翻译范例
2017翻硕英译汉翻译范例整理
2017翻硕英译汉翻译范例整理汉英互译一直是考研英语中的难点,对此,小编整理历年英译汉翻译20范例,以供大家学习参考,希望大家2017考研顺利。
1、When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming "I wanted to spend more time with my family".当我决定辞去自己的全日制工作时决没有想到,自己竟成了一种新的国际性潮流的一分子。
一次平级的人事调动伤了我的自尊心,并阻断了我的事业发展,这促使我放弃自己地位较高的职业,当然,就像面子扫尽的政府部长那样,我也掩饰说“我只想与家人更多的呆在一起”。
2、Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term "downshifting" has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of "have it all", preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of she magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.奇怪的是,大约两年半的时间我写完两部小说后,我这个被美国人称为“放慢生活节奏”的试验,却使我太疲惫的借口变成了现实。
翻译格式要求及范例
翻译格式是伊甸园字幕组长期实践和广泛调查的基础上统一形成的。
请大家充分重视格式的重要性,因为这体现了翻译的态度以及字幕的质量。
统一的格式也会为之后的校对工作提供很多便利。
首先介绍一下翻译时提供的英文字幕首先介绍一下翻译时提供的英文字幕::3800:02:31,251 --> 00:02:34,152But they're not stupid.Richard, especially, has great taste.“38”表示的是句数。
“00:02:31,251 --> 00:02:34,152”是时间轴,决定了字幕何时出现在影片中,以及持续的时间。
这两部分翻译时保持原样,千万不要删除或者更改。
下面具体介绍翻译的格式要求下面具体介绍翻译的格式要求::1.标点符号1)逗号、句号都不用保留。
出现在句中时,用一个半角的空格代替;出现在句末时,直接删除。
例如:3800:02:31,251 --> 00:02:34,152But they're not stupid.Richard, especially, has great taste.翻译为:3800:02:31,251 --> 00:02:34,152但是他们不傻尤其是Richard 他鉴赏力极佳2)问号、感叹号、省略号、书名号、引号是需要保留的,统一使用半角的标点。
例如:4900:03:02,015 --> 00:03:04,916-Zach! My man!-What's up, man?翻译为:4900:03:02,015 --> 00:03:04,916- Zach! 伙计!- 什么事 伙计?3)一个时间轴下面出现两个人的对白,需要把对白分置两行,对白前加“-”和一个空格。
这里需要注意,由于翻译时提供的英文字幕是影片本身自带的字幕经过软件转换过来的,有可能格式与我们要求的不符,这个时候,大家需要严格按照教程,把缺失的格式补上。
背诵文言文范例翻译
原文:“帝高阳之苗裔兮,朕皇考曰伯庸。
摄提贞于孟陬兮,惟庚寅吾以降。
皇览揆余初度兮,肇锡余以嘉名:名余曰正则兮,字余曰灵均。
纷吾既有此内美兮,又重之以修能。
扈江离与辟芷兮,纫秋兰以为佩。
汩余若将不及兮,恐年岁之不吾与。
朝搴阰之木兰兮,夕揽洲之宿莽。
日月忽其不淹兮,春与秋其代序。
惟草木之零落兮,恐美人之迟暮。
不抚壮而弃秽兮,何不改乎此度?乘骐骥以驰骋兮,来吾道夫先路!路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。
”翻译:“我是远古帝高阳的后代啊,我的父亲名叫伯庸。
我在庚寅年降生,正值岁星运行至孟冬之月。
天帝审视我初生的面貌,赐予我美好的名字:称呼我为正则,字我为灵均。
我内在的美质已经很多,我又加以修养以增强它。
我佩戴着江离草和辟芷香草,用秋兰编织成佩饰。
我担心自己即将赶不上时代的步伐,害怕岁月不等待我。
清晨采摘幽谷中的木兰,傍晚采摘沙洲上的宿莽。
日月匆匆流逝,春秋更替有序。
看到草木的凋零,我担心美丽的女子也会老去。
不珍惜青春年华而舍弃美好的事物,为什么不改变这种态度呢?骑着千里马奔腾向前,我要走在道路的最前面!道路漫长而又遥远,我将上下求索。
”这段文言文通过对个人身世的叙述,表达了诗人对美好事物的追求和对人生道路的探索。
翻译时,我们既要忠实于原文的字面意思,又要尽量传达出原文的意境和情感。
以下是对原文中一些词语的详细解释:1. 帝高阳:指远古的帝高阳氏,是屈原自称的族谱。
2. 朕皇考:朕,古代帝王自称;皇考,指父亲。
3. 摄提贞:摄提,指岁星;贞,指岁星运行至孟冬之月。
4. 孟陬:孟冬之月,即农历十一月。
5. 庚寅:干支纪年法中的一种组合,表示年份。
6. 皇览揆余初度:皇,指天帝;览,审视;揆,度量;初度,指出生。
7. 肇锡余以嘉名:肇,开始;锡,赐予;嘉名,美好的名字。
8. 正则:美好的品质。
9. 灵均:公正无私。
10. 扈江离与辟芷:江离,一种香草;辟芷,另一种香草。
11. 纫秋兰以为佩:纫,编织;秋兰,一种香草。
文言文翻译范例
昔者,孔子游于匡,匡人围之数匝,莫敢与之通。
孔子登东山而小鲁,登泰山而小天下。
孔子曰:“君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚。
”夫小人者,自以为是,而不见其非;自以为智,而不见其愚。
是以其心常戚戚,而不乐也。
子贡问曰:“君子之所以坦荡荡者,何也?”孔子曰:“君子之道,其行也直,其志也正,其言也信,其貌也恭,其色也庄,其心也仁,其德也厚,其威也严。
是以人敬之,而莫敢犯也。
小人则不然,其行也曲,其志也邪,其言也伪,其貌也伪,其色也谄,其心也险,其德也薄,其威也弱。
是以人轻之,而常犯之。
”孟子曰:“君子有三乐,而王天下不与存焉。
父母俱存,兄弟无故,一乐也;仰不愧于天,俯不怍于人,二乐也;得天下英才而教育之,三乐也。
君子有三戒,少之时,血气未定,戒之在色;及其壮也,血气方刚,戒之在斗;及其老也,血气既衰,戒之在得。
”《易经》曰:“天行健,君子以自强不息。
”此言君子自强不息,如天地之运行不息,无有止息。
君子之所以能自强不息者,以其有志也。
有志者,事竟成;无志者,事竟败。
翻译(现代文):从前,孔子在匡地游玩,匡地的人将他团团围住,没有人敢与他相通。
孔子登上东山,觉得鲁国变小了;登上泰山,觉得天下都变小了。
孔子说:“君子心胸宽广,小人则常常忧愁。
”小人自以为是,看不到自己的错误;自以为聪明,看不到自己的愚昧。
因此他们的心常常忧愁,而不快乐。
子贡问孔子:“君子之所以心胸宽广的原因是什么?”孔子回答:“君子的道德,行为正直,志向端正,言语诚信,外貌恭敬,神色庄重,心地仁慈,品德厚道,威严庄重。
因此人们尊敬他们,没有人敢侵犯他们。
小人则不同,他们的行为歪曲,志向邪僻,言语虚伪,外貌虚伪,神色谄媚,心地险恶,品德浅薄,威严软弱。
因此人们轻视他们,常常侵犯他们。
”孟子说:“君子有三件快乐的事,而称王天下并不在其中。
父母都健在,兄弟没有灾祸,这是第一件快乐的事;抬头无愧于天,低头无愧于人,这是第二件快乐的事;得到天下英才并教育他们,这是第三件快乐的事。
英文剧本带翻译范例
英文剧本带翻译范例Title: English Script with Translation Example。
Introduction:In this article, we will provide an example of an English script with translation. The script will be in the form of a dialogue between two characters, and we will provide a translation of the dialogue in Chinese. This will serve as a helpful guide for those who are learning English and want to improve their comprehension skills.Characters:John: A businessman in his mid-30s。
