2006北航考博英语试题及答案
2006年考研英语真题完整版
2006年考研英语真题完整版Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly __2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.__5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__. One of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What we need is a package deal.”1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] generally [B] almost [C] hardly [D] not6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,”these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating（C）[D] monopolizing22.According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite（A）[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture（C）[D] constitute the majority of the population24.Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.（D）[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25.In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American societyis ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless（B）[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needsa subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms（A）[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers（B）[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that ________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money（C）[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29.According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable（D）[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30.From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude（D）[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higherproportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31.The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today（C）[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32.We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount（A）[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33.By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Wormmeans that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss（C）[D] the data collected so far are out of date34.Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level（D）[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35.The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits（B）[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern timeshave seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36.By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness（D）[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37.The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining（B）[D] commercial38.In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information（D）[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39.We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied（B）[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40.Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.（A）[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting themedical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplesslyaddicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E]David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explainedas weakness of will.[G]The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.Section IIIWritingPart A51.DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟试卷13(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. Cloze 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingReading ComprehensionPity those who aspire to put the initials PhD after their names. After 16 years of closely supervised e-ducation,prospective doctors of philosophy are left more or less alone to write the equivalent of a large book. Most social-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out after three years. They must then get a job and finish in their spare time,which can often take a further three years. By then,most new doctors are sick to death of the narrowly defined subject which has blighted their holidays and ruined their evenings. The Economic and Social Research Council,which gives grants to postgraduate social scientists, wants to get better value for money by cutting short this agony. It would like to see faster completion rates:until recently,only about 25 points of PhD candidates were finishing within four years. The ESRC’s response has been to stop PhD grants to all institutions where the proportion taking less than four years is below 10 points;in the first year of this policy the national average shot up to 39 points. The ESRC feels vindicated in its toughness,and will progressively raise the threshold to 40 points in two years. Unless completion rates improve further,this would exclude 55 out of 73 universities and polytechnics-including Oxford University,the London School of Economics and the London Business School. Predictably,howls of protest have come from the universities,who view the blacklisting of whole institutions as arbitrary and negative. They point out that many of the best students go quickly into jobs where they can apply their research skills,but consequently take longer to finish their theses. Polytechnics with as few as two PhD candidates complain that they are penalized by random fluctuations in student performance. The colleges say there is no hard evidence to prove that faster completion rates result from greater efficiency rather than lower standards or less ambitious doctoral topics. The ESRC thinks it might not be a bad thing if PhD students were more modest in their aims. It would prefer to see more systematic teaching of research skills and fewer unrealistic expectations placed on young men and women who are undertaking their first piece of serious research. So in future its grants will be given only where it is convinced that students are being trained as researchers, rather than carrying out purely knowledge-based studies. The ESRC can not dictate the standard of thesis required by external examiners,or force departments to give graduates more teaching time. The most it can do is to try to persuade universities to change their ways. Recalcitrant professors should note that students want more research training and a less elaborate style of thesis,too.1．By time new doctors get a job and try to finish their theses in spare time,_____.A．most of them died of some sicknessB．their holidays and evenings have been ruined by their jobsC．most of them are completely tired of the narrowly defined subjectD．most of their grants run out正确答案：D解析：题目问：新的医生在找到工作并利用业余时间写论文时，发生了什么情况?第一段第三、四句“Mostsocial-science postgraduates have still not completed their theses by the time their grant runs out afterthree years．They must then get a job and finish in their spare time，which can often take a further threeyears．”通过这段话可知。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编5(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Under ethical guideline recently adopted by the National Institutes of Health, human genes are to be manipulated only to correct disease for which ______ treatments are unsatisfactory.(2014年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．similarB．dangerousC．uncommonD．alternative正确答案：D解析：本题考查形容词辨析。
A相似的；B危险的；C不寻常的，罕有的；D供选择的。
选择性的，交替的。
句意为：根据国家健康研究机构最近通过的伦理学的指导方针，人类的基因只有在(其他的)治疗方案不能满意的情况下才可以改变。
D为正确选项。
2．The project is not______a failure. It is a success in some respect.A．altogetherB．likelyC．possiblyD．inevitably正确答案：A解析：not altogether并非完全(如：It’s not altogether impossible．She wasn’t altogether pleased with her choice．I don’t altogether agree with him．)。
likely ad.很可能；a.可能的，有希望的(句型：sb．is likely to+动词原形；it is likely that sb．will do sth．；a likely place；不能说likely a place)。
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】关于心理学家对思考过程的看法可以在文章第一段找到：Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone，but that one's muscles also participate．由此可知，精神活动包括思考，不仅仅表现为大脑的活动，肌肉也会参与。
A、B、C三项与题意不符。
本题正确答案为D。
22．【答案】A【解析】根据文章第二段的“Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body”可知，正确答案为A。
23．【答案】C【解析】作者在第三段以“there is a very good reason for it”引出了“One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates，so to speak，in its performance”。
只有参与到表演中人们才能享受音乐。
因此正确答案是C。
24．【答案】C【解析】作者在最后一段指出肌肉的参与和精神思考的过程是同一种方式，“but this participati on is less obvious because it is less pronounced”以一个转折表明肌肉的参与并不明显。
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语阅读真题及其解析Education is an absolute imperative in the emerging globalknowledge society,so new ways of providing access to education fora much higher percentage of the population are now being devised.The most dramatic examples of access to education are found inthe11distance-education mega-universities found around the world.In"distance education,"the student is separated in time or spacefrom the teacher or professor.The largest of these high enrollmentuniversities is in China,the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity,with more than3million students.The English-speakingworld has the British Open University,with215,000students,and theUniversity of South Africa,with120,000students.In addition to themega-universities,dozens of other national and regional systems areproviding education at all levels to students.The base delivery system for the distance-education Geng duo yuanxiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quanguo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi mega-universities istelevision,supplemented by other technologies or even some onsiteinstruction in more-developed countries.Some distance-educationsystems use two-way interactive video connections to particularlocations where students gather;others supplement with the Internet,and still others deliver only by Internet.Withvideo-and-audio-streaming now available,the Internet appears to bethe technology of choice for systems where students have access to computers.Of course,these technologies merely add to the radio--delivered courses that have been offered for years in many countries around the world.The programs and courses offered vary from basic literacy courses to the highest graduate-level programming.Hundreds of university degrees are now available through distance education,where90%or more of the required credits are given at a distance,as are dozens of master's degrees and a small number of accredited doctoral degrees. One estimate suggests that50,000university-level courses are now available through distance-education delivery systems.There will be two main types of educational institutions:those that add value in coursework and those that are certifying agencies. The certifying colleges and universities are those that act as educational bankers for students.Students will earn credits from many places and have the credits or certifications of completion sent to the certifying university,then that certifying university will award the degree when enough credits of the right type have been accumulated.Regent's College of the University of the State of New York and Thomas Edison College of New Jersey are public certifying institutions that give accredited degrees.One vision for some of the remaining residential colleges in the United States,now serving mainly the18-to-23-year-old population, is that many will become certifying colleges.Students will come tothe colleges for their social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs.The basic commodity these colleges will sell is membership in the college community.Students will access their courses from colleges and universities around the world,transfer the credits to the college,then gain a degree.Faculty members will serve as tutors and advisers and may provide some courses live.(479words)51.What is the passage mainly about?[A]The emerging global knowledge society[B]Distance-education mega-universities[C]The largest of these high enrollment universities[D]Two main types of educational institutions52.It may be inferred that the Internet could be the technology of choice in_______.[A]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[B]the University of South Africa[C]the British Open University[D]the English-speaking world53.We learn from the passage that the distance-education programs may offer all the following EXCEPT______.[A]virtually all the basic literacy courses and the highest graduate-level programming[B]nearly90%of the required credits[C]courses for master's degrees and accredited doctoral degrees[D]50,000university-level courses54.The residential colleges in the United States______.[A]serve only the18-to-23-year-old population[B]provide students with social,artistic,athletic,and spiritual programs[C]provide courses from colleges and universities around the world[D]may provide a lot of faculty members to conduct courses lively55.Judging from the context we know that a mega-universityis_______.[A]the largest of these high enrollment universities[B]the China Central Radio and TelevisionUniversity[C]the British Open University[D]a university with very large number of studentsText1151. B.远程教育的百万人大学。
2008年北京航空航天大学博士研究生考试(北航考博)英语真题
北京航空航天大学2008年博士研究生入学考试试题题单号：101英语考生注意：所有答题务必写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Parts Ⅰ Listening Comprehension（20points）Section A（10%）Directions：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C andD and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET1.1. A. Mary lost the photo album。
B. It’s difficult to take photographs indoors.C. The photo album is in the living room.D. Mary is a good photographer.2. A. The job’s short hours make it impossible for her to refuse.B. She’s looking forward to meeting her new colleagues.C. She refused the position because of the low salary.D. The job is turning into an excellent opportunity for her.3. A. Take the man to the station.B. Find out when the next bus leaves.C. Show the man the way to the station.D. Look after the man’s things.4. A. He has to do what is necessary in order to learn.B. He doesn’t have to memorize all the vocabulary.C. There’s not much he can learn by memorizing.D. He knows the whole vocabulary list already.5. A. He hasn’t had time to try it on yet.B. It doesn’t fit him very well.C. He needs a long-sleeved shirt.D. He’s not sure he likes the pattern.6. A. She doesn’t think it will snow.B. The location of session has been changed.C. The session might be canceled.D. She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.7. A. Use bleach on his socks.B. Buy new white socks.C. Wash his red T-shirt again.D. Throw away his pink socks.8. A. He hasn’t talked to his brother since he transferred.B. He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.C. His brother doesn’t want to transfer.D. He hadn’t heard the news about his brother.9. A. Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.B. If the woman keeps money at the bank.C. Where the woman learned about the seminar.D. If the woman has taken other classes on personal finances.10. A. He’s used to cold weather.B. He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.C. He has never liked the weather in October.D. He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.Section B (10%)Directions: In this section you will hear 2 passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear one question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B , C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.11.A. The unemployment rate was the lowest in modern times.B. Inflation was the lowest in 50 years.C. Home ownership was the highest in the country’s history.D. A budget surplus was achieved.12. A. On the day he was born.B. When he was four years old.C. When he was in high school.D. When he was in Georgetown University.13. A. A professional musician.B. A professor.C. An actor.D. A lawyer.14. A. George Washington.B. Abraham Lincoln.C. Franklin Roosevelt.D. John Kennedy.15. A. Positive.B. Negative.C. Neutral.D. Hostile.16. A. 40,000.B. 14,000.C. 400,000.D. 140,000.17. A. On October 18, 1955.B. On October 28, 1955.C. On October 18, 1958.D. On October 28, 1958.18. A. In 1973.B. In 1974.C. In his junior year.D. In his senior year.19. A. His dream of making more profit.B. His mother’s advice.C. A belief the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desktop and in everyhome.D. The suggestion of his friends.20. A. Eight weeks.B. Seven weeks.C. Six weeks.D. Five weeks.Part Ⅱ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions:There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1There has been a lot of hand-writing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Withoutblaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspapereditors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to otherbattered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that thesystem failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there isa lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: Spare the rod and spare the child.21. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a child from violent parentsof .A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family22. “Sparing the rod” (黑体部分)means .A.childrenspoilingB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children23. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is .A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers24. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably the victim of .A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentviolencestreetD.25. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run .A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 2For laymen ethnology is the most interesting of the biological sciences for the very reason that it concerns animals in their normal activities and therefore, if we wish, we can assess the possible danger and advantages in our own behavioral roots. Ethnology also is interesting methodologically because it combines in new ways very scrupulous field observations with experimentation in laboratories.The field workers have had some handicaps in winning respect for themselves. For a long time they were considered as little better than amateur animal-watchers—certainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hard-and-fast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can’t be, or the roving animals over long distances, or even details of spontaneous family relationships. Since these never can be reproduced in a laboratory, they are then not worth knowing about?The ethnologists who choose field work have got themselves out of this impasse by greatly refining the techniques of observing. At the start of a project all the animals to be studied are live-trapped, marked individually, and released. Motion pictures, often in color, provide permanent records of their subsequent activities. Recording of the animals’ voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other’s observations right there in the field.Ethnology, the word, is derived from the Greek ethos, meaning the characteristic traits or featureswhich distinguish a group-any particular group of people or, in biology, a group of animals such as a species. Ethnologists have the intention of studying “the whole sequence of acts which constitute an animal’s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries, ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths.26. In the first sentence, the word “laymen” means .A. people who stand asideB. people who are not trained as biologistsC. people who are amateur biologistsD. people who love animals27. According to the passage, ethnology is .A. a new branch of biologyB. an old Greek sciencescienceforamateurspseudo-science D.aC.a28.“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means .A. ethnologists when working in the field are handicappedB. ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientistsC. ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the fieldD. ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work29. According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hand-and-fast” means experiment procedures .A. are difficult and quick to followB. must be carried out in a strict and quick wayC. must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose resultsD. hard and unreasonable for scientist to observe30. The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as .A. natural family relationshipsoccurringfamily relationshipsquicklyB.C. animals acting like a natural familyD. animal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlledPassage 3Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics- the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub-millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. ”While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA,“We can’t yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’ to reliably interact with adynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain’s roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated—than previously imaged. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey ate the side of a forest road or the single suspicious face in big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can’t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.31. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fictionB. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD. the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work32. The word “gizmos” (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .programsA.expertsB.devicesC.creaturesD.33. According to the text, what is beyond man’s ability now is to design a robot that can .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB. interact with human beings verballyC. have a little common senseD. respond independently to a changing world34. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselvesB. deal with some errors with human interventionC. improve factory environmentsD. cultivate human creativity35. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structureB. able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD. best used in a controlled environmentPassage 4When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “Idon’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they’re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there’s a new gold rush happening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,” says john Deadly, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver lining to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn’t mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swing, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan’s hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant need to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co.may still be worth toasting.36. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Paragraph 1), the author means .A. Spero can hardly maintain her businessB. Spero is too much engaged in her workC. Spero has grown out of her bad habitD. Spero is not in a desperate situation37. How do the pubic feel about the current economic situation?ConfusedA.B.OptimisticPanickedCarefree D.C.38. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3-4, Paragraph 3) the author is talking about .A. gold marketB. real estateC. stock exchangeD. venture investment39. Why can many people see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?A. They would benefit in certain ways.B. The stock market shows signs of recovery.C. Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.D. The purchasing power would be enhanced.40. To which of the following idea is the author likely to agree?A. A now boom, around the corner.B. Tighten the belt, the single remedy.C. Caution all right, panic not.D. The more ventures, the more chances.Part Ⅲ Vocabulary (10 points)Directions:In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.41. The statement was an allusion to recent troubles with the agency’s computers.A. an explanationB. a contradictionC. a referenceD. a rejection42. A judge who is lenient will not punish people severely.loosemerciful B.A.sincere D.lunaticC.43. A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed.B.stronggentleA.D.fairywarmC.44. There is controversy even among doctors as to whether this disease is contagious or not.A. incisiveB. infertileC. allergicD. communicable45. The poem admirably expresses complicated nuance of feeling.innocenceB.annoyanceA.C. slight differenceD. great nuisance46. They believed that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation’s economic independence.minimizeuphold B.A.C. weakenD. postpone47. Miss Black, an heir to a large fortune, is serving a life term.A. sentenceB. convictionofficeduty D.C.48. When doing business with an Arab, you have to endure hours of small talk, waiting for the topic of commerce to be broached.brokenA.B.raisedconcludedD.C.solved49. The ink had faded with time and so parts of the letter were illegible.illegitimateilliterate B.A.indecipherableD.C.inscrutable50. The process of respiration consists of two independent actions: inhaling and exhaling.recitingspeaking B.A.smelling D.breathingC.51. A briefcase full of counterfeit money was found on the counter.currencyB.A.forgedD.cashsubstitutedC.52. I hate to see the repulsive sights in commercials about cold remedies.A. soothingB. hypocriticaldeceitfulD.loathsomeC.53. Every of a motion picture is the responsibility of the director.A. sectionB. facetC. characterD. footage54. The criminal past a guard and managed to escape.stoleA. stormedB. sneezedC.sneaked D.55. Future scientific discoveries will make possible the further prolongation of the human life .pursuit D.spanC.well-beingcondition B.A.56. The sport of wrestling tests , strength, and stamina.A. agilityB. coordinationC. tacticsD. courage57. The travelers were into silence by the sight of a distant mountain.A. enlivenedB. awedC. forcedD. frightened58. What is missing from TV news would fill a book.A. coverageB. disseminationC. declarationD. consultation59. English in idioms, and so does Chinese.A. catersB. existsC. remainsD. abounds60. The university has sought to a special fund for physically disabled students.A. administerB. complimentC. performD. institutePart Ⅳ Cloze(10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the blank. Then mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET 1.An Ohio State University study has linked behavior in young children 61 the type of job their mother has. Mothers with complex occupations that are self-directed and require working with other people 62 to have offspring with relatively low levels of behavior problems. The opposite held 63 when the jobs were routine, closely supervised, and dealt with things, rather than people.“A job that challenges and interests a mother and gives her an opportunity to exercise judgment and solve problems clearly has 64 consequences for her children’s behavior,” indicates 65 professor of sociology Elizabeth Mengaghan. Occupations with more positive conditions include management, sales, and teaching positions. Jobs that may be related to increased child behavior problems include book keeping, food service, and 66 line positions.Women who are supervised closely at work and made to 67 strict orders may be more likely to use this same style in 68 their kids. They may emphasize obedience to parental authority and the potential for 69 punishment. “We believe that the choice of such a parenting style may increase the 70 of behavior problems in children.” On the 71 hand, mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and 72 must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment, 73 encouraging children to think about consequences of their actions and 74 responsibility for their behavior. 75 an approach encourages youngsters to follow parental demands 76 they aren’t being supervised because they have accepted parental values as their own. Moreover, mothers whose jobs don’t 77 constant supervision “ 78 problem-solving skills that they can bring to other parts of their life”.The research also found that those who have 79 challenging and interesting jobs provide better home environments for their children. The mothers give their offspring more intellectual stimulation and emotional support, and this, 80 turn, is linked to fewer behavior problem.with C.B.in D.onof61.A.D.tendedrelatedC.62.likely B.A.linkedD.thesamewrong63.A.true B.false C.64. A. negative B. positive C. affirmative D. denialC.associate D.juniorvice B.deputy65.A.gatherD.C.gatheringassembledA.66.assembly B.listenD.heargive C.followB.67.A.68. A. growing B. bringing C. feeding D. raising69. A. mental B. psychological C. physical D. bodyD.depth70.C.extentA.frequency B.degreeanother D.othersC.A.other71.one B.C.thosewhosewho D.B.whom72.A.73. A. instead B. rather than C. rather D. instead ofget C.makehave D.take B.74.A.Thus D.WhatSo C.Such B.A.75.76. A. even B. even then C. even when D. even so77. A. involve B. relate C. revolve D. relate78. A. invent B. develop C. developing D. inventingleast79.most D.C.A.less B.moreby D.withto C.in B.A.80.Part Ⅴ Translation (15 points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.81. By now it’s hardly news that as education has risen to the top of the national agenda, a great wave of school reform has focused on two related objectives: more-stringent academic standards and increasingly rigorous accountability for both student and schools.82. In state after state, legislatures, governors, and state boards, supported by business leaders, have imposed tougher requirements in math, English, science, and other fields, together with new tests by which the performance of both students and schools is to be judged. In some places students have already been denied diplomas or held back in grade if they failed these tests. 83. In some states funding for individual schools and for teachers’ and principals’ salaries----and in some, such as Virginia, the accreditation of schools---will depend on how well students do on tests. More than half the states now require tests for student promotion or graduation.But a backlash has begun.84. In Virginia this spring parents, teachers, and school administrators opposed to the state’s Standard of Learning assessments, established in 1998, inspired a flurry of bills in the legislature that called for revising the test of their status as unavoidable hurdles for promotion and graduation. One bill would also have required that each new member of the sate board of education “take the eighth grade Standard of Learning assessments in English, mathematics, science, and social sciences” and that “the results of such assessments… be publicly reported.” 85. None of the bills passed, but there’s little doubt that if the system isn’t revised and the state’s high failure rates don’t decrease by 2004, when the first Virginia senior may be denied diplomas, the political pressure will intensify. Meanwhile, some parents are talking about Massachusetts-style boycotts.Part Ⅵ Writing(15 points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than 200 words about you opinions on academic plagiarism—the dishonest act in academic communication. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.。
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
中国科学院2006年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题(总分100, 做题时间180分钟)PAPER ONEPART Ⅰ VOCABULARY(15 minutes,10 points,0.5 point each) Directions:Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SIND该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5Directions:For each blank in the following passage,choose the best answer from the four choices given below.Mark the correspondingletter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Section A(60 minutes,30 points)Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers tee,question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring AnswerB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ASSS_SIMPLE_SINB C该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1B C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINB C D该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1Directions:In each of the following passages,five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered 66 to 75).For each passage,there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanksMark yourSSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1答案:ESSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1A B C D E F 该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SINA B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1SSS_SIMPLE_SIN75.A B C D E F该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 1PART Ⅳ TRANSLATION(30 minutes,15 points)Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese versionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3该问题分值: 3PART Ⅴ WRITING (40 minutes,20 points)1.Directions:Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic答案:。
北京理工大学2006年考博英语真题及答案详解
!63 "北京理工大学$""<年博士研究生入学考试英语试题$%(7!?’%@9*;<-=&(’>’*:9-*%35&-9*7:&A9(’B79-*:(J)-"(,+%$--"#$#%$#129$+%,,%*#,12$629-2$#%’.=1-#$#%0"+%,,%*#-"#$#%$#1(L#89#,: -(2),!5#324#%0"214"27-"#$#%$#129$%),4#$,7%$<#’=!>!?%)’@.?"22,#-"#5#,-%),4#$%)’7%$<-"#02$$#,+2)’()*3#--#$4(-"%+#)0(32)-"#H%0"()#:C02$()*=),4#$C"##-4(-"%,()*3#3()#-"$29*" -"#0#)-#$.$%::%;’!X>743926/E=@1E2/2C1@/9@182/:?32167@;793072/639K?7E=03N63A<1E1R4*$,,&+7623@?1/9C3A C3??32B 167@;6721470/9A>/01979E4@C//?E6/8/=26721470/9AA36?4G N@@/6E39A2/N63A<1E1!?32167@;79307B 2/64531>2C1366/?17474434239A392C141?:B?3<167239AE151?/80192/:81/8?1392C1>/6?E>C/761426=A A?39A :/670/61017939A:=??3:1G N93072/647617:703?;/:E118?;@/9@1691E79E@/003221E81/8?1>C/41A=2B ?151?61b1@23/9/:0744C=07987=8163S723/9@/081?42C102/392165191/92C143E1/:2C1076A397?3S1E G I C1360/235723/9349/2E16351E:6/07?/51/:?32167@;740161?;79/2C1621@C93@7??3:14D3??!79E2C1;7@@182 2C72?32167@;3491516@=?2=67??;/63E1/?/A3@7??;91=267?GN63A<1E1>63214:6/0C161F816319@147479793072/6>/6D39A>32C>/01979E01939‘3A1637G.C1 <1?315142C72?32167@;793072/64C7512/07D17@?176@C/3@17</=2>C/41@=?2=6179E>C/413E1/?/A;>3?? <1:/42161E70/9A2C/41>32C>C/02C1;>/6DG Q/?32167@;1E=@72/64392C1^9321E.27214@/943E16>C12C B 162C139426=@23/92C1;8=64=1@/9:?3@24>32C2C13642=E1924R267E323/97?@=?2=614/6@/00=932;!/6:/421643??3216B 7@31439?1769164R:3642/6C/01?79A=7A14/6E37?1@2479E392C136/67?32;-./017886/7@C142/?32167@;39426=@23/9618614192793E1/?/A;/:39E353E=7?340!@/926/?!79E@/08123B 23/9G M/943E16!:/61F708?1!2C1E3::1619@13957?=14@/951;1E79E6186141921E>C1942=E192419A7A139 @C/67?617E39A5164=42C1867@23@1/:C7539A/9142=E192617E/=2?/=E2/2C1A6/=8GI/3E1923:;747 ?32167@;793072/6342/@C//412C13E1/?/A;/:#4C7639A!4/?3E7632;!?/51!1O=32;!@/B/816723/9>32C79E61B 481@2/:</2C972=6179E/2C16C=079<139A4$GU32167@;81E7A/A;2C72072@C142C1793072/63E1/?/A; >/6D4/90739273939A2C1?79A=7A1479E@=?2=614/:03??3/94/:039/632;@C3?E619>C/728614192761<139A :/6@1E2/7@@1822C1?79A=7A179E@=?2=61/:2C1E/039792A6/=8G X203A C2?17E2/74414401922C721F70B 39142C1816:/6079@1/=2@/014/:7@/00=932;/:?32167@;?176916479E2C14/@37?43A93:3@79@1/:2C136=414 /:?32167@;!74/88/41E2/0174=639A>C727939E353E=7?@79E/747617E1679E>63216/974279E76E3S1E 2142G.C/6*$,,)+E14@63<14?32167@;793072/647486/<?10B8/439A!@/00=932;B<741E!E37?/A3@1E=@72/64G Q//=6217@C16B1E=@723/921F2<//D4/9617E39A79E?79A=7A1762486/0/212C13E172C72217@C1644C/=?E 1F8?/6186/<?104:6/07@/00=932;B<741EE37?/A3@816481@2351-$G N?32167@;793072/634/91>C/GN G426=A A?14:/670/61017939A:=??3:1Y G:611481/8?1:6/08/5162;79E3??32167@;M G34@/003221E2/076A397?3S12C13??3216721Q G34@/9@1691E>32C>C7234<1C39E3??32167@;"G I C17=2C/64=A A14242C72?32167@;1E=@72/64392C1^G.G397>7;GN G86/0/2142=E1924R C/01?79A=7A14Y G:/6@142=E19242/7@@1822C136@=?2=61M G217@C9/2C39A<=2617E39A79E>63239A Q G@/943E16?32167@;74/:9/9B91=267?972=61)G N63A<1E1>/6D1E>32C‘3A16379486/<7<?;2/GN G217@CN0163@79@=42/0479E3E1/?/A;Y G07D17@C/3@1/:@=?2=612/<1:/42161EM G61b1@22C157?=14/:2C1E/039792@?744北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!64"Q G C 1?807392739‘3A 16379?79A =7A 179E@=?2=61&G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 17=2C /6!#@C /67?617E 39A $07;618614192GN G 39E 353E =7?340Y G @/??1@235340M G @/0812323/9Q G 3001643/9%G N 93072/63E 1/?/A ;108C 743S140/61/9GN G 2C 14/@37?:=9@23/9/:?32167@;Y G 42=E 1924R 816:/6079@13921424M G 2C 1E /039792A 6/=8R 4?79A =7A 1Q G 2C 17227390192/:?3:14D3??4$%::%;’.N @@/6E 39A2//914=651;/:$"###81/8?1!7</=2)#816@192/:2C /4107D39A‘1>V 176R 4614/?=23/9447;2C 1;E /9R 21519D1182C 10392/c 1<6=76;G N 9E/9?;7</=2$39%7@2=7??;427;4/9267@D :/643F 0/92C 4/60/61!618/6241Q 3@24G @/0!7@/94=016E 31279E:329144H1<4321GY =2E /9R 2?122C /41/E E 407D1;/=617@C:/62C 19176142<7A/:8/272/@C 384G[F8162447;;/=@79D1182C /41614/?=23/94?/9A2160!15193:;/=R 61426=A A ?39A9/>G#I C 10/235723/9@/014:6/0>32C 39!79E4/>C 19;/=:39E2C 72;/=R 61E 1@?3939A39;/=6C 17?2C ;17239A 86/A 670!79E2C 19b =4274D ;/=641?:!/X 42C 34A /39A2/A 12012C 1614=?242C 72X >792-0$47;4U 14?31.21>762!761A 342161EE 3123237979E?3@1941E9=26323/9342G#N 9E3:;/=R 61E /39A4/012C 39A1516;E 7;2/172C 17?2C ;!2C 192C 72R 4A /39A2/87;/::392C 1?/9A6=9G $.21>7627E 534142/=41>C 724C 1@7??42C 1,#B $#17239A6=?1G#X :;/=R 6117239AC 17?2C ;,#816@192/:2C 12301!2C 19$#816@192/:2C 12301!;/=@79@=2;/=641?:4/014?7@D 79E1728?174=67<?;G $.C 147;44C 1<1?315142C 72#C 17?2C ;17239A3415/?=23/9394217E/:614/?=23/9G $I C 147018639@38?1@79<1788?31E2/7?7A A 39A1F16@341614/?=23/9!2//G.27;39A0/235721E34D1;2/?/9A B 21604=@@144!79E61531>39A/63A 397?A /7?4@79C 1?842619A 2C 197>17D1939A>/6D/=286/A 670GN E E 39A576312;2/7:32914461A 3017?4/@798615192;/=:6/0C 79A 39A=82C /411F16@3414C /14G N :2167:1>>11D4/:>1??B 3921923/91E>/6D/=24!</61E /007;<1@611839A392/;/=66/=2391G.12239AA /7?42//C 3A C3479/2C 16@/00/903427D1G X :;/=R 619/26=9939A707672C /9722C 119E/:2C 10/92C !E /9R 2>/66;!47;J 7;/M ?393@1F81624G N2//3921941>/6D/=2,79E2C 1614=?239A873979E423::9144,34E 34@/=67A 39A79E07;:/6@10/422/7<79E /9786/A 670G .276239A4?/>?;34D1;GY =23:;/=6A /7?47?617E ;C 751:7??19<;2C 1>7;43E 1!^63747;42/42762=87A 7393001E 3721?;G #N?322?1412<7@D 34K _)A 12<7@D /92C 1C /64179E63E 1f E 63512/>76E2C 72A /7?!$C 147;4G -G N @@/6E 39A2/2C 17=2C /6!/9?;7</=2"#L 81/8?1D11839A2C 136614/?=23/94E /149/291@144763?;01792C72GN G 2C 1:3A =6134672C 16E 18614439A79E=91F81@21E74>1??Y G 2C /41>C /C 75107E 12C 136614/?=23/944C /=?EA 351=82C 1361::/62M G >C /1516D1182C 136614/?=23/944C /=?E4276217239A8/272/@C 384Q G ?/9A B 2160614/?=23/947619/2308/62792:/62C /41:7@39A26/=<?14’G HC 72342C 13E 17<1C 39E2C 1,#B $#17239A6=?17@@/6E 39A2/2C 187447A 1-N G V /=4C /=?ED11817239AC 17?2C ;,#L /:2C 12301G Y G V /=4C /=?E:11?:6112/172$#L /:2C 12301G M G V /=4C /=?E?17692/172C 17?2C ;A 67E =7??;GQ G .=E E 19@C 79A 1>3??<10/611::3@319279E1::1@2351G*G HC 3@C/:2C 1:/??/>39A4C /=?E;/=75/3E2/D118;/=641?:392161421E391F16@341-N G P 79A 39A=8;/=61F16@3414C /143:;/=:11?2361E G Y G _11839A</61E /07>7;:6/0;/=6E 73?;7@23532;G M G J 7D39A74@C 1E =?1>32C2//C 3A CA /7?43932G Q G d =9939A707672C /9722C 1<1A 39939A/:2C 10/92C G!6E",G P />079;4=A A 1423/9472?1742C 751<1193926/E =@1E@/9@16939A2C 11F16@341614/?=23/9-N G c /=6Y G c 351M G .3FQ G .1519$#G H C 7234@6323@7??;308/627923907D39A?/9A B 2160614/?=23/944=@@144:=?-N G V /=4C /=?E<1426=A A ?39A>32C;/=641?:7??2C 12301G Y G V /=4C /=?E@/942792?;157?=7212C 1614=?24;/=>792G M G V /=4C /=?E26;2/D118;/=641?:0/235721E GQ G V /=4C /=?E26;;/=6<1422/E 351643:;;/=6:329144867@23@1G$%::%;’2K =68614192A 1916723/9/:@=?2=67?@6323@4!7663539A7:2162C 17447=?2/:8/420/E 16934079E2C 139@6174B 39A ?;>3E 148617E@/0016@37?3S723/9/:@=?2=61!C 74<119@7427E 63:2!>32C /=279;:360<7434:/6b =E A 01924G Z =<?3@723/9479E394232=23/942/4=88/624163/=4@6323@340!392C 34531>!132C 169/?/9A 161F342/6761:1>399=0<16GM 6323@42/E 7;!32347?4/@?7301E !7612//@/S;<1C 39E2C 13531E>7??4/:7@7E 101!@/921922/108?/;786/4142;?12C 7234E 1@38C 167<?1/9?;2/7C 79E :=?/:2C 1@/A 9/4@1923G I C 1E 17E ?;E 351/:=93516432;@6323@4392/2C 14C 7??/>E 182C 4/:8/8=?76@=?2=61!0/61/516!61517?42C 1=9>3??39A 9144/:2C 141@6323@42/=8C /?E 4279E 76E 4G [5193:2C 16174/94/::161E761@/9267E 3@2/6;!2C 141]161037C 4C =E E ?176/=9E2C 13647E@/9@?=B 43/92C 724163/=4@=?2=67?@6323@340C 74:7??19392/70/6744/:8122;<3@D1639A79E<?/721E618=2723/94G.=@C9766723514/:E 1@?1943/9!74278?1/:N 0163@793921??1@2=7??3:1439@12C 12301/:2C 1Z =632794!7610348?7@1E !41?:B 416539A !79EC 342/63@7??;397@@=6721G N 9EE 3::3@=?22/86/51G P 742C 1?151?/:@6323@340E 1@?391E 392C 1?742%#;1764-K :@/=6412C 1?/A 3@/:4=@C79/8393/9E 1819E 4/92C 1:3A =6142C 72761<139A@/92674B 21E>32C /9179/2C 16G N 9;9=0<16/:@=?2=67?@6323@42C 63539A2/E 7;@/=?E<1395/D1E2/E 10/9426721C 72@=?B 2=67?@6323@340347?35179E>1??GY =2079;91>79E2C 63539A519=14:/6@6323@34079EE 1<7211F3422/E 7;!79E2C 1;7619/2?30321E4/?1?;2/2C 1E 34@=443/9/:?321676;>/6D4G N @2=7??;!2C 1;<1@7014/19@6=421E>32C 2C 136/>9@16232=E 179E8/?323@7?b =E A 019242C 722C 1;<1@701?76A 1?;3661?15792G I /E 7;2C 1@/08?7392342C 72?321676;@=?2=61?7@D4@353?32;G H 1?35139797A 1/:@/0016@37?34079E481@27@?1G H 632164411D 2C 1?301?3A C 2!79E/91>7;2/<74D 3932342/8=<?34C61531>42C 724@/6@C2C 1?79E 4@781!>32CQ 7?1Z 1@D 742C 1:70/=4!<=29/272;83@7?!@741398/392G P 13E 3]=?75324!39791447;39I C 1Y 1?31516!?701921E2C 1E />9:=??/:4163/=4:3@23/979E61531>39A G .C 14=6B 51;1E7?321676;@=?2=612C 72C 7E10<67@1E #4976D $!C 162160:/6C /423?1!41?:B 416539A61531>4GI C 14976D 61531>!7@@/6E 39A2/]=?75324!14@C 1>474163/=419A 7A 10192>32C?321672=6139:75/6/:74/=9E B <3217886/7@C !7972210822/2=692C 161531>392/7:/60/:19216273901927D392/:3?061531>4/6614B 27=6792@6323O =14G N@6323@:/=9E@=?2=67?@6323@3402/<139#@6323@7?@/9E 323/9G $c /6C 30!2C 18/420/E 1692=692/2C 1/6;!39324O =1423/939A/:/<b 1@23532;!@=22C 1@6323@7?!39E 1819E 192A 6/=9E/=2:6/0=9E 1661531>164G I C 16341/:@C 739<//D42/61479E<?/@D<=4216<14241??164E 101791E?321676;@=?2=61!07D39A32861;2/2C 1@/0B 016@37?57?=14/:2C 1076D1279E1921627390192GI C 1@6323@340E /149/24110E 34@/9239=/=4G ‘/64C /=?E>1:/6A 122C 72@353?32;6761?;613A 91E392C 1@36B @?14/:‘1>V /6D 3921??1@2=7?4G I C 1762@6323@M ?10192g 6119<16A8C ;43@7??;8=001?1E2C 12C 17216@6323@U 3/B 91?N <1?7:216N <1?61b 1@21E2C 1531>2C 72]179H7??!2C 1c 619@C 8C 3?/4/8C 16!>747923B .10323@G I C /=A C d /<B 162Z 1@D C 742C 1618=2723/9/:7?321676;C 72@C 12079!4/:7674X D9/>C 34<?/>42C =4:76C 7517??<119@/9B :391E2/2C 1863921E87A 1GM =?2=67?@6323@340C 74@162739?;@C 79A 1E/5162C 1;1764G I C 1/?EE 7;4/:2C 1@6323@>C />31?E 1E=9@C 7?B ?19A 1E7=2C /632;C 751C 7883?;87441E G K =643470/618?=67?3423@7A 1!/919/2<1C /?E 192/79766/>?321676;@=?2=61G I C 1E 10/@6723S723/9/:@6323@340,74392C 1N 07S/9!4;4210/:617E 164R 157?=7239A<//D4,3470144;7::736!74E 10/@67@;0=42<1G Y =22C 14/?=23/92/2C 186/<?104/:@6323@340392C 1861419234<1429/2E 34@/5161E392C 10=42;<74101924/:9/427?A 3779E419230192:/62C 1@=?2=67?@6323@340/:7C 7?:B @192=6;A /91G d 72C 162C 14/?=23/9342/61@/A 93S1!74]/C 9Q 1>1;E 3E7?0/427@192=6;7A /!2C 722C 186/<?104/:E 10/@67@;E 1079E0/61E 10/@67@;!?1449/427?A 37:/67A /?E 197A 12C 7291516>74!79E 7483632/:北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!66"/81991442/>C 723491>79E3953A /67239A39/=6@=?2=61G$$G HC 72342C 18/443<?1@/991@23/9<12>119@=?2=67?@6323@479E8=<?3@723/9479E394232=23/94-N G M =?2=67?@6323@47227@D 8/420/E 16934079E@/0016@37?3S723/9@C 1634C 1E<;8=<?3@723/9479E394232=B 23/94GY G Z /420/E 16934079E@/0016@37?3S723/97617227@D1E<;2C 14163/=48=<?3@723/9479E394232=23/94G M G M =?2=67?@6323@340344C /62/:b =E A 0192479E>3??9/21F342>32C /=22C 14=88/62/:8=<?3@723/9479E39423B 2=23/94GQ G Z =<?3@723/9479E394232=23/944C />7?0/429/39216142394163/=4@=?2=67?@6323@340G $"G P />E /2C 1=93516432;@6323@4?3D12C 14163/=4@=?2=67?@6323@340-N G M =?2=67?@6323@340349/24163/=419/=A C>C 192C 17623@?14761>632219392C 1@/S;86/4142;?1G Y G Z /8=?76@=?2=61344/861573?39A2C 724163/=4@6323@47619/2>3??39A2/D1182/2C 14C 7??/>4279E 76E 4G M G .163/=4@=?2=67?@6323@34034:=??/:3943A 93:3@792O =7661?479E2C 18=<?3@E /9/2617??;26=4232GQ G M =?2=67?@6323@4C 751<1@/014/4163/=4742/21??2C 142/631430<=1E>32CN 0163@793921??1@2=7?Z =63B 279340G$)G HC 72342C 17=2C /6R 4/8393/9/:2C 1@=66192@/08?73927</=22C 1?321676;1F87943/9392/2C 1/2C 16:31?E 4-N G H C 19?321676;@6323@4E 34@=44344=14>32C 8/?323@7?b =E A 01924!2C 136531>4761?3D1?;2/<1017939A ?144G Y G X 2346174/97<?1:/6>6321642/411D ?301?3A C 2439@1>1761?3539A392C 17A 1/:@/0016@37?340G M G M 6323@44C /=?E<119@/=67A 1E2/>632179E8=<?34C8/3A 97927623@?14>C 3@C>/=?E4@/6@C2C 1?79E B 4@781GQ G X 2342C 1@6323@4R 6148/943<3?32;2/?701922C 1E />9:7??/:4163/=4:3@23/979E61531>39A G $&G H C 72E /14#2C 14976D 61531>$61:162/7@@/6E 39A2/P 13E 3]=?75324-N G M =?2=67?61531>4>C 3@C761=9:6319E ?;79E41?:?144G Y G U 321676;61531>475/3E 39A4163/=4@6323@340G M G [92162739019261531>4392C 1:3?039E =426;G Q G Z /420/E 16961531>439E 1819E 192/:/<b 1@23532;G$%G X 9/6E 162/:39E 7>7;/=22C 1@=66192E 3?1007:/62C 1@=?2=67?@6323@340!2C 17=2C /64=A A 14242C 72GN G >14C /=?E612=692/2C 1/?EE 7;4>C 192C 1@6323@487441E2C 136b =E A 01924>32C /=2@C 7??19A 14Y G 8?=67?3404C /=?E<1C 1?E<7@D !6139:/6@39A2C 1=9@C 7??19A 1E7=2C /632;392C 1?321676;@6323@340M G E 10/@6723@@6323@3404C /=?E9/2<17E /821E<1@7=413234672C 160144;7486/51E392C 1N 07S/94;4210Q G >14C /=?E19@/=67A 10/61E 10/@67@;!E 3403449/427?A 3779E@=?23572179/81972232=E 1$%::%;’3X 9]=?;!7?0/42=99/23@1E<;2C 19723/97?86144!7E 17E ?;<36E536=4766351E/978C 174792:76039.=6B 61;G [F81624:6/02C 1Q 187620192:/62C 1[9536/90192!c //E79Ed =67?N ::7364*Q 1:67+3E 1923:31E‘1>@742?1E 341741!7536=4=4=7??;0/627?2/2=6D1;479EA 1141<=29/2C =0794!397:?/@D /:,###8C 174792@C 3@D4308/621E:/60c 679@17C 17E/:2C 14C //239A4174/9GH32C 39C /=64/:2C 1E 37A 9/434!512163976;1F81624C 7E4>=9A392/7@23/9!2C 6/>39A=87)D01F@?=43/9S/9176/=9E2C 1:7609176M /<C 7079E@=??39A$####<36E 4G I C 1@76@74414>161<=691E79E86103414@?1791E2/42/82C 1536=414@7839A G X 2>74:/=6>11D4<1:/61Q 1:67R 4W 12163976;[F/23@Q 34@7414Q 35343/9:1?232>7447:1:/68/=?26;0/51536=4!C 74617@C 1EI =6D1;!4303?761016A 19@;8?794761<139A617E 31E<;/::3B @37?4:6/0Q 1:6779E/2C 167A 19@314G I C 14@19763/2C 1;76186187639A:/6342C 1P %‘$536=4!>C 3@C4/:76C 74?1E2/2C 1@=??39A/:<3??3/94/:@C 3@D194394/=2C B @742N 43779E-#C =079E 172C 4!