积的爆炸, 树和而且其他效果；高清晰的摄相机类；多种光源和材质的支持；通过简单的几个调用就能设置立方体材质和环境映像；用深度缓冲器渲染目标；本地多种材质支持。
用精确的时间表现现实的时间:尽可能快速显示, 程序 (比如移动的物体) 以恒定速度运行；通过限制渲染速度提高系统资源利用率–仅使用一小部分处理器的运算时间, 就能将渲染效果发挥到极致；延迟和帧频的计算。
MAGMASOFT 铸造仿真软件 介绍
【软件介绍】MAGMA SOFT铸造仿真软件MAGMA SOFT铸造仿真软件是全球最佳的压铸铸造软件工具，为铸造业提供改善铸品品质，制程条件，降低成本，增加竞争力的唯一选择。
铸型的充填、凝固、机械性能、残余应力及扭曲变形等的模拟为全面最佳化铸造工程提供了最可靠的保证。
以往只有对铸造工程参数及铸造质量的影响因素有透彻的了解，才能使铸造工程师对生产高质量的铸件拥有信心。
传统的方法对铸造工程的最佳化工作既耗资又费时，时程的压力使得很多铸造工程无法发挥全面的潜力。
MAGMASOFT软件中的专用模块满足您独特的需求。
MAGMA standard 标准模块 包括 :Project management module 项目管理模块Pre - processor 分析前处理模块MAGMA fill 流体流动分析模块MAGMA solid 热传及凝固分析模块MAGMA batch 制程仿真分析模块Post - processer 后处理显示模块Thermophysical Database 热物理材料数据库MAGMA lpdc 低压铸造专业模块MAGMA hpdc高压铸造专业模块MAGMA iron铸铁铸造专业模块MAGMA tilt 倾转浇铸铸造专业模块MAGMA roll-over浇铸翻转铸造专业模块MAGMA thixo 半凝固射出专业模块MAGMA stress 应力应变分析模块MAGMA disa 制程模块使用MAGMASOFT铸造仿真软件则是最经济、最方便的方式，它为以最低的成本生产高质量的铸件提供正确有效的解决方案。
MAGMASOFT铸造仿真软件的应用︰;铸造部件设计的开发;最佳化生产制程;新模具的生产;现有模具及铸型的更新;能源及材料方面的需求;清理工耗及费用;质量控制及完善工程档案;报价交货及时;以模拟结果获致客户信心，取得市场利基MAGMA SOFT直接协助工程师达成下列目标︰;铸造工艺及铸造材料的最佳化选择。
运用magma软件辅助优化压盘铸件的铸造工艺
运用MAGMA软件辅助优化压盘铸件的铸造工艺王建明（安徽海立精密铸造有限公司，安徽马鞍山238100）摘要：介绍了压盘铸件的结构及技术要求，详细阐述了原生产工艺及存在的缩孔、砂眼及渣孔缺陷，利用数值模拟软件辅助分析缺陷产生的原因，采取了以下工艺改进措施：浇注系统截面比改为ΣF上横：ΣF直：ΣF阻：ΣF下横：ΣF内=1.6：1.4：1：1.2：1.5，避免铁液因紊流产生卷气、二次氧化；选用模数为1.56cm的冒口，增加冒口高度，加大冒口尺寸，并将冒口放在铸件顶部右侧，提高冒口补缩压头和补缩铁液量。
生产结果显示：铸件表面无缩孔、砂眼、渣孔缺陷，铸件内部致密无缺陷，加工后摩擦面无缺陷，铸件废品率降低至5%。
关键词：压盘；缩孔；砂眼；冒口中图分类号：TG255文献标识码：B文章编号：1003-8345（2019）06-0049-05阅韵陨：10.3969/j.issn.1003-8345.2019.06.013Casting Method Optimization of Pressure Plate Castings with MAGMA SoftwareWANG Jian-ming（Anhui Haili Precision Casting Co.,Ltd.，Maanshan238100，China）Abstract：The structure and technical requirements of pressure plate casting was introduced.The original production process and it caused defects including shrinkage hole，sand hole and slag hole were described in detail.The reason causing defects was analyzed by using numeral simulation software，and the following process improving measures were adopted：the section ratio of gating system was changed asΣF top runner：ΣF sprue：ΣF slag-skimming：ΣF bottom runner：ΣF i ngate=1.6：1.4：1：1.2：1.5，to avoid turbulent flow which would cause molten iron involving gas and being secondarily oxidized.The riser with a modulus of1.56cm was selected，the riser height was increased，the riser dimensions were enlarged，and set the riser on the right side of the top of casting to raise feeding pressure head and feeding molten iron quantity of the riser.Production result showed：the surface of the casting was free of shrinkage cavity，sand inclusion and slag inclusion，and the inside of the casting was compact and free of defects，there were no defects in the friction surface after machining，the casting rejection rate was reduced to5%.Key words：pressure plate；shrinkage cavity；sand inclusion；riser0335压盘是笔者公司为某外企配套的拖拉机用铸件，材料牌号HT250，最大外径353mm，最大壁厚36mm，铸件质量14kg，铸件结构如图1所示。
MAGMA-批处理讲解
¬ If everything defined correctly, MAGMASOFT® will be ruThe status can be checked from the modul_run.log file or window task manager.