Mary: John's assistant in her mid-20s。
Scene:John's office。
Dialogue:John: Good morning, Mary. How are you doing today?Mary: Good morning, John. I'm doing well, thank you. How about you?John: I'm doing great. So, what do we have on the agenda for today?Mary: Well, we have a meeting with the marketing team at 10 am, and then we need to finalize the budget for the next quarter.John: Okay, sounds good. Let's get started on the budget first. Can you bring up the spreadsheets on the screen?Mary: Sure thing. Here they are.John: Great. Now, let's take a look at the expenses for the last quarter. We need to make sure we're not overspending.Mary: I agree. We can cut back on some of the travel expenses and maybe reduce the budget for office supplies.John: That's a good idea. Let's make those changes and see how it affects the overall budget. Also, can you schedule a meeting with the finance department for later this week? I want to get their input on the budget as well.Mary: Of course, I'll take care of that right away.John: Thanks, Mary. You're always so efficient.Mary: It's my pleasure, John.Translation:约翰,早上好,玛丽。
英文翻译范例 2012
江苏大学继续教育学院英文翻译原文和译文学生姓名班级、学号工商管理09 指导教师2012年05 月10 日- 1 -Bank Size and Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) Lending: Evidence from China1. IntroductionThe discrepancy between China’s economic structure and financial structure is best manifested by the mismatch between the contribution of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to economic growth and the amount of credit they have obtained from formal financial institutions. Since China launched its economic reform in 1978, its economy has switched into the fast lane of economic growth. China had achieved 9.75% annual GDP growth during 1979–2007, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world by any standard. SMEs have played an active role in economic growth. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, 99.6% of enterprises in China are SMEs at the end of 2005. These enterprises account for 59% of GDP, 60% of total sales, 48.2% of ta xes, and about 75% of employment in urban areas. SMEs’ participation in international trade and outward investment is also very significant, representing 68.85% of the total import and export values and about 80% of outward investment.…………2. Background, data, and methodology(a). Background information about the Chinese financial systemChina’s current financial system is mainly composed of four state-owned banks, 12 share-holding commercial banks, city commercial banks, and over 2,000 county-level rural credit cooperatives (RCCs).Even though the source of external financing of China’s non-financial firms had changed dramatically in the past 30 years, indirect financing through financial intermediaries dominates direct financing in China. In 2002, the relative shares of financing from bank loans, treasury bonds, corporation bonds, and equity were 80.2%, 14.4%, 1.4%, and 4%, respectively. In indirect financing, loans from state-owned banks are the main source of enterprise financing in China. Although the loans granted by state-owned banks had been continuously declining since 1978, they still accounted for 70% of the loan market in 2002.