托福TPO49综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
托福阅读tpo49R-3原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO49阅读-1Background for the Industrial Revolution原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Background for the Industrial Revolution①The Industrial Revolution had several roots, one of which was a commercial revolution that, beginning as far back as the sixteenth century, accompanied Europe’s expansion overseas. Both exports and imports showed spectacular growth, particularly in England and France. An increasingly larger portion of the stepped-up commercial activity was the result of trade with overseas colonies. Imports included a variety of new beverages, spices, and ship’s goods around the world and brought money flowing back. Europe’s economic institutions, particularly those in England, were strong, had wealth available for new investment, and seemed almost to be waiting for some technological breakthrough that would expand their profit-making potential even more.②The breakthrough came in Great Britain, where several economic advantages created a climate especially favorable to the encouragement of new technology. One was its geographic location at the crossroads of international trade. Internally, Britain was endowed with easily navigable natural waterway, which helped its trade and communication with the world. Beginning in the 1770’s, it enjoyed a boom in canal building, which helped make its domestic market more accessible. Because water transportation was the cheapest means of carrying goods to market, canals reduced prices and thus increased consumer demand. Great Britain also had rich deposits of coal that fed the factories springing up in industrial and consumer goods.③Another advantage was Britain’s large population of rural, agricultural wage earners, as well as cottage workers, who had the potential of being more mobile than peasants of some other countries. Eventually they found their way to the cities or mining communities and provided the human power upon which the Industrial Revolution was built. The British people were also consumers; the absence of internal tariffs, such as those that existed in France or Italy or between the German states, made Britain the largest free-trade area in Europe. Britain’s relatively stable government also helped create an atmosphere conducive to industrial progress.④Great Britain’s better-developed banking and credit system also helped speed the industrial progress, as did the fact that it was the home of an impressive array of entrepreneurs and inventors. Among them were a large number of nonconformists whose religious principles encouraged thrift and industry rather than luxurious living and who tended to pour their profits back into their business, thus providing the basis for continued expansion.⑤A precursor to the Industrial Revolution was a revolution in agricultural techniques. Ideas about agricultural reform developed first in Holland, where as early as the mid-seventeenth century, such modern methods as crop rotation, heavy fertilization, and diversification were all in use. Dutch peasant farmers were known throughout Europe for their agricultural innovations, but as British markets and opportunities grew, the English quickly learned from them. As early as the seventeenth century the Dutch were helping them drain marshes and fens where, with the help of advanced techniques, they grew new crops. By the mid-eighteenth century new agricultural methods as well as selective breeding of livestock had caught on throughout the country.⑥Much of the increased production was consumed by Great Britain’s burgeoning population. At the same time, people were moving to the city, partly because of the enclosure movement; that is, the fencing of common fields and pastures in order to provide more compact, efficient privately held agricultural parcels that would produce more goods and greater profits. In the sixteenth century enclosures were usually used for creating sheep pastures, but by the eighteenth century new farming techniques made it advantageous for large landowners to seek enclosures in order to improve agricultural production. Between 1714 and 1820 over 6 million acres of English land were enclosed. As a result, many small, independent farmers were forced to sell out simply because they could not compete. Non-landholding peasants and cottage workers, who worked for wages and grazed cows or pigs on the village common, were also hurt when the common was no longer available. It was such people who began to flock to the cities seeking employment and who found work in the factories that would transform the nation and, the world.译文工业革命的背景①工业革命有几个根源，其中之一是随着欧洲的海外扩张，早在16世纪就开始的商业革命。
托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文文本： Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship. 托福TPO50综合写作听力原文文本： A trip to mars would definitely be challenging but scientists have proposed solutions to the problems the reading selection discusses. First of all, food, water and oxygen. Well astronauts can use hydroponics. Hydroponics is a technique for growing plants with their roots in water rather than in soil. It requires relatively little space. Using hydroponics, the astronauts should be able to cultivate food crops in the spacecraft. In addition, the hydroponic will grow plants with recycle waste water and release it as clean water vapor, which can be collected as drinking water. And of course, all plants absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. So thanks to hydroponics the astronauts will also have fresh air to breathe. Second, the effects of zero gravity. Over the last few decades, we have launched several space stations orbiting the earth. And a number of astronauts have spent many months on them in a zero gravity environment. These astronauts have learned to useseveral techniques to safely manage the effects of zero gravity. For example, regular exercise prevents the decrease in muscle mass. Likewise, taking vitamins and minerals like calcium slows down the decrease in astronauts’ bone density. Third, solar radiation. Astronauts traveling to Mars will be exposed to some solar radiation but this radiation will not be at dangerous levels all the time. The sun only releases dangerous amounts of radiation occasionally, during periods when it is particularly active. In order to avoid this threat, the spacecraft could be equipped with special instruments that monitor solar radiation and with a small shelter that shield against radiation but doesn’t add much weight to the ship. Most of the time, the astronauts will go about their normal business in unshielded areas of the spacecraft. But when their instruments detect increased radiation, they could stay in the small shielded area until the danger has passed. 