植物生理学试题及答案(英文)
植生复习题(英文)
英文版植物生物学习题集（一）Introduction, Cell Structure Part A1. Plant life constitutes（组成）98% of the total biomass of the earth.A: True B: False正确答案是A2. Having formed during the twentieth century, plant anatomy（解剖学）and plant physiology are the most recently developed areas of botanical（植物学的）study.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. In order to survive beyond the twenty-first century, humans will need toA: recycle（使再循环, 反复应用）on a large scale（比例,数值范围）,B: stop the increase in human population.C: practice water and energy conservation（守恒）.D: all of the above.正确答案是D4. Which of the following is NOT a feature（特征，起重要作用）of the scientific method?A: hypothesis（假设）B: conjecture（推测,猜想）C: controls D: data collection正确答案是B5. The study of plant function is calledA: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: morphology.（形态学）正确答案是D6. Dendrochronology（树木年代学）, or the study of tree rings, is an example of which branch of botany?A: taxonomy.（分类学）B: physiology.（生理学）C: anatomy.（解剖学）D: ecology正确答案是C7. Which botanist is credited（信用）with naming and classifying（分类）plants?A: von Helmont B: Carson C: Malpighi D: Linnaeus正确答案是D8. What is the name of the book credited with increasing public awareness（知道）of the field of ecology?A: Silent Spring B: Species Plantarum C: Origin of Species正确答案是A9. Gregor Mendel is considered the founder ofA: plant geography. B: plant genetics. C: cytology. D: plant systematics正确答案是B10. Cell biology is also referred to asA: genetic engineering. B: pteridology.（羊齿植物学）C: cytology（细胞学）D: systematics （=taxonomy分类学）正确答案是C11. Plants will play an important role in space exploration because of their ability toA: generate（产生）oxygen B: produce drugs. C: generate carbon dioxide（.二氧化物）D: produce fiber.正确答案是A12. The study of botany has its origins（起源, 由来）in which time period?A: Bronze（青铜）Age B: Victorian Period（维多利亚女王时代）C: Stone Age（石器时代）D: Industrial Revolution正确答案是CIntroduction Cell Structure Part B1. In contrast（对比, 对照）to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells:A: lack a nuclear envelope.（膜）B: lack genetic material C: have mitochondria（线粒体）D: have chloroplastsE: have complex chromosomes（染色体）正确答案是A2. When plants moved from the sea to the land, the most critical（危急的）environmental factor became:A: water. B: carbon dioxide C: minerals D: oxygen. E: light正确答案是A3. The two major components（组成成分）of the vascular system are the:A: epidermis and corkB: xylem and phloem.C: apical meristems and lateral meristemsD: cuticle（表皮）and stomata.E: embryo（胚芽）and seed正确答案是B4. Primary growth refers to growth:A: originating（起源, 发生）from apical meristems B: originating from the vascular cambium C: originating from the cork cambium D: that is of primary importance to the plant E: that results in the thickening of stems and roots正确答案是A5. Plant ______ is the study of the form of plants.A: physiology B: taxonomy（分类学）C: systematics（=taxonomy分类学）D: morphology（形态学）E: anatomy（解剖学）正确答案是D6. If each gamete（接合体, 配偶子）of a plant has 12 chromosomes, what is the haploid（单倍体,单一的）chromosome number of that plant?A: 3 B: 4 C: 6 D: 12 E: 24正确答案是D7. ______ are plastids（质体）that lack chlorophyll but contain carotenoid（类胡罗卜素）pigments. A: Etioplasts [白色(质)体]B: Chromoplasts（色素母细胞, 成色素细胞）C: Leucoplasts（白色体）D: Amyloplasts [造粉(质)体]E: Chloroplasts正确答案是B8. Most likely, mitochondria（线粒体）and chloroplasts evolved[由…发展(进化)]from:A: portions of the endoplasmic reticulum. （内质网）B: pieces of nucleiC: fragments（碎片）of the plasma（血浆）membrane.D: oil bodiesE: bacteria正确答案是E9. The ______ is the liquid material contained within the tonoplast.（液泡膜）A: matrix（基质）B: stroma（基质）C: cell sap（细胞液）D: nucleoplasm （核原形质, 核浆）E: cytosol（细胞溶质,胞液）正确答案是C10. A principal（主要的）function of the Golgi bodies is the:A: synthesis（合成）and secretion of cell wall polysaccharides（多醣,聚糖,多聚糖）other than cellulose（纤维素）B: formation（形成）of ATP by oxidation（氧化）of organic（有机的）fuels （能源物质）C: conversion（转化）of radiant energy （光能）to chemical energy.D: storage of lipids（脂质）as oil bodiesE: storage of water, ions（离子）, and secondary metabolites（代谢物）正确答案是A11. In the cell wall, ______ molecules（分子）are united to form microfibrils （微纤维）A: xylan（木聚糖）B: pectin（胶质）C: xyloglucan （glucan葡聚糖）D: celluloseE: glycoprotein（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）正确答案是D12. Which of the following statements about the secondary wall is false?A: It usually is deposited（存放, 堆积）after the cell has stopped growing.B: Glycoproteins（糖蛋白类, 醣蛋白）and enzymes（酶）are usually abundant constituents.（要素）C: The protoplast（原生质体）may die after the secondary wall is laid down.D: It frequently has three distinct（清楚的）layersE: Pectins（胶质）are usually lacking.正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part A1. Apical meristems consist of:A: initials（最初的）only B: primary meristems only. C: immediate derivatives（派生物）only D: initials and primary meristems E: initials and their immediate derivatives正确答案是E2. What three overlapping（重叠, 搭接）processes are involved（有关的）in development? A: cell division, cell enlargement, and cell differentiationB: mitosis（有丝分裂）, meiosis（.减数分裂）and fertilization（授精）C: mitosis, meiosis, and differentiationD: growth, morphogenesis, and differentiationE: primary growth, secondary growth, and morphogenesis（形态发生, 形态形成）正确答案是D3. The tissue that makes up the pith（木髓）and cortex（皮层）is:A: collenchyma B: xylem C: parenchyma D: phloem E: sclerenchyma.正确答案是C4. ______ is a type of ground tissue composed of cells having thick, often lignified secondary cell walls.A: CollenchymaB: XylemC: ParenchymaD: PhloemE: Sclerenchyma正确答案是E5. Annular annular（环形的, 有环纹的）and helical（螺旋状的）thickenings in secondary cell walls are characteristic of:A: tracheids only.B: vessel elements onlyC: sieve elements only.D: both tracheids and vessel elements.E: tracheids, vessel elements, and sieve elements.正确答案是D6. A mature sieve element does NOT normally have:A: a nucleusB: a plasma membraneC: smooth endoplasmic reticulum.（内质网）D: plastids.E: mitochondria.（线粒体）正确答案是A7. The function of companion cells is thought to be:A: structural support.B: storage of starchC: delivery of substances to sieve-tube elementsD: conduction of food from one part of the plant to another.E: transport of water and minerals正确答案是C8. Trichomes（藻丝）are:A: a. cells associated with guard cells.B: cells that form the bulk（大多数）of the epidermis.C: waxy（蜡质的）deposits（堆积物, 沉淀物）on the epidermis.D: appendages（附属物）of epidermal cells.E: the cell walls of epidermal cells.正确答案是D9. The cuticle of the epidermis consists mainly of:A: cellulose and fats.B: cutin and wax.（蜡状物）C: cellulose and cutin（角质）D: cellulose and wax.E: lignin（木质素）and wax正确答案是B10. Which of the following is NOT a component of the periderm?A: phellem（木栓）B: epidermal tissueC: phelloderm（栓内层）D: cork cambiumE: cork正确答案是BPlant Cells and Tissues Part B1. The tissue found between the endodermis and the epidermis of plants is called the ___. A: xylemB: phloemC vascular cambiumD: cortex正确答案是D2. The food storage tissue of the root is the ___.A: cortexB: endodermisC: xylemD: phloem正确答案是A3. The cell type providing the greatest structural strength to plants is the ___.A: fiber cellB: collenchyma cellC: parenchyma cellD: sieve cell正确答案是A4. The cell type associated primarily with plant differentiation and growth is the ___. A: xylem cellB: meristematic（分生组织的）cellC: phloem cellD: epidermal cell正确答案是B5. Which organelle（细胞器官）is associated with protein synthesis in plants?A: mitochondrionB: Golgi body (dictyosome)C: ribosomeD: protocytoplasmic body正确答案是C6. Which structure is least related to the others?A: plastidB: nucleusC: cell wallD: mitochondrion正确答案是C7. The organelle that captures（俘获, 捕获）light energy is the ___.A: mitochondrionB: chloroplastC: nucleusD: leucoplast（白色体）正确答案是B8. Ribosomes are associated with the ___.A: rough endoplasmic reticulum （内质网）B: smooth endoplasmic reticulumC: nucleusD: vacuole（液泡）正确答案是A9. Cell support is provided by the ___.A: skeleton（骨架）B: fluid（流动的）matrix （基质）C: cytoskeletonD: exoskeleton（外骨骼）正确答案是C10. Movement of hydrogen ions [H+] across a plant membrane requires no ATP.A: True B: False正确答案是B11. Membranes facilitate（使容易,促进）cell-to-cell communication.A: True B: False正确答案是A12. The movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration is known as osmosis. （.渗透作用）A: True B: False正确答案是B13. Axillary（叶腋的, 腋生的）buds（芽）are associated with the tip of a shoot.（嫩芽）A: True B: False正确答案是B14. The cell type that is alive at maturity and involved（与…有关的）with food storage and/or photosynthesis is parenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. An example of an undifferentiated plant tissue would be the procambium.（原形成层）A: True B: False正确答案是A16. A trichome（毛状体）is an extension（.扩充）of an epidermal cell.A: True B: False正确答案是A17. An apical meristem can be found in an axillary bud.（腋芽）A: True B: False正确答案是APlant Cells and Tissues Part C1. The helical（螺旋状的）structure of a DNA molecule（分子）can be viewed with a stereomicroscope.