…………(b). The dataThe data were collected from the Financial Ecological Environment Survey conducted by the authors in 2005. It is a retrospective survey with most of the variables covering the period 2001–04 in which some of the variables can be dated back to 1996. The survey covers 12 provinces selected on the basis of economic development and geographical location: Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, and Shandong were selected to represent provinces in the more developed eastern coastal regions; Hubei, Jilin, and Jiangxi provinces were selected to represent the central regions; and Sichuan, Chongqing, Guizhou, Shanxi, and Ningxia were chosen for the western regions.Table 1 presents the sample distribution of the 363 financial institutions. Based on coverage, the ABC is represented in 77 of the 79 counties, followed by RCCs (73), and then the other three state-owned banks in the order of CCBs (69), ICBC (64), and BOC (57). Also sharing the markets are 19 other share-holding commercial banks such as Shanghai Pudong Development Bank and China Merchant Bank.Table 1. Distribution of financial institutions (county branches) in the sampleCounty ABC ICBC CCB BOC Share holdingbanksRCCZhejiang 9 8 8 8 8 5 8 Jiangsu 6 6 6 6 5 1 6 Fujian 7 7 6 7 6 2 5 Shandong 6 5 5 5 5 2 6 Hubei 10 10 6 10 8 0 10 Jilin 6……………………Table 2. Market structures at the provincial-level and the county-levelY ear ProvincialloanshareCounty-level loan market shareProvincialdepositshareCounty-level deposit marketshare1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)State-ownedcommercial65 57.7 56.7 54.9 52.6 62 60.1 59.9 58.4 56.6Y ear ProvincialloanshareCounty-level loan market shareProvincialdepositshareCounty-level deposit marketshare1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 1997 2001 2002 2003 2004 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)banksABC 14 26.5 25.8 24.2 22.7 13 23.6 23.7 23.2 23.0ICBC 28 17.2 16.3 15.5 14.6 26 16.8 16.2 15.2 14.6 BOC 7 5.3 5.8 6.5 6.2 7 7.8 7.9 8.1 7.7 CCB 16 8.6 8.7 8.6 9.1 15 12.0 12.1 11.9 11.1Shareholdingbanks8 1.4 1.5 1.9 2.1 4 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.1 RCCs 13 24.4 26.0 27.7 31.8 10 24.2 23.6 24.2 24.7Otherfinancialinstitutions11 10.5 9.5 9.8 9.9 12 12.8 14.0 14.8 16.0(c). Variable definitions and summary statisticsWe focus on studying the factors determining banks’ loans to SMEs, which is measured by the percent of loans to SMEs over the total enterprise loanoutstanding. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, if an enterprise has less than 0.4 billion total assets and less than 0.3 billion sales, then it belongs to the category of SMEs. Figure 1 presents the average of the proportion of loans to SMEs for the six banks over 1996–2004. This figure shows that these banks have different time trends over SME lending. Compared with 1996, the proportions of loans to SMEs had increased in 2004 for ABC and RCCs, but they had decreased for ICBC, BOC, and share-holding Banks. CCB’s lending to SMEs stayed at approximately the same level. Share-holding banks also had the largest variance in lending to SMEs over the years.Full-size image (33K)Figure 1. Trend of loan to small- and medium-sized enterprises.Before considering other factors, we first check the correlation patterns between bank size and SME lending. From Table 3, we have not observed a clear connection between bank size and share of loans to small businesses. In Table 3, each kind of banks is classified as small, medium, or large based on its total assets. ABC and RCCs tend to lend more as bank size grows, while other banks, such as ICBC, BOC, and CCB decrease lending to small enterprises when the size changes from small to medium.Table 3. The average share of loan to small- and medium-sized enterprises, by branch sizeSmall branch Medium branch Large branchSmall branch Medium branch Large branch ABC 80.26 83.04 87.45(28.68) (29.00) (21.05) ICBC 86.95 76.19 60.20(24.64) (28.12) (32.56) CCB 79.85 73.81 70.19(31.73) (27.88) (31.39) BOC 78.45 71.14 66.52(31.77) (34.44) (34.17) Share holding banks 76.54 66.41 63.94(28.36) (33.45) (22.42) RCCs 67.86 70.37 82.26(39.79) (39.54) (27.19) …………银行规模和中小企业贷款:以中国为例1.介绍中小企业对中国经济增长所做的贡献和其从正式金融机构获得的贷款数量不匹配,足以说明中国经济结构和金融结构的差异。