>3??4//9766351/92C 1414C /614GH C 72C 78819491F2E 1819E 4/9>C 1612C 1/=2<617D /@@=64!>C 12C 1632@79<1@/927391E79E ,0/42308/62792/:7??,>C 12C 16320=272142/<1@/0139:1@23/=4<12>11981/8?1G ./:76!/9?;8/=?26;>/6D164/:2C /41E 361@2?;1F8/41E2/@C 3@D19:7@14/6<?//E7612C /=A C 22/<172634D !2C /=A CE 361@2C =079B 2/B C =079!6I"2679403443/9@799/2<16=?1E9/2G#[516;2301791>8164/9A 12439:1@21E>32C 2C 1536=42C 161347407??@C 79@12C 728164/9>3??263A A 167879E 103@$!473E‘13?c 16A =4/9!74@319234272X 081637?M /??1A 1!>C /C 74<1196=9939A430=?723/94/9>C 7203A C 2C 78819>161P %‘X 2/617@CY 632739!#X 2R 47516;407??@C 79@1!86/<7<?;$397$###!$39$####/6?144G $.C /=?EE 341741E<36E 4617@CY 632739!2C 1:36424218:/6512163976;/::3@37?4>/=?E<12/@/927392C 1/=2B <617D 742C 1;E 3E>32C ‘1>@742?1E 341741G N 970<167?162>/=?E<14/=9E 1E79E4708?1441922/2C 1W 12B 163976;U 7</672/6;N A 19@;*W U N +39H1;<63E A 1!.=661;G X :X 79Y 6/>9!2C 1C 17E/:75379536/?/A ;2C 161!@/9B :36042C 1@7=41/:E 172C 74P %‘$!2C 17?162?151?>3??<167341E2/61E79E7>C /?1416314/:1016A 19@;86/B @1E =614!:6/0O =76792391!614263@23/9/:8/=?26;0/51019242/@=??39A !>3??4>39A392/7@23/9G K 2C 167A 19@314!4=@C742C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C !2C 1P 17?2CZ 6/21@23/9N A 19@;79E2C 1J 393426;/:Q 1:19@1!>/=?E<1<6/=A C 2392/2C 1?//8G X 92C 1151922C 722C 1/=2<617D @799/2<1@/927391E !Q 1:6707;C 7512/@/943E 160744@=??39A86/A 67001479E2C 18/443<3?32;/:57@@39723/9GN 22C 348/392!>32C 2C 1634D /:2C 1536=448617E 39A2/C =0798/8=?723/94!2C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C >/=?E 788/3927^_9723/97?39:?=19S7879E 103@@/00322112/@//6E 397212C 16148/941/:C /48327?26=42479E?/@7?7=2C /632314G I C 1M 353?M /9239A 19@;.1@61276372*M M .+/:2C 1M 7<3912>3??7?4/<17?1621E79EM /<67!2C 11016A 19@;@/0032211>C 3@C@//6E 397214HC 321C 7??R 46148/9412/2166/6340!617E 31E:/678/443<?1<617DB E />939@353?/6E 16GI C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C R 4879E 103@8618761E 91448?798=<?34C 1E39J 76@C195347A 1474079;74%&###Y 632/94E ;39A392C 1:3642:1>0/92C 4/:7:?=879E 103@G Y =239]=91!M M ./::3@37?4>7691E2C 72@/=?E <179=9E 1614230721G I C 10/61?3D1?;:3A =61!2C 1;473E !>74’#####,786/b 1@23/92C 1Q 187620192/:P 172C 341F81@21E2/27D1/9</76E>C 1932=8E 7214324879E 103@8?79?72162C 340/2C GX 92C 10/424163/=4@741!/::3@37?4142307212C 161>/=?E<174079;E 172C 4392C 1$">11D4/:79183B E 103@742C 161=4=7??;761397;176G N 22C 1817D /:2C 1879E 103@!$,###81/8?1>/=?E61O =361C /48327?<1E 4!86/08239A@/=9@3?42/61O =34323/94@C //?42/7@@/00/E 7212C 143@DGI /261722C 1E ;39A !2C 1A /51690192>/=?E<1A 39E 67>39AE />932442/@D83?14/:I 703:?=*药名+!797923B 5367?E 6=A2C 72261724:?=G Y =2>32C/9?;$&0@/=6414!19/=A C:/67O =76216/:2C 18/8=?723/9!?3D1?;2/<17573?7<?1!4//916/6?72166723/939A>/=?EC 7512/<1308/41E !>32CC 17?2C86/:1443/97?479E14419237?@353?416579242C 1:364239?391G I C 1A /51690192>/=?E7?4/@/01=9E 1686144=612/61?174142/614/:324861@3/=4:?=57@@391G N 286141922C 161761@/9239A 19@;8?794:/6b =422>/2/2C 61103??3/9E /414G Y =22C 161349/A =76B 792112C 7257@@3914>C 3@C86/21@27A 73942799=7?C =079:?=42673947?4/>/6D 7A 73942P %P $GI C 1@/941O =19@14C 76E ?;<1762C 39D39A7</=2G [76?3162C 34;176!397E 614461C 17647?392C 1[742J 3E B ?79E 4@/E 19701EK 816723/9N 6@23@M 36@?1!/::3@37?4O =3@D?;@/9@?=E 1E2C 7207440/62=76314>/=?E<1911B E 1E2/<=6;2C 1E 17E G Y =29//91D9/>4>C 12C 16!392C 115192/:7879E 103@!79;/:2C 1410174=614>3??86/511::1@2351G ]/C 9N 53S3193=4!4193/64@31923:3@/::3@16722C 1d .Z M N79E7010<16/:Q 1:67R 47537939:?=B 19S7427D1C /?E 16A 6/=8!473E (#N ??;/=@79E /348?79:/62C 1>/642@7414@19763/G $I C 1:176342C 72>3?EA 11410/539A:6/0>142169M C 3972/.3<163707;C 75148617E2C 1536=42/415167?481@314/:E =@D479EA =??42C 72<631:?;53432Y 63234C4C /614/92C 136799=7?03A 6723/99/62C G I C 141E =@D4!079;/:>C 3@C07;9/24C />43A 94/:3??9144!07;<1874439A/92C 1536=42/8/=?26;/9Y 63234C:7604GX 92C 1C /812C 722C 1;7619/2!Q 1:6779E2C 1H3?E :/>?79EH 12?79E799/=9@1E?742>11D 2C 722C 1;>/=?E<1@/9E =@239A21424/9$$###>3?E<36E 4,2C 611239142C 19/607??151?G #I C 1634D /:7537939:?=19S748617E 39A:6/01742169d =44372/2C 1^_53703A 67239A<36E 434423???/>G $473EQ 1:67R 4@C 31:512!Q 1<<;d 1;9/?E 4G #P />1516!>1C 751473E7??7?/9A2C 72>10=42610739/92C 1?//D /=2G $$-G H C 72E /142C 1#4@19763/$39Z 767A 678C "01792/I =6D1;-N G I =6D1;>3??<11F8/41E2/2C 19723/9>3E 17A A 61443/9/:2C 1E 17E ?;536=4742C 10/42415161?;72B 27@D1E@/=926;/92C 1414C /614G北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!6J"Y G I =6D1;0=42D3??<3??3/94/:@C 3@D1979E/2C 16D39E 4/:8/=?26;G M G I =6D1;C 742/<16148/943<?1:/62C 1766357?/:P %‘$/92C 1414C /614G Q G N ??2C 1512163976;1F8162439I =6D1;>3??4//94>39A392/7@23/9G$’G H C 7234!7@@/6E 39A2/‘13?c 16A =4/9!2C 18/443<?1634D /:<36E:?=3:/91A 12439:1@21E -N G N 9;/91R 439:1@23/9>3??263A A 16879E 103@2C /=A C323486/<7<?;/91392192C /=479E G Y G [7@C230178164/9A 12439:1@21E>32C2C 1536=4>3??@7=417919/60/=4879E 103@<36E B :?=G M G I C 18164/939:1@21E>32C2C 1536=4>3??E /A 6172C 7602/81/8?176/=9EC 30GQ G X 234308/443<?12C 722C 1536=439:1@23/9/:7@1627398164/94>3??@7=4176723/97?<36E536=448617E 39A G $*G I C 1@C 79A 1/:7?162@/?/64:6/070<162/61E308?3142C 72GN G 7??8/=?26;>/6D1640=42?17512C 136>/6D39A8?7@14744//9748/443<?1Y G 2C 1/::3@37?4392C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C0=42@7??:/60=@C0/61/:392169723/97?74434279@1M G 2C 10/424163/=4432=723/9/:<36E B :?=C 747881761EQ G 2C 1@C 79A 1/:2C 1@/?/6:=9@23/94A 6172?;742C 1>172C 16618/624E /$,G H C 727612C 14218427D19<;2C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C/:^_>32C2C 1634D /:2C 1536=448617E 39A2/C =B0798/8=?723/9-N G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361EM 353?M /9239A 19@;.1@612763722/8=<?34CE /@=01924:/62C 1879B E 103@8618761E 9144GY G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361E2C 1^_9723/97?@/00322112/@/B >/6D >32CC /48327?26=42479E?/B @7?7=2C /632314GM G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =361EM 353?M /9239A 19@;.1@612763722/07D17879E 103@8?79744//9748/443<?1GQ G I C 1Q 187620192/:P 17?2C61O =36141516;C /48327?2/42/61I 703:?=!2C 1861@3/=4:?=57@@391G "#G Y 63234CA /51690192R 4:176/:2C 1>3?EA 1141:6/0>142169M C 3972/.3<163734E =12/GN G 2C 1E /01423@E =@D479EA =??439:1@21E<;2C 1308/621EA 11412/Y 632739Y G 2C 18/=?26;/9Y 63234C:7604C 74<11939:1@21E<;2C 13003A 6721E>3E 1A 1141M G 2C 103A 6723/9/:2C 1>3?EA 11411516;>39216Q G Y 63234C4C /61439:1@21E<;2C 1A 1141536=4$%(7"+(%*:H %79-*%35&-9*7:&Y ’B79-*/(+(%*:H %7’7>’G -H H -,9*;:>-(7&%(%;(%&>:9*7-<>9*’:’1*.5&-9*7:+"$G [516;/91C 744/012C 39A2C 1;76174C 701E/:!7:673E/:/62C 722C 1;:11?A =3?2;7</=2G [7@C /:=4!39/=6/>9>7;!C 74E 15341E79172?322?1012C /E/:C 79E ?39A/=6E 76D 43E 1G H 107;D9/>C />2/C 3E 132G c 1>/:=4D9/>C />2/C 17?32G H C 19>161:=412/7E 032>C 72>1C 751E /91392C 18742!>1<?/@D /=6872C2/2C 1:=2=61G ‘/072216C />21663<?1>12C 39D >1761!C /><7E>1<1?3151>1C 751<119!C />?/>>12C 39D >1C 751:7??19!>1@79@?179/=6039E 479E<1A 397A 739G""G H 11F819E4/0=@C1916A ;26;39A2/:3F >C />1761!>16761?;A 122/D9/>/=641?514G X :>1617?B 3S1EC />861@3/=42C 1A 342/:?3:134!>1>/=?E9/2>742170/019226;39A2/3086/5132G X :>1617??;=9E 16B 42//EC />861@3/=4>17612/2C 1A 3:2/:?3:1!>1>/=?E9/2>7421230126;39A2/:3F /=641?514G")G H 1@799/2E 67>2/=40/612C 79>1<1?3151>1761>/62C G [516;2C 39A2C 72C 7881942/=479E 1516;@C /3@1>107D134761:?1@23/9/:>C 72>1<1?31517</=2>C />1761G K =6394836723/9@/014:6/0/=641?:B 7@@18279@1G K =60/235723/9@/014:6/0/=641?:B 61?379@1G H C 19>17@@182/=641?51479E61?;/9/=6B 41?514!>1:11?A //E7</=2/=641?514G HC 19;/=:11?A //E7</=24/012C 39A !;/=<1?31513932G HC 19;/=<1?31513932!32>3??>/6D :/6;/=."&G X 234/:?322?1@/941O =19@1>C 72;/=68742C 74<119G H C 7207221642/;/=79E:/6;/=3463A C 29/>G X 2349/2;/=6@/9@169>C 72/2C 16407;<147;39A/6E /39A G H C 19;/=76127D39A@761/:;/=641?:!;/=C 751516;?322?123012/87;7221923/92//2C 164G Z 1/8?1@79?/51;/=/6C 721;/=G X A 9/61;/=/6E /21/9;/=61516;同义转换否定处设题同义转换细节处设题问句处设题引言处设题特殊句型处设题细节处设题举例处设题!I 3"*G M !3精析4语义理解题"倒数第三节提到(412239AA /7?42//C 3A C3479/2C 16@/00/903427D1G 告诉读者不要把自己的计划订得太高!这样的错误是人们在自己锻炼的时候应避免的"选项M 符合原文",G N !3精析4语义理解题"从第八小节开始!文章从E 312谈到了1F16@341(I C 147018639@38?1@79<178B8?31E2/7?7A A 39A1F16@341614/?=23/9!2//G 在接下来的文章部分!作者分段论述了相关细节(427;39A 0/235721E34D1;f )7E E 39A576312;f7?4/f )412239AA /7?42//C 3A C3479/2C 16f 42762=87A 739fG 细数起来!有关1F16@341的建议一共有四点"$#G M !3精析4语义理解题"文章在中间部分的时候提到(.27;39A0/235721E34D1;2/?/9A B 21604=@@144G 也就是说!在制订个人长期计划的时候!一定要有动力!不断地保持这样的动力才是成功的关键"重点词汇及短语61A 301161%&$3,02).!养生法!制度!!!>1??B 3921923/91E 1#>1?%9&219’(9E 2%.!好心的!善意的423::91441&42%:9%42).!僵硬!坚硬:7??<;2C 1>7;43E 1!半途而废!无法继续$%::%;’2参考译文随着后现代主义和不断蔓延的商业文化的侵蚀!我们这一代的文化评论家已经出现了偏移!没有了任何坚实的判断力"对于能坚持发表严肃评论的出版商和机构!从某种意义上来说!现在已经很少存在了"今天的评论家舒适地躲在常春藤的学院墙背后!发表一些无聊的仅能被一小部分人所了解的评论"大学评论家这种掉进了浅薄的大众文化的致命下滑现象!表明了他们不愿意坚持一个真正评论家所需的准则"即使其中原因是互相矛盾的!这些耶利米依然紧抱着他们的悲观结论!即严肃的文化评论现在已经跌进了一个沼泽!到处充满了琐碎的争吵以及膨胀的声望"这种衰退的结论!是美国自从纯教徒时代以来的知识分子时代的一个主题"这种说法是不对的!然而难以证明的是!到底评论的水平在过去的%#年内有没有衰退-显而易见!衰不衰退这种观点因人而异"从当今任何欣欣向荣的文化评论!我们都可以断定这种文化评论是有生命力的"现今涌现出了很多新的!活跃的评论和辩驳!而且它们并不仅仅局限于文学作品的探讨"事实上!它们根源于自己原先的政治判断和信仰!但是又给自己加上了一层外包装!以致两者从外表上看已经毫无相关"今天!大家的抱怨是文学文化缺少了一种谦恭"我们已经生活在一个商业化光怪陆离的年代"作家寻找一点黯淡的光芒的思想!消化吸收后发表出自己的看法!从而将星星之火变成一把火炬!照亮四周!提升了原先思想的深度"这种作家以Q 7?1Z 1@D 最为有名&典型"P 13E 3]=?75324!%坚信者’一书的作者!哀叹严肃评论在走下坡路"她调查了文学里头与#4976D $有关的题材!4976D 是P 13E 3]=?75324自己创造的一个词!即有敌意的&自私的评论"就]=?75324看来!.976D 评论避开了学术上的严谨性!试图将评论变成一种浅薄的类似电影评论或饭店评论的娱乐形式"他现在已经认为当今的文化评论已经到了一个紧要关头"对他而言!将后现代主义变成一种理论!由于未知其是否具有客观性!使得这方面的评论家毫无坚实的立足之地"然而!到处充斥着购书连锁店和畅销书!使这些评论家乖乖地成为商业化的猎物"批评似乎没有间断"然而我们依旧不能忘记现在已经很少在纽约文人墨客中出现的那种谦恭"艺术评论家M ?10192g 6119<16A 由于剧院评论家U 3/91?N ?<1?拒绝承认法国哲学家]179H7C ?是反犹太人的!而将他暴打一顿"虽然d /<162Z 1@D 有着文学打手的名称!但是据我所知!他的打击!迄今全部局限于印刷版"文化评论毫无疑问在这些年里变化了很多"以前评论家直面权威的时代已经过去了"当今是一个多元化的年代!我们不应该仅仅局限在一个狭窄的文学文化里面"民主化的批评!例如在亚马逊!读者评价书籍制度是一片狼籍的事!因为民主是必须的"但在目前解决这些批评的问题!不会在发现了霉的地下室!因为文化批评的一个半世纪过去了"事实上解决办法应该是认识和承认!正如]/C 9Q 1>1;在$个世纪前做的一样!即民主的问题需要更多的民主!不要在怀念已经过去的黄金年代"我们要有一种开放的&崭新的&充沛的精神注入到我们的文化里面去"①转折处设题细节处设题否定处设题①同义转换文章结尾处设题北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!I 6"61531>392/7:/60/:1921627390192!就是一种比较轻松的&有娱乐性质的文学评论形式"$%G Q !3精析4语义理解题"文章的最后一句揭示了试题的答案(f0/61E 10/@67@;!?1449/427?A 37f79E7483632/:/81991442/>C 723491>79E3953A /67239A39/=6@=?2=61G 需要更多的民主!少一点怀旧)开放的!崭新的!充沛的精神注入到我们的文化里面去"重点词汇及短语7E 63:21)&E 6%:22%’.!漂浮着!随波逐流地E 1@38C 167<?11E %&47%:)6)<?2%.!可翻译的!可判读的]161037C 1#E $16%&07%)2).!耶利米*公元前’世纪和-世纪的希伯莱大先知+!耶利米书E 1@?1943/91E %&D?19’(92).!衰退<1C /?E 191<%&C )*?E )92%.!对66表示感谢3531E 1&7%5%E 2%.!常春藤遮盖的@/A 9/4@19231#D .9b )*&’192%2).!行家@16232=E 11&4-,2%2b =,E 2).!确实!确信72;83@7?11%&2%8%D (?2%.!非典型的14@C 1>1%4&2’=,2L.!避开!远离$%::%;’3参考译文七月!在国内媒体还没有注意的时候!一种致命的禽类病毒在英格兰东南部的萨里的农场出现"在狩猎季节来临之前!英国环境&食品和农村事物部*Q 1:67+的专家在法国进口的,###只野鸡群中确定了纽卡斯尔病!这是一种对火鸡和鹅而非对人类致命的病毒"在诊断的几个小时里!兽学专家迅速采取行动!在靠近科巴姆的农场划出了三公里的隔离区!宰杀了$万只鸡"宰杀后的鸡都被掩埋!现场进行消毒清洗!以免病毒的传播"四周以后!Q 1:67的W 12163976;[F/23@Q 34B 17414Q 35343/9认为本地区的家禽迁移没有危险"可以恢复进行"本周末!有消息称!一种更致命的禽类病毒P %‘$已经传到土耳其!Q 1:67和其他部门已经做好了相关的应急计划"他们所预料的是P %‘$病毒很快会来临!这种病毒已经使东南亚国家成百万只鸡被宰杀!有-#人因此死亡"接下来会发生什么要看病毒的爆发会出现在哪里!它是否可以被遏制!更重要的是!这种病毒会不会变种!传染到人类"目前为止!虽然直接的人际传播还不能被排除!但只有接触家禽的工人或那些直接接触鸡粪便&血液的人最易受到威胁"伦敦帝国学院的科学家‘13?正在研究如果P %‘$传到英国会出现的后果!他说(#每次多一个人感染这种病毒!那个人就可能会导致一次大面积的流行疾病"几率可能为千分之一!万分之一或者更小"$如果有患病的鸟飞到英国!兽医们要采取的第一步会是和应对纽卡斯尔病一样的方法来遏制疾病的爆发"会拉响黄色警报!病毒样本立即送到H 1;<63E A 1的W U N 实验室检验"如果禽类病毒学权威U 79Y 6/>9确定P %‘$是死亡的罪魁祸首!那么黄色警报会升级到红色警报!从家禽的检疫&限制迁移到宰杀等一系列应急过程会立刻进入状态"其他的部门!比如健康部&健康保护委员会和国防部都会配合作战"万一病毒的爆发无法遏制!Q 1:67有可能考虑家禽的集中宰杀计划!以及疫苗注射"冒着病毒可能会传染到人类的危险!健康部成立了一个全国流感委员会!协调医院和当地相关机构的反应"内阁的应急秘书处也会紧急应对!本来协调白宫对恐怖主义反应的突发事件委员会M /<67!也整体待命"三月份出版的健康部的流行病预备方案提出了在接下来的几个月会有%万&千英国人因为流感爆发死亡"但是到了-月!秘书处的官员警告说还远远不止这个数字"更有可能的会是七十万人!这是本月后期健康部就流行病计划的更新中做的预测"在最严重的情况下!官员们估计$"周后会出现死亡病例!通常情况是在一年后"在流行病的高峰时期!需要$万,千张床位!议会需要把学校腾出来给病人住"为了治疗疾病!政府会动用库存的I 703:?=!一种抗流感的药物"但所库存的量仅够供四分之一人口使用"对药品的限量使用是迟早的事"政府也会迫于压力发放之前库存的流感疫苗!目前大概有两三百万的剂量"但无法保证能用于抵制人类流感的疫苗会同时作用于P %‘$"但是结局很难想象"今年早些时候!在K 816723/9N 6@23@M 36@?1的一次彩排上!官员们认为!很多太平间需要用来存放尸体"但没有人知道在流行病传染期间!什么样的措施才能有效"d .Z M N 的科学家&Q 1:67禽类流感研究组织的成员约翰说(#你所能做的事就是做最坏的打算"$让人担心的是从中国西部迁往西伯利亚的野鹅可能已经将病毒传染给了几种不同类型的鸭子和海鸥!它们在向北迁徙中会在英国海岸短暂停留"很多鸭子没有病灶!但可能会把病毒传染给英国农场的家禽"条件关系处设题引言处设题同义转换①细节处设题①①因果关系处设题北京理工大学"##-年考博英语真题!J !"们认为自己有多么堕落!我们仍然可以净化思想!从头再来"点评本段出现的并列成分比较多!比如第一句中4/012C 39A 后的定语从句里!有三个并列的修饰部分(2C 1;76174C 701E/:!7:673E/:/62C 722C 1;:11?A =3?2;7</=2"最后一句话有三个9/072216C />的排比结构!这样三个结构翻译处理时可以只是按照字面翻译!也可以为了强调!把每个部分都完整翻译出来"最后一句可以用三个#无论我们认为$!也可以只用一个#无论我们认为$"""G 译文我们花费很多精力给自己定位!却很少去了解我们自己"如果我们意识到生命的本质有多么珍贵!我们就不会浪费一分一秒试图去改进"如果我们真正懂得自己对生命这份礼物而言是多么珍贵!我们也就不会浪费时间去给自己定位"点评本段语句简洁!没有太多复杂的句式"翻译时基本顺译就可以了"")G 译文没有什么比我们所相信的自己的价值更能吸引我们了"发生在我们身上的每一件事!我们做的每一个选择都是我们对自己定位的反射"我们的灵感来自自我接受)我们的动机来自自我依靠"当我们接受自己&依赖自己的时候!我们自我感觉良好"当你对一些事情感觉好的时候!你就会去信任它"当你信任它时!它将为你服务"点评第一句中的E 67>2/=4指#吸引我们$"第二句的1516;2C 39A2C 72f79E1516;@C /3@1作主语!34761B :?1@23/9是系表结构!>C 72引导/:的宾语从句""&G 译文你的过去怎么样并不重要"重要的是现在"你不用去关心别人可能说什么或做什么"你关注自己的时候就无暇顾及其他的人"人们可以喜欢你!也可以讨厌你!不在乎你或宠爱你"不管其他人想些什么!做些什么或说些什么!对于你的真实自我没有什么影响"只是在你的大脑里建立起或毁坏掉你对#自我$的尊重"自尊始于自己也终于自己"你拥有自我的时候!你就是拥有!没人能把它从你那拿走"点评本段中出现否定短语/:?322?1@/941O =19@1!?322?13087@2!注意译文的准确"X 234/9?;39;/=6039E 2C 72f 是3234f 2C 72f 的强调句式"Y ’B79-*0译文‘/>7E 7;4!2C /=479E 4/:N 0163@79439E =?A 1392C 18=64=32/:4?30</E 314G I C 1;7618/441441E<;E 31279E1F16@341!>C 3@C349/2b =422C 1614=?2/:A /39A39:/6;/=9A78817679@1G N61@192614176@C4C />42C 72E 31279E1F16@341761/:2C 11F26101308/6279@12/D118C 17?2C ;G U 3D139079;C 3A C ?;B E 151?/81E39E =42637?@/=926314!2C 1?3:142;?1/:‘/62CN 0163@794C 74=9E 16A /91E 670723@@C 79A 14GJ /E 16907@C 3916;C 74@/08?121E8C ;43@7?>/6D /9@1E /91<;@/081??1EC 79E 4GH10/51:742:6/0/918?7@12/79/2C 16<;@76479E<=414G Q =12/3E ?19144!</E 314<1@/01O =321:67A 3?179E76139@?391E2/43@D9144G I /75/3E2C 1/@@=6619@1/:4=@C2C 39A 4!2C /=479E 4/:N 0163@794E 15/210/61230139E /39A1F16@341G N 9E2C 1@/941B O =19@1<6/=A C 2<;2C 1617?3S723/9/:2C 1308/6279@1/:8C ;43@7?1F16@34134/<53/=4G Z 1/8?1>C /761>7?DB 39A79E63E 39A39876D4761C 16179E2C 161)48/6286/A 6704/9@17A 7391427<?34C 2C 136861423A 1)079;:360486/53E 1481@37?48/621O =3801924:/62C 136427::2/E /1F16@341E =639A2C 136>/6D39AE 7;4G点评文章有关美国人健身的话题!句子都不长!没有什么复杂句"但要注意其中出现的一些短语表达!如#沉湎于$&#着迷于$)一些句型!如#研究表明66$&#如同66一样$B是显而易见的$"另外!虽然内容比。
2006年医学考博英语真题附答案
2006年医学考博英语真题附答案31.He ___ the check and deposited it in his account.B.endorsedC.cashed cash a check以支票兑换现款D.endowed捐赠, 赋予He is endowed with genius他赋有天才。
32.She claimed that she was denied admission to the school ___ her raceA.. by virtue of .依靠, 由于B.in accordance withC.with respect toD.on account of 由于33.The present is ill.so the secretary will be ___ for him as chairman at the meeting.A..standing up坚持, 经得起, 拥护, 抵抗ing up流行, 发生, 被提出,上升,讨论,出现C.sitting in参加D.filling in34The witness was.___ by the judge for failing to answer the questionA. sentencedB.threatenedC.admonished告诫,劝告,警告,提醒,要求, 催D.jailed监禁35.Publicly,they are trying to ___ this latest failure,but in private they are very worried.publicly adv.公然地, 舆论上A..put off 搪塞, 使分心, 使厌恶, 扔掉, 脱掉, 劝阻ugh off v.用笑摆脱C.pay off v. 报复, 赢利 y offv.解雇, 停止工作,休息, 划出36.It is sheer （完全的; 十足的） ___ to be home again and be able to relax.A.prestigen.声望, 威望, 威信B.paradise 天堂C.prideD.privacy秘密, 私事In such matters, privacy is impossible.在这类事情中, 保密是不可能的。
2006北航考博英语真题及答案
2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语试题Part I Listening Comprehension(略)Part II Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage 1Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone, but that one's muscles also participate. It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body. Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body. Often when one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio, he is tempted in direct the orchestra even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job.Strange as this behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its performance. The listener "feels" himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way, but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.21. Some psychologists maintain that thinking is______.A. not a mental processB. more of a physical process than a mental actionC. a process that involves your entire bodyD. a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain22. Few people are able to listen to familiar music without ______.A. moving some part of their bodyB. stopping what they are doing to listenC. directing the orchestra playing itD. wishing that they could conduct music properly23. Body movements are necessary in order for the listener to ______.A. hear the musicB. appreciate the musicC. enjoy the music fullyD. completely understand the music24. According to the selection, muscle participation in the process of thinking is ______.A. deliberateB. obviousC. not readily apparentD. very pronounced25. The best title for this selection is ______.A. An Ear for MusicB. Music AppreciationC. How Muscles Participate in Mental ActsD. A Psychological Definition of the Thinking ProcessPassage 2Laziness is a sin----everybody knows that. We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral, that it is wasteful, and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life. But laziness can be moreharmful than that, and it is often caused by more harmful than that, and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work. Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems. They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas stolen. These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work. Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work; some people are so busy planning, sometimes panning great deals or fantastic achievements that they are unable to deal with whatever "lesser" work is on hand. Still other people are not avoiding work; strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinating-rescheduling their day.Laziness can actually be helpful. Like procrastinators, some people may look lazy when they are really thinking, planning, contemplating, researching. We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was "goofing off". Newton wasn't working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity. All of us would like to have someone "lazy" to build the car to stove we buy, particularly if that "laziness" were cause by the worker's taking time to check each step or his work and to do his job right. And sometimes, being "lazy"----- that is, taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked student or executive. Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who's simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic. So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy. That person may be thinking, resting, or planning his or her next book.26. The main idea of this passage is that ______.A. laziness is a moral sinB. there are advantages and disadvantages in being lazyC. laziness is the sign of deep-seated emotional problemsD. lazy people do more careful work27. The passage states that ______.A. laziness is a diseaseB. some people appear lazy because they are insecureC. laziness is more beneficial than harmfulD. a good definition of laziness is emotional illness28. Which of the following conclusion does the passage support? ______A. The word laziness is sometimes applied incorrectly.B. Most of the time laziness is a virtue.C. Most assembly line workers are lazy.D. Most insecure people are lazy.29. The final paragraph is ______.a. gloomy B. humorous C. serious D. ironical30. "Goofing off" as used in paragraph 2 probably means ______.A. wasting timeB. sleepingC. workingD. chatting with friendsPassage 3The idea of humanoid robots is not new. They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek, a Czech writer, first dreamed them up for his 1921 play "Rossum's Universal Robots". (The word "robot" comes from the Czeeh word for drudgery, robota.) Since then, Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme, from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang's silent masterpiece "metropolis" to the withering C-3PO in "Star Wars" and the ruthless assassin of "Terminator". Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious, coloring our views of the future.But now Japan's industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality. Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering: when Honda introduced Asimo, a four-foot robot that had been in development for some 15 years, it walked so fluidly that its white, articulated exterior seemed toconceal a human. Honda continues to make the machine faster, friendlier and more agile. Last October, when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh, it walked on the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall, Sony’s QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo. It walks, understands a small number of voice commands, and can navigate on its own. It is falls over, it gets up and resumes where it left off. It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see. In 2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run. Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In 2004, Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots, called Partner, one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet. Its fingers work the instrument’s valves, and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips. Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by 2010. This month, 50 Partner robots will act as guides at Expo 2005 in Aichi, Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation, however, humanoids are still a mechanical minority. Most of the world's robots are faceless, footless and mute. They are bolted to the floors of factories, stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal, making more machines. According to the United Nations, business orders for industrial robots jumped 18% in the first half of 2004. They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots, such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners, lawn mowers, and window-washers, which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.31. In paragraph 1 the author introduces this topic by relating ______.A. the idea of humanoid robotsB. Karl Capek's creation of robotsC. Hollywood's production of robot filmsD. the origin of and popular movies about robots32. According to the author's description, Asimo ______.A. is a four-legged robotB. seems more like a human being than a machine in actionC. seems more like a machine than a human being in actionD. is in a sort of animal form33. Sony’s QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT ______.A. walking everywhere freelyB. understanding some words uttered by peopleC. finding its wayD. continuing walking after it stumbles34. From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner ______.A. is much better than any other robotsB. is no more than a mechanic deviceC. may be put into mass productionD. may speak like man35. Judging from the context, this passage is probably written ______.A. in 2004B. in 2005C. between 2003~2004D. between 2004~2005Passage 4Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life. The great ocean basins hold bout 300 million cubic miles of water. From this vast amount, bout 80,000 cubic miles of water are sucking into the atmosphere each year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean. More than 24,000 cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents. This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams, springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent. Thus, the hydrosphere permitsorganic existence.The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid. One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about 9 percent, whereas most liquids contract on cooling. For this reason, ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom. If the ice sank, the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly, except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season. Thus, all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents, which moderates climate, would be notably absent.Another outstanding characteristic of water is that it has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia. This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and sore vast quantities of heat, thereby often preventing climate extremes. In addition, water dissolves more substances than any other liquid. It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents. In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited. Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced, potash is extracted from the Dead Sea, and Magnesium is produced from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.36. A characteristic of water NOT mentioned in this passage is that water ______.A. expands on freezingB. is a great solventC. is like ammoniaD. has a very high heat capacity37. From this passage, we may conclude that ______.A. ocean and land masses are equalB. ocean masses are smaller than land massesC. it is difficult to get fresh water from the oceanD. none of the above is correct38. By “hydrosphere” the author means ______.A. the moisture in the airB. the part of the earth covered by waterC. the Milky WayD. the frozen waters of the earth39. Fish can survive in the oceans because ______.A. there are currents in the oceanB. ice floatsC. evaporation and condensation create a water cycleD. water absorbs heat40. “Anomaly”, as used in the second paragraph, means ______.A. state of being anonymousB. abnormalityC. characteristicD. propertyPart III Vocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part, there are 20 sentences with four choices below each sentence. Choose the best one from the 4 choices. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41. Early exponents of science fiction such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells explored with zest the future possibilities opened up to the optimistic imagination by modern technology.A. inspirationB. enthusiasmC. fantasyD. endeavor42. Except for coarse earthen-wares, which can be made from clay as it is found in the earth, pottery is made from special clays plus other materials mixed to achieve the desired results.A. conventionalB. uniqueC. genuineD. crude43. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their heads and ran into the elevator.A. pouredB. dismayed C panicked D. trembled44. The English language contains a(n) ______ of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinaryconversation.A. altitudeB. latitudeC. multitudeD. attitude45. The wealth of a country should be measured ______ the health and happiness of people as well as the material goods it can produce.A. in line withB. in terms ofC. in regard withD. by means of46. Radar is used to extend the ______ of man's senses for observing his environment, especially the sense of vision.A. validityB. liabilityC. capacityD. intensity47. We are writing to the manager ______ the repairs recently carried out at the above address.A. with the exception ofB. with the purpose ofC. with reference toD. with a view to48. They made detailed investigations to ______ themselves with the needs of the rural marketA. adhereB. acknowledgeC. acquaintD. activate49. Probably there's a good reason for her absence, as she doesn't usually stay away from work.A. ConspicuouslyB. ProspectivelyC. incidentallyD. Presumably50. I was ______ in my reading, and didn't at first hear the doorbell ring.A. immuredB. immersedC. busyD. infatuated51. Ten minutes later, the police came and ______ the crowd.A. dismayedB. dispersedC. dismountedD. distressed52. There are ______ differences between theory and practice.A. legibleB. ladenC. radicalD. medieval53. Will you ______ my article to find out whether I've made any mistakes?A. look afterB. look throughC. look upD. look into54. When he lived in that remote place, radio was the only means he had to keep ______ of current events in the country.A. accountB. traceC. recordD. track55. The flashing red light served as a ______ of danger ahead.A. predictorB. cautionC. precautionD. prevention56. According to the weather forecast, which is usually ______, it will snow this afternoon.A. accurateB. dullC. awkwardD. tedious57. If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage, his uncle might ______ it for him.A. redeemB. amendC. resembleD. appeal58. His writing depicts this changing world and the increasing cultural diversity of the United States.A. conflictB. refinementC. varietyD. movement59. She was artful and could always get round her parents in the end.A. playB. deceiveC. confuseD. annoy60. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.A. honestlyB. appropriatelyC. intelligiblyD. flexiblyPart IV Cloze (10 points)Directions: Decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Who won the World Cup 2004 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play? (61) ______ an event takes place, newspapers are on the street (62) ______ the details whenever anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to (63) ______ the news.Newspapers have one basic (64) ______, to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to (65) ______ it. Radio, television, and (66) ______ inventions broughtcompetition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication (67) ______, this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the (68) ______ and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are (69) ______ and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers (70) ______ of the latest news, today's newspapers (71)______ and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’ economic choices (72) ______ advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very (73) ______, Newspapers are sold at a price that (74) ______ even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main (75) ______ of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The (76)___ in selling advertising depends on newspaper's value to advertisers. This (77)_____ in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends (78) ______ on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment (79) ______ in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information (80) ______ the community, city, county, nation and world ---- and even outer space.61. A. Just when B. While C. Soon after D. Before62. A. to give B. giving C. given D. being given63. A. gather B. spread C. carry D. bring64. A. reason B. cause C. problem D. purpose65. A. make B. publish C. know D. write66. A. another B. other C. one another D. the other67. A. However B. And C. Therefore D. So68. A. value B. ratio C. rate D. speed69. A. spread B. passed C. printed D. completed70. A. inform B. be informed C. to be informed D. informed71. A. entertain B. encourage C. educate D. edit72. A. on B. through C. with D. of73. A. forms B. existence C. contents D. purpose74. A. tries to cover B. manages to cover C. fails to cover D. succeeds in75. A. source B. origin C. course D. finance76. A. way B. means C. chance D. success77. A. measures B. measured C. is measured D. was measured78. A. somewhat B. little C. much D. something79. A. offering B. offered C. which offered D. to be offered80. A. by B. with C. at D. aboutPart V Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese. Writing the translation on the ANSWER SHEET (2).Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are tow computer-related technologies that may cast large shadow on education. Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents; and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality. One can ask: what is the truth value of the materials prepared entirely by non-human entities?In a turnabout from previous trends, the acquisition of credentials may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves (largely if not wholly) and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated setting. Why pay $120,000 to go to law school, if one can "read law" as in early times and then demonstrate one's legal skills via computer simulation? Or learn to fly a plane by similar means, for that matter?Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate. Now it's time for education to catch upto change.Part VI Writing (15points)Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET (2).Space Research2006年参考答案21-25 DACCC26-30 BBACA31-35 DBACB36-40 CCBCB41-45 BDCBD46-50 DCCDB51-55 BCDDB56-60 AACBC61-65 CBADC66-70 BADCD71-75 CBBCA76-80 DCABDPart V Translation人工智能和虚拟现实是两种与电脑有关的技术，他们可能对教育产生重大影响。
考博复习中科院考博2006年英语试题
助力考博复习真题及解析中国科学院研究生2006院博士研究生入学考试中国科学院研究生2006院博士研究生入学考试SAMPLE TESTTHE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESPAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Ten years ago, a house with a decent bathroom was a __________ symbol among university professors.A. postB. statusC. positionD. place2. It would be far better if collectors could be persuaded to spend their time and money in support of ___________ archaeological research.A. legibleB. legitimateC. legislativeD. illicit3. We seek a society that has at its __________ a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. endB. handC. coreD. best4. A variety of problems have greatly _________the country’s normal educational development.A. impededB. impartedC. imploredD. implemented5. A good education is an asset you can ________for the rest of your life.A. spell outB. call uponC. fall overD. resort to6. Oil can change a society more ____________ than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. drastically7. Beneath its myriad rules, the fundamental purpose of ___________ is to make the world a pleasanter place to live in, and you a more pleasant person to live with.A. elitismB. eloquenceC. eminenceD. etiquette8. The New Testament was not only written in the Greek language, but ideas derived from Greek philosophy were _____________ in many parts of it.A. alteredB. criticizedC. incorporatedD. translated9. Nobody will ever know the agony I go __________ waiting for him to come home.A. overB. withC. downD. through10. While a country’s economy is becoming the most promising in the world, its people should be more ____________ about their quality of life.A. discriminatingB. distributingC. disagreeingD. disclosing11. Cheated by two boys whom he had trust on, Joseph promised to____________ them.A. find fault withB. make the most ofC. look down uponD. get even with12. The Minister’s _________ answer let to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. exhaustive13. In proportion as the ____________ between classes within the nation disappears the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.A. intoleranceB. pessimismC. injusticeD. antagonism14. Everyone does their own thing, to the point where a fifth-grade teacher can’t __________ on a fourth-grade teacher having taught certain things.A. countB. insistC. fallD. dwell15. When the fire broke out in the building, the people lost their__________ and ran into the elevator.A. heartsB. tempersC. headsD. senses16. Consumers deprived of the information and advice they needed were quite simply ___________ every cheat in the marketplace.A. at the mercy ofB. in lieu ofC. by courtesy ofD. for the price of17. In fact the purchasing power of a single person’s pension in Hong Kong was only 70 per cent of the value of the _________ Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical18. He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk ____________.A. honestlyB. graciouslyC. coherentlyD. flexibly19. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its _____________ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over20. She was artful and could always ____________ her parents in the end.A. shout downB. get roundC. comply withD. pass overPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.We are entering a period in which rapid population growth, the presence of deadly weapons, and dwindling resources will bring international tensions to dangerous levels for an extended period. Indeed, 21 seems no reason for these levels of danger to subside unless population equilibrium is 22 and some rough measure of fairness reached in the distribution of wealth among nations. 23 of adequate magnitude imply a willingness to redistribute income internationally on a more generous 24 than the advanced nations have evidenced within their own domains. The required increases in 25 in the backward regions would necessitate gigantic applications of energy merely to extract the 26 resources.It is uncertain whether the requisite energy-producing technology exists,and more serious, 27 that its application would bring us to the threshold of an irreversible change in climate 28 a consequence of the enormous addition of manmade heat to the atmosphere. It is this 29 problem that poses the most demanding and difficult of the challenges. The existing 30 of industrial growth, with no allowance for increased industrialization to repair global poverty, hold 31 the risk of entering the danger zone of climatic change in as 32 as three or four generations. If the trajectory is in fact pursued, industrial growth will 33 have to come to an immediate halt, for another generation or two along that 34 would literally consume human, perhaps all life. The terrifying outcome can be postponed only to the extent that the wastage of heat can be reduced, 35 that technologies that do not add to the atmospheric heat burden—for example, the use of solar energy—can be utilized. (1996)21. A. one B. it C. this D. there22. A. achieved B. succeeded C. produced D. executed23. A. Transfers B. Transactions C. Transports D. Transcripts24. A. extent B. scale C. measure D. range25. A. outgrowth B. outcrop C. output D. outcome26. A. needed B. needy C. needless D. needing27. A. possible B. possibly C. probable D. probably28. A. in B. with C. as D. to29. A. least B. late C. latest D. last30. A. race B. pace C. face D. lace31. A. on B. up C. down D. out32. A. less B. fewer C. many D. little33. A. rather B. hardly C. then D. yet34. A. line B. move C. drive D. track35. A. if B. or C. while D. asPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1The writing of a historical synthesis involves integrating the materialsavailable to the historian into a comprehensible whole. The problem in writing a historical synthesis is how to find a pattern in, or impose a pattern upon, the detailed information that has already been used to explain the causes for a historical event.A synthesis seeks common elements in which to interpret the contingent parts of a historical event. The initial step, therefore, in writing a historical synthesis, is to put the event to be synthesized in a proper historical perspective, so that the common elements or strands making up the event can be determined. This can be accomplished by analyzing the historical event as part of a general trend or continuum in history. The common elements that are familiar to the event will become the ideological framework in which the historian seeks to synthesize. This is not to say that any factor will not have a greater relative value in the historian’s handling of the interrelated when viewed in a broad historical perspective.The historian, in synthesizing, must determine the extent to which the existing hypotheses have similar trends. A general trend line, once established, will enable these similar trends to be correlated and paralleled within the conceptual framework of a common base. A synthesis further seeks to determine, from existing hypotheses, why an outcome took the direction it did; thus, it necessitates reconstructing the spirit of the times in order to assimilate the political, social, psychological,etc., factors within a common base.As such, the synthesis becomes the logical construct in interpreting the common ground between an original explanation of an outcome (thesis) and the reinterpretation of the outcome along different lines (antithesis). Therefore, the synthesis necessitates the integration of the materials available into a comprehensible whole which will in turn provide a new historical perspective for the event being synthesized.36. The author would mostly be concerned with _____________.A. finding the most important cause for a particular historicaleventB. determining when hypotheses need to be reinterpretedC. imposing a pattern upon varying interpretations for the causes of a particular historical eventD. attributing many conditions that together lead to a particular historical event or to single motive37. The most important preliminary step in writing a historical synthesis would be ____________.A. to accumulate sufficient reference material to explain an eventB. analyzing the historical event to determine if a “single theme theory” apples to the eventC. determining the common strands that make up a historicaleventD. interpreting historical factors to determine if one factor will have relatively greater value38. The best definition for the term “historical synthesis” would be______________.A. combining elements of different material into a unified wholeB. a tentative theory set forth as an explanation for an eventC. the direct opposite of the original interpretation of an eventD. interpreting historical material to prove that history repeats itself39. A historian seeks to reconstruct the “spirit” of a time period because ____________.A. the events in history are more important than the people who make historyB. existing hypotheses are adequate in explaining historical eventsC. this is the best method to determine the single most important cause for a particular actionD. varying factors can be assimilated within a common base40. Which of the following statements would the author consider false?A. One factor in a historical synthesis will not have a greater value than other factors.B. It is possible to analyze common unifying points in hypotheses.C. Historical events should be studied as part of a continuum in history.D. A synthesis seeks to determine why an outcome took the direction it did.Passage 2When you call the police, the police dispatcher has to locate the car nearest you that is free to respond. This means the dispatcher has to keep track of the status and location of every police car—not an easy task for a large department.Another problem, which arises when cars are assigned to regular patrols, is that the patrols may be too regular. If criminals find out that police cars will pass a particular location at regular intervals, they simply plan their crimes for times when no patrol is expected. Therefore, patrol cars should pass by any particular location at random times; the fact that a car just passed should be no guarantee that another one is not just around the corner. Yet simply ordering the officers to patrol at random would lead to chaos.A computer dispatching system can solve both these problems. The computer has no trouble keeping track of the status and location of each car. With this information, it can determine instantly which car should respond to an incoming call. And with the aid of a pseudorandom number generator, the computer can assign routine patrols so that criminals can’t predict just when a police car will pass through a particular area.(Before computers, police sometimes used roulette wheels and similar devices to make random assignments.)Computers also can relieve police officers from constantly having to report their status. The police car would contain a special automatic radio transmitter and receiver. The officer would set a dial on this unit indicating the current status of the car—patrolling, directing traffic, chasing a speeder, answering a call, out to lunch, and so on. When necessary, thecomputer at headquarters could poll the car for its status. The voice radio channels would not be clogged with cars constantly reporting what they were doing. A computer in the car automatically could determine the location of the car, perhaps using the LORAN method. The location of the car also would be sent automatically to the headquarters computer.41. The best title for this passage should be ___________.A. Computers and CrimesB. Patrol Car DispatchingC. The Powerful ComputersD. The Police with Modern Equipment42. A police dispatcher is NOT supposed to _____________.A. locate every patrol carB. guarantee cars on regular patrolsC. keep in touch with each police carD. find out which car should respond to the incoming call43. If the patrols are too regular, _____________.A. the dispatchers will be bored with itB. the officers may become carelessC. the criminals may take advantage of itD. the streets will be in a state of chaos44. The computer dispatching system is particularly good at______________.A. assigning cars to regular patrolsB. responding to the incoming callsC. ordering officers to report their locationD. making routine patrols unpredictable45. According to the account in the last paragraph, how can a patrol car be located without computers?A. Police officers report their status constantly.B. The headquarters poll the car for its status.C. A radio transmitter and receiver is installed in a car.D. A dial in the car indicates its current status.Passage 3A child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell astory than read it out of a book, and, if a parent can produce what, in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousing his sadistic impulse. To prove the latter, one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has and, on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seem to be rather a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think,well-authenticated cases of children being dangerously terrified by some fairy story. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the story once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear into the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds that they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies in fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. Iftheir case were sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick or covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend.No fairy story ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no sane child has ever believed that it was.46. According to the author, the best way to retell a story to a child is to ______________.A. tell it in a creative wayB. take from it what the child likesC. add to it whatever at handD. read it out of the story book.47. In the second paragraph, which statement best expresses the author’s attitude towards fairy stories?A. He sees in them the worst of human nature.B. He dislikes everything about them.C. He regards them as more of a benefit than harms.D. He is expectant of the experimental results.48. According to the author, fairy stories are most likely to ____________.A. make children aggressive the whole lifeB. incite destructiveness in childrenC. function as a safety valve for childrenD. add children’s enjoyment of cruelty to others49. If the child has heard some horror story for more than once, according to the author, he would probably be______________.A. scared to deathB. taking it and even enjoying itC. suffering more the pain of fearD. dangerously terrified50. The author’s mention of broomsticks and telephones is meant to emphasize that ___________.A. old fairy stories keep updating themselves to cater for modern needsB. fairy stories have claimed many lives of victimsC. fairy stories have thrown our world into chaosD. fairy stories are after all fairy storiesPassage 4There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community’s responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her.The fact is, in New York State the system couldn’t have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel.Why does the state permit violence against children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod.Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful.Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the “liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control.” More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher’s privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force.Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection.To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents’ conduct.More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.51. The New York State law seems to provide least protection of a childfrom violent parents of ____________.A. a family on welfareB. a poor uneducated familyC. an educated black familyD. a middle-class white family52. “Sparing the rod” (in boldface) means ____________.A. spoiling childrenB. punishing childrenC. not caring about childrenD. not beating children53. Corporal punishment against schoolchildren is _____________.A. taken as illegal in the New York StateB. considered being in the teacher’s provinceC. officially approved by lawD. disapproved by school teachers54. From the article we can infer that Elizabeth Steinberg is probably thevictim of ____________.A. teachers’ corporal punishmentB. misjudgment of the courtC. parents’ ill-treatmentD. street violence55. The writer of this article thinks that banning corporal punishment will in the long run _____________.A. prevent violence of adultsB. save more childrenC. protect children from ill-treatmentD. better the systemPassage 5With its common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject-matter and widely-varying methods of treatment, the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature, or, at least, as a distinct, even though a slightly disreputable, offshoot of the traditional novel.The detective story is probably the most respectable (at any rate in the narrow sense of the word) of the crime species. Its creation is often the relaxation of university scholars, literary economists, scientists or evenpoets. Disastrous deaths may occur more frequently and mysteriously than might be expected in polite society, but the world in which they happen, the village, seaside resort, college or studio, is familiar to us, if not from our own experience, at least in the newspaper or the lives of friends. The characters, though normally realized superficially, are as recognizably human and consistent as our less intimate acquaintances. A story set in a more remote African jungle or Australian bush, ancient China or gas-lit London, appeals to our interest in geography or history, and most detective story writers are conscientious in providing a reasonably true background. The elaborate, carefully-assembled plot, despised by the modern intellectual critics and creators of “significant” novels, has found refuge in the murder mystery, with its sprinkling of clues, its spicing with apparent impossibilities, all with appropriate solutions and explanations at the end. With the guilt of escapism from real life nagging gently, we secretly take delight in the unmasking of evil by a vaguely super-human detective, who sees through and dispels the cloud of suspicion which has hovered so unjustly over the innocent.Though its villain also receives his rightful deserts, the thriller presents a less comfortable and credible world. The sequence of fist fights, revolver duels, car crashes and escapes from gas-filled cellars exhausts the reader far more than the hero, who, suffering from at least two brokenribs, one black eye, uncountable bruises and a hangover, can still chase and overpower an armed villain with the physique of a wrestler, He moves dangerously through a world of ruthless gangs, brutality, a vicious lust for power and money and, in contrast to the detective tale, with anear-omniscient arch-criminal whose defeat seems almost accidental. Perhaps we miss in the thriller the security of being safely led by our imperturbable investigator past a score of red herrings and blind avenues to a final gathering of suspects when an unchallengeable elucidation of all that has bewildered us is given and justice and goodness prevail. All that we vainly hope for from life is granted vicariously.56. The crime novel is regarded by the author as _________________.A. a not respectable form of the traditional novelB. not a true novel at allC. related in some ways to the historical novelD. a distinct branch of the traditional novel57. The creation of detective stories has its origin in _______________.A. seeking rest from work or worriesB. solving mysterious deaths in this societyC. restoring expectations in polite societyD. preventing crimes58. The characters of the detective stories are, generally speaking,_____________.A. more profound than those of the traditional novelsB. as real as life itselfC. not like human beings at allD. not very profound but not unlikely59. The setting of the detective stories is sometimes in a more remote place because ___________.A. it is more realB. our friends are familiar with itC. it pleases the readers in a wayD. it needs the readers’ support60. The writer of this passage thinks _____________.A. what people hope for from life can finally be granted if they have confidenceB. people like to feel that justice and goodness will always triumphC. they know in the real world good does not prevail over evilD. their hopes in life can only be fulfilled through fiction readingPassage 6Whenever we are involved in a creative type of activity that isself-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us—a feeling that we can call “flow.” When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us; instead, we feel that everything is going just right.A rock dancer describes his feeling of flow like this: “If I have enough space, I feel I can radiate an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for walls, I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere.” “You are in an ecstatic state to such a point that you don’t exist,” says a composer, describing how he feels when he “flows.” Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow; they enjoy their activity very much, even though they can expect little extrinsic reward. The same holds true for surgeons, cave explorers, and mountain climbers.Flow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way: “Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowing.” People who flow feel part of this energy; that is,they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment. Moreover, they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder, however; the concentration comes automatically. A chess player compares this concentration to breathing. As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action, lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without noticing their loss. Sizes and spaces also seem altered: successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them. They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.It seems then that flow is a “floating action” in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading, but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed, so they never ask themselves questions such as “Am I doing well?” or “Did everyone see my jump?”Finally, to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself; not too difficult to produce anxiety, not too easy to bring about boredom; challenging, interesting, fun. Some good examples of flow activities are games and sports, reading, learning, working on what you enjoy, and。
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析“I want to criticize the social system,and to show it at work,at its most intense.”Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement abouther intentions in writing Mrs.Dalloway has regularly been ignoredby the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literaryinterests very different from the traditional picture of the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi“poetic”novelistconcerned with examining states of reverie and vision and withfollowing the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.ButVirginia Woolf was a realistic as well as a poetic novelist,a satiristand social critic as well as a visionary:literary critics’cavalierdismissal of Woolf’s social vision will not withstand scrutiny.In her novels,Woolf is deeply engaged by the questions of howindividuals are shaped(or deformed)by their social environments,how historical forces impinge on people’s lives,how class,wealth,and gender help to determine people’s fates.Most of her novels arerooted in a realistically rendered social setting and in a precisehistorical time.Woolf’s focus on society has not been generally recognizedbecause of her intense antipathy to propaganda in art.The picturesof reformers in her novels are usually satiric or sharply critical.Even when Woolf is fundamentally sympathetic to their causes,sheportrays people anxious to reform their society and possessed of amessage or program as arrogant or dishonest,unaware of how their political ideas serve their own psychological needs.(Her Writer’s Diary notes:“the only honest people are the artists,”whereas “these social reformers and philanthropists…harbor…discreditable desires under the disguise of loving their kind…”) Woolf detested what she called“preaching”in fiction,too,and criticized novelist wrence(among others)for working by this method.Woolf’s own social criticism is expressed in the language of observation rather than in direct commentary,since for her,fiction is a contemplative,not an active art.She describes phenomena and provides materials for a judgment about society and social issues; it is the reader’s work to put the observations together and understand the coherent point of view behind them.As a moralist, Woolf works by indirection,subtly undermining officially accepted mores,mocking,suggesting,calling into question,rather than asserting,advocating,bearing witness:hers is the satirist’s art.Woolf’s literary models were acute social observers like Chekhov and Chaucer.As she put it in The Common Reader,“It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote;and yet,as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”Like Chaucer,Woolf chose to understand as well as to judge,to know her society root and branch —a decision crucial in order to produce art rather than polemic.1.Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?[A]Poetry and Satire as Influences on the Novels of Virginia Woolf.[B]Virginia Woolf:Critic and Commentator on theTwentieth-Century Novel.[C]Trends in Contemporary Reform Movements as a Key to Understanding Virginia Woolf’s Novels.[D]Virginia Woolf’s Novels:Critical Reflections on the Individual and on Society.2.In the first paragraph of the text,the author’s attitude toward the literary critics mentioned can best be described as[A]disparaging.[B]ironic.[C]facetious.[D]skeptical but resigned.3.It can be inferred from the text that Woolf chose Chaucer asa literary example because she believed that[A]Chaucer was the first English author to focus on society as a whole as well as on individual characters.[B]Chaucer was an honest and forthright author,whereas novelists like wrence did not sincerely wish to change society.[C]Chaucer was more concerned with understanding his societythan with calling its accepted mores into question.[D]Chaucer’s writing was greatly,if subtly,effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers.4.It can be inferred from the text that the most probable reason Woolf realistically described the social setting in the majority of her novels was that she[A]was aware that contemporary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres.[B]was interested in the effect of a person’s social milieu on his or her character and actions.[C]needed to be as attentive to detail as possible in her novels in order to support the arguments she advanced in them.[D]wanted to show that a painstaking fidelity in the representation of reality did not in any way hamper the artist.5.Which of the following phrases best expresses the sense of the word“contemplative”as it is used in line2,paragraph4of the text?[A]Gradually elucidating the rational structures underlying accepted mores.[B]Reflecting on issues in society without prejudice or emotional commitment.[C]Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author’s perspective to the exclusion of the reader’s judgment.[D]Conveying a broad view of society as a whole rather thanfocusing on an isolated individual consciousness.[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】D【考点解析】这是一道中心主旨题。
北京工业大学2006考博英语7选5(填空式阅读)真题解析-育明考博
北京工业大学2006考博英语7选5(填空式阅读)真题解析Directions:Directions:In the following text,some sentences have beenremoved.For Questions(41-45),choose the most suitable one from thelist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extrachoices,which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)On the north bank of the Ohio River sits Evansville,Ind.,homeof David Williams,52,and of a riverboat casino where gambling gamesare played.During several years of gambling in that casino,Williams,a state auditor earning$35,000a year,lost approximately$175,000.He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for$20worthof gambling.He visited the casino,lost the$20and left.On his second visithe lost$800.The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a"FunCard",which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities.ForWilliams,these activities become what he calls electronic morphine.41.In1997he lost$21,000to one slot machine in two days.InMarch1997he lost$72,186.He sometimes played two slot machines ata time,all night,until the boat docked at5a.m.,then went backaboard when the casino opened at9a.m.Now he is suing the casino,charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knewhe was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March1998,a friend of Williams's got him involuntarilyconfined to a treatment center for addictions,and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problems.The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers,and wrote to him a"cease admissions"letter.Noting the"medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behaviors,the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well?being.42.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has24signs warning:"Enjoy the fun…and always bet with your head,not over it".Every entrance ticket lists a toll?free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health.Nevertheless, Williams's suit charges that the casino,knowing he was"helplessly addicted to gambling",intentionally worked to"lure"him to"engage in conduct against his will."Well.43.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says"pathological gambling"involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of taking risks in quest of a windfall.44.Pushed by science,or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moralfailings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.45.Forty-four states have lotteries,29have casinos,and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on-you might say addicted to-revenues from wagering.And since the first Internet gambling site was created in1995,competition for gamblers'dollars has become intense.The Oct.28issue of NEWSWEEK reportedthat2million gamblers patronize1,800virtual casinos every week. With$3.5billion being lost on Internet wagers this year,gambling has passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.[A]Although no such evidence was presented,the casino's marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings.And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required,given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C]By the time he had lost$5,000he said to himself that if he could get back to even,he would quit.One night he won$5,500,but he did not quit.[D]Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin,or a social disease. Now it is a social policy:the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is government.[E]David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it.[F]It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and morebehavioral problems,often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G]The anonymous,lonely,undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conductive to compulsive behavior.But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling,what would be its grounds for doing so?答案详解41.【解析】[C]从前后文表达的语义来看，前文的第一句话表明了本段的主题He visited the casino,lost the$20and left。
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及解析
北京航空航天大学考博英语真题及解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionTest One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Sixty days walking over ice and snow in temperature as low as -45℃, with nothing to keep you company except the occasional polar "bear". This is no small achievement. Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.Her 480-mile journey will begin in northern Canada, dragging a sledge that weighs as much as she does. At the end of each day's walking or skiing, she will pitch her tent in subzero temperatures, get into a sleeping bag filled with ice, and attempt to sleep to the unsettling background sounds of howling wind and cracking ice, which may or may not signal the approach of one of those polar bears. "I'll carry a pistol to scare any bears away," says Franco, 42. "The bears that far north won't have had contact with humans, fortunately, so they won't associate me with food, but they will be curious and that's dangerous. If it uses a paw to see what you are, it could damage your tent—or your arm. I imagine I'll have quite a few sleepless nights."Many of the early polar explorers suffered from disease and injuries, and while modem technology (lightweight materials, satellite phones, places on stand-by to carry out rescue missions) has lessened the dangers, it can never make such an inhospitable landscape anything approaching safe. It can take just five minutes for any uncovered skin to become frostbittenand, once the sun has risen, Franco will only be able to remove her sunglasses inside her tent, otherwise the intensity of the sunlight reflecting off the snow would cause snow blindness. Just to heighten the danger, the cold will slow down her brain functions, so it will be more difficult to make split-second decisions in the event of a sudden crisis.She will use about 8,000 calories a day, losing nearly half a kilogram every 24 hours. "The problem is that the human body can only take on about 5,500 calories a day," she says. "So you have to fatten up before you set off or you'll run out of energy." Franco is currently trying to put on 19 kilos. She may complain about not fitting into any of her dresses, but when Franco weighs herself in front of me and finds she's lost one kilo rather than gained two, as she'd expected, she's very upset. "I hope my scales are wrong because, if not, I've lost weight," she says, reaching for one of many bars of chocolate lying around her kitchen.1. What does the writer say about the history of exploration? ______（分数：7.50）A.Walking to the North Pole used to be considered easier than other journeys.B.No woman has ever completed the journey to the geographic North Pole.C.Female explorers have already done most of the world's difficult journeys. √D.Franco is already an important historical figure for her previous journeys.解析：根据第一段中的“Only a few people have ever walked to the North Pole unassisted, and if Christina Franco succeeds, she will have earned a place in the history books and met one of the few remaining challenges of exploration left to women.”可知，只有少数人曾独自走到北极，如果克里斯蒂娜·佛朗哥成功了，她将在史书中占有一席之地，完成为女性留下的尚未完成的为数不多的探险挑战之一。
2006年考研英语真题及参考答案