Committed to Casting Excellence
<magma inst directory>/ms –start –proj <project name> -dir <full path of the project/version>
¬ Save the file and exit the editor
Committed to Casting Excellence
Committed to Casting Excellence
如何运行批处理计算？
1. Set up the project in MAGMASOFT® in the usual way. Stop the calculation after the first couple of calculated timesteps (probably after less than 5 minutes) and exit the “simulation control” window with the “Dismiss” button. Do this for each project you want to start. 2. Create an executable text file with no extension. This file should be located either in your user home directory or in MAGMASOFT®’s installation directory. 3. Check that you have enough free disk space for storing all results. 4. Run the Exceed program and batch command from the Interix.csh or Unix shell.
magma介绍
【软件介绍】MAGMA SOFT铸造仿真软件MAGMA SOFT铸造仿真软件是全球最佳的压铸铸造软件工具，为铸造业提供改善铸品品质，制程条件，降低成本，增加竞争力的唯一选择。
铸型的充填、凝固、机械性能、残余应力及扭曲变形等的模拟为全面最佳化铸造工程提供了最可靠的保证。
以往只有对铸造工程参数及铸造质量的影响因素有透彻的了解，才能使铸造工程师对生产高质量的铸件拥有信心。
传统的方法对铸造工程的最佳化工作既耗资又费时，时程的压力使得很多铸造工程无法发挥全面的潜力。
MAGMASOFT软件中的专用模块满足您独特的需求。
MAGMA standard 标准模块包括:Project management module 项目管理模块Pre - processor 分析前处理模块MAGMA fill 流体流动分析模块MAGMA solid 热传及凝固分析模块MAGMA batch 制程仿真分析模块Post - processer 后处理显示模块Thermophysical Database 热物理材料数据库MAGMA lpdc 低压铸造专业模块MAGMA hpdc高压铸造专业模块MAGMA iron铸铁铸造专业模块MAGMA tilt 倾转浇铸铸造专业模块MAGMA roll-over浇铸翻转铸造专业模块MAGMA thixo 半凝固射出专业模块MAGMA stress 应力应变分析模块MAGMA disa 制程模块使用MAGMASOFT铸造仿真软件则是最经济、最方便的方式，它为以最低的成本生产高质量的铸件提供正确有效的解决方案。
MAGMASOFT铸造仿真软件的应用︰;铸造部件设计的开发;最佳化生产制程;新模具的生产;现有模具及铸型的更新;能源及材料方面的需求;清理工耗及费用;质量控制及完善工程档案;报价交货及时;以模拟结果获致客户信心，取得市场利基MAGMA SOFT直接协助工程师达成下列目标︰;铸造工艺及铸造材料的最佳化选择。
Manga中文版说明
软件名称：M angaM eeya版本：7.4汉化人：Fe nghou联系方式：feng hou1s t@gma il.co m汉化日期：2006-07-22软件介绍： Mang aMeey a 是一款在日本很有名气的电子漫画阅览工具，具有速度流畅、操作灵活、书籍管理便捷等优点，并支持多种流行的图像插件，使其功能得到了非常自由的扩展。
图片读取和显示的速度极快是本软件最大的优点，而且作者一直在朝着这个方向努力。
本软件复杂的运用了预读技术，您只要以正常速度阅读，图片再大也不会感到丝毫延迟。
对于非常大的图片压缩包，无论再快的 CP U 也得数秒钟时间载入，这时您只要选择边载入边阅读，就可以做到一秒钟也不用浪费了。
而且在读取完成之后，短时间内再次读取本压缩包将不再花任何时间。
在预读功能之外，本软件的读取速度也异常优秀。
如果图片大小正常，像实体书那样只用几秒钟时间从头翻到尾的事也能轻松做到。
·如何以最快的速度浏览：关闭“工具”下拉菜单内的“启用翻页效果”、“启用A visyn th滤镜”，打开“预读文件”、“预读所有文件”。
·如何实现边载入边阅读：在读取很大的压缩包时，“正在列出文件”对话框会自动出现，点击该对话框内的“在后台列出（按储存顺序）”即可。
本软件可以使用纯鼠标、纯键盘、纯手柄操作，当然也可以混合操作。
所有功能的按键都可以自定义，所以绝对不会碰到操作不顺手的情况。
和键盘一样，鼠标和手柄也有多键组合功能，不用担心按钮不够用。
鼠标中还有一个非常有用的功能——鼠标手势（见本段尾的介绍）。
鼠标手势的好处是在程序的操作上完全解放了眼睛，以前必须用眼睛确定菜单项的位置、窗口内按钮的位置、键盘按键的位置，现在则再也不用了，只要像写字一样划上几笔，就可以完成大量复杂的操作，这期间眼睛完全不用离开阅读的内容。
地理专业词汇英语翻译(M)
地理专业词汇英语翻译(M)地理专业词汇英语翻译(M)地理专业词汇英语翻译(M)maar低平火山口macedonite方假象橄玄岩maceration浸渍machine proof开印样macro aggregate大团聚体macroclimate大气候macroclimatology大气候学macrometeorology大气象学macromolecule大分子macrophage巨噬细胞macrophyte大型植物macroplankton大型浮游生物macroporosity大孔隙度macrorelief大区地形macrotherm高温植物maelstrom大涡流mafite镁铁矿物magazine暗匣magenta contact screen品红接触网目片maghemite磁赤铁矿magma岩浆magma chamber岩浆储源magma reservoir岩浆储源magmatic assimilation岩浆同化酌magmatic differentiation岩浆分异酌magmatic evolution岩桨进化magmatic migration岩浆迁移magmatic rock岩浆岩magmatic segregation岩浆分结酌magmatic water岩浆水magmatism岩浆酌magnesian limestone含镁石灰岩magnesian skarn镁质夕卡magnesioferrite镁铁矿magnesite菱镁矿magnesite deposit菱镁矿床magnesium镁magnetic action磁酌magnetic amplifier磁放大器magnetic anisotropy磁力蛤异性magnetic attraction磁吸引力magnetic axis磁轴magnetic azimuth磁方位角magnetic bearing磁方位magnetic chart磁力线图magnetic course磁针方向magnetic data carrier磁数据载体magnetic declination磁偏角magnetic declination diagram磁偏角略图magnetic deflection磁致偏转magnetic deviation磁力差magnetic domain磁畴magnetic equator地磁赤道magnetic field磁场magnetic flux磁通量magnetic hysteresis磁滞magnetic leakage磁漏magnetic meridian磁子午线magnetic moment磁矩magnetic needle磁针magnetic north磁北magnetic orientation磁针定向magnetic permeability导磁系数magnetic polarity磁极性magnetic polarization磁极化magnetic pole磁极magnetic potential磁位magnetic prospecting磁法勘探magnetic recording磁记录magnetic spin quantum number磁自旋量子数magnetic storm磁暴magnetic stratigraphy古地磁地层学magnetic survey地磁测量magnetic susceptibility磁化率magnetic tape drive磁带机magnetic tape unit磁带机magnetic theodolite罗盘经纬仪magnetic