典范英语8-11 Stinky Street臭街翻译
臭街范例811 Stinky Street 翻译1. 富兰克林有一个问题这儿的房子都各不雷同.有的是带金色泅水池的大房子.明星住在这儿.还有一排排厚厚砖墙的房子,俯瞰着下边的馅饼厂.富兰克林住这里,确实地说,是Stanley 街的三号.有的人也许会想,我想要带泅水池的房子.但是富兰克林不这么想.他爱住在Stanley街.每小我都很友爱.他的小伙伴们也都在这.还有,馅饼厂的味道,嗯...很喷鼻!只有一个问题.富兰克林的妈妈想搬场.他妈妈怀着双胞胎,他们须要再来一个卧房.“我不介怀和我同屋住”,富兰克林说道.“晚上宝宝一向哭”“我就带耳机”但是怙恃并没有听他的话.“这个房子太小了”妈妈说.第二天,富兰克林家门上贴着“出售”标记.富兰克林和他最好的同伙Josh盯着门上的字.“我该怎么办,Josh?”富兰克林问道.Josh皱了皱眉,“你家房子有问题吗?40号就有问题,没人想买”富兰克林盯着40号.对于他来说,还挺好的.“什么问题呀”他问.“哦,有老鼠,潮湿,还有特殊恐怖的壁纸”富兰克林叹了口吻.他家房子暖和,友爱,还刚被粉刷过,更不幸.Cox密斯住在富兰克林近邻的斗室子里,它以前是街角市肆.那时她叫卖“来看看吧,小伙子们”还没说完,她的小狗Zack从她房子跃出来.它朝着男孩子们扑过来,想舔他们的脸.“呀,下来,Zack”Josh咯咯笑.Cox密斯让狗狗下来.“它一天没出去了,我走路有点晃荡”她,拍着本身的腿说.“别放心”富兰克林微笑着.他不介怀带着它四处转转.他很爱它.“很惆怅啊,你要搬场了”Cox密斯说.“我也是啊”富兰克林发着怨言.Cox密斯拍了他的胳膊.“没事,你家房子也许得几个月后才卖出去呢”一个礼拜了,似乎,Cox密斯说对了.只有几小我来看房,但是没有人想买.富兰克林的妈妈摸着本身变大的肚子,看起来有点腻烦了.楼上,富兰克林头上顶着裤衩跳舞庆贺.也许他安然了.也许没人想买这个房子.但是几天后,确定是周四,因为馅饼厂飘出了鸡肉大黄味.富兰克林下学回家,发明厨房有一个男的.他叫Bragg师长教师,对买他家房子感兴致.他对富兰克林不感兴致.他盯着他,踩了他脚趾,也没道歉.他说他还要再来看看,富兰克林的心一沉.“周六早上十点吧”,Bragg说.那天晚上,他做了个梦.Bragg朝他暗笑:“等着瞧吧,我要失去你家房子了”富兰克林醒了.“不,你不会的”,他朝气地说.在黉舍,富兰克林问Josh周六他干要干什么.Josh耸了耸肩.“没事”“你姐姐还在鱼店工作吗”富兰克林问.Josh颔首.“好,听着,这儿又一个工作交给你...”富兰克林用手捂着Josh的耳朵,开端静静说了他的筹划.Josh一听富兰克林想干的,他嘴巴张得很大,要吞下一个牙医了.“我做不到”他喊道,“我会惹麻烦的”“你必须这么做,这是我独一的机遇”富兰克林乞求.最后,Josh颔首了.他不高兴,但是赞成了富兰克林.3. 腥味的器械周六早上,富兰克林的妈妈说:“什么器械这么难闻,我不知道是什么”.她惊恐地四处看.“你爸爸在外边检讨地漏呢”富兰克林微笑着.他知道这是什么味.Bragg按门铃时刻,Gates伉俪还在外边.富兰克林让他进来了.他停下来,闻了闻空气,“呃,什么味这么恶心”他问.“今天周六,周六厂子做鱼肉馅饼”富兰克林说.Bragg皱着眉头“周六厂子不关门吗”“不关,每周六都是鱼肉馅饼,所以我们管这里叫臭街,你想看看我的卧房吗”上了楼,富兰克林打开了他的卧房门.Bragg指着墙上大大黑黑的一片问,“那是什么?”“潮”富兰克林说,“前次妈妈用海报挡住了”“哼”Bragg哼了一下.“当心老鼠”富兰克林呲着牙笑,指着棕色的一团.“它卡在地毯里了”“呃”Bragg师长教师脸一拉.“没什么”富兰克林笑着.“等会看看老鼠都干什么”在那时,妈妈来了.“你好”妈妈微笑着.“还好吗”“你儿子告知我老鼠的事”Bragg冷冰冰地说.“老鼠,什么老鼠”“哦,不,”富兰克林喊道,指着窗外.“什么啊”Bragg问.“恐怖的Josh来了,快,藏起来”富兰克林喊道.“躲josh吗,别傻了”妈妈说.但是富兰克林躲窗帘后了.“Josh多讨厌啊”妈妈吃惊地说.但是Josh嗙嗙撞前门.他吼着足球歌曲.他甚至还经由过程信箱发出打嗝声.“嗯,你想看看浴室吗”妈妈问道,但是Bragg摇了摇头.“开什么打趣,我一分钟也不想待了”他跑到楼下,跑出了门.4.Cox密斯参加了爸妈都很朝气.“你最好说明一下产生了什么”他们告知富兰克林.“呃,好,我...”这时,传来大声的嗙嗙声.“Cox密斯来了.”富兰克林妈妈盯着她儿子说.一个老太太卷入这事多好!“我没有”富兰克林哭喊道,“我真的没有”嗙嗙声越来越大.然后Zack汪汪叫.出事了.伉俪俩和富兰克林冲到Cox密斯家.她躺在楼梯边,就在这儿摔倒的.富兰克林帮忙他爸爸当心肠抬她到椅子上.妈妈想送她去病院,但是Cox密斯不去.“我不会分开Zack的”她说.所以他们给他儿子Eric打德律风来帮忙她.Cox密斯还有大麻烦.他跑归去把暖气后的鱼拿出来.(这是Josh的姐姐给他的)他拿吸尘器把他卧房地毯上的巧克力渣吸走了.然后他把卧房墙上的柠檬汁弄干了.他对Josh道歉,很抱愧让他卷到麻烦了.最后,他对爸爸妈妈说对不起.他妈妈很兴奋.“我们知道你爱Stanley街,我们都爱”“但是双胞胎出生时刻,这的地方不敷我们所有人的”他爸爸果断地说,“我们不克不及不搬到大一点的房子”“我知道”富兰克林哀痛地说.几周曩昔了,但是没人来看房.冬天就要到了,富兰克林感到有点周到了.“没人想在冬天搬场,是吗”但是一天,富兰克林下学回家发明令人毛骨悚然的Bragg又在厨房.他发明了富兰克林的把戏,他还想买他们家房子.富兰克林认为性格很坏.我不知道为什么Cox密斯认为搬场这么有味.他停下来.他的妈妈正头顶裤衩围着房子跳舞.“怎么了”他问.“等着瞧吧”她大笑.Stanley街迎来了圣诞节.富兰克林家没有出售标记.反而了几堆建筑工人的砖和水泥.“那是Cox密斯的主张”Josh说.“你买了她家的房子然后把你们两家的房子凿通.”“那我们就有大房子了”富兰克林笑了.“然后谁人楼下的老街角市肆就变成了Cox密斯的小公寓了,如今你们在楼上有很多多少卧房了”“...还有Cox密斯和Zack在楼下有安然的地方了”“如许每小我都高兴了”“除了Bragg师长教师”富兰克林笑着说,“他买了40号!”。
英语作文附翻译范例五篇(最新)
【篇一】英语作文附翻译范例The Dream of Traveling AbroadWhen I learned English, I had no idea why would I learn it, but as I was in high school, my English teacher showed me many things about the foreign country, then I came to know what the foreign country was like。
They are so different from China, the world is so big, I must travel abroad someday, I want to see the other countries, having access to their tradition。
I am very interested in the culture, I know our country’s culture well, I want to know more beyondChina。
I learn thatParisis very fashionable,Egyptis an old city with its famous tower,Veniceis a water city, all of there are so interesting to me。
English is a basic tool that I can communicate with the world, so I must learn English well, making enough money and realize my dream。
当我学英语的时候,我不知道我为什么要学,但是当我读高中的时候,我的英语老师向我展示了很多关于外国的东西,然后我开始知道外国是怎样的。
英语口语自我介绍带翻译范例
英语口语自我介绍带翻译范例其实英语口语自我介绍并不可怕,下面是小编收集整理的英语口语自我介绍带翻译,欢迎阅读借鉴,更多资讯请继续关注自我介绍栏目。