（立体显微镜）A: True B: False正确答案是B2. In plant cells, the secondary wall is deposited （堆积）to the inside of the primary wall.A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Cytoplasmic（细胞质的）streaming（流动）is the process whereby（为何）organelles move ina current（趋势,）within the cytosol.（细胞溶质,胞液）A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Vacuoles（液泡）are membrane-bound, empty air spaces, which make up to 90% or more of the cell's volume.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. In higher plants, mitosis occurs in the vascular cambium and the meristems.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. During anaphase (细胞分裂的后期), the vesicles（小泡）of the phragmoplast（成膜体）fuse （融合）into a flattened（平的）hollow cell plate.A: True B: False正确答案是B7. The endoplasmic reticulum（内质网）is a system of flattened sacs（囊）and tubes（管子）associated with the storage and transport of proteins.A: True B: False正确答案是A8. The cytoplasm of a cell consists ofA: the cytosol（细胞液）and organelles.B: only saltsC: cell fragments（碎片）D: the plasma membrane and cell wall正确答案是A9. What is the name given to the tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells?A: nuclear poresB: middle lamellaC: plasmodesmata（胞间连丝）D: microfibrils正确答案是C10. Which organelle is involved in the synthesis of ribosomal（核醣体的）RNA?A: vacuole（液泡）B: nucleolusC: leucoplast l（白色体）D: mitochondrion正确答案是B11. Which plastid synthesizes and stores starch?A: proplastid（原生质体）B: chloroplastC: chromoplast （有色体）D: amyloplast （造粉体）正确答案是D12. Microtubules（微管）and microfilaments（微丝,微纤丝）constitute which part of the cell's ultrastructure（超微结构,亚显微结构）?A: cytoskeleton（细胞骨架）B: nucleusC: cell wallD: all of the above正确答案是A13. Which organelle is associated with the synthesis, secretion, and storage of proteins?A: leucoplastB: ribosomeC: vacuoleD: chromatin （染色质）正确答案是B14. Why are mitochondria（线粒体）called the powerhouses（发电站）of the cell?A: They make carbon and fats readily容易地available to the cell.B: They accumulate（积聚, 堆积）where energy is needed.C: They release（释放）energy from respiration（呼吸作用）D: All of the above.正确答案是D15. During which interval（时间间隔）of interphase（细胞的间期）does DNA replication.（复制）take place?A: cytokinesis（细胞浆移动, 原浆移动）B: G2C: SD: G1正确答案是C16. During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles? A: metaphase（中期）B: prophase（前期）C: telophase（末期）D: none of the above正确答案是C17. What is the name given to the two coiled（盘绕）, thick strands of a chromosome, which are united by a centromere（着丝点, 着丝粒）?A: chromatids（染色单体）B: kinetochores（动粒, 着丝粒, 着丝点）C: spindle fibers（纺锤体）D: homologous（同源的）chromosomes正确答案是A18. Which of the following statements about animal cells is true?A: They do not form cell plates during mitosis.B: They do not have plastidsC: They form centrioles（中心体）during mitosisD: All of the above正确答案是D19. The microtubules that extend from the centromeres（着丝点, 着丝粒）to the poles during mitosis are calledA: dictyosomes.（高尔基体）B: endoplasmic reticulumC: spindle fibers （纺锤体）D: satellites （星射线）正确答案是CPlant Cells and Tissues Part D1. Parenchyma cells containing numerous许多的chloroplasts are called sclerenchyma.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. Lateral conduction of water occurs in long-lived, horizontal（水平的）parenchyma cells called rays. A: True B: False正确答案是A3. Water movement between tracheid cells occurs only when the torus（花托, 花床, 圆环面）is in the center of the pit pair.A: True B: False正确答案是A4. Specialized epidermal cells called lenticels（皮孔）border（与...接近）stomata on the surface of leaves.A: True B: False正确答案是B5. The periderm is composed of cork cells, replaces the epidermis, and constitutes组成the outer bark （树皮）in woody plants.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Which of the following is NOT a primary meristem?A: ground meristemB: protodermC: cork cambiumD: procambium正确答案是C7. Which type of meristem develops at intervals（时间间隔）along the stem in the vicinity（邻近, 附近）of nodes节点？A: apical meristemB: intercalary（居间的）meristemC: lateral meristemD: vascular cambium正确答案是B8. Sclerids and fibers are two forms ofA: sclerenchymaB: epidermal tissueC: parenchymaD: transfer cells正确答案是A9. Celery（芹菜）strings are an example ofA: periderm.B: collenchymaC: xylemD: none of the above正确答案是B10. In tracheid cells, pits areA: areas in which no secondary walls have developedB: formed wherever two tracheids are in contact with one another.C: necessary for water transfer.D: all of the above正确答案是D11. What is the name of the cell that is closely associated with sieve tube members in phloem tissue? A: sieve plateB: lumen（内腔）C: companion cellD: chlorenchyma（绿色组织）正确答案是C12. What is the name of the multi-layered（多层）epidermis covering the aerial（气生的）roots of an orchid （兰花）?A: procambiumB: root capC: root hairD: velamen（根被）正确答案是D13. Cutin（角质）is defined.（定义）asA: the cells surrounding the stomata.B: a fatty substance secreted by epidermal cellsC: a type of multi-layered epidermisD: specialized parenchyma正确答案是B14. Which of the following is a function of the epidermis?A: resistance（抵抗, 阻抗）to water lossB: resistance to pollutionC: resistance to pathogens（病原体(物)）D: all of the above正确答案是D15. The function of lenticels（皮孔）is toA: prevent water lossB: provide gas exchangeC: produce new bark.D: produce suberin正确答案是B16. Which of the following is an example of a secretory substance?A: suberin（软木脂）B: latex（乳汁, 乳胶, 橡胶）C: albumin（清蛋白, 白蛋白）D: all of the above正确答案是BRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part A1. Which of the following is NOT a function generally associated with roots? A: storageB: anchorage （固着）C: photosynthesisD: conductionE: absorption正确答案是C2. The columella（囊轴）is:A: a component of the mucigel （粘胶质）B: a component of the amyloplast（造粉体）C: a column（柱壮物）of cells in the root apical meristemD: responsible for the absorption of water and mineralsE: the central column of cells in the rootcap.正确答案是E3. The region of cell division in a growing root:A: is responsible for most of the increase in length of the root.B: contains the apical meristem and nearby cells.C: contains most of the cells that are differentiating.D: contains root hairs.E: is sharply delimited from the adjacent region.正确答案是B4. Root hairs arise from cells of the:A: vascular cylinder. （维管柱）B: pericycle.（中柱鞘）D: epidermis.E: endodermis.正确答案是D5. In what root tissue are Casparian strips located?A: cortexB: epidermisC: xylem and phloemD: xylem onlyE: phloem only正确答案是A6. Lateral roots arise in the:A: xylemB: epidermis.C: pericycleD: root hairsE: rootcap.正确答案是C7. In roots, phloem most commonly occurs: cork正确答案是C9. Which of the following statements about aerial roots is FALSE?A: They are adventitious （不定的）rootsB: Some serve as prop（支持）roots.C: They are produced from below ground structures.D: If in contact with the soil they absorb water and minerals.E: Red mangrove（红树林）and ivy（常春藤）produce aerial（气生的）roots正确答案是C10. Fleshy roots have an abundance of:A: xylem.B: phloemC: parenchyma.D: pericycle.（中柱鞘）E: endodermis正确答案是CRoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part B1. A short, upright（垂直的）, subterranean（地下的）stem covered by fleshy leaf bases is a ___. A: corm（球茎, 球根）B: bulb（鳞茎）C: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）D: stolon （匍匐茎）正确答案是B2. Roots that arise from leaves are termed ___.A: rhizomes （根茎, 根状茎）C: adventitious rootsD: stolons （匍匐茎）正确答案是C3. Mucigel （粘胶质）formed by the root cap functions in ___.A: lubrication（润滑）B: water absorptionC: protectionD: lubrication, water absorption and protection正确答案是D4. The region(s) of the root in which root hairs form is (are) the ___.A: region of maturationB: region of cell divisionC: region of elongationD: regions of maturation, cell division and elongation正确答案是A5. The Casparian strip is associated with the ___.A: pericycleB: cambiumC: endodermisD: cortex正确答案是C6. Branch or lateral roots form from the ___.A: division of the cambiumB: pericyleC: parenchyma of the cortexD: specialized region of the endodermis正确答案是B7. A dicot（双子叶植物）root is characterized by the ___.A: cambium forming xylem toward the central part of the root and phloem toward the outside B: cambium forming phloem toward the central part of the root and xylem toward the outside C: location of discrete（不连续的, 离散的）vascular strands near the epidermis of the root D: random scattering（散射）of vascular strands throughout the root正确答案是A8. Roots that contain large amounts of aerenchyma are associated with ___.A: desert conditionsB: stagnant（停滞的）waterC: deep lakesD: alpine（高山的）regions正确答案是B9. Which term is least related to the others?A: epiphytes（附生植物, 真菌）B: epiphylls（叶附生植物）C: parasites（寄生虫）D: saprophytes（腐生物）正确答案是D10. The macronutrient（大量营养素）that regulates the osmotic（渗透的）pressure of guard cells is ___.A: nitrogen（氮）B: sulfur （硫）C: potassium（钾）D: magnesium （镁）正确答案是C11. Which is a root?A: Irish（爱尔兰的）potatoB: rhizome（根茎, 根状茎）C: sweet potatoD: russet（黄褐色的, 赤褐色的）potato正确答案是C12. Iron is considered a macronutrient（常量营养元素）because it is needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll.A: True B: False正确答案是B13. The topsoil（表层土）of most fertile（肥沃的）, soils has a pH near 7.0.A: True B: False正确答案是A14. The tissue between the epidermis and the central vascular cylinder of the root is the cortex.A: True B: False正确答案是A15. Mycorrhizae function in absorption and are associated with roots.A: True B: False正确答案是ARoot and Plant Mineral Nutrition Part C1. Monocotyledonous plants （单子叶植物）generally have taproot（主根, 直根）systems with one or more primary and secondary roots.A: True B: False正确答案是B2. The root hair zone develops in the region of elongation.A: True B: False正确答案是B3. The enlarged root of the mainroot plant is specifically adapted for the storage of starch and other carbohydrates.