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.② 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2 . ③To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs,4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.① 5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. ②Estimates 6 anywhere from 600, 000 to 3 million.③ 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 .④One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.①Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.② 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three mealsa day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street.③Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. ④Anda significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. ⑤Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 .⑥Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless.⑦ 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, ⑧“There has to be 20 of programs. ⑨What’s need is a package deal. ”1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not6. [A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8. [A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9. [A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive[C] complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. ②There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. ③People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. ④Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. ⑤This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.”⑥The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.①Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. ②Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. ③In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent.④In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1, 000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1, 000. ⑤Now, consider three indices of assimilation—language, home ownership and intermarriage.①The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.”②The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English.③“By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”④Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages.⑤By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.①Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”②By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”①Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America?②Indeed.③It is big enough to have a bit of everything. ④But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means________.[A] identifying [B] associating[C] assimilating [D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century_________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S._________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is_________.[A] rewarding [B] successful[C] fruitless [D] harmfulText 2①Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. ②There is the RoyalShakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. ③And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.①The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue.②They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. ③It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.①The tourist streams are not entirely separate. ②The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. ③However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. ④It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. ⑤The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.①The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. ②Stratford cries poor traditionally.③Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. ④Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.①Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. ②(The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) ③The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.①It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele.②They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. ③They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a. m.26.From the first two paragraphs, we learn that__________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that__________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28.By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2, Paragraph 4), the author implies that__________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because___________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author__________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3①When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. ②Smaller species survived. ③The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. ④Now somethingsimilar could be happening in the oceans.①That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. ②What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. ③They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. ④Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. ⑤According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. ⑥In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.①Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. ②One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. ③Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. ④That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. ⑤In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. ⑥Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. ⑦Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. ⑧That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.①Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. ②They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. ③The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. ④That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. ⑤Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that____________.[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that____________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, Paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that__________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that__________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep the yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’___________.[A] management efficiency [B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits [D] technological applicationText 4①Many things make people think artists are weird. ②But the weirdest may be this: artists’only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.①This wasn’t always so. ②The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. ③But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.①You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. ②But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. ③The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damnhappiness in the world today.①After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? ②Advertising. ③The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.①People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. ②They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. ③In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms.④Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.①Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. ②Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. ③Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. ④And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. ⑤“Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.①But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. ②The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. ③Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. ④It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the example of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that_________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grow out of both positive and negative feeling[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artist have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, Paragraph 5) most probably means something_________.[A] religious [B] unpleasant[C] entertaining [D] commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising_________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes_________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card,” which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls “electronic heroin.”(41)____________ In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat dockedat 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998, a friend of Williams’ got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’ gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the “medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42)____________The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 20 signs warning:“Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’ suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure”him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43)____________The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44)____________ Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45)____________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’ suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic (苏格拉底的) way about moral problems. He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual andmoral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emersion would say, is something else.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1) describe the photos briefly,2) interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3) give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. Indeed2. B. cope3. D. toward4. A. raise5. D. Not6. C. range7. B. Although8. C. increasing9. A. predicts 10. A. assist11. C. Even 12. B. shelter 13. D. wandering 14. C. while 15. C. survival 16. A. around 17. B. comprehensive 18. C. As 19. A. puts 20. D. coordinationSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText121. C. assimilating22. A. played a role in the spread of popular culture23. C. are hardly a threat to the common culture24. D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. B. successfulText226. A. the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue27. B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers28. C. the town is not really short of money29. D. the theatre attendance is on the rise30. D. is sympathetic to the RSCText331. C. large sea animals may face the same threat today32. A. the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%33. C. the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss34. D. people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. B. biomass levelText436. D. artist have changed their focus of interest。
北航期末英语考试题与规范标准答案(B)
北京航空航天大学2005－2006 学年第二学期期末《大学英语II》考试卷班级______________学号 _________姓名______________成绩 _________2006年6月28日北京航空航天大学2005级2005——2006学年第二学期大学英语二级期末考试B卷系别：姓名：学号：请用铅笔将所有答案涂/写在答题卡/纸上，做在此试卷上无效。
Part I. Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken once. After each question there will be a pause. You must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEE with a single line through the center.1. A) He stayed in his company.B) He was away on business in London.C) He went to London with his wife.D) He enjoyed his holiday in London.2. A) She was absent from the party.B) She organized the party.C) She was present for the party.D) She was invited to the party.3. A) Bob's.B) Tom's.C) The man's.D) The woman's.4. A) The one the woman bought yesterday.B) Both the man's and Jack's.C) Jack's.D) The man's.5. A) That the woman should not worry.B) That Mr. Smith is very kind.C) That he is worried.D) That he likes Mr. Smith.6. A) 8:00.B) 8:10.C) 8:25.D) 7:45.7. A) He does not like Mr. Smith and his friends.B) He looks after them carefully.C) He makes them work even on Sunday.D) He is strict.8.A) Rainy.B) Cloudy.C) Shiny.D) Windy.9. A) He has little rest.B) He is resting.C) He stays late for the lesson.D) He is studying.10. A) He thinks he broke the calculator.B) He doesn't know the answer to the problem.C) He doesn't know where the calculator is.D) He lost the calculator.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One11. A) A uniformed policeman whose job is to catch criminals.B) An ordinary policeman whose job is to avoid criminals.C) A policeman out of uniform whose job is to track down criminals.D) An ordinary man who finds about criminals.12. A) To steal things.B) To catch thieves.C) To put things in people's pockets.D) To watch the players.13. A) Bad men are foolish if they talk too much.B) Thieves like to rob coffee-shop.C) All the people who go to a coffee-shop are bad.D) It is dangerous for thieves to drink coffee.Passage Two14. A) At the beginning of this century.B) In the 1840s.C) In 1700.D) In the 18th century.15. A) Because he wanted to kill time.B) Because it was a way for him to make a living.C) Because he was very rich and had nothing else to do.D) Because he wanted to get some money through playing cards.16. A) Sandwich often played cards for 24 hours, stopping only to eat some “sandwich”.B) Sandwich often played cards for 24 hours and didn't even stop playing when he was eating“sandwich”.C) Sandwich often played cards for 24 hours without eating anything.D) Sandwich often played cards for long.Passage Three17. A) The second Sunday in May.B) The second Sunday in March.C) The first Sunday in May.D) The last Sunday in March.18. A) Greeting cards.B) A day of rest.C) A bunch of flowers.D) A delicious meal in an expensive restaurant.19. A) So that Mother can spend time with grandparents.B) So that they can have a chance to practise cooking.C) So that they can mix the food they like.D) So that Mother can spend a whole day away from the kitchen.20. A) Mother's Day originated in the United States.B) To celebrate the holiday, families take Mother to the theater or the concert.C) On that day another enjoyment for Mother is breakfast being served in bed.D) Mother's Day has been a national tradition in the United States since 1951.Section C: Spot DictationDirections:In this section you will hear a passage of about 120 words three times. The passage is printed on your Answer Sheet with about 50 words missing. First, you will hear the whole passage from the beginning to the end just to get a general idea of it. Then, in the second reading, you will hear a signal indicating the beginning of a pause after each sentence, sometimes two sentences or just part of a sentence. During the pause, you must write down the missing words you have just heard in the corresponding space on the Answer Sheet. There is also a different signal indicating the end of the pause. When you hear this signal, you must get ready for what comes next from the recording. You can check what you have written when the passage is read to you once again without the pauses.Increasingly, over the past ten years, people ---- especially young people ---- have (21) ____________ their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly foods, is not good for health. (22) ____________ in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have (23) ____________, widely used in farming today.Natural foods, for example, are (24) ____________ which (25) ____________ that is rich in organic matter.Natural foods (26) ____________ which have been allowed to (27) ____________ in healthy pastures.There are (28) ____________ which are now receiving (29) ____________. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually (30) ____________.Part II. Vocabulary & Structure (15 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.31.Many people think that the standards of public __________ have declined.A) consciousness B) rightness C) morality D) mentality32.The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different ________.A) personalities B) performancesC) appearances D) qualities33.Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full __________.A) strength B) capacity C) possibility D) length34.When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which provide a secure _________ to carryingyour money in cash.A) selection B) choice C) alternative D) option35.The representative of the company seemed very _________ to the conditions of the workers.A) disinterested B) ignorant C) careless D) indifferent36.The address of a fax includes the source and __________ of the fax message.A) objective B) reception C) target D) destination37.Medical care reform has become this country’s most important public health ________.A) question B) issue C) matter D) stuff38.A complete investigation into the causes of the accident should lead to improved standards and should____________ new operating procedures.A) proceed with B) result inC) match with D) subject to39.Not a few old people do not like their daily ________ upset.A) routine B) regulation C) habit D) custom40.He is a recognized authority ________ foreign language education.A) on B) for C) of D) about41.We can not ________ you to do it, but we think you should.A) promote B) impose C) compel D) exert42.The _______ in the mountains is very beautiful.A) initiative B) conservation C) scenery D) diversity43.The information age is the time of the intellectuals and the pioneers, when __________ could be made inE-commerce.A) fortunes B) property C) treasures D) prosperity44.They gave her a(n) ________ to study abroad as a visiting scholar for one year.A) fare B) grant C) certificate D) insurance45.We haven’t enough money to buy a house, so we’ll have to __________.A) go through B) live through C) spring up D) do without46.The police have found no _______ to his identity.A) clue B) indicator C) cue D) track47.Both sides are determined to get what they want, and there seems not to be much possibility of __________.A) bargain B) compromise C) tolerance D) harmony48.Their marriage came to an end because they were simply not __________ with each other.A) realistic B) cooperative C) compatible D) comparable49.The saxophonist ______ a Duke Ellington melody in his solo.A) spotted B) derived C) quoted D) repeated50.Inquiries ___________ the conditions of the patients may be made personally or via internet.A) revealing B) proclaiming C) spotting D) concerning51.I will ______ your bad behavior this time, but don’t do it again.A) cease B) forbid C) overlook D) criticize52.My plan is _________; I plan to get a master degree within one year.A) enormous B) massive C) ambitious D) aggressive53.The group is trying to _______ the trend towards developing the wetlands.A) convert B) replace C) revolt D) reverse54.He got married with Madame Song and ___________ to Christianity.A) converted B) transferred C) undertook D) transmitted55.They threatened him and didn’t leave him much _______: either he paid his debts or they would beat himup.A) option B) selection C) compromise D) illusion56.Tarzan realized also his limitations; he knew that he could not successfully _________ great numbers inopen battle.A) clean up B) cope with C) take care of D) concern with57.Next week we are going on a day _______ to the mountains around Beijing.A) trail B) excursion C) recreation D) voyage58.She walked along the path in the heavy rain, her long skirt ________ in the mud.A) touching B) tracing C) trailing D) tracking59.The three chain stores of household appliances _____ a price war.A) financed B) funded C) undertook D) waged60.The corporation made a _________ to donate $50000 to Red Cross.A) commitment B) fund C) sponsor D) treatyPart III. Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneHow do people image life in the United States in the future? Below are some predictions made by Richard N. Farmer, who gave his light-hearted opinion of the “World of 2084.”Since no one wants to do the dirty, uninteresting factory-line work any more, we decide not to. So we take some chimpanzees（黑猩猩）, or if we really want some strength, some great apes (猿), do a bit of scientific engineering here and there, and we create some animals, which are made for the factory line. They work their eight hours a day, and don’t mind the repetition a bit.Jack Baxter, a common American of 2084, glanced at his stop-watch. He was slowing down; he could onlyrun the kilometer in four minutes flat now, and when he was 80, he could do it in three-fifty. But, being 140 years old made a difference, regardless of what his doctor said. Jack had received his first cancer shot in 1981; he had received his man-made heart in 2014, before they really got those human ones perfected, so he wasn’t a very good example of a complete human. But he felt pretty good; he had been one of the lucky ones, who had received his shots to make him young again before he turned 40, so he was still a young-looking fellow. Of course, he looked old in his world, since no one got much beyond 30-looking any more. And, of course, he would die; right now, fellows pushing 200 were in poor shape and kicking off.61. Who is NOT likely to do factory-line work in the future according to Farmer?A) humans B) chimpanzees C) apes D) dogs62. Why was Jack Baxter not a very good example of a complete human?A)Because he is too old.B)Because he had a cancer shot when he was young.C)Because his heart was man-made.D)Because he looked older than other people.63. Why did Jack still look young at such an old age?A)Because everybody looked young in his world.B)Because he received a shot before 40.C)Because he had a young heart.D)Because he did exercise every day.64. What did Jack’s doctor probably tell him?A) A 140-year-old can do what an 80-year-old does.B)He could run the kilometer within four minutes.C)It’s natural that you will slow down as you grow old.D)Running fast is good to his health.65. What does “kick off” (the last two words) probably mean?A) do sports B) exercise C) take flights D) diePassage TwoThere is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable. At an earlier period, our desire for material wealth may have been justified. Now, however, this desire for more than we need is causing serious problems. Even though we have good intentions, we may be producing too much, too fast.Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment, and the continuing increase in the world’s population. As society reaches these limits, economic growth can no longer continue, and the quality of life will decrease.People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people in the world. These proponents of economic growth believe that only more growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life in the world. Furthermore, they argue that only continued growth can provide the financial resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization.This debate over the desirability of continued economic growth is of vital importance to business and industry. If those who argue against economic growth are correct, the problems they mention cannot be ignored. To find a solution, economists and the business community must pay attention to these problems and continuediscussing them one another.66. According to those who argue against economic growth, we should slow down for the following reasons EXCEPT that ____.A)the world population is ever increasingB)our natural surroundings are in danger of being destroyed by industryC)the fixed supply of natural resources marks a point beyond which economic growth cannot continueD)more efforts should be made to improve the quality of our material life67. Those who want more economic growth believe that continued economic growth ____.A)can provide the solution to all our social problems todayB)can provide us with more natural resources for industrializationC)can protect our environment from being polluted by industryD)is essential to the well-being of society as a whole68. According to the context, the word “proponents” (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably refers to ____.A)disagreementsB)arguments in support of somethingC)people who argue for somethingD)people who argue against something69. What is the main topic of the passage?A)The advantages and disadvantages of economic growth.B)The present debate on economic growth.C)The contradiction between economists and the business community.D)The importance of the debate on economic growth.70. We can infer from the passage that the author’s attitude towards the economic growth is ____.A) a matter of factB)affirmativeC)negativeD)worriedPassage ThreeTime spent in bookshop can be most enjoyable, whether you are a book-lover or merely you are there to buy a present. You may even have entered the shop just to find shelter from a sudden shower. Whatever the reason, you can soon become totally unaware of your surroundings. The desire to pick up a book with an attractive “dust-jacket” is irresistible, although this method of selection ought not to be followed, as you might end up with a rather dull book. You soon become engrossed in some book or other, and usually it is only much later that you realize you have spent far too much time there and must dash off to keep some forgotten appointment---without buying a book, of course.This opportunity to escape the realities of everyday life is, I think, the main attraction of a bookshop. There are not many places where it is possible to do this. A music shop is very much like a bookshop. You can wander round such places to your heart’s content. If it is a good shop, no assistant will approach you with inevitable greeting: “Can I help you, sir?” You needn’t buy anything you don’t want. In a bookshop an assistant should remain in the background until you have finished browsing. Then, and only then, are his services necessary. Of course you may want to find out where a particular section is, but when he has led you there, the assistant should retire carefully and look as if he is not interested in selling a single book.You have to be careful not to be attracted by the variety of books in a bookshop. It is very easy to enter the shop looking for a book on ancient coins and to come out carrying a copy of the latest best-selling novel and perhaps a book about brass-rubbing---something that had only vaguely interested you up until then. This volume on the subject, however, happened to be so well illustrated and the part of the text you read proved so interesting that you just had to buy it. This sort of thing can be very dangerous. Apart from running up a huge account, you can waste a great deal of time wandering from section to section.71. What does “dust-jacket” in the first paragraph probably mean?A)The title of a book.B) A kind of clothes.C)Book cover full of dust.D)Protecting paper cover of a book.72. In the author’s opinion, what is the main attraction of a bookshop?A)You can spend much time in the bookshop.B)It has many books with attractive dust-jacket.C)It enables you to forget the realities of everyday life.D)You don’t have to go for unpleasant appointments.73. According to the passage, what will happen in a good bookshop?A)Nobody will take notice of you.B)You will feel as if you were in a music shop.C)You will find yourself undisturbed and satisfied with your own browsing.D)The assistant will greet and treat you in a very friendly way.74. The author thinks that the service of the bookshop assistant is needed ____.A)as soon as you enter the shopB)before you start your browsingC)only when you have finished your browsingD)after you have made your final decision75. Picking up books that vaguely interest you can be dangerous because ___.A)you may forget about the book you plan to buyB)it costs you too much money and timeC)it makes you break your appointmentD)you have to give up the best-selling bookPassage FourAll research to date on body image shows that women are much more critical of their appearance than men---much less likely to admire what they see in the mirror. Up to 8 out of 10 women are dissatisfied with their reflection, and more than half may see a distorted image.Men looking in the mirror are more likely to be either pleased with what they see or indifferent. Research shows that men generally have a much more positive body-image than women---if anything, they may tend to overestimate their attractiveness. Some men looking in the mirror may literally not see the flaws in their appearance.Why are women so much more self-critical than men? Because women are judged on their appearance more than men, and standards of female beauty are considerably bombarded with images of the “ideal” face. And constant exposure to idealized images of female beauty on TV, magazines and billboards makes exceptionalgood looks seem normal and anything short of perfection seem abnormal and ugly. It has been estimated that young women now see more images of outstandingly beautiful women in one day than our mothers saw through their entire adolescence. Also, most women are trying to achieve the impossible: standards of female beauty have in fact become progressively more unrealistic during the last century. In 1917, the physically perfect woman was about 5ft 4 in tall and weighed nearly 10 stone. Even 25 years ago, top models and beauty queens weighed only 8% less than the average woman. Now they weigh 23% less. The current media ideal for women is achievable by less than 5% of the female population---and that’s just in terms of weight and size. If you want the ideal shape, face, etc., it’s probably more like 1%.76. The main purpose of the passage is to _____.A)explain a phenomenonB)compare two factsC)make a suggestionD)strengthen a current theory77. The difference between men and women when they look into the mirror is that _____.A)women stay longer before the mirror than menB)women feel more comfortable about their appearance than menC)women, more than men, come away from the mirror feeling unsatisfiedD)women’s looks before the mirror appear more distorted than men’s78. The phrase “bombarded with” (Line 2, Para. 3) could best be replaced by ____.A)deniedB)doubtful ofC)very proud ofD)influenced by79. Which of the following can be inferred about the physically perfect woman in 1917?A)She was not very much different from the average woman.B)She was hardly achievable by the female population.C)She looked into the mirror more often than women today.D)She was regarded perfect only in terms of her face.80. Today’s perfect woman is achievable, in terms of every physical aspect, by ___ of the female population.A) 23% B) 8% C) 5% D) 1%Part IV. Cloze (5 points)Directions: There are 10 blanks for the following passage. Fill in the blanks and write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.A foreigner’s first impression of the U.S. is likely to be that everyone is in a rush – often under pressure. City people always appear to be hurrying to get where they are going, ____81____seeking attention in a store, or ____82____ others as they try to complete their shopping. Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country. Working time is considered ____83____. Others in public eating-places are waiting for you to finish so they, too, can be ____84____ and get back to work within the time allowed. You also find drivers will be ____85____ and people will push ____86____ you. You will miss smiles, brief conversations, and small____87____ with strangers. Don’t take it ____88____. This is because people value time highly, and they ____89____ someone else “wasting” it ____90____ a certain appropriate point.Part V. Chinese-English Translation (20 points)Directions:Translate the following into English with the phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.stand for pass on to come in the way of for a time take shapeput up with settle down in the event of scare sb. to death account for91. 银行答应万一出现紧急情况可以贷款给他。
2006年考研英语真题与答案解析
2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. 1 , homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2 . To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates 6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. 7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8 . One of the federal government’s studies 9 that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives 16 . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, “There has to be 20 of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”1.[A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore2.[A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain3.[A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward4.[A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep5.[A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not6.[A] cover [B] change [C] range [D] differ7.[A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that8.[A] inflating [B] expanding [C] increasing [D] extending9.[A] predicts [B] displays [C] proves [D] discovers10.[A] assist [B] track [C] sustain [D] dismiss11.[A] Hence [B] But [C] Even [D] Only12.[A] lodging [B] shelter [C] dwelling [D] house13.[A] searching [B] strolling [C] crowding [D] wandering14.[A] when [B] once [C] while [D] whereas15.[A] life [B] existence [C] survival [D] maintenance16.[A] around [B] over [C] on [D] up17.[A] complex [B] comprehensive [C]complementary [D] compensating18.[A] So [B] Since [C] As [D] Thus19.[A] puts [B] interprets [C] assumes [D] makes20.[A] supervision [B] manipulation [C] regulation [D] coordinationSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgea ble elite” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of the population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation—language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent ofAsian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fea r that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when vie wed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggesta dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means ________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century ________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is _______.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny totheir revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when youconsider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share ofnoise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus—and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side—don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and the local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)—lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2, Paragraph 4), t he author implies that______.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because ________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. Whatresearchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline”. The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that ________.[A] large animals were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the original amount[D] the number of large predators dropped faster in new fisheries than in the old33. By saying “these figures are conservative” (Line 1, paragraph 3), Dr. Worm means that________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] then catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changing situation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’ ________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’sdaffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget—what our economy depends on us forgetting—is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the author intends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer” (Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably means something ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replace the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes ________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a “Fun Card”, which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, these activities become what he calls “electronic heroin”. (41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions” letter. Noting the“medical/psychological” nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,” intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of the thrill of taking risks in quest ofa windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science,society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketing department continu ed to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals—the average scientist, for one. (48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties—he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicatehis energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (50) They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2006年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章结构分析本文介绍了美国无家可归者日益增多这个社会问题。
普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)
2006年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语（北京卷）听力理解第一节（共5小题，每小题1.5分，共7.5分）听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话你将听一遍。
例：What is the man going to read?A. A newspaper.B. A magazine.C. A book.答案是A。
1. What size does the woman want?A. Size 8.B. Size 10.C. Size 12.2. Where does the conversation take place?A. In a post office.B. In a hotel.C. In a bank.3. Why is the man going to New York?A. To live there.B. To visit a friend.C. To have a vacation.4. What are they going to do?A. Play tennis.B. Go swimming.C. Do some cleaning.5. What is the man doing?A. Making an announcement.B. Making an appointment.C. Making an invitation.第二节（共15小题，每小题1.5分，共22.5分）听下面6段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。
听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白你将听两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。
6. Who is this announcement for?A. People on a train.B. People on a plane.C. People in a restaurant.7. What time of the day is it?A. Morning.B. Noon.C. Evening.听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。
2006年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I U se of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population.1 homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments can’t possibly 2. To help homeless people 3 independence, the federal government must support job training programs, 4 the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing.5 everyone agrees on the number of Americans who are homeless. Estimates6 anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million.7 the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is 8. One of the federal government’s studies 9 thatthe number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to 10 this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. 11 when homeless individuals manage to find a 12 that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day 13 thestreet. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have seriousmental disorders. Many others, 14 not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday 15 skills needed to turn their lives16. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation willimprove only when there are 17 programs that address the many needs of the homeless. 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, 19 it, “There has to be 20 of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”1. [A] Indeed[B] Likewise[C] Therefore[D] Furthermore2. [A] stand[B] cope[C] approve[D] retain3. [A] in[B] for[C] with[D] toward4. [A] raise[B] add[C] take[D] keep5. [A] generally[B] almost[C] hardly[D] not6. [A] cover[B] change[C] range[D] differ7. [A] Now that[B] Although[C] Provided[D] Except that8. [A] inflating[B] expanding[C] increasing[D] extending9. [A] predicts[B] displays[C] proves[D] discovers10. [A] assist[B] track[C] sustain[D] dismiss11. [A] Hence[B] But[C] Even[D] Only12. [A] lodging[B] shelter[C] dwelling[D] house13. [A] searching[B] strolling[C] crowding[D] wandering14. [A] when[B] once[C] while[D] whereas15. [A] life[B] existence[C] survival[D] maintenance16. [A] around[B] over[C] on[D] up17. [A] complex[B] comprehensive[C] complementary[D] compensating18. [A] So[B] Since[C] As[D] Thus19. [A] puts[B] interprets[C] assumes[D] makes20. [A] supervision[B] manipulation[C] regulation[D] coordinationSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of deference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite,” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented levels nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation -- language, home ownership and intermarriage.The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.”Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign-born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.-born whites and blacks.”By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means________.[A] identifying[B] associating[C] assimilating[D] monopolizing22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century________.[A] played a role in the spread of popular culture[B] became intimate shops for common consumers[C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite[D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. ________.[A] are resistant to homogenization[B] exert a great influence on American culture[C] are hardly a threat to the common culture[D] constitute the majority of the population24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned inParagraph 5?[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerful influence of American culture.25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into Americansociety is ________.[A] rewarding[B] successful[C] fruitless[D] harmfulText 2Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry -- William Shakespeare -- but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway’s Cottage, Shakespeare’s birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC’s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It’s all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise-making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus -- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side -- don’t usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight-seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town’s revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk don’t see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk can’t understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 percent occupied all year long and this year they’ll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratford’s most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) -- lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that ________.[A] the townsfolk deny the RSC’s contribution to the town’s revenue[B] the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage[C] the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms[D] the townsfolk earn little from tourism27. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that ________.[A] the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately[B] the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers[C] the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers[D] the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph4), the author implies that ________.[A] Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects[B] Stratford has long been in financial difficulties[C] the town is not really short of money[D] the townsfolk used to be poorly paid29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because________.[A] ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending[B] the company is financially ill-managed[C] the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable[D] the theatre attendance is on the rise30. From the text we can conclude that the author ________.[A] is supportive of both sides[B] favors the townsfolk’s view[C] takes a detached attitude[D] is sympathetic to the RSCText 3When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals. They suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time. According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomassof large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation. In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the “shifting baseline.” The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.31. The extinction of large prehistoric animals is noted to suggest that________.[A] large animal were vulnerable to the changing environment[B] small species survived as large animals disappeared[C] large sea animals may face the same threat today[D] slow-growing fish outlive fast-growing ones32. We can infer from Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm’s paper that ________.[A] the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reducedby 90%[B] there are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago[C] the catch sizes in new fisheries are only 20% of the originalamount[D] the number of larger predators dropped faster in new fisheriesthan in the old33. By saying "these figures are conservative" (Line 1, paragraph 3),Dr. Worm means that ________.[A] fishing technology has improved rapidly[B] the catch-sizes are actually smaller than recorded[C] the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss[D] the data collected so far are out of date34. Dr. Myers and other researchers hold that ________.[A] people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time[B] fisheries should keep their yields below 50% of the biomass[C] the ocean biomass should be restored to its original level[D] people should adjust the fishing baseline to the changingsituation35. The author seems to be mainly concerned with most fisheries’________.[A] management efficiency[B] biomass level[C] catch-size limits[D] technological applicationText 4Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: artists’ only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and music, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere from the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as meaningless, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth’s daffodils to Baudelaire’s flowers of evil.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen so much misery. But it’s not as if earlier times didn’t know perpetual war, disaster and the massacre of innocents. The reason, in fact, may be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.After all, what is the one modern form of expression almost completely dedicated to depicting happiness? Advertising. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology.People in earlier eras were surrounded by reminders of misery. They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young. In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in danger and that they would someday be meat for worms. Given all this, they did not exactly need their art to be a bummer too.Today the messages the average Westerner is surrounded with are not religious but commercial, and forever happy. Fast-food eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. And since these messages have an agenda -- to lure us to open our wallets -- they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!”commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.But what we forget -- what our economy depends on us forgetting -- is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. The things that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need art to tell us, as religion once did, Memento mori: remember that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter than a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, a breath of fresh air.36. By citing the examples of poets Wordsworth and Baudelaire, the authorintends to show that ________.