英语口语自我介绍带翻译范例一I'm very glad to join in the interviw.First,let me introduce myself to you.My name is Lin YA Qian,I'm 20 years old,I come from Zhe Jiang,and I'm an outgoing girl,I like philosophy and sport.Oh yes,I hope that I can do something for the Beijing Olympics.If you give me the great chance,I won't let you disappoint.Ok,that's all.I hope that you are satisfied with me,thank you!翻译:很高兴能参加这次面试,首先让我做个自我介绍,我叫林雅倩,今年21岁,来自浙江,曾经做过网管的工作,学到了很多东西。
我是一个很活泼开朗的男孩,喜欢哲学和运动。
这次北京举办奥运会,我很希望能做点什么,如果贵公司给我这个机会,我想我不会让你失望的。
简单介绍到这,希望能我今天的表现能令您满意,谢谢!英语口语自我介绍带翻译范例二How are you, I call XX.This year is 22 years old.Graduate from XXXX college.The profession is acalculator multimedia.I am one is bright, optimism, there is the person of responsibility.A fondness for plays basketball, computer, listen to music, etc..Thankful your company gives me this the opportunity of the personal interview!翻译:你好,我叫XX。
文言文翻译的搞笑范例
原文曰:“山有木兮木有枝,心悦君兮君不知。
”书生翻译曰:“山上有一棵树,树上有一根枝。
我心里喜欢的那个人,那个人却不知道。
”友人捧腹大笑,曰:“此译也,直如平地无波,了无趣味。
吾欲观子之奇译。
”书生闻言,眉头一皱,计上心来。
遂曰:“友人请听,吾将此句译为江湖俚语,以增其趣。
”于是,书生再译曰:“嘿,老兄,告诉你个秘密。
山里那棵树,枝枝蔓蔓的,我一看就心动了。
可那个人啊,愣是没看出我对他有意思,真是气死我了!”友人听罢,捧腹大笑,曰:“此译也,趣味横生,令人捧腹。
子之翻译,果真不同凡响。
”书生得意洋洋,复取一文段,曰:“月下老人,红线牵牵,千里姻缘一线牵。
”书生翻译曰:“月亮下面有个老爷爷,拿着一根红线,把千里之外的有缘人连在一起。
”友人笑问:“此译如何?”书生答曰:“此译也,虽直白无华,却道出了月老的神通广大,令人叹为观止。
”友人又曰:“子之翻译,竟如此平淡无奇,令人失望。
”书生不以为意,曰:“且看吾之奇译。
”遂再译曰:“嘿,哥们儿,听说月亮下面有个老头儿,拿着一根线,把天南地北的情侣都绑在一起。
这不就是传说中的月老嘛,神通广大啊!”友人听后,拍案叫绝,曰:“此译也,妙趣横生,令人捧腹。
子之翻译,果然独步江湖。
”书生愈加得意,复取一文段,曰:“桃花潭水深千尺,不及汪伦送我情。
”书生翻译曰:“桃花潭的水有千尺深,可它比不上汪伦送我那片情。
”友人笑问:“此译如何?”书生答曰:“此译也,虽直白无华,却道出了桃花潭水的深情,令人感慨。
”友人又曰:“子之翻译,竟如此平淡无奇,令人失望。
”书生不以为意,曰:“且看吾之奇译。
”遂再译曰:“哎哟,兄弟,你瞧那桃花潭的水,深得不得了,可它比不上汪伦送我那片情啊!那情,深似海,浓如酒,真是让人陶醉。
”友人听后,连连点头,曰:“此译也,妙趣横生,令人捧腹。
子之翻译,果然独步江湖。
”书生哈哈大笑,曰:“吾之翻译,虽非尽善尽美,然能引人发笑,亦足矣。
友人若再有笑料,请尽管抛来,吾定当尽力翻译,以博一笑。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族,是一位出色的法律改革家,也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者,还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
翻译文
1. 这一切不是一朝一夕可以实现的。
(achieve)All this cannot be achieved overnight.2. 下午六点钟左右体育馆通常很忙。
(tend to)The gym tends to get very busy at around 6 o’clock in the afternoon.3. 这个地区现在不安全,还是远离它为好。
(stay away from)This area is not safe at the moment, so it’s better to stay away from it.4. 就销售而言,他们是该地区五大超市之一。
(in terms of)They are one of the top five supermarkets in the area in terms of sales.5. 这间房既要作卧室又得作客厅。
(serve as)This room has to serve as both bedroom and living room.6. 生产部负责监督这个项目的进展。
(monitor)The production department is responsible for monitoring the progress of this project.7. 上个月经理忙于一项对营销活动的研究工作。
(be involved in)The manager was involved in a research on marketing activities last month.8. 现在许多大公司都利用网站来推销他们的产品和服务。
(promote)Many big companies now use websites to promote their products and services.1. 在这所新医院上面已经花费了大笔资金。
英语作文主题句分析范例翻译
英语作文主题句分析范例翻译1. 至于我,在某种程度上我同意后面的观点,我认为……As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……2. 总而言之,整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。
只有这样,我们才能在将来……。
In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.3. 但是,……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。
例如,……,而……。
然而把这两者相比较,我更倾向于(喜欢)……But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while…… Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……4. 就我个人而言,我相信……,因此,我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。
因为……Personally, I beli eve that…… Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……5. 随着社会的发展,……。
因此,迫切需要……。
如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量,这个社会将要变得越来越好。
With the development of society, ……So it's urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute hims elf to the society, it will be better and better.6. 至于我(对我来说,就我而言),我认为……更合理。
英语作文范例10篇带翻译