（碳水化合物, 醣类）A: True B: False正确答案是B4. Lily bulbs are pulled deep into the soil by the action of contractile（会缩的, 有收缩性的）roots. A: True B: False正确答案是A5. In the root cap, amyloplasts（造粉体）function as gravity（重力）sensors（传感器）to keep the root growing downward.A: True B: False正确答案是A6. Roots that develop from a stem, leaf, or other plant part are calledA: root hairsB: adventitious roots.C: taproots（主根）D: fibrous roots. （须根）正确答案是B7. In which region of the root is the apical meristem found?A: region of elongationB: region of maturationC: region of cell divisionD: root cap正确答案是C8. Which of the following statements about root hairs is NOT true?A: They are tubular（管状的）extensions（延长, 扩充）, of epidermal cells.B: They develop into secondary roots.C: They greatly increase the root's absorptive surfaceD: All of the above.正确答案是B9. What is the name given to the band of suberin（软木脂）surrounding the cells of the endodermis? A: pneumatophore（呼吸根）B: cortexC: casparian stripD: endomycorrhizae正确答案是C10. Under what environmental conditions do pneumatophores（呼吸根）develop?A: swampy（沼泽的, 湿地的）B: dry and arid（干旱的, 贫瘠的）C: areas with permanently frozen ground （永冻土）D: none of the above正确答案是A11. Which of the following is NOT an example of an aerial （气生根）root?A: prop root of cornB: food storage root of dandelion（蒲公英）C: photosynthetic root of orchid（兰花）D: none of the above正确答案是B12. What is the name given to the mutualistic（依生生物）relationship existing between fungi and roots?A: haustoriaB: infection threadsC: adventitious rootsD: mycorrhizae正确答案是DStems Part A1. Which of the following statements about the shoot is FALSE?A: In an embryo（胚芽）it is represented by the plumule（幼芽）or an apical meristem.B: It has nodes（节点）and internodes.（节间）C: Its apex（顶点）produces leaves and axillary buds （腋芽）D: It is structurally（在结构上）less complex than the rootE: It consists of the stem and its leaves.正确答案是D2. The term tunica-corpus refers to the organization of:A: the shoot apex.（顶点）B: leaf primordia.（叶原基）C: bud primordia（芽原基）D: internodes（节间）E: nodes （节点）正确答案是A3. A localized meristematic（局部分生组织的）region in an elongating internode is called a(n)A: pith meristemB: peripheral（外围的）meristem.C: Intercalary （居间的）meristemD: central mother cell zoneE: meristematic cap正确答案是C4. Unlike the Tilia（椴树属）stem, the Sambucus stem:A: has wide interfascicular（维管束间的）regions called pith rays.B: has a central pith without air spacesC: lacks a cortex.D: lacks primary xylemE: has scattered（离散的，分散的）vascular bundles.正确答案是A5. Open vascular bundles:A: are usually surrounded by a sheath（鞘）of sclerenchyma.B: give rise to a cambium.C: lose their potential（能力）for further growth.D: are characteristic of most monocots.E: do not produce procambium.正确答案是B6. A plant with adjacent pairs of opposite leaves at right angles to one another is said to have a ______ leaf arrangement.A: spiral螺旋形的B: helical（螺旋状的）C: distichous（二列的, 二分的）D: whorled（有涡漩的, 有螺纹的）E: decussate （交叉着的）正确答案是E7. By definition, a simple leaf:A: has a petiole（叶柄）that is not divided into distinct （明显的）partsB: has a blade（叶片）that is not divided into distinct parts.C: has a rachis.（叶轴, 花轴）D: lacks a blade. （叶片）E: lacks a petiole正确答案是B8. The ______ of leaves is structurally and functionally（机能上地）most closely related to the endodermis of the root.A: epidermisB: major vein（叶脉）C: midrib（叶的中脉）D: bundle-sheath（维管束鞘）E: bundle-sheath extension正确答案是D9. The leaf scar（叶痕）develops from the:A: abscission（切断, 除去）layerB: separation .（分离, 分开）layer.C: protective （保护的）layer.D: top of the petiole（.叶柄）E: base of the blade.正确答案是C10. Which of the following floral花的parts are usually initiated（开始, 发起）first?A: petals （花瓣）B: sepals （萼片）C: stamens（雄蕊）D: carpels（心皮）E: stigmas（柱头）正确答案是B11. The meristematic cells of the vascular cambium are:A: the tunica（被膜）and corpus.B: fusiform（纺锭状的）initials and ray initialsC: fusiform initials and axial cells.D: ray cells and fusiform cells.E: axial（轴向的）cells and radial（放射状的）cells.正确答案是B12. Fascicular（维管束的）cambium is located:A: inside the fascicular regions.B: outside the procambiumC: in the pith rays.D: between the xylem and phloem outside the vascular bundles.E: between the xylem and phloem within the vascular bundles正确答案是E13. During secondary growth, periderm replaces the:A: epidermisB: cortex.C: cork cambium.D: primary phloem.E: primary xylem正确答案是A14. Which of the following statements about cork cells is FALSE?A: They are dead at maturityB: They are the most abundant cells in the periderm.C: Their inner wall surfaces are lined by suberin lamellae.D: They are highly permeable to water and gases.E: Their walls may be lignified.正确答案是D15. Which of the following statements about the outer bark is FALSE?A: It may include phloem tissue.B: It may include cortex.C: It does not include a periderm.D: It consists entirely of dead cells.E: It includes all tissues outside the innermost（最里面的）cork cambium. 正确答案是C16. In contrast to amigosperm wood, most conifer（松类, 针叶树）wood: A: has long vessels.B: has no tracheids in its axial system.C: has relatively small amounts of axial parenchyma.D: lacks resin（树脂）ducts.（管）E: lacks pits.正确答案是C17. In radial section of conifer wood, the:A: cut is made at right angles（角）to the long axis轴of the stemB: cut is made at right angles to the rays.C: tracheids appear squarish.D: width and height of the rays can be determined.E: rays appear as sheets of cells at right angles to the tracheids.正确答案是E18. Unlike heartwood, sapwood （边材:）A: contains dead cellsB: is infiltrated（渗透）by resins..（树脂）C: accumulates（积聚）secondary metabolites.代谢物D: conducts water and minerals.E: loses its reserve（储备的）foods.正确答案是D19. The single most important（指示器）of the strength of wood is its:A: texture（.纹理）B: color.C: grain.D: density..（密度）E: figure..（外形）正确答案是DStems Part B1. Secondary growth in trees is accomplished完成的primarily by the division of the ___.A: pithB: xylemC: phloemD: cambium正确答案是D2. The monocot stem is characterized by ___.A: vascular bundles arranged in a concentric ring （同心环）B: vascular bundles located in discrete（不连续的, 离散的）strands and randomly（不规则的）scattered（离散的，分散的）throughout the cortexC: vascular bundles confined to the stem centerD: three vascular bundles正确答案是B3. Food can move laterally within the phloem by means of ___.A: translocation poresB: cytoplasmic streamingC: sieve platesD: companion cells正确答案是C4. A ___ is not an example of a modified改进的stem.A: cladophyll（扁平的叶状茎）B: thorn（刺, 棘, 荆棘）C: potatoD: petiole （叶柄, 柄部）正确答案是D5. The reactivation（再生作用)of the vascular cambium following a winter period is due to the ___. A: action of auxin （生长素）B: sensitivity（灵敏度）of the vascular cambium to auxinC: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to gibberillin （赤霉素）D: sensitivity of the vascular cambium to auxin and gibberillin正确答案是B6. Which best characterizes growth rings?A: Each ring consists of one year's growth.B: Each ring is about 1 to 10 millimeters wide.。
植物生理学习题及答案第六章植物体内有机物的运输
植物生理学习题及答案第六章植物体内有机物的运输第六章植物体内有机物的运输一、英译中(Translate)1. plasmodesma2.co-transport3. pressure flow theory4. cytoplasmic pumping theory5. microfibril6. receiver cell7. phloem unloading8. girdling9.desmotubule10. contractile protein theory11. metabolic source12. metabolic sink二、中译英(Translate)1、胞间连丝2、连丝微管3、共转运4、共质体运输5、质外体运输6、压力流动学说7、胞质泵动学说8、收缩蛋白学说9、环割10、代谢库11、代谢源12、韧皮部三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1、共质体2、质外体3、胞间连丝4、压力流动学说5、韧皮部装载6、韧皮部卸出7、代谢源8、代谢库9. apoplast 10. microtubule 11. pressure-flow model 12. sink 13. symplast四、是非题(True or false)（）1、韧皮部装载有2条途径，即质外体途径和共质体途径。
（）2、韧皮部中的物质可以双向运输。
（）3、解释筛管中运输同化产物的机理的学说有3种，其中压力流动学说主张筛管液流是靠源端和库端的膨压建立起来的压力势梯度来推动的。
（）4、同化产物经过维管系统从源到库的运输称为短距离运输。
（）5、源叶中的光合产物装载入韧皮部的细胞途径可能是“共质体→质外体→共质体→韧皮部筛管分子”。
（）6、有机物在机体内的分配只由供应能力和运输能力二个因素决定。
（）7、在作物的不同生育时期，源与库的地位始终保持不变。
（）8、许多实验证明，有机物的运输途径主要是由本质部担任的。
(完整版)植物生理学习题及答案第三章植物的光合作用