variation磁变magnetite磁铁矿magnetization of rocks岩石磁化magnetizing force磁化力magnetograph地磁记录仪magnetometer磁力计magnetomotive force磁通势magnetosphere磁圈magnification factor放大倍数magnifier放大镜magnifying glass on a stand分划放大镜magnitude of earthquake地震强度main divide种水岭main element知素main fault窒层main fold洲皱main group element皱元素main river主main root柱main stream主main valency舟main water table地下水面maize玉米major elements知元素major profile知剖面major quadrat样地major semi axis长半轴makite无水碱芒硝malachite孔雀石malaria plasmodium三日疟原虫malleability展性malnutrition营养不足mammalia哺乳纲mammals哺乳纲mammatus cloud乳房状云mammoth猛犸象man and biosphere program人与生物圈计划man induced climatic change人为气候变化man made deposits人工堆积物man made geologic hazard人为地质灾害man made pollution人为污染man made pollution sources人为污染源man made screen人工遮障man made soil人为土壤management information system信息管理系统manganapatite锰磷灰石manganblende硫锰矿mangandolomite锰白云石manganese锰manganese bacteria锰细菌manganese concretion锰结核manganese deposit锰矿床manganese nodules锰结核manganese pollution锰污染manganite水锰矿manganocalcite锰方解石manganosite方锰矿mangrove红手mangrove marsh红手沼泽mangrove soil红手沼泽土mangrove swamp红视泽manipulation操作mannagrass meadow甜茅草甸manned spacecraft载人飞船manner方法manometer压力计mantle地幔mantle of glacial drift冰碛物覆盖mantle rock风化层manual hill shading手工晕渲法manual tracking digitizer手扶跟踪数字化仪manure肥料manured fallow施肥休闲manuring施肥manuscript record of a topographic survey地形测量原图map地图map accuracy地图精度map analysis地图分析map arrangement地图配置map assemblage地图拼贴map bibliography地图目录map cataloguing地图编目map characterized by form of function合成地图map collection地图收集map compilation地图编制map content地图内容map correction地图审校map data base地图数据库map design地图设计map editing地图编辑map electrostatic reproduction地图静电复印map elements地图要素map engraving刻图map error地图误差map exhibition地图展览map extract地图片断map face图幅面积map features地图要素map folding地图折叠map for visual effect显示特定对象图map format图幅尺寸map inset地图插图map interlinking接图map interpretation读图map into book插图map issue地图发行map lettering地图注记map margin图廓map matching guidance地图匹配制导map measurement地图量算map measurer测距仪map nomenclature地图编号map of mineral deposits矿产图map of primitive data原始材料图map of walkers徒步旅游图map overlay分色透眉map paper地图纸map printing地图印刷map printing colors地图印刷颜色map production地图生产map projection地图投影map projection distortion地图投影变形map projection transformation地图投影变换map proof checking地图审校map publishing house地图出版社map reading读图map reliability地图可靠性map representing cartometric measurements地图量测图map reproduction地图制印map revision地图更新map room地图资料室map scale地图比例尺map sections地图片断map series地图系列map set接图表map sheet地图图幅map specification地图设计书map storage地图保管map style地图类型map subject制图对象map subtitle副图名map symbol地图符号map title图幅标题map title in bibliographies目录的地图名称map trimming地图切齐map type地图种类map with fluorescent colouring荧光地图maple forest槭村林mapping agency制图部门mapping control survey图根测量mapping from remote sensing image遥感图象制图mapping of landscapes景观制图maquis马魁群落marble大理石marbleization大理岩化marcasite白铁矿march三月mareograph自记湖汐计margalitic soils热带火山灰土marginal distribution边缘分布marginal geosyncline副地槽marginal information图廓资料marginal joint边缘节理marginal schistosity边缘片理marginal sea边缘海marginal zone边缘带marine algae海藻类marine bacterium海洋细菌marine biology海洋生物学marine charting海图制图marine charts海图marine climate海洋气候marine climatology海洋气候学marine deposit海洋沉积marine environment海洋环境marine erosion海蚀marine facies海相marine fronts海洋锋marine geochemical prospecting海洋地球化学探矿marine humus海成腐殖质marine iron manganese deposit海洋铁锰矿床marine map海图marine marsh海滨湿地marine meteorology海洋气象学marine microorganism海洋微生物marine peneplain海蚀准平原marine pollution海洋污染marine products海产物marine sediment海洋沉积marine soil海成土marine terrace海阶marine transport海运marine transportation海运maritime air mass海洋气团maritime pine scale海岸松干蚧maritime polar air mass极地海洋气团mark测标marking标示marks of direct vegetation interpretation植被直接判读标志markstone标石marl泥灰岩marly soil泥灰质土壤marsh湿地marsh border soil沼泽边缘土壤marsh gas沼气marsh peat沼泽泥炭marshland沼泽地marshy iron manganese deposit沼泽铁锰矿床marshy waste land沼泽荒地mask蒙版masking蒙片法masonry dam石坝mass action law质量酌定律mass curve累积曲线mass flowmeter质量量计mass growth生长量mass