英语作文范例10篇带翻译Topic: The Importance of Learning English。
English is a global language and it is the most widely spoken language in the world. It is estimated that over 1.5 billion people speak English, making it the third most spoken language after Mandarin and Spanish. LearningEnglish has become increasing ly important in today’s world, and there are many reasons why people should learn this language.Firstly, English is the language of international communication. It is the language used in business, science, technology, and politics. In order to succeed in these fields, one needs to have a good command of English. Many multinational companies require their employees to be proficient in English, and knowing this language can openup a lot of opportunities for career advancement.Secondly, English is the language of the internet. Mostof the content on the internet is in English, and knowing this language can help people access a wealth of information and knowledge. It also allows people to communicate with others from different parts of the world, which can be very beneficial for personal and professional growth.Thirdly, English is the language of travel. It is the most commonly used language in the tourism industry, and knowing English can make traveling easier and more enjoyable. It can also help people connect with locals and learn more about their culture and way of life.In conclusion, learning English is essential intoday’s world. It can provide people with better job opportunities, access to information and knowledge, and the ability to connect with others from different parts of the world. Therefore, it is important for everyone to learnthis language and to continue to improve their English skills. 。
10篇小学英文作文范例(含翻译)
10篇小学英文作文(含翻译)1My Best Friend(我最好的朋友)原文:I have a best friend.His name is Tom.We are in the same class.Tom is very funny and kind.He always shares his toys with me.We play soccer together after school.Tom is good at drawing,and he helps me with my homework.We have a lot of fun together.I am lucky to have a friend like Tom.翻译:我有一个最好的朋友,他的名字叫汤姆。
我们在同一个班级。
汤姆非常有趣而且很友善。
他总是和我分享他的玩具。
放学后我们一起踢足球。
汤姆擅长画画,他还帮我做作业。
我们在一起总是很开心。
能有像汤姆这样的朋友,我感到很幸运。
2My Favorite Season(我最喜欢的季节)原文:My favorite season is summer.In summer,the sun shines brightly,and the weather is warm.I love going to the beach with my family.We build sandcastles,play in the waves, and eat ice cream.Summer is a time for swimming and having picnics in the park.I also like to catch fireflies at night.Summer is full of fun and adventures!翻译:我最喜欢的季节是夏天。
夏天,阳光明媚,天气温暖。
学校中英文翻译范例
学校中英文翻译范例(仅供参考)幼儿园Kindergarten 学前班Pre-School小学Prinmary Schools 教学点External teaching sites初级中学Junior Sec.Schools 九年一贯制中学9-Year Sec.Schools完全中学Complete Sec.Schools 高级中学Senior Sec.Schools独立设置的少数民族学校Inde. Sec.Schools for Minorities中等职业学校Secondary Vocational Schools普通中等专业学校Reg.Specialized Sec.Schools成人中等专业学校Specialized Sec.Schools for Adults以下范例,仅供参考:祁阳县茅竹镇周塘学前班Zhoutang Pre-school of Maozhu Town in Qiyang County郴州金朝阳幼儿园Jinzhaoyang Kindergarten of Chenzhou洞口县花园镇付泉教学点Fuquan External teaching sites in Flower town of Dongkou County 长沙市芙蓉区东郡小学Dongjun Primary School of Furong Distrinct of Changsha中河口镇双芦完全小学Shuanglu Complete Sec. School of Zhonghekou Town沅陵县大合坪乡七甲溪九年一贯制学校Qijiaxi 9-year Sec.School of Daheping Town in Yuanling county永顺县民族中学The Minority Middle School of Yongshun County长沙市芙蓉区马王堆中学Mawangdui Secondary school of Furong District in Changsha City 浏阳市溪江乡溪江初级中学Xijiang Middle school of Xijiang Town in Liuyang City长沙市第六中学The sixth high school of Changsha衡阳市第二成章试验学校The second Chengzhang Pilot school of Hengyang衡东县白莲镇中心学校Central School of Bailian Town in Hengdong County衡阳市烹饪中等职业学校The Secondary Vocational Education for Cooking in Hengyang City洞口县教师进修学校The Teachers’ Continuation School in Dongkou County新田县创新职业技术学校The Innovation Vocational Technology School of Xintian county 浏阳市特殊教育学校The Special Education School of Liuyang City。