第三章植物的光合作用一、英译中(Translate)1、heterophyte2.、autophyte3、photosynthesis4、chloroplast5.、thylakoid6.、Photosynthetic membrane7、chlorophyll8、carotenoid9、carotene10、xanthophyll11、absorption spectrum12、etiolation13、light reaction14、carbon reaction15、primary reaction16、photosynthetic unit17、Emerson effect18、electron transport19、photosynthetic chain20、photophosphorylation21、coupling factor22、chemiosmotic hypothesis23、the Calvin cycle24、reductive pentose phosphate pathway25、phosphoenol pyruvate 26、photorespiration27、dark respiration28、peroxisome29、photosynthetic product30、Photosynthetic rate31、light compensation32、light saturation33、shade plant34、photoinhibition35、greenhouse effect36、solar constant37、thylakoid lumen38、Rubisco39、antenna pigment40、light –harvesting pigment41、reaction center42、photosystem I43、oxygen-evolving complex44、water splitting45、water oxidizing clock46、core complex47、assimilatory power48、CO2 assimilation49、fluorescence二、中译英(Translate)1、异养植物2、自养植物3、光合作用4、叶绿体15、类囊体6、光合膜7、叶绿素8、类胡萝卜素9、胡萝卜素10、叶黄素11、吸收光谱12、黄化现象13、光反应14、碳反应15、原初反应16、光合单位17、爱默生效应18、电子传递19、光合链20、光合磷酸化21、偶联因子23、化学渗透假说23、卡尔文循环24、还原戊糖磷酸途径25、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸26、光呼吸27、暗呼吸28、过氧化物酶体29、光合产物30、光合速率31、光补偿点32、光饱和现象33、阴生植物34、光抑制35、温室效应36、太阳常数37、类囊体腔38、CO2补偿点39、天线色素40、聚光色素41、反应中心42、光系统I43、放氧复合体44、水裂解45、水氧化钟46、核心复合物47、同化力48、CO2同化49、荧光三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1、爱默生效应18. absorption spectrum2、光合作用19. assimilatory power3、荧光现象20. ATP synthase(ATPase or CFo-CF1)4、磷光现象21. C3 plants5、光反应22. C4 cycle6、碳反应23. C4 plants7、光合链24. Calvin cycle8、光合磷25. CAM plants9、光呼吸酸化26. Cytochrome b6f complex10、景天科酸代谢27. mesophyll11、光合速率28. photosynthesis12、光补偿点29. photosynthetic electron transport13、光饱和现象30. photosystem14、光抑制31. photosystem I(PSI)15、光能利用率32. photosystem II(PSII)16、光合单位33. rubisco17、CO2补偿点34. chloroplast四、是非题(True or false)（）1、叶绿体是单层膜的细胞器。
植物生理学题（翻译）
植物生理学题（翻译）1、Available water, Water potential, cohesion therory有效水分：现有土壤水分含量与萎蔫点水分含量之差。
水势：在恒温恒压下，一偏摩尔溶积的水与纯水之间的化学势差。
内聚力：植物叶子具有蒸腾拉力，由于水分子间存在内聚力，便产生蒸腾流，从而实现了水分自根系向上运动。
2、After heavy rain fall with poor drainage,leaves of many plants wilt due to ( B ).大雨后降排水不良，许多植物的叶子枯萎由于A. Root rot;根腐病B. Poor soil aeration;土壤通气性差C. High salt concentration;高盐浓度D. Low soil temperature 土壤温度低3、In a plant growing vigorously under normal conditions without water stress, in which tissue would you expect to find the lowest (most negative) water potential? ( ).在正常条件下植物蓬勃发展无水分胁迫，其中组织期望你找到最低（最负）水势A Root epidermal cell;根表皮细胞 B.Root cortical parenchyma;根皮层薄壁组织C. Stem xylem; 茎木质部D. Leaf mesophyll parenchyma 叶肉薄壁组织4、Essential elements (species), solution culture, Symporter, Nitrogen assimilation基本元素(物种)溶液培养：又称为水培法，是在含有全部或部分营养元素的溶液中栽培植物的方法。
初二英语植物生理机能单选题50题
初二英语植物生理机能单选题50题1. Plants need ____ to carry out photosynthesis.A. only sunlightB. sunlight, water and carbon dioxideC. only waterD. only carbon dioxide答案：B。
解析：光合作用需要阳光、水和二氧化碳。
选项A说只需要阳光是错误的，光合作用不是仅靠阳光就能进行的。
选项C只提到水，选项D只提到二氧化碳，都不全面，只有选项B涵盖了进行光合作用的三个必要因素。
2. Which part of the plant mainly absorbs carbon dioxide during photosynthesis?A. RootsB. StemsC. LeavesD. Flowers答案：C。
解析：在植物进行光合作用时，主要是叶子吸收二氧化碳。
根（选项A）主要是吸收水分和矿物质等；茎（选项B）主要起支撑和运输作用；花朵（选项D）主要与繁殖等功能相关，所以答案是C。
3. The process of photosynthesis in plants will be faster when ____.A. there is less sunlightB. the temperature is very lowC. there is enough sunlight and proper temperatureD. there is no water答案：C。
解析：当有充足的阳光和合适的温度时，植物光合作用的进程会加快。
选项A中较少的阳光会减慢光合作用；选项B极低的温度也不利于光合作用；选项D没有水会阻碍光合作用，甚至无法进行，所以正确答案是C。
4. During photosynthesis, plants produce ____ as a by - product.A. oxygenB. nitrogenC. hydrogenD. carbon monoxide答案：A。
某农业大学《植物生理学》考试试卷(99)
某农业大学《植物生理学》课程试卷（含答案）__________学年第___学期考试类型：（闭卷）考试考试时间：90 分钟年级专业_____________学号_____________ 姓名_____________1、判断题（10分，每题5分）1. 蛋白质的可逆磷酸化是生物体内一种普遍的翻译后修饰方式。
（）[扬州大学2019研]答案：正确解析：蛋白质磷酸化是指由蛋白质激酶催化的把ATP的磷酸基转移到底物蛋白质氨基酸残基（丝氨酸、苏氨酸、酪氨酸）上的过程，或者在信号作用下结合GTP，是生物体内一种普通的调节方式，在细胞信号转导的过程中起重要作用。
蛋白质磷酸化是调节和控制蛋白质活力和功能的最基本、最普遍，也是最重要的机制。
2. 在施肥时期施用肥料的营养效果最好，这个时期被称为需肥临界期。
（）[扬州大学2019研]答案：错误解析：需肥临界期是指对某种元素的要求虽然不多，但生理作用强，敏感迫切。
此期缺肥将严重影响或抑制植物生长，即使以后弥补，也很难挽回损失。
对于某种栽培作物，有一个时期施用肥料的营养效果最好，这个时期被称为植物营养最大效率期。
2、名词解释（55分，每题5分）1. 受精作用答案：受精作用是指开花后，经过花粉在柱头上萌发、花粉管伸长进入胚囊，完成雄性生殖细胞（精子）与雌性生殖细胞（卵细胞）融合的过程。
解析：空2. 呼吸跃变[沈阳农业大学2019研]答案：当果实成熟到一定程度时，其呼吸强度突然升高，然后又突然下降的现象，称为呼吸跃变，或呼吸骤变。
一般嫩果呼吸最强，以后随年龄增加而降低，但在后期会出现呼吸跃变现象，原因是乙烯大量产生，促使呼吸增强。
有的果实没有明显的呼吸跃变。
解析：空3. 植物生理学答案：植物生理学的英文名称是plant physiology，是指研究植物生命活动规律的科学。
植物生理学其目的在于认识植物的物质代谢、能量转化和生长发育等的规律与机理、调节与控制以及植物体内外环境条件对其生命活动的影响。
植物生理学习题及答案第四章植物呼吸作用
第四章植物呼吸作用一、英译中(Translate)1．respiratioin2．aerobic respiration3．anaerobic respiration4．fermentation 5．pentose phosphate pathway 6．biological oxidation7．respiratory chain8．glycolysis9．oxidative phosphorylation10．Pasteur effect11．respiratory rate12．respiratory quotient13．cytochrome14．intramolecular respiration15．protein complex16．alternate oxidase17．ubiquinone18．uncoupling agent 19．temperature coefficient二、中译英(Translate)1．巴斯德效应2．有氧呼吸3．无氧呼吸4．呼吸速度5．呼吸商6．已糖磷酸途径7．生物氧化8．电子传递链9．细胞色素10．化学渗透假说11．抗氰呼吸12．底物水平磷酸化作用13．呼吸链14．氧化磷酸化15．发酵16．分子内呼吸17．蛋白复合体18．交替氧化酶19．温度系数三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1．呼吸作用2．有氧呼吸3．糖酵解4．三羧酸循环5．生物氧化6．呼吸链7．P/O比8．氧化磷酸化9．巴斯德效应10．细胞色素11．呼吸速度12．呼吸商13．抗氰呼吸14．无氧呼吸15. ADP/O ratiotransport chain (mitochonrion)17. oxidativephosphorylation18. glycolysis四、是非题(True or false)( )1．所有生物的生存都需要O2。
( )2．糖酵解途径是在线粒体内发生的。
完整版植物生理学习题及答案第三章植物的光合作用
第三章植物的光合作用(Translate)一、英译中26、photorespiration 1、heterophyte27、、autophyte dark respiration 2.28、3、photosynthesis peroxisome29、photosynthetic product 4、chloroplast30、Photosynthetic rate thylakoid 5.、31、light compensation 6.、Photosynthetic membrane32、light saturation 、7chlorophyll33、shade plant 8、carotenoid34、carotene photoinhibition 9、35 、10xanthophyll 、greenhouse effect36absorption spectrum 、solar constant 11、3712、thylakoid lumen 、etiolation38 、13light reaction 、Rubisco39、14carbon reaction 、antenna pigment40 primary reaction 、light –harvesting pigment 、1541、16photosynthetic unit 、reaction center 42 17、Emerson effect 、photosystem I43 、18electron transport 、oxygen-evolving complex44 、19photosynthetic chain 、water splitting45 、20photophosphorylation 、water oxidizing clock46、21coupling factor 、core complex47chemiosmotic hypothesis 22、、assimilatory power48、CO assimilationthe Calvin cycle 23、2 49、fluorescence、24reductive pentose phosphate pathway phosphoenol pyruvate 、25(Translate)二、中译英、异养植物1 、光合作用3 、自养植物2 4、叶绿体15、类囊体28、过氧化物酶体29、光合产物6、光合膜30、光合速率7、叶绿素31、光补偿点8、类胡萝卜素32 、光饱和现象9、胡萝卜素33、阴生植物10、叶黄素34、光抑制、吸收光谱1135、温室效应12、黄化现象36、太阳常数、光反应1337、类囊体腔14、碳反应38、、原初反应15 CO补偿点239、天线色素16、光合单位40、聚光色素、爱默生效应1741 、反应中心18、电子传递42、光合链19 、光系统I43 、光合磷酸化20 、放氧复合体44 、偶联因子21 、水裂解45、水氧化钟、化学渗透假说2346、核心复合物、卡尔文循环2347 、还原戊糖磷酸途径24 、同化力48 、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸25 、CO同化249 、光呼吸26 、荧光27、暗呼吸三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)18. absorption spectrum 1、爱默生效应19. assimilatory power2、光合作用20. ATP synthase(ATPase or CFo-CF) 3、荧光现象121. C plants4、磷光现象322. Ccycle 5、光反应 423. C plants、碳反应6 424. Calvin cycle 7 、光合链２．25. CAM plants、光合磷826. Cytochrome bf complex9、光呼吸酸化627. mesophyll 10、景天科酸代谢28. photosynthesis11、光合速率29. photosynthetic electron transport12、光补偿点30. photosystem13、光饱和现象31. photosystem I(PSI)14、光抑制32. photosystem II(PSII) 15、光能利用率33. rubisco16、光合单位34. chloroplast补偿点17、CO2四、是非题(True or false)（）1、叶绿体是单层膜的细胞器。
植物生理学双语试题答案
《Plant Physiology》模拟试卷一参考答案Part 1: Explain terms (Select 8 terms from followings，5 marks for each and total 40 marks.)1.Guttation：When soil has enough water and atmosphere is warm and higher RH, often in the early morming, unwounded leaf can secret sap form the tip or margin of leaf.2 Photosynthetic unit: Photosynthetic unit is a photosynthetic pigment and protein complex. It function asa unit for absorption and change of 1 photon into a charge, in which there are about 250-300 chl molecules.3．Photophosphorylation：A process in which generation of ATP by using ADP and Pi is accompanied with photosynthetic electron transport is called photophosphorylation (PSP).4．Physiologically acid salts：Physiologically acid salts are defined as the salts can result in solution acidification, as uptake of cation by plant is larger than that of anion, such as NH4Cl、NH4SO4、KCl、CaCl etc.5．Alternate oxidase：A special respiration in plants, which is not blocked by normal respiratory inhibitors, such as CN—, N3— (azide) or CO, but it is sensitive to SHAM (salicylhydroxamic acid).6．Growth inhibitors:Growth inhibitors are compounds resistant to IAAs function, which inhibit the growth of the apical meristem, so the plants loss of apical dominance. This inhibitory effect can not be reversed after using gibberellin.ABA, but it can be recovered by application of IAA.7. Optimum temperature for growth: The optimum temperature for growth is the temperature at which plant can grow fastest but not the most healthy or strongest.8. Critical night length: Critical night length refers to the shortest dark period for short-day plant flowering or the longest dark period for long-day plant flowering during a 24h-cycle.9.Senescence:Senescence refers to the functional decline of organ or whole plant, the process will ultimately lead to a series deterioration which causes the natural died.10. Stress proteins:Stress factors such as low temperature, high temperature, drought, salt, pathogens, chemicals, the lack of oxygen and UV can induced a new type of protein (enzyme)called stress proteins, such as low-temperature-induced proteins, heat shock proteins, drought stress protein, salt stress proteins, pathogen-associated protein etc.Part 2: Qestions（Total 60 marks. 