托福TPO50综合写作满分范文： Both the reading and listening are arguing over a question whether it is possible to send human being to Mars. The reading lists out three problems to a successful carrying out. However, the listening offers three solutions to these questions. First, the reading raises the question that it takes too long to send people to Mars, approximately two years and no spacecraft could take that many loads of food, water and life essentials. Instead, the listening says this is not a real problem since the astronauts could use hydroponics to grow crop plants in water and food will not be an obstacle. Also, they could grow plants with recycle waste water and reuse it as clean water vapor, which could be drunk. Plus, since all plants do photosynthesis, the astronauts could breathe fresh air released by them. Second, the reading asserts that living in a zero-gravity environment would exert a negative effect on one’s health. Nevertheless, the professor says that the astronauts have learned to use several techniques to make up for the health issue. They will do regular exercise to prevent muscle mass from decreasing and take vitamins and minerals to slow down problem with their bone density. In another word, they’ve figured out how to cope with the potential health problem. Third, the reading claims that radiation emitted by the sun would be dangerous to astronauts. This time professor subtly rejects by pointing out that a third solution has come out. The spaceship would be equipped with a special instrument to monitor the radiation. What’s more, the device could also shield against the radiation. When astronauts meet the period of a large amount of radiation, they could hide behind the shielded areas and come out when the danger has passed. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO50综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读真题第49篇TheAngiospermRevolution
托福阅读真题第49篇TheAngiospermRevolution在所有种类的现代陆地植物中，有一组占主导地位：被子植物或开花植物。
它们拥有超过250,000 种生物，是大多数栖息地中的大多数植物——海洋环境除外，海洋环境仍然是更原始藻类的栖息地。
但是被子植物是植物进化中相对较新的发展。
它们出现于中生代中期（约 2 亿年前至 1.45 亿年前），但距今约 1 亿年ago they had pushed the conifers (plants having cone-shaped reproductive structures rather than flowers for reproduction) into the background. Even earlier types of plants such as ferns are now restricted to certain wet habitats, and many of the dominant gymnosperms (plants with exposed seeds, such as conifers) of the early Mesozoic have now been largely replaced by angiosperms; the formerly dominant gymnosperms that did not become completely extinct now survive in comparatively few places.Why were the angiosperms so successful? A major advantage they have over more primitive plants is their efficient mode of reproduction- -the flower and all of its complex reproductive mechanisms that ensure success. Instead of the inefficient wind-pollinated gymnosperm seed, which wastes a huge amount of pollen and is dependent on random breezes, angiosperms have evolved flowers specifically as devices to attract pollinators- -mainly insects (especially moths, butterflies, and bees) but also birds, bats, and other flying creatures. The pollinators ensure that the pollen is carried directly from one flower of the same species to another, which is more efficient than relying on the wind. This process of delivery is called cross-pollination. The reproductive cycle is highly modified: the ovules (egg-producing organs) are fully enclosed within protectivecovers called carpels, which form the core of the flower. The carpel protects the ovule from drying out, from fungal infection, and from predation by plant-eating insects. Pollen-producing organs called stamens are surrounded by petals (which serve to attract the pollinator and guide it to the ovules in many cases) and an outer covering of sepals for protection. Typically, a pollinator gets pollen stuck onto it as it climbs into a flower, seeking the nectar that is generated to lure it. The ovule is usually pollinated by the sperm carried from a different flower, thus minimizing self-fertilization (but angiosperms can also self-fertilize if cross-pollination is not possible).Once the pollen has been delivered, a pollen tube transports the sperm to the ovules. Here angiosperms have another advantage: double fertilization. The pollen carry two sperm nuclei, one of which fuses with the egg nucleus to form the embryo, the other of which fuses with two other nuclei to form a food supply for the embryo. This means that angiosperms don't need to invest a lot of energy creating food stores for each seed until it is fertilized (unlike gymnosperms, which create food even for infertile seeds).The entire process of fertilization and producing an embryo takes place in only a few weeks or days, so angiosperms can sprout, flower, reproduce, and die in a single season if necessary. By contrast, most gymnosperms are slow to grow and reproduce (usually taking at least eighteen months between reproductive cycles) and cannot accomplish the entire process in a single season. For gymnosperms such as evergreen conifers to live in highly seasonal, cold-winter climates, they must be able to survive the cold and shut down much of their physiological systems during winter. Many angiosperms, on the other hand, areannuals- sprouting in the spring, flowering, and producing seeds that can survive until the next winter while the rest of the plant dies. This rapid reproduction enables them to quickly exploit habitats that other plants cannot.Finally, angiosperms are known not only for their rapid growth rates but for their ability to grow back quickly after they have been munched by animals. Think of how quickly the grass grows back after you mow it (or an animal grazes it). By contrast, ferns cannot grow back so quickly after they have been heavily eaten, and often die if the damage is too great (such as when an animal eats the growing tip of the plant)- whereas