AudreyHepburn,AnElegantSpirit翻译范例
Audrey Hepburn, An Elegant SpiritAlthough she was never an ardent follower of any formal religion, my mother’s own faith endured throughout her life: her faith in love, her faith in the miracle of nature, and her faith in the goodness of life. She honored this second chance at life at every opportunity that presented itself and most of all at the end of her life, through her work for UNICEF.Sometimes a near-death experience can free us of the shackles that life slowly trains us to wear. We come to reali ze what’s worth the sweat and what isn’t. Although she had no memory of her childhood near-death experience, the knowledge of it, coupled with the fertile ground of an already self-effacing nature, were the roots of the humility that graced her entire life.I never heard her say, “I did this,” or “I’ve done that.” Toward the end of her life, throughout the UNICEF years, I would hear her say regularly, as the world listened to her, “I can do very little.” I never heard her say that she liked any of her per formances. When people complimented her, she would always shy away and ultimately explain how those who surrounded her were the reason for her success.Bessie Anderson Stanley wrote, “To laugh often and much, to win the respect of intelligent people and affection of children, to earn the appreciation of honest critics and endure the betrayal of false friends, to appreciate beauty, to find the best in others, to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch or a redeemed social co ndition, to know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived, this is to have succeeded.” By Ms. Stanley’s standards, my mother’s life was a success: She was graced with good choices. The first choice she made was her career. Then she chose her family. And when we, her children, were grown and had started our lives, she chose the less fortunate children of the world. She chose to give back. In that important choice lay the key to healing and understanding something that had affected her through out her entire life: the sadness that had always been there.Her choices healed the sadness of a little girl who didn’t know her father for most of her life and yet who yearned and longed for that warm embrace, that reassurance that you are loved and that you matter. When I look back, that is just what she gave to Luca and me: the reassurance that we were loved and that we mattered. This was the most valuable essence, the roots that live and grow forever inside you. She truly was a wonderful mother and friend.奥黛丽•赫本——一个优雅高尚的人母亲虽从未笃信过任何正统的宗教,但她自有其终生不渝的信仰:她相信爱,相信自然的神奇,相信生活的美好。
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译文学院:机械工程学院专业:机械电子工程学号: 0545502218姓名:陆抒乾指导教师:李磊江苏科技大学2009年 6月 6日磨片设计及生产参数的建模方法摘要在产品发展和制造业的程序期间,尤其在初步设计的阶段。
这种基于参数和特征的现代设计方法能为产品模型开发节省时间和金钱。
参数的模型的使用能让产品设定迅速的达到特定客户的需求,能让客户更满意。
在这份论文中,我们讨论以参数特征为基础的模型方法,被用来减少我们设计验证中的困难,减少交货时间。
在砂模铸造多种多样磨片样式时能提高产品的用户化。
论文的要点:论文关于如何使参数更接近二维 CAD 模型系统的实际运用的结果。
介绍了生产费用以及更换模具的时间,实体造型接近常规的2 D画图以及数控加工制造出来的砂模铸造等。
(关键词:参数的模型、以特征为基础的设计、计算机辅助设计、计算机辅助管理,精炼平板,字数统计 5686)参考的框架:磨片设计参数设计个性化是一种增加附加值的重要方法,这能让客户更加满意。
(安德逊和潘尼, 1997; 潘尼, 1993)然而定制化设计,会带来很多时间和花费上的限制,导致了大多数人无法提供这服务给他们的客户。
他总是有很多被认为妨害了包括缺乏支援技术、设计标准,产品模组化和训练了支持人员的理由。
这个不充分的投资不光会带来额外负担,还时常阻止公司提供根据客户需要而修改的商品与服务。
在磨片设计和铸造工业中,定制个性化磨片砂模铸造的传统程序在图表1a中被显示。
首先,店员遇到客户会了解他们的特别的需求,然后设计者发展一新的 2 D 的CAD 模型。
最后,工艺师或生产工程师设计的原型被客户确认。
如果客户不满意产品,它会被重新设计工序会重新再来一遍,可能导致延迟交货时间。
当客户最后满意的时候试制生产用来查证产品表现。
如果这被证实不符合期待,整个的工序将重来直到表现被认为达到了可以开始大规模的生产。
在这传统的产品发展和设定程序中,会花费很多时间来翻译 CAD 图画和设计验证客户定制化的原型发展。