1，2，3，4 are necessary to answer and chose one of 5 and 6.）1. Why do plants often appear in wilting in the summer noon？（5 marks）In the summer noon, temperature is high and relative humidity is low. The transpiration of the leaf is very high so that the plant’ water absorption can not satisfied with the water loss by transpiration. In this case theplant occurs temporary wilting.2. Why do the leaves in some plants become yellow and those in other plant become red in the late autumn?（10 marks）When the season turns to the late autumn, some of the plants begin to senescence and /or dormancy because of induction by decreasing temperature. In low temperature condition, the chlorophyll synthesis become low but the chlorophyll degradation rises. The total chlorophyll is decreased. The green appearance which is mainly determined by chlorophyll is substituted by yellow color which depended on carotenoids or red colors which is determined by anthocyanin. Carotenoids can be synthesized in lower temperature. their contents increase in the fall. Anthocyanin is synthesized in the late autumn perhaps due to accumulation of the more soluble sugar in plant leaf.3. What is difference between growth inhibitors and growth retardants？（10 marks）The main difference between growth inhibitors and growth retardants is their difference in the functioned parts and inhibition and recovering behaves. Growth inhibitors, such as TIBA and HM block apical meristem growth and the inhibition can be removed by IAA (IAA recovering).Growth redardants such as CCC, PP330 and PIX inhibit the subapical meristem and this inhibits can be removed by GA (called GA recovering).4. How does chilling injury damage the plants in physiology and which season does chilling injuryoccur frequently.（15 marks）Chilling injury in tropical or subtropical plants is caused by temperature above 0℃(freezing point ), which could be broadly divided into two steps.The first step is the change in lipid states. The biomembrane states became solid gel states from liquid crystalline state, resulting biomembrane leakage, loss of ion equilibrium and disorder in energy and substance metabolism.The second step causes metabolic disorders of the plant, including that uptake function of roots declines and water balance losses. The physiological drought occurs because water loss by transpiration is more than water absorption by root system. Photosynthetic rate lowers, aerobic respiration decreases while anaerobic respiration increases, which make plant face to anic substance degrades due to higher activities of hydrolase such as RNase, Protease etc.Chilling injury often occurred in the late spring and the late autumn.5. Explain plant organelles can undertake a completely metabolic (physiological) pathway in individual and cooperative.（20 marks）Because of compartmentation of plant cell, each organelle has its special function such as mitochondrium for respiration, chloroplast for photosynthesis, peroxisome for some oxidation, ribosome for protein synthesis,Golgi body and endoplasmic reticulum for macromolecular assembly and secretion and vacuole for storage and digestion of some compounds and so on.However, lots of metabolic pathways need to cooperate with several organelles. Photorespiration is a typical example. The whole pathway is carried out in chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondrium. In wchloroplast the substrate glycolic acid is produced through oxygenation of RuBP. Glycolic acid is transferred to peroxisome in which it is oxidized to form glyoxylic acid. After transamination glycine is produced and it is transferred to mitochondrium. In mitochondrium two molecules of glycine are combined to one serine after deamination and decarboxylation. The serine returns to peroxisome and became to hydroxypyruvatic acid. The hydroxypyruvatic acid is reduced to glyceric acid and then it returns to chloroplast where glyceric acid is phosphorylated to form phosphoglycerate, which participates in RuBP regeneration and begins to next cycle.6. Describe the roles of vernalization and photoperiodism on the plant development in theory andproduction? (20 marks)Vernalization refers low-temperature promotion of flowering in the past, but it includes low temperature promotion of any developmental events now. Photoperiodism refers the response of plant flower (development) to photoperiod (day length of 24 h cycle).Both plays very important role on plant development in theory and production.Not only is it found for flowering of some of plants including winter annuals,biennials and perennials but also scientists have uncovered the characteristics of vernalization, such as the relationship between temperature and time during the vernalization, the parts and ages sensitive to low temperature and possible mechanisms and some genes for vernalization in theory. Farmers can used vernalization and devernalization to control plant growth and developments, such as to sow winter wheat in spring after germinating seeds treated with low temperature and harvest larger angleca or onion with high temperature in winter. It is used to select sowing time according to different types and characters of plants and to induce crop from one place to others.For photoperiodism 3 basal types (SDP、LDP and DNP) and other types have been known in base on the requirement of day length and night length for plant flowering.Critical night length is determiner for plant flowering and phytochrome, a complex of chromophore and protein, participates this reaction. special genes have been cloned and stimulus of floral---Florigen or inhibitors of floral are hypothesized. The principles are also applied in production to (1) Introducing crops. If you want to harvest seed of plant, you must obey the law of the inducing crops in the Northern Hemisphere. It is that SDP induced from south to north, growth stage longer, early matured cultivar can be done. On contrary, from north to south, growth stage shorter, lately matured cultivar can be done. LDP induced from south to north, growth stage shorter, lately matured cultivar can be done. On contrary, from north to south, growth stage longer, early matured cultivar can be done. However, you often induce crop belonging SDP from south to north to harvest larger vegetative body such as sugarcane. (2) Selecting suitable sowing stage and controlling flower time.SDP or LDP or Genetic male sterility induced by day length need to sow different seasons. (3)Regulation of flower time for hybrids seed production , flash flower production by SD or LD treatments.。
植物学英语试题及答案
植物学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The scientific name of a plant is composed of two parts, the first part is the ________ and the second part is the________.A. Family name; Genus nameB. Genus name; Species nameC. Species name; Family nameD. Common name; Scientific name2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of angiosperms?A. Seeds enclosed in a fruitB. Vascular tissueC. Spores for reproductionD. Double fertilization3. The process of photosynthesis in plants takes place in the ________.A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. All of the above4. Which of the following is not a type of plant hormone?A. AuxinB. GibberellinC. Ethylene5. The primary function of the xylem in plants is totransport ________.A. Water and mineralsB. Organic substancesC. OxygenD. Carbon dioxide6. The basic unit of structure and function in a plant is the ________.A. CellB. TissueC. OrganD. System7. Which of the following is a type of non-vascular plant?A. FernB. MossC. GinkgoD. Pine8. The main site of respiration in plants is the ________.A. MitochondriaB. ChloroplastsC. CytoplasmD. Cell wall9. The process of a plant adapting to its environment is known as ________.A. PhotosynthesisC. AdaptationD. Growth10. The primary function of chlorophyll in plants is to________.A. Store energyB. Absorb light energyC. Transport waterD. Provide structural support答案：1. B2. C3. C4. D5. A6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. B二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The basic structure of a plant cell includes the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ________.2. The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy is known as ________.3. The main components of plant cell walls are cellulose and________.4. The reproductive organs of a plant include the stamen and________.5. The process of a plant absorbing water and nutrients is called ________.答案：1. Nucleus2. Photosynthesis3. Pectin4. Pistil三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1. What are the main functions of plant roots?2. Describe the process of photosynthesis in plants.答案：1. The main functions of plant roots include anchoring the plant body, absorbing water and minerals, storing nutrients, and synthesizing certain organic substances.2. Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants use chlorophyll to absorb light energy and convert carbon dioxide and water into organic substances and oxygen.四、论述题（15分）请论述植物对环境的适应性及其在生态系统中的作用。