movement块体运动mass number质量数mass selection混合选种mass separation质量分离mass separator质量分离器mass spectrograph质谱仪mass spectrographic method质谱法mass spectrometer质谱分析器质谱仪mass spectrometry质谱术mass spectrum质谱mass transfer质量传递massif地块massive coal块煤massive ore deposit块状矿床massive structure整块结构master factor知因素master index铸mat草席mathematical base of map地图的数学基础mathematical cartography数学制图学mathematical climate数理气候mathematical climatology数理气候学mathematical ecology数理生态学mathematical expectation数学期望mathematical geography数理地理mathematical geology数学地质mathematical model数学模型mathematical model of map地图数学模式mathematical programming数学程序设计mathematical statistics数理统计mathematization数学化matter of soil土壤物质matting打毛maturation成熟mature forest成熟林mature valley壮年谷maturity壮年期maximum最大值maximum allowable concentration最大容许浓度maximum depth最大深度maximum discharge最大量maximum error最大误差maximum flow最大量maximum level最大水位maximum permissible dose最大允许剂量maximum stage最大水位maximum temperature最高温度maximum thermometer最高温度表maximum valency最高价maximum water holding capacity最大持水量maximum wind speed最大风速meadow草甸meadow chernozem草甸黑钙土meadow cultivation草地栽培meadow peat草甸泥炭meadow soil草甸土meadow steppe草甸草原meadow swamping草甸沼泽化meagre clay瘦粘土meagre coal贫煤mealy sand粉砂mean annual precipitation年平均降雨量mean annual temperature年平均温度mean depth平均水深mean deviation平均偏差mean geodesic curvature平均测地曲率mean high water level平均高水位mean life平均寿命mean line二等分线mean monthly discharge月平均量mean monthly water level月平均水位mean pole平极mean scale平均比例尺mean sea level平均海平面mean size平均直径mean solar day平均太阳日mean solar time平均太阳时mean square deviation均方差mean square error均方误差mean sun平太阳mean temperature平均温度mean value平均值mean value theorem平均值定律mean velocity平均临mean water level平均水位mean wind velocity平均风速meander河曲meander belt曲柳meander loop型河床meandering弯曲化measure度量measured value观测值measurement测量measurement amplifier测量放大器measurement arrangement测量设备measurement data测量数据measurement device测量设备measurement of area面积测量measurement of elevation仰角测量measurement process测量过程measuring equipment测量设备measuring instrument测量仪器measuring mark测标measuring precision of angle测角精度measuring tape卷尺measuring weir量水堰mechanical analysis机械分析mechanical barriers机械壁垒mechanical dispersion halos机械分散晕mechanical enlargement机械放大mechanical migration机械的迁移mechanical properties机械特性mechanical weathering机械风化mechanism机构mechanism of a reaction反应机制mechanism of remote sensing遥感机理medial moraine中碛median中线median massif中间地块median plane正中面medical cartography医用地图学medical climatology医疗气候学medical ecology医学生态学medical geography医用地理学medical meteorology医疗气象学medical radiology医学放射学medical statistics医用统计学medicaments药物medicinal plant药用植物mediterranean climate地中海气候mediterranean fruit fly地中海实蝇mediterranean region地中海区medium介质medium grained sand中粒砂medium grained texture中粒结构medium level clouds中层云medium scale maps中比例尺地图medium silt中粉粒medium structure中等结构medium texture中等质地medium volatile bituminous coal焦煤medmontite铜蒙脱石mega plates大板块megaanticlinorium大复背斜megameter百万米meganticline大复背斜megarelief大地形megasyncline大向斜megasynclinorium大复向斜megatherm高温植物melaconite土黑铜矿melange混杂堆积物melanocratic rock暗色岩melilite basalt黄长玄武岩melilitite黄长岩mellite蜜蜡石mellow soil熟土mellowness松软度melt water雪水melting融化meltwater溶雪水membrane薄膜membrane current膜电流membrane potential薄膜电位memory记忆mendelevium钔menilite硅乳石meniscus汞柱的弯液面mercator's projection墨卡托投影merchantable ore可采矿石mercury汞mercury barometer水银气压表mercury deposit汞矿床mercury pollution汞污染mercury rash汞皮疹mercury thermometer水银温度表mercury vapor survey汞蒸汽测量mere池沼meridian line子午线meridian plane子午面meridional circulation经向环流meridional ellipse子午椭圆meridional zone子午带meristem分生组织mesa方山mesh analysis筛析mesh size筛网孔径mesh structure网状结构mesitite铁菱镁矿mesobar中间气压mesoclimate中尺度气候mesoclimatology中尺度气候学mesogeosyncline中等地槽;陆间地槽mesolithic age中石票代mesometeorology中尺度气象学mesopause中层顶mesophilous forest中温林mesophyll叶肉mesophytes中生植物mesopilous organisms中温生物mesorelief中地形mesoscale eddy中尺度涡流mesosphere中圈mesostasis最后充填物mesotherm plant中温植物mesothermal deposit中温热液矿床mesotrophic plants半自养植物mesotrophy中等营养mesoxerophytes中旱生植物mesozoic era中生代mesozoic