[A] poetry is not as expressive of joy as painting or music[B] art grows out of both positive and negative feelings[C] poets today are less skeptical of happiness[D] artists have changed their focus of interest37. The word “bummer”(Line 5, paragraph 5) most probably meanssomething ________.[A] religious[B] unpleasant[C] entertaining[D] commercial38. In the author’s opinion, advertising ________.[A] emerges in the wake of the anti-happy art[B] is a cause of disappointment for the general public[C] replaces the church as a major source of information[D] creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself39. We can learn from the last paragraph that the author believes________.[A] happiness more often than not ends in sadness[B] the anti-happy art is distasteful but refreshing[C] misery should be enjoyed rather than denied[D] the anti-happy art flourishes when economy booms40. Which of the following is true of the text?[A] Religion once functioned as a reminder of misery.[B] Art provides a balance between expectation and reality.[C] People feel disappointed at the realities of modern society.[D] Mass media are inclined to cover disasters and deaths.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extra choices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user’s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".(41) ________. In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams’s got him involuntarily confinedto a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams’s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a “cease admissions”letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.(42) ________.The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: “Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it.” Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams’s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was “helplessly addicted to gambling,”intentionally worked to “lure” him to “engage in conduct against his will.” Well.(43) ________.The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says “pathological gambling” involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) ________. Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.(45) ________.Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on -- you might say addicted to -- revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers’ dollars has become intense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web’s most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino’s marketingdepartment continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.[B]It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior.And in what sense was his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he couldget back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but fora long time it was broadly considered a sin, or a social disease.Now it is a social policy: the most important and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams’s suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don’t bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioralproblems, often defining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling isespecially conducive to compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internet gambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? 46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic (苏格拉底) way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. 47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals -- the average scientist, for one. 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties -- he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufactureevidence, or doctor his reports. 49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. 50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in "public and illustrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say, is something else.Section III WritingPart A51. DirectionsYou want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Study the following photos carefully and write an essay in which you should1. describe the photos briefly,2. interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and3. give your point of view.You should write 160-200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)有两幅图片，图1 把崇拜写在脸上；图2 花300元做“小贝头”注：Beckham是英国足球明星有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2006年北京航空航天大学考博英语试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension(略)Part II Reading ComprehensionDirections:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them,there are4choices marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage1Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone,but that one's muscles also participate.It may be said that we think with our muscles in somewhat the same way that we listen to music with our bodies.You surely are not surprised to be told that you usually listen to music not only with your ears but with your whole body.Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically,some part of their body.Often when one listens to a symphonic concert on the radio,he is tempted in direct the orchestra even though he knows there is a competent conductor on the job.Strange as this behavior may be,there is a very good reason for it.One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates,so to speak,in its performance.The listener"feels"himself into the music with more or less pronounced motions of his body.The muscles of the body actually participate in the mental process of thinking in the same way,but this participation is less obvious because it is less pronounced.21.Some psychologists maintain that thinking is______.A.not a mental processB.more of a physical process than a mental actionC.a process that involves your entire bodyD.a process that involves the muscles as well as the brain22.Few people are able to listen to familiar music without______.A.moving some part of their bodyB.stopping what they are doing to listenC.directing the orchestra playing itD.wishing that they could conduct music properly23.Body movements are necessary in order for the listener to______.A.hear the musicB.appreciate the musicC.enjoy the music fullypletely understand the music24.According to the selection,muscle participation in the process of thinking is______.A.deliberateB.obviousC.not readily apparentD.very pronounced25.The best title for this selection is______.A.An Ear for MusicB.Music AppreciationC.How Muscles Participate in Mental ActsD.A Psychological Definition of the Thinking ProcessPassage2Laziness is a sin----everybody knows that.We have probably all had lectures pointing out that laziness is immoral,that it is wasteful,and that lazy people will never amount to anything in life.But laziness can be more harmful than that,and it is often caused by more harmful than that,and it is often caused by more complex reasons than simple wish to avoid work.Some people who appear to be lazy are suffering from much more serious problems.They may be so distrustful of their fellow workers that they are unable to join in any group task for fear of ridicule or fear of having their ideas stolen.These people who seem lazy may be paralyzed by a fear of failure that prevents fruitful work.Or other sorts of fantasies may prevent work;some people are so busy planning,sometimes panning great deals or fantastic achievements that they are unable to deal with whatever"lesser"work is on hand.Still other people are not avoiding work;strictly speaking, they are merely procrastinating-rescheduling their day.Laziness can actually be helpful.Like procrastinators,some people may look lazy when they are really thinking,planning,contemplating,researching.We should all remember that some great scientific discoveries occurred by chance or while someone was"goofing off".Newton wasn't working in the orchard when the apple hit him and he devised the theory of gravity.All of us would like to have someone"lazy"to build the car to stove we buy,particularly if that"laziness"were cause by the worker's taking time to check each step or his work and to do his job right.And sometimes,being"lazy"-----that is,taking time off for a rest is good for the overworked student or executive.Taking a rest can be particularly helpful to the athlete who is trying too hard or the doctor who's simply working himself overtime too many evenings at the clinic.So be careful when you're tempted to call someone lazy.That person may be thinking,resting,or planning his or her next book.26.The main idea of this passage is that______.ziness is a moral sinB.there are advantages and disadvantages in being lazyziness is the sign of deep-seated emotional problemszy people do more careful work27.The passage states that______.ziness is a diseaseB.some people appear lazy because they are insecureziness is more beneficial than harmfulD.a good definition of laziness is emotional illness28.Which of the following conclusion does the passage support?______A.The word laziness is sometimes applied incorrectly.B.Most of the time laziness is a virtue.C.Most assembly line workers are lazy.D.Most insecure people are lazy.29.The final paragraph is______.a.gloomy B.humorous C.serious D.ironical30."Goofing off"as used in paragraph2probably means______.A.wasting timeB.sleepingC.workingD.chatting with friendsPassage3The idea of humanoid robots is not new.They have been part of the imaginative landscape ever since Karl Capek,a Czech writer,first dreamed them up for his1921play"Rossum's Universal Robots".(The word"robot"comes from the Czeeh word for drudgery,robota.)Since then,Hollywood has produced countless variations on the theme,from the sultry False Maria in Fritz Lang's silent masterpiece"metropolis"to the withering C-3PO in"Star Wars"and the ruthless assassin of"Terminator".Humanoid robots have walked into our collective subconscious,coloring our views of the future.But now Japan's industrial giants are spending billions of yen to make such robots a reality.Their new humanoids represent impressive feats of engineering:when Honda introduced Asimo,a four-foot robot that had been in development for some15years,it walked so fluidly that its white,articulated exterior seemed to conceal a human.Honda continues to make the machine faster,friendlier and more st October,when Asimo was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame in Pittsburgh,it walked on the stage and accepted its own plaque.At two and a half feet tall,Sony’s QRIO is smaller and more toy-like than Asimo.It walks,understands a small number of voice commands,and can navigate on its own.It is falls over,it gets up and resumes where it left off.It can even connect wirelessly to the internet and broadcast what its camera eyes can see.In2003, Sony demonstrated an upgraded QRIO that could run.Honda responded last December with a version of Asimo that runs at twice the speed.In2004,Toyota joined the fray with its own family of robots,called Partner,one of which is a four-foot humanoid that plays the trumpet.Its fingers work the instrument’s valves,and it has mechanical lungs and artificial lips.Toyota hopes to offer a commercial version of the robot by2010.This month,50Partner robots will act as guides at Expo2005in Aichi,Japan.Despite their sudden proliferation,however,humanoids are still a mechanical minority.Most of the world's robots are faceless,footless and mute.They are bolted to the floors of factories,stamping out car parts or welding pieces of metal,making more machines.According to the United Nations,business orders for industrial robots jumped18%in the first half of2004.They may soon be outnumbered by domestic robots,such as self-navigating vacuum cleaners,lawn mowers,and window-washers,which are selling fast. But neither industrial nor domestic robots are humanoid.31.In paragraph1the author introduces this topic by relating______.A.the idea of humanoid robotsB.Karl Capek's creation of robotsC.Hollywood's production of robot filmsD.the origin of and popular movies about robots32.According to the author's description,Asimo______.A.is a four-legged robotB.seems more like a human being than a machine in actionC.seems more like a machine than a human being in actionD.is in a sort of animal form33.Sony’s QRIO could perform all the following tasks EXCEPT______.A.walking everywhere freelyB.understanding some words uttered by peopleC.finding its wayD.continuing walking after it stumbles34.From the passage we may infer that Toyota’s Partner______.A.is much better than any other robotsB.is no more than a mechanic deviceC.may be put into mass productionD.may speak like man35.Judging from the context,this passage is probably written______.A.in2004B.in2005C.between2003~2004D.between2004~2005Passage4Ocean water plays an indispensable role in supporting life.The great ocean basins hold bout300million cubic miles of water.From this vast amount,bout80,000cubic miles of water are sucking into the atmosphereeach year by evaporation and returned by precipitation and drainage to the ocean.More than24,000cubic miles of rain descend annually upon the continents.This vast amount is required to replenish the lakes and streams,springs and water tables on which all flora and fauna are dependent.Thus,the hydrosphere permits organic existence.The hydrosphere has strange characteristics because water has properties unlike those of any other liquid.One anomaly is that water upon freezing expands by about9percent,whereas most liquids contract on cooling.For this reason,ice floats on water bodies instead of sinking to the bottom.If the ice sank,the hydrosphere would soon be frozen solidly,except for a thin layer of surface melt water during the summer season.Thus,all aquatic life would be destroyed and the interchange of warm and cold currents,which moderates climate,would be notably absent.Another outstanding characteristic of water is that it has a heat capacity which is the highest of all liquids and solids except ammonia.This characteristic enables the oceans to absorb and sore vast quantities of heat,thereby often preventing climate extremes.In addition,water dissolves more substances than any other liquid.It is this characteristic which helps make oceans a great storehouse for minerals which have been washed down from the continents.In several areas of the world these minerals are being commercially exploited.Solar evaporation of salt is widely practiced,potash is extracted from the Dead Sea,and Magnesium is produced from seawater along the American Gulf Coast.36.A characteristic of water NOT mentioned in this passage is that water______.A.expands on freezingB.is a great solventC.is like ammoniaD.has a very high heat capacity37.From this passage,we may conclude that______.A.ocean and land masses are equalB.ocean masses are smaller than land massesC.it is difficult to get fresh water from the oceanD.none of the above is correct38.By“hydrosphere”the author means______.A.the moisture in the airB.the part of the earth covered by waterC.the Milky WayD.the frozen waters of the earth39.Fish can survive in the oceans because______.A.there are currents in the oceanB.ice floatsC.evaporation and condensation create a water cycleD.water absorbs heat40.“Anomaly”,as used in the second paragraph,means______.A.state of being anonymousB.abnormalityC.characteristicD.propertyPart III Vocabulary(10points)Directions:In this part,there are20sentences with four choices below each sentence.Choose the best one from the4choices.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41.Early exponents of science fiction such as Jules Verne and H.G.Wells explored with zest the futurepossibilities opened up to the optimistic imagination by modern technology.A.inspirationB.enthusiasmC.fantasyD.endeavor42.Except for coarse earthen-wares,which can be made from clay as it is found in the earth,pottery is made from special clays plus other materials mixed to achieve the desired results.A.conventionalB.uniqueC.genuineD.crude43.When the fire broke out in the building,the people lost their heads and ran into the elevator.A.pouredB.dismayed C panicked D.trembled44.The English language contains a(n)______of words which are comparatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.A.altitudetitudeC.multitudeD.attitude45.The wealth of a country should be measured______the health and happiness of people as well as the material goods it can produce.A.in line withB.in terms ofC.in regard withD.by means of46.Radar is used to extend the______of man's senses for observing his environment,especially the sense of vision.A.validityB.liabilityC.capacityD.intensity47.We are writing to the manager______the repairs recently carried out at the above address.A.with the exception ofB.with the purpose ofC.with reference toD.with a view to48.They made detailed investigations to______themselves with the needs of the rural marketA.adhereB.acknowledgeC.acquaintD.activate49.Probably there's a good reason for her absence,as she doesn't usually stay away from work.A.ConspicuouslyB.ProspectivelyC.incidentallyD.Presumably50.I was______in my reading,and didn't at first hear the doorbell ring.A.immuredB.immersedC.busyD.infatuated51.Ten minutes later,the police came and______the crowd.A.dismayedB.dispersedC.dismountedD.distressed52.There are______differences between theory and practice.A.legibledenC.radicalD.medieval53.Will you______my article to find out whether I've made any mistakes?A.look afterB.look throughC.look upD.look into54.When he lived in that remote place,radio was the only means he had to keep______of current events in the country.A.accountB.traceC.recordD.track55.The flashing red light served as a______of danger ahead.A.predictorB.cautionC.precautionD.prevention56.According to the weather forecast,which is usually______,it will snow this afternoon.A.accurateB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious57.If his father could not keep up the payments on the mortgage,his uncle might______it for him.A.redeemB.amendC.resembleD.appeal58.His writing depicts this changing world and the increasing cultural diversity of the United States.A.conflictB.refinementC.varietyD.movement59.She was artful and could always get round her parents in the end.A.playB.deceiveC.confuseD.annoy60.He became aware that he had lost his audience since he had not been able to talk coherently.A.honestlyB.appropriatelyC.intelligiblyD.flexiblyPart IV Cloze(10points)Directions:Decide which of the choices given below could correctly complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Who won the World Cup2004football game?What happened at the United Nations?How did the critics like the new play?(61)______an event takes place,newspapers are on the street(62)______the details whenever anything happens in the world,reporters are on the spot to(63)______the news.Newspapers have one basic(64)______,to get the news as quickly as possible from its source,from those who make it to those who want to(65)______it.Radio,television,and(66)______inventions brought competition for newspapers.So did the development of magazines and other means of communication(67)______,this competition merely spurred the newspapers on.They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the(68)______and thus the efficiency of their own operations.Today more newspapers are(69)______and read than ever petition also led newspapers to branch out into many other fields.Besides keeping readers(70)______of the latest news, today's newspapers(71)______and influence readers about politics and other important and serious matters. Newspapers influence readers’economic choices(72)______advertising.Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very(73)______,Newspapers are sold at a price that(74)______even a small fraction of the cost of production.The main(75)______of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The(76)___in selling advertising depends on newspaper's value to advertisers.This(77)_____in terms of circulation.How many people read the newspaper?Circulation depends(78)______on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment(79)______in a newspaper's pages.But for the most part,circulation depends on a newspaper’s value to readers as a source of information(80)______the community,city,county,nation and world----and even outer space.61.A.Just when B.While C.Soon after D.Before62.A.to give B.giving C.given D.being given63.A.gather B.spread C.carry D.bring64.A.reason B.cause C.problem D.purpose65.A.make B.publish C.know D.write66.A.another B.other C.one another D.the other67.A.However B.And C.Therefore D.So68.A.value B.ratio C.rate D.speed69.A.spread B.passed C.printed pletedrm B.be informed C.to be informed rmed71.A.entertain B.encourage cate D.edit72.A.on B.through C.with D.of73.A.forms B.existence C.contents D.purpose74.A.tries to cover B.manages to cover C.fails to cover D.succeeds in75.A.source B.origin C.course D.finance76.A.way B.means C.chance D.success77.A.measures B.measured C.is measured D.was measured78.A.somewhat B.little C.much D.something79.A.offering B.offered C.which offered D.to be offered80.A.by B.with C.at D.aboutPart V Translation(15points)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate it into Chinese.Writing the translation on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are tow computer-related technologies that may cast largeshadow on education.Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents;and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality.One can ask:what is the truth value of the materials prepared entirely by non-human entities?In a turnabout from previous trends,the acquisition of credentials may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themselves(largely if not wholly)and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated setting.Why pay$120,000to go to law school,if one can"read law"as in early times and then demonstrate one'slegal skills via computer simulation?Or learn to fly a plane by similar means,for that matter?Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate.Now it's time for education to catch up to change.Part VI Writing(15points)Directions:Write a composition of no less than200words on the following topic on the ANSWER SHEET(2).Space Research2006年参考答案21-25DACCC26-30BBACA31-35DBACB36-40CCBCB41-45BDCBD46-50DCCDB51-55BCDDB56-60AACBC61-65CBADC66-70BADCD71-75CBBCA76-80DCABDPart V Translation人工智能和虚拟现实是两种与电脑有关的技术，他们可能对教育产生重大影响。