植物生理学试题1
植物生理学试题一、中译英和英译中(15分)1、光合链2、氧化磷酸化3、光形态建成4、植物激素5、衰老6、plasmodesma7、gibberellin 8、electrochemical potential gradient 9、chil ling and freezing10、pholem loading二、名词解释(15分)1、光合磷酸化2、平衡溶液3、光周期诱导 .4、光补偿点5、呼吸速率三、是非题（20分）（）1、1mol/L蔗糖溶液的水势与lmol／LNacl溶液的水势是相等的。
( )2、目前认为植物必需的元素有16种。
( )3、硫酸根离子的硫显高度还原状态，所以不能直接被细胞利用，( )4、psⅡ的反应中心色素分子是P700。
( )5、光合作用水的裂解过程位于类囊体膜的外侧。
( )6、玉米植株光合碳同化仅有C4途径。
( )7、水杨痒氧酸是cyta-a3的抑制剂。
( )8、乙烯是由蛋氨酸的Cl 和C2转变而来。
( )9、活性氧对许多生物功能分子有保护作用。
( )10、天然的ABA是左旋的。
( )11、花粉的识别物质是内壁蛋白。
( )12、长日植物是指日照长于12h才开花的植物。
( )13、铜代chl溶液有荧光现象。
( )14、水稻叶片的维管束鞘细胞具有叶绿体。
( )15、ABA诱导气孔的开放。
( )16、苹果果实生长显双S形生长曲线。
( )17、乙烯诱导黄瓜雄花的形成。
( )18、春化作用的部位是叶片。
( )19、磷脂分子的头部是亲脂性的。
( )20、卡尔文循环每固定lmolCO2需要消耗2molATP。
四、填空题(16分)1、水分跨过细胞膜的途径有和。
2、植物生长必需的微量元素种类是。
3、chl吸收光谱的最强吸收区有两个，一个在波长为，另一个在波长为。
4、chl生物合成的起始物是。
5、M．calving循环固定CO2形成的第一个产物是。
6、光呼吸过程进行的场所是。
7、真核细胞中，1mol六碳糖完全氧化成CO2和H2O时会生成molATP。
浙江大学植物生理学(plant physiology)期末复习各章大题及答案
第1章植物水分关系1. 我们为什么看到夏日中午有些植物出现萎蔫，但晚上恢复，我们该怎么办？中午：蒸腾作用强烈，根系吸水及转运水分的速度较慢，不足以弥补体内蒸腾失水时，植物产生暂时萎蔫；晚上：蒸腾速率降低时，根系的吸收的水分足以弥补失水。
这种萎蔫消除，植物恢复原状。
中午可以适当遮阴处理（减少光照，抑制气孔开放；降低温度），或其他方法降低蒸腾速率：增加大气相对湿度；增加大气CO2浓度，降低蒸腾。
2. 为什么一次使用化肥、农药不能过多?肥料使用过度或集中时，可使土壤溶液浓度突然升高，阻碍根系吸水，产生“烧苗”现象。
3. 生产上如何提高水分利用效率？【灌溉、间作、施肥】水分利用效率=光合速率/ 蒸腾速率提高水分利用效率：【蒸腾↓光合↑】1.在不影响光合速率的情况下，减少气孔开度，降低蒸腾速率；2.在保持蒸腾速率不变的情况下，增加光合速率。
生产上：合理灌溉：交替灌溉，喷灌法，滴灌法，精确灌溉，调亏灌溉；合理间作：使作物在尽可能长的时间内覆盖尽可能多的田地，以降低土表的蒸发作用；合理施肥：一方面可以通过促进光合作用使蒸腾效率增大，另一方面可扩大叶面积，提高蒸腾作用在蒸散作用中所占的比例总之是综合系统的工程。
4. 保卫细胞的结构与组成?保卫细胞：叶绿体；独特的细胞壁结构：细胞壁不均匀增厚；有径向排列的微纤丝。
两个肾形/哑铃形保卫细胞围成气孔。
第2章植物矿质营养1、为什么有的缺素病表现在老叶，而有的在新叶?植物体内的矿质元素，根据它在植株内能否移动和再利用可分为二类：非重复利用元素（不可移动）：如钙、硫、铁、铜等；在植株旺盛生长时，如果缺少，缺素病症就首先出现在顶端幼嫩叶，如大白菜缺钙时心叶呈褐色；可重复利用的元素（可移动）：如氮、磷、钾、镁等。
如果缺少，缺素病症就会出现在下部老叶上。
2 、如何理解“麦浇芽”，“菜浇花”?3、根际施肥与根外施肥的优缺点根际施肥：（微生物）优点：根际有机物质可使微生物活性增加，而且可以活化或固定各种养分；缺点：受pH、金属离子浓度影响较大。
植物生理学全英文课程选修课答案.docx
植物生理学全英文课程选修课答案问：观念论认为人们的观念不仅反映实在，也建构了实在，下面哪些观念符合以上的定义答：美国梦佛教徒的因果轮回的观念社会中男尊女卑的观念问：鳗鲡和北梭鱼的生长活动中均伴随着变态现象（）答：对问：鳗鲡和北梭鱼的生长活动中均伴随着变态现象（）答：对问：《红楼梦》在第一回中，基本奠定了以（）注解的格局。
答：诗歌问：布迪厄在《国家精英》的绪言，提出社会学研究的对象是答：社会世界的深层结构认知结构社会结构与心智结构的对应关系问：痛点就是刚需，是急需解决的问题。
（）答：对问：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同”启发我们要（）。
答：多个角度看问题问：痛点就是刚需，是急需解决的问题。
（）答：对问：痛点就是刚需，是急需解决的问题。
（）答：对问：根据休谟，正义起源于自然财物的稀少，和人的自私和有限的慷慨，为什么如此？答：若自然财物充足，满足人的需要而无匮乏，人们就不会为财物的占有发生冲突，也就无须正义来调停若人人对他人仁慈无私，人们之间只有谦让，而无须正义问：在1930年以前，艾菲尔铁塔是世界上最高的建筑。
答：对问：弓鳍鱼目中唯一的鱼种是弓鳍鱼答：对问：学习指导就是大学的（）答：学习指南问：根据微观经济学的观点，价格的变化在不同时间中的需求价格弹性必须是一样的。
（）答：×问：下面不属于搜索技巧原则的是（）。
答：智能分词问：根据斯密，为什么人人从利己心出发，最终能达到对人人有利的社会后果？答：没有挑剔的（利己的）消费者，不会有优良的生产者没有精明的（利己的）厂商，不会有价廉物美的产品和服务在自由竞争的市场上（斯密理论可以实现的场域），消费者接受了满意的产品和服务，就意味着厂商获得了他们追求的利益问：肾间组织分泌的激素为皮质类固醇激素，对渗透压调节有一定作用。
（）答：对问：关于1946年《中华民国宪法》表述正确的是(AB)。
答：规定中华民国实行国会制规定中华民国实行责任内阁制问：根据经济学的观点，生产成本可分为（）。
植物生理学习题_第一章_植物的水分生理
第一章植物的水分生理一,英译中(Translate)1.water metabolism( )26.bleeding( )2.colloidal system( )27.guttation( )3.bound energy( )28.transpirational pull( )4.free energy( )29.transpiration( )5.chemical potential( )30.lenticular transpiration ( )6.water potential( )31.cuticular transpiration( )7.semipermeable membrane ( )32.stomatal transpiration( )8. osmosis( )33.stomatal movement( )9. plasmolysis( )34.starch-sugar conversion theory ( )10. deplasmolysis( )35.inorganic ion uptake theory ( )11. osmotic potential( )36.malate production theory( )12. pressure potential( )37.light-activated H+-pumping ATPase ( )13. matric potential( )38.stomatal frequency( )14.solute potential( )39.transpiration rate( )15.water potential gradient( )40.transpiration ratio( )16.imbibition( )41.transpiration coefficient( )17.aquaporin( )42.cohesive force( )18.tonoplast-intrinsic protein7( )43.cohesion theory( )19.plasma membrane-intrinsic protein ( )44.transpiration-cohesion-tension theory ( )20.apoplast pathway( )45.critical period of water( )21.transmembrane pathway( )46.sprinkling irrigation( )22.symplast pathway( )47.drip irrigation ( )23.cellular pathway ( )48. diffusion( )24.casparian strip ( )49. mass flow ( )25.root pressure ( )( )二,中译英(Translate)1.水分代谢2.胶体系统3.束缚能4.自由能5.化学能6.水势7.半透膜8.渗透作用9.质壁分离10.质壁分离复原11.渗透势12.压力势13.衬质势14.溶质势15.水势梯度16.吸涨作用17.水孔蛋白18.液泡膜内在蛋白19.质膜内在蛋白20.质外体途径21.跨膜途径22.共质体途径23.细胞途径24.凯氏带25.根压26.伤流27.吐水28.蒸腾拉力29.蒸腾作用30.皮孔蒸腾32.气孔蒸腾33.气孔运动34.淀粉-糖转化学说35.无机离子吸收学说36.苹果酸生成学说37.光活化H+泵ATP酶38.气孔频度39.蒸腾速率40.蒸腾比率41.蒸腾系数42.内聚力43.内聚力学说44.蒸腾-内聚力-张力学说45.水分临界期46.喷灌技术47.滴灌技术48.植物的水分生理,三,名词解释(Explain the glossary)1.半透膜2.衬质势3.压力势4.水势5.渗透势6.自由水7.束缚水8.质外体途径9.渗透作用10.根压11.共质体途径12.吸涨作用13.跨膜途径14.水的偏摩尔体积15.化学势16.内聚力学说17.皮孔蒸腾18.气孔蒸腾19.气孔频度20.水分代谢21.蒸腾拉力22.蒸腾作用23.蒸腾速率24.蒸腾系数25.水分临界期26. 水分子内聚力28.吐水29.伤流30.生理干旱31.萎蔫32.质壁分离33.质壁分离复原34.喷灌技术35.滴灌技术36.Osmosis37. plasmolysis38. water potential39. pressure potential40. gravity potential41. free energy42. solute potential43. transpiration ratio四,是非题(True or False)( )1.当细胞内的ψw等于0时,该细胞的吸水能力很强.( )2.细胞的ψg很小,但仍不可忽略.( )3.将ψp=0的细胞放入等渗溶液中,细胞的体积会发生变化.( )4.压力势(ψp)与膨压的概念是一样的.( )5.细胞间水分的流动取决于它的ψπ差.( )6.土壤中的水分在根内是不可通过质外体进入导管的.( )7.蒸腾拉力引起被动吸水,这种吸水与水势梯度无关.( )8.植物根内是因为存在着水势梯度才产生根压.( )9.保卫细胞进行光合作用时,渗透势增高,水分进入,气孔张开.( )10.气孔频度大且气孔大时,内部阻力大,蒸腾较弱;反之阻力小,蒸腾较强. ( )11.溶液的浓度越高,ψπ就越高,ψw也越高.( )12.保卫细胞的k+含量较高时,对气孔张开有促进作用.( )13.ABA诱导气孔开放,CTK诱导气孔关闭.( )14.蒸腾作用快慢取决于叶内外的蒸汽压差大小,所以凡是影响叶内外蒸气压差的外界条件,都会影响蒸腾作用.( )15.植物细胞壁是一个半透膜.( )16.溶液中由于有溶质颗粒存在,提高了水的自由能,从而使其水势高于纯水的水势.( )17.植物在白天和晚上都有蒸腾作用.( )18.有叶片的植株比无叶片的植株吸水能力要弱.( )19.当保卫细胞的可溶性糖,苹果酸,k+和Cl-浓度增高时,保卫细胞水势增高,水分往外排出,气孔关闭.( )20.当细胞产生质壁分离时,原生质体和细胞壁之间的空隙充满着水分.( )21.在正常条件下,植物地上部的水势高于地下部分的水势.( )22.高浓度的CO2引起气孔张开;而低浓度的CO2则引起气孔关闭.( )23.1mol/L蔗糖与1mol/L KCl溶液的水势相等.( )24.水柱张力远大于水分子的内聚力,从而使水柱不断.( )25.导管和管胞中水分运输的动力是蒸腾拉力和根压,其中蒸腾拉力占主要地位.( )26.The casparian strip prevents diffusion of water through cell walls into the xylem.( )27.Water availability of a soil is correlated with the size of the soil pores.( )28.A stomata allows carbon dioxide into the leaf and water out of the leaf.( )29.Solute concentration is a major factor that affect water potential in the solution.( )30.Solute accumulation in the xylem cannot generate root pressure( )31.Here are two import types of tracheary elements in the xylem:tracheids and vessel elements.五,选择(Choose the best answer for each question)1.对于一个不具液泡的植物细胞,其水势( )A,ψw=ψp+ψπ+ψgB,ψw=ψp+ψgC,ψw=ψp+ψπ2.已形成液泡的细胞,其吸水主要靠A.渗透作用B.代谢作用C.吸胀作用3.在同温同压的条件下,溶液中水的自由能比纯水( )A,高B,低C,相等4.把一个细胞液浓度低的细胞放入比其浓度高的溶液中,其体积( ) A,变大B,变小C,不变5.在正常情况下,测得洋葱鳞茎表皮细胞的ψw大约为( )A, 0.9MPaB, 9MPaC ,90MPa6.在植物水分运输中,占主要地位的运输动力是( )A,根压B,蒸腾拉力C,渗透作用7.水分以气态从植物体散失到外界的现象,是( )A,吐水现象B,蒸腾作用C,伤流8.影响气孔蒸腾速率的主要因素是( )A,气孔密度B,气孔周长C,叶片形状9.植物的蒸腾作用取决于( )A,叶片气孔大小B,叶内外蒸气压差大小C,叶片大小10.植物根部吸水主要发生于( )A,伸长区B,分生区C,根毛区11.下列哪个不是影响蒸腾作用的外部条件( )A,光照B,空气的相对湿度C,气孔频度12.影响蒸腾作用的最主要外界条件( )A,光照B,温度C,空气的相对湿度13.水分经胞间连丝从一个细胞进入另一个细胞的流动途径是( ) A,质外体途径B,共质体途径C,跨膜途径14.等渗溶液是指( )A,压力势相等但溶质成分可不同的溶液B,溶质势相等但溶质成分可不同的溶液C,溶质势相等且溶质成分一定要相同的溶液15.蒸腾系数指( )A,一定时间内,在单位叶面积上所蒸腾的水量B,植物每消耗1kg水时所形成的干物质的克数C,植物制造1g干物质所消耗水分的千克数16.植物体内的水分向上运输,是因为( )A,大气压力B,内聚力-张力C,蒸腾拉力和根压17.水在绿色植物中是各组分中占比例最大的,对于生长旺盛的植物组织和细胞其水分含量大约占鲜重的( )A,50%~70%B,90%以上C,70%~90%18.木质部中水分运输速度比薄壁细胞中水分运输速度( )A,快B,慢C,一样19.在下列三种情况中,哪一种情况下细胞吸水( )A,外界溶液水势为-0.6MPa,细胞水势-0.7MPaB,外界溶液水势为-0.7MPa,细胞水势-0.6MPaC,两者水势均为-0.9MPa20.植物的水分临界期是指( )A,对水分缺乏最敏感的时期B,对水需求最多的时期C,对水利用率最高的时期21.下列哪一个是目前作为灌溉的生理指标最受重视( )A,叶片的含水量B,叶片气孔开度C,叶片水势22.当细胞吸水处于饱和状态时,细胞内的ψw为( )MPaA,0B,很低C, >023.Stomates are usually openA.at night, when the plant requires a supply of oxygen.B.during the day, when the plant requires a supply of carbon'dioxide.C.whenever there is excess water in the soil.D.All of these are correct.24.When a cell is placed in higher water potential solution.A.water enters the cell.B.water exits the cell toward the solution.C.water enters and solute exits the cell.25.Water flows from theA.higher water potentiae to the lower water potential.B.lower water potential to the higher water potentialC.Lower ψπ to the higherψπ26.Root hairs do not play a role inA. oxygen uptakeB. mineral uptakeC. water uptakeD. carbon dioxide uptake27. The Casparian strip affectsA.how water and minerals move into the wascular cylinder.B. how water but not minerals moveC. how minerals but not water movesD. neither the flow of water nor the flow of minerals into a plant.28. which force is the central causative agent of the transpiration- cohesion- tensino theory of xylem transportA. transpiration pullB. guttationC. root pressureD. atmospheric pressure.29. which term describes forcing water out of the plant at the edges of its leavesA.root pressureB. guttationC. atmospheric pressureD. transpiration pull30. which force pushes water into the xylem as osmosis moves water into the rootA.guttationB. root pressureC. atmospheric pressureD. transpiration pull31.which statements is not true about stomatesA. As gruard cells become turgid , the stomates open.B. there are two guard cells around each stomateC. Guard cell take up potassium ions and water enter the guard cell.D. Guard cells lack chloroplasts that other epidermal cells contain.32. The apoplast isA. the cytosolB. cytoplasmC. a system of interconnected plant cell walls through which water moves.D. the layer of cells just inside the endodermis六,填空题(Put the best word in the blanks)1.