folding中生代褶皱messelite磷钙铁矿metabasite变基性岩metabiosis后继共生metabolic disturbance代谢紊乱metabolism代谢酌metabolism velocity代谢速度metacartography形而上制图学metacinnabarite黑辰砂矿metacrystal斑状变晶metadiabase变辉绿岩metagenesis世代交替metagneiss变片麻岩metahalloysite变水高岭土metalimnion变温层metallic bond金属键metallic cation saturation金属阳离子饱和metallic element金属元素metallic lustre金属光泽metallogenic element成矿元素metallogenic factors成矿因子metallogenic maps成矿图metallogenic province成矿区metallogenic unit成矿单位metallogeny矿床成因论metalloid准金属metallometric survey金属量测量metallometry金属量测量metamict minerals结晶变异矿物metamorphic aureole变质圈metamorphic belt变质带metamorphic differentiation变质分异metamorphic diffusion变质扩散metamorphic facies series变质相系metamorphic ore deposit变质矿床metamorphic rock变质岩metamorphic schists变质片岩metamorphism变质酌metamorphogenic deposits变质矿床metamorphosis变态metasomatic deposit交代矿床metasomatism交代酌metasome交代矿物metastable state亚稳状态metazoa后生动物meteor燎meteor crater陨石坑meteoric dust燎埃meteoric water天落水meteorite陨石meteorogram气象记录图meteorograph气象计;气象记录仪meteoroid宇宙尘meteorological acoustics气象声学meteorological chart气象图meteorological element气象要素meteorological information气象情报meteorological insturment气象仪器meteorological message天气报告meteorological observation气象观测meteorological observational tower气球观测塔meteorological observatory气象台meteorological optical range气象光学距离meteorological optics气象光学meteorological phenomenon气象现象meteorological radar气象雷达meteorological rocket气象火箭meteorological satellite气象卫星meteorological thermodynamics气象热力学meteorological tide气象潮meteorological visibility range气象能见距离meteorology气象学meteorometry气象测定学meteorotropism气候铅性methane bacteria甲烷细菌method方法method of analogue类比法method of angle observation in all combination全组合测角法method of areas面积法method of cartographic representation地图表示法method of cartographic symbols地图符号法method of direct coordinate直角坐标法method of direct observation直接观测法method of direction observation in rounds全圆测回法method of indirect observation间接观测法method of induction归纳法method of iteration迭代法method of least squares最小二乘法method of measurement测量方法method of neutron activation中子话化法method of polar coordinates极坐标法method of representation by means of cartographic symbols地图符号法method of successive corrections逐渐改正法methyl violet甲基紫metrophotography摄影测量学mica schist云母片岩micaceous iron ore云母铁矿micagneiss云母片麻岩micelle胶束micrinite碎片体micro altimeter微高度计micro nutrient微量营养元素microanalysis微量分析microanalyzer微量分析器microanemometer微风速器microbalance微量天平microbarograph自记微气压计microbe微生物microbial oxidation微生物氧化microbial prospecting微生物勘探microbiological anomaly微生物异常microbiology微生物学microchemical analysis微量化学分析microcinematography显微电影术microclimate小气候microclimate of mire沼泽小气候microclimatology小气候学microcline微斜长石microcrystalline structure微晶型结构microcrystalline texture微晶质结构microdensitometer侧微密度计microdensitometry微密度测定microelement痕量元素microenvironment微环境microevolution微进化microfauna微动物区系microfissure微裂隙microflora微生物群落microfossils微体化石microgeography微观地理学microgeomorphology微地貌学microgranite微花岗岩microhabitat小环境microhydrology微水文学microlite微晶microlithotype of coal显微煤岩类型micromanipulation显微操作micrometeorograph微气象记录仪micrometeorology微气象学micrometer测微计micrometer microscope测微显微镜micrometer value测微浦划值microoceanography微海洋学microorganism微生物micropaleontological method微体古生物法micropaleontology微古生物学micropedology微土壤学microphylly小叶microphysiography显微地文学microplankton小型浮游生物microplate微板块micropluviometer微雨量计micropolarimeter测微偏振计micropopulation微生物群microporosity微孔隙度microprocessor微处理机microradiography显微射线照相术microradiometer显微辐射计microrelief小地形microscope显微镜microscopic analysis显微分析microscopic theodolite读数显微镜经纬仪microscopy显微镜检查microsection薄片microseismic movement微震microseismic region微震区microseisms微震microskeleton微骨架microsome微粒体microspectrophotometry微量分光光度测定法microsporangium小孢子囊microspore小孢子microstructure微结构microtherm低温植物microtome切片机microtopography微地形学;小地貌microwave altimeter微波测高计microwave hologram radar微波全息雷达microwave holography微波全息microwave image微波影像microwave radar image matching guidance微波雷达图像匹配制导microwave radiation from sea surface海面微波辐射microwave radiometer微波辐射计microwave remote sensing微波遥感microwave