many angiosperms can be eaten right down to their roots but grow back again.1.Of all the kinds of modern land plants one group dominates: the angiosperms, or flowering plants. With over 250,000 living species, they are the majority of plants of most habitats- except marine environments, which are still habitats for the more primitive algae. But angiosperms were a comparatively recent development in plant evolution. They arose in the mid-Mesozoic (approximately 200 million years ago to 145 million years ago), but by about 100 million years ago they had pushed the conifers (plants having cone-shaped reproductive structures rather than flowers for reproduction) into the background. Even earlier types of plants such as ferns are now restricted to certain wet habitats, and many of the dominant gymnosperms (plants with exposed seeds, such as conifers) of the early Mesozoic have now been largely replaced by angiosperms; the formerly dominant gymnosperms that did not become completely extinct now survive in comparatively few places.。
托福TPO49独立写作题目文本+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many new friends easily. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO49独立写作满分范文： Friendship and kinship contribute a lot to one’s happiness. Then, the question goes, “does the ability to main long-term friendships with a small number of people matters more than the ability to make many new friends easily?” My answer is “yes”. First of all, old friends usually show stronger loyalty than those newly-acquainted fellows. That means, no matter what happens, these friends would always stand by your side and provide you with supports unconditionally. However, this merit are usually missing in short-term friendship. Last year when I was in hospital, 2 of my old friends took turns to take care of me, accompanying me to endure the very hard time. However, few of my “wide-range” new friends even came to visit me. It is clearly that long-term friendship is much more reliable and the ability to main such kind of relationship is more critical. In addition, old friends tend to show more understanding of you, being familiar with your hobbies, interests and some other peculiarities. So, it is usually more comfortable for me to be with my old friends. For instance, I am lactose intolerant and every time when I have dinner with my old friends, they would skip anything that contains milk or cheese, ordering food based on my favor. Contrary to my old friends’ consideration, those newly-acquainted fellows are inclined to show surprise about my intolerance and still pick the food of lactose they prefer. So, to me, old friends are much more considerate and contribute more to my happiness. Admittedly, the ability to make new friends easily are quite important for a person to get new ideas, broadening their views from different groups of people. However, compared with the ability to maintain long-term friendship, it still plays a less significant role for one’s happiness. To sum up, one’s happiness is consist of various parts, including self-achievement, security and etc. And I believe long-term friendship is of higherimportance than other parts. As a result, the ability to maintain long-term friendship with a small group of people is much more important. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO49独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福阅读tpo49R-2原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
TPO49阅读-2 Movable Type原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Movable Type①Nothing divided the medieval world in Europe more decisively from the Early Modern period than printing with movable type. It was a German invention and the culmination of a complex process. The world of antiquity had recorded its writings mainly on papyrus. Between 200 B.C and A.D 300, this was supplemented by vellum, calf skin treated and then smoothed by pumice stone. To this in late Roman times was added parchment, similarly made from the smoothed skin of sheep or goats. In the early Middle Ages, Europe imported an industrial process from China, which turned almost any kind of fibrous material into pulp that was then spread in sheets. This was known as cloth parchment. By about 1150, the Spanish had developed the first mill for making cheap paper (a word contracted from "papyrus", which became the standard term). One of the most important phenomena of the later Middle Ages was the growing availability of cheap paper. Even in England, where technology lagged far behind, a sheet of paper, or eight octavo pages, cost only a penny by the fifteenth century.②In the years 1446-1448, two German goldsmiths, Johannes Gutenberg and Johann Fust, made use of cheap paper to introduce a critical improvement in the way written pages were reproduced. Printing from wooden blocks was the old method; what the Germans did was to invent movable type for the letterpress. It had three merits: it could be used repeatedly until worn out; it was cast in metal from a mold and so could be renewed without difficulty; and it made lettering uniform. In 1450, Gutenberg began work on his Bible, the first printed book, known as the Gutenberg. It was completed in 1455 and is a marvel. As Gutenberg, apart from getting the key idea, had to solve a lot of practical problems, including imposing paper and ink into the process and the actual printing itself, for which he adapted the screw press used by winemakers, it is amazing that his first product does not look at all rudimentary. Those who handle it are struck by its clarity and quality.③Printing was one of those technical revolutions that developed its own momentum at extraordinary speed. Europe in the fifteenth century was a place where intermediate technology - that is, workshops with skilled craftspeople - waswell established and spreading fast, especially in Germany and Italy. Such workshops were able to take on printing easily, and it thus became Europe's first true industry. The process was aided by two factors: the new demand for cheap classical texts and the translation of the Latin Bible into "modern" languages. Works of reference were also in demand. Presses sprang up in several German cities, and by 1470, Nuremberg, Germany had established itself as the center of the international publishing trade, printing books from 24 presses and distributing them at trade fairs all over western and central Europe. The old monastic scriptoria-monastery workshops where monks copied texts by hand-worked closely alongside the new presses, continuing to produce the luxury goods that movable-type printing could not yet supply. Printing, however, was primarily aimed at a cheap mass sale.