植物体内水分以和两种状态存在.2.植物细胞有3种吸水方式,分别为, 和.3.植物主要以与两种方式散失水分.4. 对高大植物中的水分运输具有重要意义.5.影响蒸腾作用的主要环境因素除了光照强度,温度,水分供应外,还有和.6.如果空气的相对湿度升高时,植物的蒸腾速率会.7.如果束缚水/自由水的比值越小,则代谢,比值越大,则植物抗逆性.8.一个具有液泡的成熟细胞的水势等于,其中被忽略不计.9.形成大液泡的植物成熟细胞,其吸水主要靠 .10.一粒玉米的干种子,把它丢进水中,其主要靠吸水.11.一个典型细胞水势由, 和三部分组成.12.叶片的蒸腾作用有两种方式,分别是和.13.双子叶植物叶片的保卫细胞中的微纤丝呈排列.单子叶植物叶片保卫细胞中的微纤丝呈排列.14.植物通常在白天的蒸腾速率是,晚上是.15.蒸腾系数与成倒数关系.16.一般植物成熟叶片的角质蒸腾约占总蒸腾量的.17.根系吸水有3条途径: , 和.18.常用来表示蒸腾作用的指标为, 和.19. 和的实验可以证明植物细胞是一个渗透系统.20.影响气孔运动的因素有, 和等.21.用以解释气孔运动的机理有3种学说: ,和.22.植物从没有受伤的叶尖,叶柄等部位分泌液滴的现象称为.七,问答题:(Answer the following question)1.简述水分在植物生命活动中的作用.2.试述植物水分代谢过程.3.试述水分跨过细胞膜的途径.4.根据细胞质壁分离和质壁分离复原的实验,说明它可解决哪些问题5.有A,B两个细胞,A细胞的ψπ=-0.9MPa,ψp=0.5MPa;B细胞的ψπ=-1.2MPa,ψp=0.6MPa,试问两细胞之间水流方向如何为什么6.在27℃时,0.5mol·L-1的蔗糖溶液和0.5mol·L-1的NaCl溶液的ψw各是多少(0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl溶液的解离常数是1.6).7.如果土壤温度过高对植物根系吸水有利或是不利为什么8.根系吸水有哪些途径并简述其概念.9.判断下列观点是否正确并说明原因.(1)一个细胞放入某一浓度的溶液中时,若细胞液浓度与外界溶液的浓度相等,细胞体积不变.(2)若细胞的ψp= -ψπ,将其放入0. 1 mol·L-1的蔗糖溶液中时,细胞体积不变.(3)若细胞的ψw=ψπ,将其放入纯水中,细胞体积不变.10.试述蒸腾作用的生理意义.11.试述在光照条件下气孔运动的机理.12.试述在暗条件下气孔关闭的机理.13.试说明影响蒸腾作用的内部因素和外界因素.14.小麦的整个生育期中哪两个时期为水分临界期15.近年来出现的灌溉技术有哪些有什么优点16.若给作物施肥过量,作物会产生伤害,试述其原因.17.Descibe water transmembrane transport pathways.18.Explain why the stomatal opening in the light and the stomatal closed in dark. 第一章参考答案(Answer key)一,英译中1.水分代谢2.胶体系统3.束缚能4.自由能5.化学势6.水势7.半透膜8.渗透作用9.质壁分离10.质壁分离复原11.渗透势12.压力势13.衬质势14.溶质势15.水势梯度16.吸涨作用17.水孔蛋白18.液泡膜内在蛋白19.质膜内在蛋白20.质外体途径21.跨膜途径22.共质体途径23.细胞途径24.凯氏带25.根压26.伤流27.吐水28.蒸腾拉力29.蒸腾作用30.皮孔蒸腾31.角质蒸腾32.气孔蒸腾33.气孔运动34.淀粉-糖转化学说35.无机离子吸收学说36.苹果酸生成学说37.光活化H+泵ATP酶38.气孔频度39.蒸腾速率40.蒸腾比率41.蒸腾系数42.内聚力43.内聚力学说44.蒸腾-内聚力-张力学说45.水分临界期46.喷灌47.滴灌48.扩散49.集流二,中译英1.water metabolism2.colloidal system3.bound energy4.free energy5.chemical potential6.water potential7.semipermeable membrance8.osmosis9.plasmolysis10.deplasmolysis11.osmotic potential12.pressure potential13.matric potential14.solute potential15.water potential gradient16.imbibition17.aquaporin18.tonoplast-intrinsic protein19.plasma membrane-intrinsic protein20.apoplast pathway21.transmembrane pathway22.symplast pathway23.cellular pathway24.casparian strip25.root pressure26.bleeding27.guttation28.transpirational pull29.transpiration30.lenticular transpiration31.cuticular transpiration32.stomatal transpiration33.stomatal movement34.starch-sugar conversion theory35.inorganic ion uptake theory36.malate production theory37.light-activated H+-pumping ATPase38.stomatal frequency39.transpiration rate40.transpiration ratio41.transpiration coefficient42.cohesive force43.cohesion theory44.transpiration-cohesion-tension theory45.critical period of water46.spirinking irrigation47.drip irrigation48. water physiology of plant三,名词解释1.半透膜:亦称选择透性膜.为一类具有选择透性的薄膜,其允许一些分子通过,限制另一些分子通过.理想的半透膜是水分子可自由通过,而溶质分子不能通过.2.衬质势:细胞胶体物质亲水性和毛细管对自由水束缚而引起的水势降低值,以负值表示.符号:ψm.3.压力势:指细胞吸收水膨胀,因膨压和壁压相互作用的结果,使细胞液的水势增加的值.符号:ψp.4.水势:每偏摩尔体积水的化学势差.符号:ψw.5.渗透势:指由于溶质的存在,而使水势降低的值,用ψπ表示.溶液中的ψπ=-CiRT.6.自由水:距离胶粒较远而可以自由流动的水分.7.束缚水:靠近胶粒而被胶粒所束缚不易自由流动的水.8.质外体途径:指水分不经过任何生物膜,而通过细胞壁和细胞间隙的移动过程.9.渗透作用:指水分从水势高的系统通过半透膜向水势低的系统移动的现象.10.根压:指植物根部的生理活动使液流从根部上升的压力.11.共质体途径:指水分经胞间连丝从一个细胞进入另一个细胞的移动途径.12.吸涨作用:指亲水胶体吸水膨胀的现象.13.跨膜途径:指水分从一个细胞移动到另一个细胞,要两次经过质膜的运输方式.14.水的偏摩尔体积:指在一定温度和压力下,1mol水中加入1mol某溶液后,该1mol水所占的有效体积.15.化学势:每摩尔物质所具有的自由能就是该物质的化学势.16.内聚力学说:亦称蒸腾-内聚力-张力学说.是根据水分的内聚力来解释水分在木质部中向上运输的学说,为H·H·Dixon与O·Rener在20世纪初提出的.17.皮孔蒸腾:指水分通过树干皮孔进行的蒸腾,占植物的水分蒸腾量之比例很小.18.气孔蒸腾:是水分通过叶片气孔进行的蒸腾,它在植物的水分蒸腾中占主导地位.19.气孔频度:指1cm2叶片上的气孔数.20.水分代谢:指水分被植物体吸收,运输和排出这三个过程.21.蒸腾拉力:由于蒸腾作用产生的一系列水势梯度使导管中水分上升的力量.22.蒸腾作用:指水分以气体状态通过植物表面从体内散失到体外的现象.23.蒸腾速率:又称蒸腾强度.指植物在单位时间内,单位面积通过蒸腾作用而散失的水分量.(g.dm-2.h-1)24.蒸腾系数:植物制造1g物质所需的水分量(g),又称为需水量,它是蒸腾比率的倒数.25.水分临界期:指在植物生长过程中对水分不足特别敏感的时期.26.水分内聚力:指水分子之间相互吸引的力量.在一般情况下,水分内聚力保证导管或管胞的水柱能够维持不断地在植物体内进行运转.27.水孔蛋白:是一类具有选择性,高效转运水分的膜通道蛋白.28.吐水:指植物因为根压的作用自未受伤的叶尖,叶缘通过水孔向外溢出液体的现象.在作物栽培中,吐水多发生于土壤水分充足,空气温度较高时,通常以傍晚至清晨最易出现.29.伤流:指从受伤或折断组织溢出液体的现象.30.生理干旱:盐土中栽培的作物,由于土壤溶液的水势低,吸水困难,或者是原产于热带的植物低于10℃的温度时,出现的萎蔫现象.31.萎蔫:植物在水分严重亏缺时,细胞失去膨胀状态,叶子和幼茎部分下垂的现象.32.质壁分离:植物细胞由于液泡失水,而使原生质体收缩与细胞壁分离的现象.33.质壁分离复原:如果把发生了质壁分离的细胞放在水势较高的溶液中,外部水分便进入细胞,使液泡逐渐变大,这样整个细胞便会恢复原状,这种现象称为质壁分离复原.34.喷灌技术:是指利用喷灌设备将水喷到作物的上空成雾状,再降落到作物或土壤中.35.滴灌技术:是指在地下或土表装上管道网络,让水分定时定量地流出到作物根系的附近.36. Osmosis The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the region of more negative water potential, ψw (lower concentration of water).37. Plasmolysis Shrinking of the pertoplasm of a cell placed in an hypertonic (low osmotic potential) solution, away from the cell wall, due to loss of water.38. Water potential, Water potential is a measure of the free energy associated with water per unit volume (J W-3). These units are equivalent to pressure units such as pasc als.ψw is a function of the solute potential, the pressure potential, and the potential due to gravity. ψw=ψs +ψp +ψg. The termψg is often ignored because it is negligible for heights under five meters.39. Pressure potential (ψp) The hydrostatic pressure of a solution in excess of ambient atmospheric pressure40. Gravity potential. Ψg A component of water potential determined by the effect of gravity on the free energy of water.41. Free energy A thermodynamic term representing a capacity to perform work.42. Solute potential (or osmotic potential) ψs The effect of dissolved solutes on water potential.43. Transpiration ratio The evaporation of water from the surface of leaves and stems.四,是非题1.×2. √3.×4.×5.×6.x7.×8.√9.×10.×11.×12.√13.×14.√15.×16.×17.√18.×19.×20.×21.×22.×23.×24.×25.√26.√27.√28.√29.√30.×31.√五,选择题1.A2.A3.B4.B5.A6.B7.B8.B9.B10.C11.C12.A13.B14.B15.C16.C17.C18.A19.A20.A21.C22.A23.B24.A25.A26.D27.A28.A29.B30.B31.D六,填空题1.自由水,束缚水2.扩散作用,集流和渗透作用3.蒸腾作用,吐水4.水分子内聚力5.CO2浓度和湿度6.变慢7.越旺盛,越强8.ψπ+ψp ,ψg9.渗透作用10. 吸涨吸水11.渗透势,压力势,重力势12.气孔蒸腾,角质蒸腾13.呈扇形辐射状,呈径向辐射状14.0.5～2.5g·dm-2·h-1,小于0.1g·dm-2·h-1 15.蒸腾比率16.5%—10% 17.质外体途径,跨膜途径,共质体途径18.蒸腾速率,蒸腾比率,蒸腾系数19.质壁分离,质壁分离复原20.光照,温度,二氧化碳21.淀粉-糖转化学说,k+离子吸收学说,苹果酸生成学说22.吐水作用七,问答题1.(1)水是细胞质的主要组成分.(2)水分是重要代谢过程的反应物质和产物.(3)细胞分裂和伸长都需要水分.(4)水分是植物对物质吸收和运输及生化反应的溶剂.(5)水分能使植物保持固有姿态.(6)可以通过水的理化特性以调节植物周围的大气温度,湿度等.对维持植物体温稳定和降低体温也有重要作用.2.植物从环境中不断地吸收水分,以满足正常的生命活动的需要.但是,植物不可避免的要丢失大量水分到环境中去.具体而言,植物水分代谢可包括三个过程:(1)水分的吸收;(2)水分在植物体内的运输;(3)水分的排出.3.水分跨过细胞膜的途径有两条,一是单个水分子通过膜脂双分子层扩散到细胞内;二是水分通过水孔蛋白进入细胞内.4.(1)说明细胞膜和细胞质层是半透膜.(2)判断细胞死活.只有活细胞的细胞膜和细胞质层才是半透膜,才有质壁分离现象.如果细胞死亡,则不能产生质壁分离现象.(3)测定细胞液的渗透势和水势.5.由A细胞流向B细胞.因为A细胞的ψw=-0.4MPa >B细胞ψw=-0.6MPa.6.0.5mol·L-1蔗糖溶液的ψw是-1.24MPa;0.5mol·L-1 NaCl溶液的ψw为-1.98MPa.7.不利.因为高温加强根的老化过程,使根的木质化部位几乎到达尖端,吸收面积减少,吸收速率下降;同时,温度过高,使酶钝化;细胞质流动缓慢甚至停止.8.有3条途径:质外体途径:指水分通过细胞壁,细胞间隙等部分的移动方式.跨膜途径:指水分从一个细胞移动到另一个细胞,要两次经过质膜的方式.共质体途径:指水分从一个细胞的细胞质经过胞间连丝,移动到另一个细胞的细胞质的方式.9.(1)该论点不正确.因为除了处于初始质壁分离状态的细胞之外,当细胞液浓度与外溶液浓度相等时,由于细胞ψp的存在,因而细胞液的水势会高于外液水势而发生失水,体积就会变小.(2)该论点不正确.因为该细胞ψw=0,把该细胞放入任一溶液时,都会失水,体积变小.(3)该论点不正确.因为当细胞的ψw=ψπ时,该细胞ψp=0,而ψw为负值,即其ψw 低于0,将其放入纯水(ψw=0)中,故细胞吸水,体积会变大.10.(1)是植物对水分吸收和运输的主要动力.(2)促进植物对矿物质和有机物的吸收及其在植物体内的转运.(3)能够降低叶片的温度,以免灼伤.11.气孔运动机理假说有以下几种:(1)淀粉-糖变化学说.在光照下保卫细胞进行光合作用合成可溶性糖.另外由于光合作用消耗CO2使保卫细胞pH值升高,淀粉磷酸化酶水解细胞中淀粉形成可溶性糖,细胞水势下降,当保卫细胞水势低于周围的细胞水势时,便吸水膨胀使气孔张开.(2)K+离子吸收学说.在光照下,保卫细胞质膜上具有光活化的H+泵ATP酶,H+泵ATP酶分解光合磷酸化和氧化磷酸化产生的ATP,并将H+分泌到细胞壁,结果产生跨膜的H+浓度梯度和膜电位差,引起保卫细胞质膜上的K+通道打开,外面的K+进入到保卫细胞中来,Cl-也伴随着k+进入,以保证保卫细胞的电中性,保卫细胞中积累较多的k+和Cl-,水势降低.保卫细胞吸水,气孔就张开.(3)苹果酸生成学说,在光下保卫细胞内的CO2被利用,pH值上升,剩余的CO2就转变成重碳酸盐,淀粉通过糖酵解作用产生的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸PEP在PEP羧化酶作用下与HCO3-作用形成草酰乙酸,然后还原成苹果酸,保卫细胞苹果酸含量升高,降低水势,保卫细胞吸水,气孔张开.12.叶片气孔在暗条件下会关闭,这是因为在暗的情况下:(1)保卫细胞不能进行光合作用合成可溶性糖;且由于pH值降低,原有的可溶性糖向淀粉合成方向转化;(2)原有的苹果酸可能向外运出或向淀粉的合成方向进行;(3)K+和Cl-外流.最终使保卫细胞中的可溶性糖,苹果酸K+和Cl-浓度降低,水势升高,水分外渗,气孔关闭.13.内部因素:内部阻力是影响蒸腾作用的内在因素,凡是能减少内部阻力的因素,都会促进蒸腾速率,如气孔频度,气孔大小等.另外叶片内部体积大小也影响蒸腾作用.外部因素:光照,空气相对湿度,温度,风等.14.第一个水分临界期是分蘖末期到抽穗期(孕穗期),第二个水分临界期是开始灌浆到乳熟末期.15.答:有两种技术:喷灌技术和滴灌技术喷灌技术:指利用喷灌设备将水喷到作物的上空成雾状,再降落到作物或土壤中. 滴灌技术:是指在地下或土表装上管道网络,让水分定时定量地流出到作物根系的附近.上述2种方法都可以更有效地节约和利用水分,同时使作物能及时地得到水. 16.施肥过量,会使土壤溶液的水势变低,若植物的根部水势高于土壤溶液的水势时,根部不但吸不了水,反而根部会向外排水,时间一长,植物就会产生缺水,表现出萎蔫.5、关于坚持的名言，678910111213141550 161718192021222324、有了坚定的意志，就等于给双脚添了一对翅膀。
植物学英语试题及答案