scattering微波散射microwave sounding微波测深microwave spectrometer微波频谱仪mid gley soil中位潜育土mid ocean ridge大洋中背middle atmosphere中层大气middle clouds中云middle course中游middle infrared亳米波辐射图像匹配制导middle latitudes中纬度middle mountains中山midnight午夜migma混合岩浆migmatite复片麻岩migmatite front混合岩前缘migmatization混合岩化migration迁移migration contrast迁移对照migration environment移动某质migration length迁移长度migration of elements元素的迁移migratory anticyclone移动性反气旋migratory bird候鸟migratory cyclone移动性气旋migratory fishes回游鱼类mild climate温和气候mild humus熟腐殖质mildly alkaline soil轻度碱性土壤mile英里military base军事基地military cartography军事制图学military geography军事地理学military geology军事地质学military grid reference system军事格网参考系military industrial target军事工业目标military intelligence军事情报military interpretation军事判读military map军用地图military sketch军用略图military target军事目标military topography军事地形学milk ripe stage乳熟期millibar毫巴milligram equivalent毫克当量millimeter wave radiation chart matching guidance毫米波辐图像匹配制导miloschite蓝高岭石mimetesite砷铅矿mimetite砷铅矿minable seam可采煤层minamata disease水俣病mine矿山mine concession矿田mine damage矿害mine drainage pollution矿山排水造成的污染mine plan矿山平面图mine survey矿山测量mine surveying instrument矿山测量仪器mine surveyor矿山测量员mine waste water矿山废水mine water矿水mine working矿山巷道miner's hammer矿工锤mineragenetic epoch成矿时代mineragenetic province成矿区mineral矿物mineral acid soil矿物质酸性土mineral assemblage矿物共生mineral association矿物聚合mineral chemistry矿物化学mineral composition矿物成分mineral constituents矿物组成分mineral deposit矿床mineral dye矿物颜料mineral equilibrium矿物平衡mineral facies矿物相mineral filler矿物填料mineral manure矿质肥料mineral manure theory矿物肥料说mineral matter矿物质mineral metabolism矿质代谢mineral nutrition矿质营养mineral oil矿油mineral paragenesis矿物共生mineral parent rock矿质母岩mineral physics矿物物理学mineral pigments矿物性颜料mineral reserves矿藏mineral resources矿物资源mineral soil矿质土壤mineral spring矿泉mineral water矿泉水mineralforming element造矿元素mineralization成矿酌mineralized belt矿化带mineralizing agent矿化剂mineralizing solution矿化溶液mineralogical phase rule矿物相律mineralogy矿物学minerogenetic map成矿规律图minerogenetic prognostic map成矿预测图miniature potential微小电位minicomputer小型计算机minimonitor微型监察器minimum area最小面积minimum detectable temperature difference最小可探测温差minimum flow最小量minimum information method最小信息法minimum mining content最小可采品位minimum temperature最低温度minimum thermometer最低温度表minimum workable grade最低可采品位mining采矿mining compass矿山罗盘mining geodesy矿山测量学mining geology矿山地质学mining wastes采矿废弃物mining wastewater采矿废水minium铅丹minor bed枯水河床minor element微量元素minor features小地形minor joint小节理minute folding细褶皱miocene中新世miogeosyncline冒地槽miracle rice奇迹般的稻mirage蜃景mire沼泽退化;软泥mire classification沼泽分类mire distribution沼泽分布mire drainage沼泽排水mire indicator plant沼泽指示植物mire landscape沼泽景观mire microgeomorphology沼泽微地貌mire plant沼泽植物mire resources沼泽资源mire runoff沼泽径流mire science沼泽学mire vegetation沼泽植被mirror image镜像mirror stereoscope反光立体镜missourite白榴橄辉岩mist轻雾mistral密史脱拉风mixed cloud混合云mixed coniferous broad leaved forest针阔叶混交林mixed crystal混合晶mixed fertilizer混合肥料mixed forest混交林mixed forest zones混交林带mixed pine forest with decidous tree落叶噬混交林mixed pixel混合象元mixed rendzina混合黑色石厌土mixed spruce forest with limetree椴势杉混交林mixed tide混合潮mixing fog混合雾mixing of soils撒布肥土mixing ratio混合比mixolimnion混成层mobile belt活动带mobile soil colloids怜性土壤胶体mobility移动性mobilization活化modal analysis实际分析modal composition实际矿物成分mode实际矿物成分mode of life生活方式model模型model deformation模型扭曲model test模型试验modelling of relief地形模型moder中度腐殖质moderate alkalinity中等碱度moderate breeze和风moderate rain中雨modification诱发变异modulation变调modulation index灯指数modulation transfer function灯传递函数module模数mofette碳酸喷气孔mohorovicic's discontinuity莫霍界面mohs hardness scale莫氏硬度表mohs scale莫氏硬度表moire波纹moire effect莫阿干涉效应moist adiabatic change湿绝热变化moist air湿空气moist district湿润地带moist labile energy湿不稳定能moist lability湿不稳定moist meadow湿草甸moist semi deciduous tropical forest潮湿半落叶热带林moist soil湿润土moisture湿气moisture budget水分平衡moisture capacity持水量moisture content水分含量moisture equivalent持水当量moisture holding capacity持水量moisture index水分指数moisture meter湿度计moisture percentage湿度百分数moisture profile水分剖面moisture retention capacity持水量moisture