④Although there was no competition between the technologies, there was rivalry between nations. The Italians made energetic and successful efforts to catch up with Germany. Their most successful scriptorium quickly imported two leading German printers to set up presses in their book-producing shop. German printers had the disadvantage of working with the complex typeface that the Italians sneeringly referred to as "Gothic" and that later became known as black letter. Outside Germany, readers found this typeface disagreeable. The Italians, on the other hand, had a clear typeface known as roman that became the type of the future.⑤Hence, although the Germans made use of the paper revolution to introduce movable type, the Italians went far to regain the initiative by their artistry. By 1500 there were printing firms in 60 German cities, but there were 150 presses in Venice alone. However, since many nations and governments wanted their own presses, the trade quickly became international. The cumulative impact of this industrial spread was spectacular. Before printing, only the very largest libraries, of which there were a dozen in Europe, had as many as 600 books. The total number of books on the entire Continent was well under 100,000. But by 1500, after only 45 years of the printed book, there were 9 million in circulation.译文活字印刷①没有什么比活字印刷更能够将欧洲的中世纪和近代早期区分开来。
TPO49大作文
Like the saying goes, “Life without friends is just like desert”. The more friends we have, the more support we can get. While many people attach more importance to developing the ability of making new friends within a short period of time, I believed that the ability of maintaining friendship with a small group of people over a long period of time for happiness is more significant.First and foremost, old friends create easy atmosphere for you. This is because they easily know your likes and dislikes. So, there will be probably fewer barriers that can prevent you from exchanging ideas in a easy way..Let’s understand it in this way, when you are with new friends, you have to be careful with “des and dons”, but spending time with old friends, it is a totally different story. They enable us to enjoy the free atmosphere and this kind of happiness may be stay longer in your memories.Second, old friends are mostly loyal to you. Old friends are those who have been through many ups and downs with you, which means that, they know you well and will never leave you when you are down. For example if a person, who calls him/herself your best friend always intends to take advantage of you, he/she may be your new ‘friend’ just for a short period of time, but will ultimately abandon you at the moment when something adverse happens. In contrast , with old friends , nothing like that will happen in the similar situation. Everyone wants tostay with those who truly care about you. An old friend may not as friendly as you expect, and sometimes, he/she may point out your mistakes .but he is truly loyal to you. With the fidelity, your friendship will definitely last for a long time. Maybe you do not feel happy at first, but as the time goes by, you will gradually feel the warmth and happiness, which are untellable and uniquely different from the feelings coming from new friends.Some people may think that “the more friends I have, the more support and happiness I can get. So it is necessary to make as many friends as possible I can in a short time to expand my social sphere “. Such opinions are right in the front half of the sentence and totally wrong in the remaining. Making more friends is good, but the quality of your friendship is essential too. A real friend can give you support and real happiness while others may just give you support when you are in good condition or they make friends with you for some special purpose, and this way your happiness will always be temporary.So as you can see, true happiness only comes from the person that really cares about you, and the happiness that can’t be felt at first but can be gradually be felt as the time goes by is your real happiness。
托福听力tpo49 section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture3 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture4 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Conversation2原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and a professor.MALE PROFESSOR:Oh hi Melanie,how are you doing?FEMALE STUDENT:I'm good thanks.I just have some questions about this paper,for your class.Do you have a second to talk about it now?MALE PROFESSOR:Oh yes,no problem;I have about20minutes before my next class.Will that be enough time?FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah I think so.Okay so the thing is,you know,okay I'm writing my paper on the history of jazz in New York City.MALE PROFESSOR:Alright,well that's a pretty broad subject.FEMALE STUDENT:Well actually I'm focusing on a specific decade–the50s–and on and I’m only doing it on a few specific artists.MALE PROFESSOR:Oh okay–because I was going to say that seemed a bit,ah,too ambitious for a10page paper.FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah.No,it's not the subject I'm having trouble with–actually the paper is practically writing itself,I mean I’ve got a lot to say and it’s going pretty well.The thing is,I have this idea…that might make it better and I was wondering if there’s any way I could get an extension…I mean I know it’s due next week right?MALE PROFESSOR:That's right,on Monday.But I don't understand,it sounds like you’re doing so well;why do you need more time?FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah well,I could write the paper as it is and turn it in on time and it would be fine…MALE PROFESSOR:But…?FEMALE STUDENT:But I was just talking to one of my friends,whose family has lived in New York forever,and it turns out that her grandfather was actually there in the period of jazz I'm writing about–I mean he was a jazz musician and he actually,like personally knew the artists I'm writing about.MALE