植物学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 植物学中，"Angiosperm"指的是以下哪种植物？A. 裸子植物B. 被子植物C. 蕨类植物D. 苔藓植物答案：B2. 以下哪个选项是植物细胞特有的结构？A. 叶绿体B. 线粒体C. 内质网D. 高尔基体答案：A3. 植物的光合作用主要发生在哪个细胞器中？A. 线粒体B. 核糖体C. 叶绿体D. 液泡答案：C4. 植物的根、茎、叶属于哪种组织？A. 保护组织B. 分生组织C. 营养组织D. 输导组织答案：C5. 以下哪个激素与植物的向光性有关？A. 赤霉素B. 细胞分裂素C. 乙烯D. 脱落酸答案：A6. 植物的花、果实和种子属于植物的哪个部分？A. 根B. 茎C. 叶D. 生殖器官答案：D7. 植物的哪种组织负责水分和养分的运输？A. 保护组织B. 分生组织C. 输导组织D. 营养组织答案：C8. 植物的光合作用过程中，哪种气体是必需的？A. 氧气B. 二氧化碳C. 氮气D. 氩气答案：B9. 植物的哪种组织具有支持和保护功能？A. 保护组织B. 分生组织C. 输导组织D. 营养组织答案：A10. 植物的哪种组织负责细胞分裂和分化？A. 保护组织B. 分生组织C. 输导组织D. 营养组织答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 植物细胞壁的主要成分是_______。
答案：纤维素2. 植物的光合作用过程中，水和二氧化碳在_______中转化为葡萄糖和氧气。
答案：叶绿体3. 植物的根吸收水分和养分的主要部位是_______。
答案：根毛区4. 植物的茎中，负责向上输送水分和养分的组织是_______。
答案：木质部5. 植物的花开放后，通过_______过程传播花粉。
答案：传粉6. 植物的种子萌发需要适宜的_______、_______和_______。
答案：温度、水分、氧气7. 植物的光合作用过程中，叶绿素吸收的主要是_______光。
西农植物生理学英文题库资料
西农植物⽣理学英⽂题库资料2016《Plant Physiology》 Questions1.Please describe the major organelles of a plant cell and their functions.2.Please describe the different types of plastids and their features.3.Please describe the water movement pathways in plants.4.Please describe why nitrogen is important in plant life.5.Please describe the nitrogen fixation reactions in nature.6.Please describe your understanding of channel, carrier and pump in solutetransport.√6Three classes of membrane transport proteins:Channels and carriers can mediate the passive transport by simple diffusion or facilitated diffusion down the solute’s gradie nt of electrochemical potentialChannel proteins act as membrane pores and their specificity is determined primarily by the biophysical properties of the channel.Carrier proteins bind the transported molecule on one side of the membrane and release it on the other side.Pumps are for active transport using energy, usually from ATP hydrolysis, to pump solutes against their gradient of electrochemical potential.三种类型膜运输蛋⽩----通道、载体和泵。
植物生理学试题集与题解
植物生理学试题集与题解第一章植物的水分生理一、英译中(Translate)1.water metabolism (水分代谢)2.colloidal system (胶体系统)3.bound energy (束缚能)4.free energy (自由能)5.chemical potential (化学势)6.water potential (水势)7.semipermeable membrane (半透膜)8. osmosis (渗透作用)9. plasmolysis (质壁分离) 10. deplasmolysis (质壁分离复原) 11. osmotic potential (渗透势) 12. pressure potential (压力势) 13. matric potential (衬质势) 14.solute potential (溶质势) 15.water potential gradient(水势梯度) 16.imbibition (吸涨作用) 17.aquaporin (水孔蛋白) 18.tonoplast-intrinsic protein液泡膜内在蛋白19.plasma membrane-intrinsic protein (质膜内在蛋白) 20.apoplast pathway (质外体途径) 21.transmembrane pathway (跨膜途径) 22.symplast pathway (共质体途径) 23.cellular pathway (细胞途径) 24.casparian strip (凯氏带) 25.root pressure (根压) 26.bleeding (伤流) 27.guttation (吐水) 28.transpirational pull (蒸腾拉力) 29.transpiration (蒸腾作用) 30.lenticular transpiration (皮孔蒸腾) 31.cuticular transpiration (角质蒸腾) 32.stomatal transpiration (气孔蒸腾) 33.stomatal movement (气孔运动) 34.starch-sugar conversion theory (淀粉-糖转化学说) 35.inorganic ion uptake theory (无机离子吸收学说) 36.malate production theory (苹果酸生成学说) 37.light-activated H + -pumping A TPase (光活化H + 泵A TP 酶) 38.stomatal frequency (气孔频度) 39.transpiration rate (蒸腾速率) 40.transpiration ratio (蒸腾比率) 41.transpiration coefficient (蒸腾系数) 42.cohesive force (内聚力) 43.cohesion theory (内聚力学说) 44.transpiration-cohesion-tension theory (蒸腾-内聚力-张力学说) 45.critical period of water (水分临界期) 46.sprinkling irrigation (喷灌) 47.drip irrigation (滴灌) 48. diffusion (扩散) 49. mass flow (集流) 50。
(完整word版)植物生理学习题及答案第十章植物的生长生理
第十章植物的生长生理一、英译中(Translate)1.light seed（）2.seed longevity （）3.totipotency（）4.correlation （）5.phototropism（）6.thermonasty （）7.physiological clock( ) 8.epinasty （）9.nastic movement（）10.imterphase （）11.cyclin（）12.polarity （）13.redifferentiation（）14.grand period of growth （）15.thermoperiodicity of growth( ) 16.initiation stage （）17.effector stage （）18.degradation stage ( )19.leaf mosaic （）20.solar tracking （）21.statolith （）22.micell( )23.expansin（）二、中译英(Translate)1、生长生理（）2、细胞分化（）3、组织培养（）4、顶端优势（）5、向性运动（）6、向重力性（）7、向化性（）8、生长运动（）9、感夜性（）10、近似昼夜节奏（）11、细胞全能性（）12、脱分化（）13、糖的异生作用（）14、细胞周期（）15、向水性（）16、程序性细胞死亡17、萝卜宁18、横向光性19、活力20、分裂期21、微纤丝22、同源异型框23、同源异型域蛋白24、人工气候室三、名词解释(Explain the glossary)1、种子寿命2、组织培养3、分化4、脱分化5. 顶端优势6. apical dominance 7．photoperiodism四、是非题（对的打“√”，错的打“×”）(True or false)1、植物体内所有细胞都具有全能性。
（）2、营养器官长得越旺盛，生殖器官就发育得越好。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
植物生理学试题及答案1（供参考）一、选择题(请选择最合适的答案，每题0.5分，共15分。
)1. 某植物在同样的时间内通过蒸腾耗水2kg，形成干物质5g，其蒸腾系数是（3）。
（1）2.5 (2)0.4 (3)400 (4)0.00252. 如果外液的水势高于植物细胞的水势，这种溶液称为（２）。
（１）等渗溶液（２）高渗溶液（３）平衡溶液（４）低渗溶液3．在植株蒸腾强烈时测定其根压，根压(4) 。
(1)明显增大(2)显著下降(3)变化不大(4)测不出4．下列中(4) 方法可克服植物暂时萎蔫。
(1)灌水(2)增加光照(3)施肥(4)提高大气湿度5．缺乏下列元素(1) 时，缺素症状首先在老叶表现出来。
(1)K (2)Ca (3)Fe (4)Cu6、植物根部吸收的无机离子向植物地上部运输时主要通过(2) 。
(1)筛管(2)导管(3)转运细胞(4)薄壁细胞。
7. 下列盐类组合中，(2) 组属于生理碱性盐。
(1)NH4Cl、K2SO4和NH4NO3(2) KNO3、Ca NO3和NaH2PO4(3) NH4Cl、K2SO4和CaSO4(4) NH4NO3、NH4H2PO4和NH4HCO38. 光合作用合成蔗糖是在（3）里进行的。
（1）叶绿体间质（2）线粒体间质（3）细胞质（4）液泡9. 水稻、棉花等植物在400µl/L的CO2浓度下，其光合速率比大气CO2浓度下（1）。
（1）增强（2）下降（3）不变（4）变化无常10. C3途径中的CO2受体是（４）。
（１）PEP （２）PGA （３）Ru5P （４）RuBP11. 叶绿素分子的头部是（４）化合物。
（１）萜类（２）脂类（３）吡咯（４）卟啉12. 光合作用的电子传递是（４）的过程。
（１）光能吸收传递（２）光能变电能（３）光能变化学能（４）电能变化学能13. 一植物在15︒C时的呼吸速率是5μmolO2/gFW,在20︒C时的呼吸速率是10μmolO2/gFW,25︒C时的呼吸速率是15μmolO2/gFW,其该温度内可计算的Q10是(4) 。
（1）1.5 （2）1 （3）2 (4) 314. O2与CO2竞争（3）是生成光呼吸底物的主要途径。
（1）PEP （2）Ru5P （3）RuBP （4）PGA15. 具有明显放热特征的呼吸途径，其末端氧化酶是（2）氧化酶。
（1）细胞色素（2）抗氰（3）抗坏血酸（4）多酚16. 剪去枝上的一部分叶片，保留下来的叶片其光合速率（1）。
（1）有所增强（2）随之减弱（3）变化不大（4）变化无规律17. 最近的研究表明，植物细胞的纤维素是在（4）合成的。
（1）高尔基体（2）内质网（3）微管（4）质膜18．合成乙烯的直接前体是（4）。
（1）Met （2）SAM （3）Trp （4）ACC19. 植物组织培养时，较低的(4) 比例有利于根的形成。
(1) IAA/CTK (2) IAA/GA (3)GA/IAA (4) CTK/IAA20. 植物激素(1) 有维持顶端优势的作用。
(1) IAA (2) GA (3)ABA (4) CTK21．分生细胞生理生化上最明显的特点是(2) 的有规律变化。
(1)蛋白质(2) DNA (3) RNA (4)呼吸速率22．叶、花和果实都是由(4) 分生组织分化而来的。
(1)侧生(2) 次生(3) 基生(4)顶端23．需光种子在有光的条件下发芽(1) 。
(1)比暗中好(2) 比暗中差(3) 同暗中一样好(4) 同暗中一样差24．植物激素调节植物顶端优势和侧芽生长，其中以(3) 最为明显。
(1) IAA和ABA (2) CTK和GA (3)IAA和CTK (4)GA和IAA25．某大豆品种的临界日长为15小时, 以下__(1) ____方法经周期性诱导后可使其开花。
(1) 14h光照+10h黑暗(2) 16h光照+8h黑暗(3) 13h光照+11黑暗并在暗期开始后3小时处用红光中断15分钟(4) 8h光照+16h黑暗并在暗期中间用白光中断15分钟26．下列(1) 果实具呼吸跃变现象，且其生长曲线为单S曲线。
(1) 香蕉(2) 杏(3) 桃(4) 橙27．油料种子成熟后期，种子内主要积累（1）。
（1）脂肪（2）不饱和脂肪酸（3）甘油（4）饱和脂肪酸28．超氧自由基包括下列中（4）。
（1）O2—·、1O2和H2O2 （2）1O2、OH∙和H2O2（3）O2—·、OH∙和H2O2（4）O2—·、1O2、OH∙29. 与生长旺盛的植物相比，越冬植物细胞中自由水/束缚水的比值（1）。
（1）大大降低（2）相近（3）大大上升（4）略有上升30．一般说来，生物膜中不饱和脂肪酸含量高，植物抗（3）能力强。
（1）高温（2）湿害（3）低温（4）盐害二、填空题(每题0.5分，共20分。
)1. 引起植物发生生理干旱的土壤因素是土壤缺乏有效水、土壤盐渍等。
2. 肉质植物耐热原因之一是其体内含有大量的有机酸。
3. 白天，Pr 型的光敏素的转变为Pfr 型光敏素。
其中具有生理活性的是Pfr 型光敏素。
4. 在水分较少，或氮肥少、或光照强的条件下，都会提高植物的根冠比。
5. 植物激素有多种生理效应，例如：GA 能解除生理矮生现象，Eth 能促进成熟，ABA 能抑制叶片的蒸腾作用。
6．IAA的运输特点是极性运输，总的方向是向顶向基运输。
7．筛管汁液中，阳离子以K+最多，阴离子以H x PO4为主。
8．环割试验证明有机物是通过韧皮部运输的，这种方法应用于果树的枝条上可促进座果。
9．巴斯德效应是指氧气对EMP 的抑制现象；瓦布格效应是指氧气对光合的抑制现象。
10．高等植物在正常呼吸时，主要的呼吸底物是G ，最终的电子受体是O2 。
11．叶绿体色素吸收光能后，其激发能主要以诱导共振的方式在色素间传递，传递过程中能量下降，波长变长。
12．在光合作用中，同化力中的A TP用于3-PGA转化为1，3-PGA 和Ru5P形成RuBP ，NADPH则用于1，3-PGA还原为GA-3-P 。
13．与三碳植物相比，四碳植物的光补偿点高，主要是因为同化1分子CO2所需的ATP多。
14．当叶片失水出现萎蔫状态时，细胞的膨压为零，其Ψw等于Ψs 。
15．设甲乙两个相邻细胞，甲细胞的渗透势为-1.6MPa，压力势为0.9MPa，乙细胞的渗透势为-1.3MPa，压力势为0.9MPa，水应从乙细胞流向甲细胞。
如两细胞体积相等，平衡时细胞的水势是-0.55 MPa。
16．离子扩散除取决于化学势梯度外，还取决于电势梯度，二者合起来称为电化学势。
17．缺镁会影响叶绿素合成，从而引起老叶脉间失绿症状。
18．豆科植物根瘤发育不良与缺元素Mo 有关。
三、名词解释(任选8题，回答超过8题的，按前8题给分。
每题3分，共24分。
)1. Symplast: 共质体,是指活细胞内的原生质体通过胞间连丝及质膜本身互相连结成的一个连续的整体。
2.Balanced solution:平衡溶液, 是指溶液中含有适当比例的各种植物必需元素和pH值,能使植物生长发育良好的溶液如，完全培养液，大多数土壤溶液。
3.PQ shutter: PQ穿梭，是指在光合电子传递过程中PQ使间质中H+不断转入类囊体腔,导致间质pH上升,形成跨膜的质子梯度的过程。
3.4.Light-harvesting pigments:集光色素，只起吸收和传递光能,不进行光化学反应的光合色素，有全部的Chlb, carotenoids, 和大部分Chla4.5.P/O ratio: P/O比, 是指每消耗一个氧原子,由无机磷与ADP结合形成的ATP的个数。
6.Pasteur effect: 巴斯德效应，是指O2对无氧呼吸（或糖酵解）的抑制7.Metabolic sink: 代谢库，是指消耗或贮藏同化物的部位或器官，如根系、形成中种子、幼果、膨大中块根块茎等。
8.Epinasty; 偏上生长,由乙烯引起的叶柄（或茎）向下弯曲，使叶片（或枝条等）下垂的现象。
8.9.Cytoskeleton: 细胞骨架, 指真核生物细胞中普遍存在着由蛋白质纤维组成的三维网络结构,称之为细胞骨架,它主要是由微丝、微管和中间纤维系统组成。
10. DNP：日中性植物，是指开花不受日照长短的限制，只要温度等其他条件满足就能开花的植物。
四、问答题（共同41分）1．The plants will wilt at the beginning when a certain concentrition of sucrose is put into the solution in which plants grow, and the plants will recover its turgidity after a while. Why do they occur?（5 Marks）这是因为生长在溶液中的植株原来与外界溶液达到吸水平衡，植物体水分充足，保持紧张性而不萎蔫，当外界加入一定的蔗糖时，溶液的水势下降到低于植物根系的水势，根系失水，水势下降导致一开始地上部失水而萎蔫。
但植物细胞膜是选择透性膜，水溶液中的糖可以被根系吸收，当其浓度合适时，不会造成细胞死亡，反过来糖被细胞吸收，使根和地上部组织水势下降，而溶液水势提高。
根的吸水能力加强，植物体内水分重新达到平衡，植株紧张度上升，萎蔫消除。
2．How many ATP is used in CAM plant when it assimilates one molecule of CO2? (4 Marks) CAM植物同化一分子的CO2需要3个ATP，其中2个用于2分子的3-PGA转变为1，3-PGA，1分子用于Ru5P转化为RuBP，虽然CAM植物有PEP作为晚间CO2受体的过程，但PEP来源于EMP没有消耗ATP。
3．What is photoperiodism? Give some examples to express the phenomena? (7 Marks) 光周期现象是指植物开花对昼夜长短的反应。
最初由研究植物开花时发现，根据植物开花对昼夜长短这种光的反应，把植物分为三种基本类型，即只有在日长长于其临界日长才能开花的长日植物，只有在日长短于其临界日长才能开花的短日植物，及开花不受日照长短影响的日中性植物。
后来人们发现除开花外植物的其他许多发育过程也有光周期控制，如秋天的落叶，地下块根、块茎的膨大，花和开片的昼夜开闭，性别分花和植物的某些激素如ABA及GA的合成等。
4．What relationship between respiratory climacteric and past-storage of fresh fruits? How to prevent the fruits from respiratory climacteric and to extend the storage period of fresh fruits?.（10 Marks）呼吸跃变是指在成熟时呼吸又急剧升高,达到一个小高峰后再下降。