tension水分张力mol克分子molality克分子浓度molar concentration克分子浓度molar fraction克分子分数molar solution克分子溶液molasse磨砾层mole drainage鼠道排水mole hill田鼠丘mole parrag田鼠丘molecular attraction分子引力molecular bond分子键molecular colloid分子胶体molecular compound分子化合物molecular diagram分子模型图molecular diffusion分子扩散molecular energy level分子的能级molecular evolution分子进化molecular ion分子态离子molecular orbit分子轨道molecular polarity分子极性molecular polarizability分子极化率molecular ratio分子比率molecular solution分子溶液molecular spectrum分子光谱molecular structure分子结构molecular weight分子量molecule分子molinia meadow沼茅草甸mollic andosols松软暗色土mollic epipedon松软表层mollic gleysols松软潜育土mollic greyzems松软灰色森林土mollic planosols松软粘磐土mollic solonchaks松软盐土mollic solonetz松软碱土mollisol软土mollusca软体动物mollweide's projection摩尔魏德投影molybdenum钼molybdenum deposit钼矿床molybdenum polution钼污染molybdite钼华monadnock残丘monazite独居石monazite sand独居石砂monimolimnion永滞层monitor监测器监视器monitor unit监视器monitoring监视monitoring for water pollution水污染监测monitoring of grass diseases牧草病害监测monocarp一次结实植物monochromatic light单色光monochromatic transmittance单色透过率monoclinal valley单斜谷monocular vision单眼观察monocyclic landscape单旋回地形monocyclic relief单循环地形monocyclic river单旋回河monoecism雌雄同株monogenetic volcanoes单成火山monogeosyncline狭长地槽monolith整段标本monomolecular film单分子层monophagous animals单食性动物monophotogrammetry单象摄影测量学monosaccharide单糖monothermite单热石monsoon季风monsoon climate季风气候monsoon climate of medium latitudes温带季风气候monsoon currents季风洋流monsoon forest季雨林monsoon mixed forest zones季雨混交林带monsoon rainfall季风降水monsoon season季风季节montage镶嵌montane zone山地带monthly total precipitation月降水量monticellite钙镁橄榄石montmorillonite蒙脱石montmorillonitic clay蒙脱石粘土montmorillonitization蒙脱石化monumented point标尺点monzonite二长岩moon atlas月面图集moon cross测月十字丝moon map月面图moon's eclipse月食moonstone月长石moor沼泽moor soil沼地土壤moorland泥沼地mor酸性粗腐殖质morainal lake冰碛湖moraine冰碛moraine landscape冰碛景观moraine soil冰碛土morainic clay冰碛粘土morainic debris冰碛岩屑morainic deposit冰碛沉积mordenite丝光沸石morphallaxis变形再生morphogenesis形态发生morphologic province地貌区morphological analysis形态分析morphological map地势图morphology形态学morphometric maps形态测定图morphometry形态测定morphostructure形态结构mortality atlas死亡率地图集morvan准平原面交切mosaic镶嵌mosaic assembly照片嵌拼图mosaic soil镶嵌土壤mosaic structure嵌镶构造moss藓类moss bog藓类沼泽moss cover苔藓类被moss land苔藓地moss lichen tundra苔藓冻原moss peat藓类泥炭mosses苔藓植物mother liquor母液mother rock母岩motion运动motivation动机mottle斑点mottling斑点mould霉菌mould fungi霉菌mountain and valley breezes山谷风mountain breeze山风mountain brown forest soil山地棕色森林土mountain chain山脉mountain chestnut soil山地栗钙土mountain climate山岳气候mountain farming山地农业mountain fog山雾mountain forest podzolized soil山地森林灰化土mountain forest soil山地森林土mountain forest zone山地森林带mountain glacier高山冰川mountain knot山结mountain lake山地湖mountain landscape山地景观mountain meadow soil山地草甸土mountain meadow steppe soil山地草甸草原土mountain meal岩粉mountain meteorology高山气象学mountain peat soil山地泥炭土mountain range山脉mountain river山溪mountain soils山地土壤mountain station山岳气象站mountain steppe soil山地草原土mountain stream山区河流山溪mountain system山系mountain torrent山区河流mountain tundra高山冻原mountain tundra belt高山冻原带mountain waste荒山mountain xerophytes山地旱生植物mountain zone山地带mountainous mire山地沼泽mountains山地movable barrage活动坝moving移动moving average滑动平均moving average method移动平均法moving dunes怜沙丘muck soil黑泥土muck warp soil腐泥冲积土mud泥mud crack干裂mud flow泥流mud flow deposits泥裂积层mud fluid泥浆mud land torrent石洪mud lava泥熔岩mud soil淤泥土mud volcano泥火山muddiness污浊mudstone泥板岩mudtheraphy泥疗法mugearite橄榄粗面岩mulberry桑树mulch覆盖层mulched ground被覆盖土壤mulching复盖mulching soil覆盖土壤mullite莫来石multi channel system多通道系统。
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目录1 Introduction2 Theory2.1 热物理数据2.2 合金成分2.3 灰铸铁仿真2.3.1共晶核2.3.2石墨形态-层状石墨2.3.3灰铁和白口铁的凝固2.3.4固态转变2.3.5硬度和材料特性2.3.6弹性模量-杨氏模量2.4球墨铸铁仿真2.4.1石墨形核2.4.2球墨铸铁固态转变（共析转变）2.4.3球墨铸铁的珠光体分解2.4.4机械性能2.4.5弹性模量-杨氏模量2.5蠕墨铸铁仿真2.6铸铁收缩和疏松的形成2.6.1凝固收缩2.6.2砂型/芯子的变形2.6.3疏松形成和压力特性2.6.4石墨聚集因子2.6.5疏松级别模拟的说明3 How to Use MAGMAiron3.1概述3.2MAGMA数据库3.2.1铸铁数据集3.2.2一般参数3.2.3铸铁成分3.2.4铸铁类型/石墨种类3.2.5型砂成分3.2.6金相照片数据/单位面积形核数/铁素体、珠光体分布形核数3.3仿真3.3.1概述3.3.2窗口——铸铁3.3.3铸铁模拟菜单3.4结果演示/后处理3.4.1结果-概述3.4.2金相照片等——球墨铸铁的微观结构3.4.3单位系统4小结- 怎么办4.1铸铁的具体数据4.2项目定义4.3几何建模4.4仿真设置4.5结果显示4.6其他信息1 Introduction介绍MAGMAiron是微观建模软件，可以模拟凝固、固相转变及在铸铁中凝固中相关的物理现象。