PROFESSOR:You're kidding!Well that’s a coincidence.FEMALE STUDENT:Yeah,I know,it's cool,right?So anyway,that's why I waswondering if I could get an extension,because I thought it would be really great if I could like,interview him,for my paper…MALE PROFESSOR:Ah.FEMALE STUDENT:But I don’t think I can meet with him until early next week,so [trailing off]…MALE PROFESSOR:Ah I see,well!It would certainly add a new dimension to your paper,wouldn’t it?Have you talked with this gentleman yet?FEMALE STUDENT:Um,no,but I talked to my friend,just,you know ran the idea past her,and she said he would probably love to do it.But,you know,he's busy until next week.MALE PROFESSOR:Okay well,yeah!I think that in this case we can definitely extend your deadline until,let’s say,Friday next week?FEMALE STUDENT:Okay that would be great.MALE PROFESSOR:But just to be fair,why don't you turn in an outline of your paper on the due date.FEMALE STUDENT:The outline...oh that's no problem.It's basically done except for the parts about the interview...MALE PROFESSOR:Oh yeah...the interview.Could you have the questions ready then too...the ones you’re planning on asking?FEMALE STUDENT:Sure,yeah I can do that,too.MALE PROFESSOR:And then I'll expect the final draft next Friday.FEMALE STUDENT:Okay great!Thanks.MALE PROFESSOR:Sure,I'm looking forward to reading it!题目1.Why does the student go to see the professor?A.To ask if she can interview him for her paperB.To ask permission to extend the length of her paperC.To ask permission to change the topic of her paperD.To ask for more time to finish her paper2.What can be inferred about the student's work on her paper so far?A.She received a lot of help on the paper from professional musicians.B.She has found enough information to complete the paper.C.She did not start working on the paper early enough.D.She is having difficulty finding sources for the paper.3.Why does the student want to interview her friend's grandfather?A.He has written articles about jazz music in New York City.B.He has recordings of the musicians discussed in the woman's paper.C.He owned a historic jazz club in New York City.D.He was a jazz musician during the1950s.4.What does the professor ask the student to do on the original due date of the paper?[Click on two answers.]A.Turn in her first draftB.Hand in an outlineC.Submit interview questionsD.Confirm that she has scheduled an interview5.Why does the student say this:Professor:All right.Well,that's a pretty broad subject.Student:Well,actually I'm focusing on a specific decade,the50s.A.To address the professor's concernB.To explain a change in her approach to her paperC.To restate the professor's pointD.To request approval of her topic答案D B D BC A译文旁白：听一段学生和教授之间的对话。
托福听力tpo49 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo49lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (17)答案 (19)译文 (19)Lecture4 (21)原文 (21)题目 (23)答案 (25)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Alaska is fascinating to geologists because of its incrediblelandscapes.Uh,permafrost has a lot to do with this.That is,the areas where the ground—the soil—is always frozen,except for the very top layer—what we call the active layer of permafrost—which melts in the summer and refreezes again in the winter.The northern part of Alaska is covered in lakes—thousands of them—and most of these are what we call thaw lakes.T-h-a-w.Thaw lakes.I'm gonna show you a few sketches of them in a minute,so you'll have a good idea of what I'm talking about.So, how these thaw lakes are formed has to do with…OK,it starts with ice wedges.The top part of the ice wedge melts—Should I back up?Ice wedges form when water runs into cracks in the ground,the permafrost,then freezes.You ever see mud after it dries?Dried mud has cracks,because when it dries, it contracts,it shrinks.Well,in winter,permafrost behaves similarly.It shrinks in winter,because it freezes even more thoroughly then,and as it shrinks,it forms deep,deep cracks.Then in the summer,when the active layer—the top layer of the permafrost—melts,the melt water runs into those cracks in the permafrost,then freezes again—because that ground,the ground beneath the active layer,is still below freezing.So,you have wedges of ice in the permafrost.Now the ice wedges widen the original cracks in the permafrost,because water expands when it freezes.All right?OK,then in autumn,the active layer on top freezes again.Then in winter,the permafrost starts contracting again and the cracks open up even wider.So the next summer,when the active layer melts again and flows into the widened cracks…and…freezes…it makes the cracks even wider.So it’s sort of a cycle through which the cracks and the wedges grow wider and wider.So when the ice wedge reaches a certain size,its top part—in the active layer—turns into a little pond when it melts in the summer.And that's the beginning of your thaw lake.[pause]There are thousands of them in northern Alaska.One of the most fascinating things about these lakes—and this is important—is that they mostly havethe same shape.Like an elongated oval,or egg shape.And what's more,all the ovals are oriented in the same way.Here's an idea of what they look like,what the landscape looks like from an aerial view,with the lakes side by side.There's been considerable research done to try to figure out what causes them to be shaped and oriented this way.We know that the shape and orientation are caused by the way the lakes grow once they're formed,but the question is,what makes them grow this way?One theory sees winds as the cause.This region of Alaska has strong winds that blow perpendicular to the lakes.What happens is,wind blows straight into the longer side of the lakes.Now,wouldn’t that erode the lake bank in that direction?The same direction as the wind?Well…no.Actually,what happens is that the waves caused by the winds build a sorta protective layer of sediment—it's called a“protective shelf”—along the bank of the lake directly in front of them;so that bank is shielded from erosion,and the waves are diverted to the sides,to the left and to the right,and that’s why the left and the right banks start eroding.Get it?The bank straight ahead is protected,but the lake currents--the waves--erode the banks to the sides.That's the current model,um,the wind erosion model,which is generally accepted.But,there's