语言学教程

4.7 Beyond the Sentence（超越句子）
The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. More linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in the paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of TEXT LINGUISTICS and DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (论述分 析).
4.7.2 Cohesion (结合)
Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text. Discoursal / textual cohensiveness（话语凝 聚力和文本凝聚力） can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution,etc.
Paratactic (coordinate clauses)并列句
(a) In Guangzhou it is hot and humid during the summer. In Beijing it is hot and dry. (b) The door was open. He walked in.
Conjoining refers to the process where
one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.
For example:
(a) John bought a hat and his wife bought a handbag.
4.6 Recursiveness(递归性)
4.6.1 Conjoining（连接）
4.6.2 Embedding（嵌入）
4.7 Beyond the Sentence（超越句子）
4.7.1 Sentential Connection（句子连接） 4.7.2 Cohension（衔接）
4.6 Recursiveness(递归性)
— 冯媛
(b)I don’t know whether Professor Li needs this book. (complement clause补语从句)
(c)If you listened to me, you wouldn’t make mistakes. (adverbial clause状 语从句)
Theoretically, there is no limit to the number of embedding on relative clause into another relative clause.
For example:
(a)John’s sister John’s sister’s husband John’s sister’s husband’s uncle John’s sister’s husband’s uncle’s daughter,etc. (b) That house in Beijing the garden of that house in Beijing the tree in the garden of that house in Beijing
The three basic types of subordinate clause（从句） are complement补足从 句, adjunct (or adverbial) 状语从句and relative clauses关系从句.
For example:
(a)I saw the man who had visited you last year. (relative clause关系从句)
For example:
Hypotactic (subordinate clauses )从句
(a) You can phone the door if you like. However, I very much doubt whether he is in.
(b) We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.
(b) Give me liberty or give me death.
The conjunctions used in this case are and, but, and or.
4.6.2 Embedding(嵌入)
Embedding refers to the means by which one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.
4.7.1 Sentential Connection（句子连接）
The notions of hypotactic and paratactic relations can also be applied to the study of syntactic relations between sentences.
For example:
I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new.
Recursiveness means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within (i. e. be dominated by ) another constituent having the same category. Recursiveness has become an umbrella term, under which may be brought together several important linguistic phenomena such as coordination and subordination, conjoining and embedding, hypotactic and paratactic. All these are means to extend sentence.
a bird on the tree in the gardenБайду номын сангаасof that house in Beijing
So, recursiveness is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language.
4.6.1 Conjoining（连接）
For example:
(a) He couldn’t open the door. It was locked tight. (Reference) (b) “Why don’t you use your own recorder?” “I don’t have one.” (Substitution 置换· 代替) (c) “Did she get there at six?” “No, (she got there) earlier (than six).”（Ellipsis 省略） (d) I want to help him. Unfortunately it was too late. (Logical connection) (e) “Shall we invite Zhang Hui?” “No, I can’t stand the man.” (Lexical collocation 词汇的重复)