MAGMAiron是一个附加的模块，可以模拟灰铸铁、球墨铸铁和蠕墨铸铁的凝固过程和固态相变过程。
冶金质量、工艺条件对铸铁合金的性能有很大的影响。
微观组织和铸件的力学性能不仅取决于铸造的流动过程，而且还由以下下参数决定：1）合金成分、2）金属处理、3）微量元素和杂质、4）熔炼炉、钢包金属液的处理（除氧、镁处理）5）孕育材料的类型和数量6）孕育法析出相的晶粒长大动力学和冷却条件决定了实际的微观组织的形成，因此必须考虑凝固、疏松和固态相变过程，它们共同影响铸铁的机械性能。
MAGMAiron使用全面的物理模型来预测铸件质量。
MAGMAiron是一个功能强大的工具，专门用于铸造设计、模型布置和工艺优化。
模型从文献资料和实用材料数据中提取。
然而，在铸铁铸造过程中，冶金、微观结构和机械性能是复杂的问题，常常是靠经验。
2理论2.1热物理数据MAGMASOFT标准模块中，凝固模拟是通过在数据库中增加一个固定的温度差（ΔT）的凝固潜热（ρCp）。
ΔT为液相和固相之间的温度差。
目前根据液-固质量百分比计算熔化潜热的大小及影响，同时热容量、导热系数和其他所有热物理数据也计入其中。
另一方面，凝固潜热和固态相变的程度根据实际预测的各阶段由内部程序计算，沉淀强化阶段也被考虑当中。
固液区域影响液态、固态的热容大小。
2.2合金成分合金成分应该是熔融在铁水中的合金元素。
总金额合金元素不应超过一定程度。
对大多数铸铁合金，碳、硅成分在以下范围内。
表2-1给出建议的成分范围。
表2-1合金元素的最大成分Element Recommended composition range %C 3-4.3Mg 0-0.05Si 1.5-4P 0-0.2S 0-0.1Cr 0-1.0(x)Mn 0-1.0(x)Ni 0-1.0(x)Cu 0-1.0(x)Mo 0-1.0(x)Sn 0-0.2(x)Ce 0-0.05Sb 0-0.04N 0-100ppm(x)标记x的元素的成分总和不应大于2%。
合金的化学成分影响其熔化和凝固过程。
可以计算凝固的灰铸铁、球墨铸铁和白口铸铁的共晶温度；计算初生析出和共晶析出过程。
石墨的析出用杠杆规则进行计算。
其他元素的析出，扩散率较低，使用修改后的Scheil-segregation方程计算。
奥氏体按照相图进行析出。
2.3灰铸铁模拟2.3.1共晶体形核灰铸铁的共晶体形核对凝固模拟、疏松形成、微观组织和机械性能的的模拟很重要。
白口共晶体在实际凝固过程中不该产生，为了避免白口共晶体的存在，设置合适含量的共晶核对凝固过程模拟是非常重要的。
如果A值太小，白口共晶体可能产生，其防止了成分的析出，疏松程度严重，机械性能降低。
孕育显著地影响形核率。
在铸铁中，石墨的形核是异质体形核，如必须在第二相粒子、基体、氧化质点等类似点。
在某一温度下活化的晶核数量，用形核公式表示，是由一些形核常数所决定。
孕育导致的石墨形核的基本公式如下：Nν=单位体积（mm3）共晶核数A= 形核常数ΔT=过冷度B=指数在MAGMAiron模块中，A常数采用默认的值，'fail'，'good'和'very good'三种孕育方式获得对应的A该值。
另外，在MAGMAiron模块中根据孕育方式和孕育操作可以更改或修改这些参数。
一定的过冷度可以激活一定数量石墨形核，如果温度更低，则更多数量的石墨形核被激活。
如果温度升高，新的形核过程停止，现有激活的形核过程也停止。
凝固结束过程中，这些形核能逐渐被激活，但对合金和铸件的热行为影响甚微。
然而，该过程影响了疏松的形成。
用户通过这个参数'graphite prec ipitation'的设置将该影响计入考虑。
2.3.2石墨形态-片状石墨灰铸铁共晶体生长速率和相应的形态受扩散控制，由温度决定。
根据过冷量，即当前熔体成分的共晶温度与形核温度的差值，生长形态可分为A、D型石墨。
较低过冷度时，以非耦合增长方式生长，形成A型片状石墨。
小于一定的过冷度时，将以耦合方式生长，生长速度增加。
这导致更细的片状石墨形态，生成D型石墨。
2.3.3灰口铁和白口铁的凝固The c ementite w ill not dissolve if the temperature exc eeds the metastable eutectic temperature.当合金在冷却过程中温度降到共晶温度，形核并生长，生成灰口铁。
如果温度继续冷却到亚稳定的温度，生成白口铁。
如果有新的形核析出渗碳体，白口铁能从熔体中直接析出长大，并与灰口铁的生成互相竞争。
灰口铁和白口铁的微观组织能同时发生。
如果温度超过亚共晶温度，渗碳体不会分解。
2.3.4固相转变灰铸铁的固态相变，程序假设已全部生成珠光体结构。
珠光体的增长速率根据亚稳相图和合金成分计算共析体的过冷度而得。
珠光体的粗细程度依赖于晶核长大温度，因此非常依赖冷却速度（热性能和传热系数）。
2.3.5硬度和材料特性灰铸铁的硬度值计算根据初生奥氏体的析出量和合金元素对珠光体片间距的影响而得。
珠光体中其它合金元素对铁素体的固溶强化也被考虑其中。
固相转变过程中的冷却速度对珠光体的硬度非常重要。
因此，在模拟时，建议使用已知、最了解的模具和芯子材料的传热和材料数据。
可以通过测试简单形状铸件的冷却速度，与模拟结果进行对比。
2.3.6弹性模量-杨氏模量The result of the modulus calc ulation depends on the amount and shape of the graphite in the microstructure. As no ferrite is allow ed to grow in gray iron mode of MAGMAiron, the modulus w ill be constant throughout the casting.弹性模量或杨氏模量也可以计算出来。
模量计算结果根据显微组织中石墨的形状和石墨的量所得。
在MAGMAiron模块中灰铸铁中不允许有铁素体形核生长，因此铸件的模量都是常数。
2.4球墨铸铁仿真2.4.1石墨核形核（Nucleation of Graphite Nodules）The formation of defec ts and final mechanical properties of nodularcast irons depend on the process of graphite nodule nuc leation. Thenumber of nodules per unit volume is dependent on the nuc leationpractic e, type of inoculant and fading time. You can adjust anuc leation factor in MAGMAiron to represent these proc esses andthereby modify the equations for the nuc leation, depending on theinoc ulant and the inoculation practic e used in the foundry. The basicequation has the same form as that for the nuc leation of gray ironeutectics:球墨铸铁的缺陷和最终的力学性能取决于石墨核的形核过程。
单位体积形核的数量取决于形核、孕育方式和衰退时间。
通过调整MAGMAiron模块中的形核因子，表示这些过程，从而修改了形核公式，取决于孕育和孕育工艺。
基本方程与灰铸铁共晶体形核方程类似：Nν=单位体积（mm3）共晶核数A= 形核常数ΔT=过冷度B=指数你可以修改这个常量，是有可能的应用治疗产量高于100％（“窗口”铸铁“）。
从数量和每平方毫米的结节数计算每立方毫米大小结节，考虑结节的大小。
在MAGMAiron模块中，A常数采用默认的值，'fail'，'good'和'very good'三种孕育方式获得对应的A该值。
可以修改该参数，孕育处理利用率值能大于100%。
单位面积的形核数用单位体积形核数和形核大小计算，将形核的尺寸考虑进去。
The function 'Real Reality Realizer' enables you to gain information about the microstructure morphology after solidific ation of nodular c ast iron.特别注意：通过'Real Reality Realizer'功能可以获得球墨铸铁凝固后的微观组织形态信息。
2.4.2球墨铸铁的固相变化（共析转变）球墨铸铁铸件的组织中，铁素体/珠光体的含量是铁素体、珠光体分别形核、长大互相竞争的结果。
原因是，有两个相转变图，稳定相转变图控制铁素体的形成，亚稳定相转变图控制珠光体的形成。