a new theory that says that[deliberately]thaw slumping,not wind,is what shapes the thaw lakes.Thaw slumping,um…OK.Sometimes,in the summer,the temperature rises pretty quickly.So the active layer of permafrost thaws faster than the water can drain from the soil.So the sides of the thaw lakes get,like,mushy,and slump,or slide,into the lake.Then,the lake water spreads out more,and the lake gets bigger,OK?Also,in that part of Alaska,the terrain is gently sloped,so the lakes are all on an incline.Here.Now,this is an exaggeration of the angle—the hill isn't this steep—butsee how with the lake's banks,the side that is farther downhill…it's smaller,lower. This short bank thaws faster than the tall one does,so it falls into the lake—it slumps, much more and much faster than the other bank.When the short banks of many lakes slump,they move farther downhill and the lakes grow—all in the same downhill direction.This is a new theory,so it hasn't been tested much yet.In field studies,when we've looked at the banks of these thaw lakes,there's not much evidence of slumping. We'd expect to see cliff-like formations there,from the slumping,but we haven't really found many of those.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?[Click on two answers.]A.To contrast how different kinds of thaw lakes growB.To explain why a new theory of thaw lakes is gaining acceptanceC.To explain how processes in permafrost lead to the formation of thaw lakesD.To describe two competing theories about the growth of thaw lakes2.The professor explains thaw lake formation as a cycle of events that occur repeatedly.Summarize this cycle,starting with the event filled in below.[Click on a sentence.Then drag it to the space where it belongs.The first one is done for you. One sentence will not be used]A.Meltwater flows into cracks in permafrostB.Ice wedges inside permafrost completely meltC.Freezing water expands cracks in permafrostD.Ice in the active layer melts as temperatures riseE.Permafrost shrinks and cracks as temperatures drop..3.What is the significance of the'protective shelf'discussed by the professor?A.It prevents the slumping of lake banks.B.It shields the lake surface from strong winds.C.It redirects the waves to lake banks that do not face the wind.D.It allows the lakes to grow in the same direction as the wind blows.4.According to the thaw slumping model,which side of a thaw lake grows fastest?A.The side where the bank is shortestB.The side least exposed to windC.The side that is at the highest elevationD.The side opposite the protective shelf5.What is the professor's opinion of the thaw slumping model?A.He thinks it was urgently needed.B.He is not convinced that it has a firm basis.C.He thinks it would be better if it were simplified.D.He does not think it is very different from the old model.6.Why does the professor say this:You ever see mud after it dries?A.He wants some information from the students.B.He thinks that the students may find an example helpful.C.He realizes that he forgot to mention an important topic.D.He wants to point out an important difference between frozen ground and dry ground.答案CD EDACB C A B B译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福TPO49口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49口语Task3阅读文本： Make Textbook List Available Earlier Students always have to wait until the beginning of the semester to find out which textbooks they will need for their new courses. But since a lot of students register early for their courses, I think that the list for each course should be available immediately at the time of registration.This would give students more time to shop around to find less expensive textbooks. And it would also allow them to start work on the reading for their new courses early. Alexandra Brown 托福TPO49口语Task3听力文本： Narrator: Now listen to two students discussing the letter. Man: Hey, did you see Alexandra’s letter? Girl: Yeah, what do you think? Man: Well, it’s great. She really makes some good points, like the thing with the university bookstore is, if you buy a brand new textbook, it can be pretty expensive and they usually have only a few used textbooks around. They’re cheaper of course, but they sell out quickly. Girl: That’s true. Man: So this would give students time to look around on their own. You know, maybe they could find the books they need online, get books a few months ahead of time using the internet. Girl: I agree. Man: So this way students might be able to save a little money. Girl: Right, so what do you think about the second point, about the reading assignment? Man: I agree with that, too. It just makes a lot of sense, because things get really busy when the semester first starts and it can be hard to find time to keepup with all of the assignments, but students usually have some free time right before the start of the semester. Girl: So we’d have a good opportunity to do some preparation. Man: Exactly. 托福TPO49口语Task3题目： The man expresses his opinion about the proposal described in the letter. Briefly summarize the proposal. Then state his opinion about the proposal and explain the reasons he gives for holding that opinion. 托福TPO49口语Task3满分范文： In the letter, Alexandra proposes the school to offer the list of textbooks needed for each course earlier. In this way, students can have more time to find cheaper textbooks and start working on their new courses early. In the conversation, the man supports her proposal. The man states that brand new textbooks are usually expensive and the used one, which are much cheaper, sell out quickly. And if the book list are available earlier, students may be able to get textbook online with less money. In addition, the man agree that at the beginning of each semester, students are often quite busy, hard to keep up with all the assignments. If they can have the textbooks earlier, they may have more time to make preparation ahead of the semester. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO49口语Task3阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO49口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49口语Task6听力文本： Narrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a biology class. Professor: So of course many animals live in groups with others of their species. And there are benefits to living together in groups. It can help animals survive. But there are also certain disadvantages. So today we are going to talk about two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. One disadvantage is that animals that live in groups may be more visible to predators. If there's a big group of animals, predators are more likely to spot them than they would an individual animal on its own. So sometimes animals in a group may be more vulnerable to being captured by predators. For instance, Sardines, really small fish, swim in groups, and other larger ocean animals, like some kind of whales, eat them. So while a whale probably wouldn’t notice one Sardine, it would see a group of Sardines very easily and thus be able to capture them for food. Another disadvantage has to do with caring for the young. In a large group, there are a lot of young animals around and it can be difficult for animals to find or identify their own young. And they may end up taking care of other animals to young instead. So their own young may not get the care they need. For example, some bats live in caves. And with one type of bat, millions of them live together in the same cave. And with young bats so crowded together in the cave. It's sometimes hard for a mother bat to find her babies. So when a mother bat returns from finding food to feed her babies, she might end up feeding the babies of another mother bat, meaning her own babies don’t get fed. 托福TPO49口语Task6题目： Using points and examples from the lecture, explain two disadvantages of living in groups for animals. 托福TPO49口语Task6满分范文： The lecture is focusing on two disadvantages of living in a group for animals. One disadvantage is that animals living in groups are more visible and vulnerable to predators. Take sardines as an example. They swim in groups and they are prey for some large animals such as whales. Although it may be hard for a whale to notice one little Sardine, it is able to see a group of them and capture them for food. Another disadvantage is that living in groups set great barriers for animals to identify their own young and thus have them in good care. For example, one type of bats live togetherin the same cave with millions of them. With too much bats in the same cave, a mother bat may find it’s hard to find her own baby and she may end up feeding the babies of another mother bat, leaving her own babies with no food. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO49口语Task6听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福作文T49：面对面交流更重要吗
【托福福作⽂185篇真题范⽂专项练习】 Topic49：你是否觉得⾯对⾯交流要⽐其他⽅式更有效？ Topic49 Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer..［托福参看范⽂之⼀］ Topic: 49 There are many different ways of communications, such as letters, emails, or telephone calls. However face-to-face communication still remains the most efficient way of communication between people. Firstly, in face-to-face communication people can get direct response from the other party. When we talk with our friends, we can get feedback immediately from their verbal response, body language and facial expressions. Based on these responses, we can know what's the next step to take, such as how to carry on the conversation, and change the direction or finish the conversation if necessary. Sometimes, speaking words and body languages may not mean the same thing.Although we can hear words from a telephone conversation from our friends but we do not always know if they really mean it. This is also true in criminal inspections. Police inspectors can judge whether the suspect is telling the truth through his or her body languages, therefore get new clues and solve a criminal case more quickly. Thus, face-to-face communication is more perceptible and can help us understand a speaker's true feeling better than other ways of communication.Secondly, face-to-face communication is the most helpful way to express ourselves. In communication it is just not enough for us to say the words; we need eye contact, body language to express our feelings. Sometimes we are so happy or angry that we are out of words. At these times, there is nothing more efficient to express our happiness or anger than a big hug or turn our face to another side. When we are a tourist in a foreign country, language is not always enough, and gesticulations might help us get understood more quickly. We can order in a restaurant by simply pointing our fingers to the menu when we do not know how to pronounce an item exactly.Finally, face-to-face communication is indispensable in situations such as a relationship. Lovers need body contact such as a hug, a kiss and more, which cannot be done in letters or emails. Although lovers can use letters or emails to communicate, being apart for a long time is definitely not beneficial to a relationship.In brief, face-to-face communication is a very important way for us. It is good for better understanding. It is more visible, direct and more effective than any other ways.［托福参看范⽂之⼆］ I would have to agree that face-to-face communication is the best type of communication. Faceto-face communication can eliminate misunderstandings immediately, cement relationships, and encourage continued interaction. If you are talking to someone directly, you can see right away if they don't understand you. A person's body language will tell you they disagree or don't follow your line of thought. You can repeat yourself or paraphrase your argument. If you had sent an e-mail, the person may have misinterpreted what you wanted to say. He or she could be insulted and you would have to waste time explaining yourself in another e-mail.When you talk face-to-face, you communicate with more than words. You communicate with your eyes and your hands. You communicate with your whole body. People can sense that you really want to communicate with them. This energy bonds people together. Your relationship with a person can grow much stronger when you communicate in person.Face-to-face encounters tend to go on longer than other forms of communication. An e-mail lasts a second; a telephone call, a few minutes. However, when you meet face-to-face, you've made an effort to meet with the person, and the person has made an effort to meet with you. You will probably spend longer together talking. The longer you talk, the more you say. The more you say, the stronger your relationship will be.In summary, if you want to establish a relationship with