另外一方面复杂的问题是,许多公司仍然使用二维的 CAD 软件这可能会导致延迟,当产品是合成物的时候,在设计之间就容易的错误的理解那些容易引起歧义的设计规范。
在符合所有的客户需求之前,通常需要客户完全地满意那些原型。
在二维的模型和制造业的程序之间缺乏综合性也能引起较进一步的延迟。
每一次,有设计变化,原型机的数字控制编码)必须手工进行升级或编辑。
图1 产品设计设定和生产程序我们提议一个新的发展及定制化的工序来减少设计时间,而且在大规模生产之前把物理原型先升级完毕。
图 1 b显示出,将客户的需求通过一个基于参数及特征设计的三维CAD模型直接演示出来。
通过这么做,可以减少升级验证产品原形的时间。
一旦实体模型建立,设计验证和计算机分析(举例来说,机械、热分析)能顺利运行。
通过使用高级的实体模型软件,客户需求的重要部分能在原型生产之前在电脑上进行验证,这能降低成本。
在客户满意演示在计算机上的三维的固体模型之后,一个可靠的原型会发展来查证那些在计算机上不能够需分析的问题。
在这新的发展和设定程序中,参数的 CAD和CAM 能加快模型、原型的发展以及进行设计验证。
而这仅仅通过一个产品模型。
此外,软件工具结合参数,产品模型方面的改变将会自动地继续变化。
也会在其他的工程模型中如此。
如使用压件,模仿,NC程序来加工和机械铸造。
(Lichtenberg, 1998) 在Shah 和 Mantyla讨论参数模型及以特征为基础的设计利益的时候也讨论过这可能带来的额外利益。
在这份论文中,我们把重点集中在开发以特征为基础、参数的 CAD模型。
这样在磨片砂轮铸造的时候,就可以减轻验证设计的困难,减少设计时间,而且能改善产品设定。
一些细节将在下一个章节里出现。
我们会在第3章节里用这种方法去比较2个商业版本的CAD参数模型系统:PROE 以及 AutoCAD。
最后,第 4 章节包含连同结束评论一起的工作的一个简短摘要。
2.参数的模型及特征建立的设计方法基于参数、特征的造型在80年代中后期被当作一个将设计和制造业意图纳入一个产品模型的方法。
在参数的和的特征模型中,每一部份有设计特征和制造特征。
设计特征包括:突出、削减、混和、自由面,等等。
制造特征包括:表面的草绘、表面的抵消、洞,等等。
特征有参数,几何,拓扑等相互联系的特点。
这些参数包括几何学的参数(举例来说,长度、宽度、高度和位置), 制造业的参数(举例来说,表面粗糙度,机械加工余量,锥度), 和分析的参数(举例来说,温度,压力,力量、和流程).改变参数的模型的参数值会自动地更新部分或者以参数之间的关系确定的整个几何学。
因此,这关系着把设计者的意图体现在产品之中。
此外,设计和制造业的特征能联合产生一个参数模型,新的复杂特征能由原始的设计和制造特征再产生一个产品模型。
以下是有关发展参数及特征为基础的 CAD 模型的两个步骤。
步骤1:加入识别标记以及在特征库中加入新的可以再利用的特征。
步骤2:把这些特征融合于一个参数模型中。
这些步骤的正式执行以及介绍将会在接下来的章节出现。
为了便利的讨论这两个步骤,磨片的设计者习惯于间歇性的举例帮助解释概念以及一些技术。
2.1识别特征以及创造可以再度使用的特征这里有许多有关创造可以再度使用的特征方面的议题;然而,他们全部是直接指向节省时间和钱了。
当产品的功能还没有确定的时候,能在初步设计阶段重复使用的特征尤其重要。
我们开始考虑在产品或者一种产品模型中使用一些可以再度使用的特征。
创造可以再度使用的特征的程序是把程序中开始时识别特征的部分改为寻找原始特征(像是推出、洞和扫除),我们正在寻找一个能被用来描述设计功能导向的特征设定。
换句话说,我们尝试不定义原始特征的部份,而是把功能导向的特征加入到能被重复使用的复杂的特征中。
在得到功能导向的特征之后,他们被加入到有特殊设计功能的模型中。
挑选模型使他正式化并且存档,作为一个涉及时间,费用、和再利用度的可以重复使用的特征。
特征验证和模型的设计技术已经适用于创造可以再度使用的特征的程序。
模组的设计技术被感兴趣是因为他本身包含的模组设计功能,符合功能导向的特征。
Ulrich (1995),和 Ulrich 和Eppinger(1995)调查产品建筑学和模组化和它对于产品变化、多样性,成份标准化、表现和发展管理的影响。
Pahl和 Beitz(1996)分解产品的全部功能进入子功能(比较不复杂的功能以及搜寻其中以解答基于不同概念为基础的个别的子功能和费用。
解答的原理指出子功能是否标准的、重新指向的,或符合设计特性的。
Feng,等人(1996)建议搞清功能之间的关系和从属,并指出子功能如何被结合进一个模型。
Shah和 Mantyla(1995) 说想要确认功能首先应考虑两种观点:(1) 产品(或完成的部份图画)(2) 设计程序在产品的要点中,几何实体被定义并融入特征中。
在程序的要点中,从模型架构以及设计规定参数之间的关系导出作者的设计意图。
从这两种要点中得到的信息都是为了统一形成产品的参数表现。
他们的方法是定义明确的;然而,如果程序的这一部分还没有正式的使用,在设计程序期间收集设计者的意图是容易误解而发生错误的。
此外,参数的模型受制于 CAD 模型系统储存能力的限制(也就是,设计如何进展)在其他的工作中, Rosen (1998)正努力研究如何找准并描绘出原型机设计者的意图。
为了克服这些限制,我们已经发展一个包含四个步骤的方法来整合特征验证和模组设计技术产生以便于在现有设计上建立再度使用的特征(也就是,修复功能),见图 2 。
这些四个步骤是(1) 功能分解,(2)特征验证 (3),形式化,(4) 文件;步骤和他们的联合的子步骤在下列的区段中详细地被描述。
2.1.1第 1.1 步骤 - 分解全部的功能进入子功能功能分解是区分子功能或把全功能分解成子功能从而形成一个功能阶级组织。
这样的程序会持续进行直到子功能自我包含而且不能够更进一步被分解。
子功能对我们意味着较多的特性功能。
功能阶级组织由一个阶层曲线图表现在每个有功能的节点上。
曲线图从节点表现出对个体特性子功能向外扩张。
在图 3 的第三层中举例说明了这一功能阶级组织是磨片设计者把木材转变纤维。
如图 3 所说明,全部的功能进入三个特定的子功能之内被分解:(1) 减少木屑 (2),运输木屑(3) 接受转子的能源。
它并不是说不像那套(SHAH 和Mantyla, 1995)从设计过程中推断设计意图的方法。
从设计程序上来说,功能分解不会受制于一些原因造成的误解,因为它不会因为在 CAD 系统上做出来模型的那一部分而改变。
2.1.2第 1.2 步骤–鉴定特征在发展功能阶级组织之后,下一个步骤将识别特征。
在这一个步骤中有三个子步骤能促进功能导向特征的确认。
第 1.2 步骤.A-分配功能导向的特征到子功能在这一个步骤中,从现有的部份吸取功能导向的特征或设计一个在第 1.1 步骤获得的最低同高子功能。
如果子功能不要符合任何的功能导向的特征,一定会再考虑功能阶级组织或功能导向特征,也就是,功能阶级组织可能不适合地分解了,否则功能导向的特征可能不会被全部列出。
功能导向特征是正在运行的几何实体操作功能部份。
一个功能导向的特征可能有一群原始特征或者可能只是原始特征本身,这决定于在CAD模型系统中什么原始特征是有效的。
回到我们的磨片设计例子中,第四层图 3 中说明了磨片上的杆是一种功能导向特征。
当两个杆向反方向旋转的时候,他们切削木片成纤维状。
杆是功能导向特征包含着三种原始特征:(1) 伸出 (2)起草(3) 巡视。
它的功能是支撑平板旋转。
如果 CAD 模型系统中沉孔洞作为一个原始的特征,沉孔洞是由单个原始特征组成的一个功能导向的特征。
除此以外,沉孔洞是由一个通孔和一个盲孔组成的功能导向特征。
第 1.2 步骤.B -小组的功能导向的特征进入设计组件之内一个功能导向的特征可能或可能不是被用来做模型的设计特征。
一些功能导向的特征可能是起源于其他特征的特征。
例子:由两个邻近的杆所构成的磨片上有一个凹槽特征。
因此,功能导向的特征组成一组形成服务于不同的设计功能的设计组件。
因为他们的服侍特性会放进最后的设计中,所以我们说这些设计特征是组件。
把功能导向的特征融入设计组件之内, CAD 系统会被某一程度的使用。
因为在脑子里保存组件应该很容易实现在CAD 模型系统中。
举例来说,图 3 所显示的一个凹槽设计组件中杆和凹槽能融入任意设计组件中.当凹槽组件是消极的时候,杆组件是积极的。
可能会选择杆组件,因为积极的组件更容易在一个 CAD 模型系统定义,以及杆组件在设计中有更多的导向功能。
第 1.2 步骤.C -识别可以再度使用的组件(可以再度使用的特征)在图 3 的底层显示了,一旦功能导向的特征被分类为设计组件, 必须做出决定哪些组件可以再度使用。