another human being, the best way is talking face-to-face. When you communicate directly, you can avoid misunderstandings that may occur in writing. You can communicate on levels other than just words and you can spend more time doing it. ［托福参看范⽂之三］ With the rapid growth of high technology, computer, telephone and other communication tools have become more and more important in our daily life, so what people have gradually ignored face to face communications.If I were asked whether face-to-face communication is better than other forms of communications, such as email, phone calls or letters, I would choose email and phone calls. Here I am going to enumerate some reasons to support my choice.The main reason is that communication by telephone or by e-mail is more convenient. There is no need to make appointment with friends before meetings; all you need is just to remember their phone numbers or email addresses. Wherever you are and whenever it will be, communication is as easy as face-to-face talking. Moreover, it is more efficient for people to communicate.Another important reason is that the way people connect by email can make more friends. I have many friends on the Internet and we communicate each other regularly, so I have gained more information and knowledge in many other fields.Last but not least, indirect communication such as emails and phone calls can avoid direct confrontation and embarrassment. Sometimes we may not feel comfortable to borrow something or ask for a favor from our friends, because we do not know their reactions. At this time, an email or a phone call can be more convenient and can avoid embarrassment.If all these factors are contemplated ,the advantages of communication through email or telephone carry more weight than those of face-to-face communication。
tpo49task1范文
雅思写作Task1饼状图考官范文怎么写？According to the given data, more than 70% expenditure was in housing in 1950。
The second most expenditure in this country was in food。
All other expenditures including health care, education, transportation etc。
were less than 20% in total。
After 60 years the trends of expenditure in this country significantly changed。
Peoples expenditure in housing decreased to only 22% while the expenditure for food increased to 34%。
谁能给一篇托福口语Task1的回答例文？题目：What is the most efficient type of transportation in your country? Explain why you think it is efficient。
Include specific reasons and examples。
回答：The most efficient type of transportation in my country is the railway train。
Now that Chinas building Rapid Railway tracks all around the country, the speed of trains would be increased by hundreds of kilometers per hour, which makes train traveling even more efficient。
托福TPO49阅读原文+题目
小编发布托福TPO49阅读本文+答案，希望帮助考生对照文本更好的研究真题，充分备考，争取理想成绩，实现留学梦想。
1Mating Songs of FrogsThe calling or singing of frogs plays an important role in theirreproduction—specifically, in helping individuals find and select mates. Soundhas many advantages as a communication signal.When sounds are broadcast, theauditory receptors do not need to be in a particular orientation relative to thesound source in order to receive stimulation. Loud songs, particularly thosemade by choruses of frogs calling together, can travel long distances and thusattract distant frogs.Sounds travel around large obstacles. These advantages arenot found in the visual modality,where the receiver must be attentive and haveits visual receptor orientated in the correct direction.Further, most frogs andtoads breed at night, when light levels are low but sounds can be easilylocalized. We can conclude that auditory signals are used by frogs and toadsbecause they can be effective over long distances at night.Male frogs do most of the courtship calling. Other male frogs can respondby adding their voices to form a calling chorus. Male frogs can also vocalize toeach other as part of aggressive displays.Aggressive calls can be distinct fromthe advertisement calls used to attract females. Females can respond to malesongs by moving toward the sound source or by selecting certain males asreproductive partners. In some species females also respond to males by calling:receptive pairs can even perform duets. Predators may also cue in on callingfrogs as potential prey.Frog songs contain several potentially important piecesof information about the calling male.First, sound amplitude can indicate thesize of the individual that is Galling. Since many frogs exhibit indeterminate growth (i.e., they keep getting bigger as they get older), size is a good predictor of relative age. In many species, call amplitude is increased by specialized vocal sacs that can enlarge as the animal grows; thus, older frogs produce louder calls. The male’s age matters to the female because older frogs have successfully survived the environmental hazards that the offspring they sire will soon be facing. Amplitude can also convey information on how far away the calling frog is or, for choruses, how many frogs are calling together. An intensely vocalizing chorus may indicate a particularly favorable breeding site. Sound amplitude(subjectively: loudness) can be an ambiguous cue for a female, however. A very intense sound can indicate an old male at some distance or a younger male that is close. A close, small chorus could be confused with a louder chorus that is farther away.Sound frequencies-or pitch-can also convey information about the callingmale because the vocal apparatus grows larger as the frog grows older. In some frogs, the pitch of individual sounds varies with so that older and larger males give lower-pitched calls. Sound pitch is affected by temperature; small males can mimic the lower pitch of larger, older males by calling from colder locations. Finally, the length of time that an individual can afford to spend calling is a good indicator of his health. Many frogs invest considerable energy in calling, both because they do not feed and because it is a physically demanding behavior that relies on rapid muscular contractions of the vocalization apparatus. This effort can be debilitating in a male frog that is not in top physical condition. Calling in tree frogs is said to be the most。
托福阅读tpo49R-1原文+译文+题目+答案+背景知识
tpo49阅读-1Ancient Coastlines原文 (1)译文 (2)题目 (3)答案 (8)背景知识 (8)原文Ancient Coastlines①Information on past climates is of primary relevance to archaeology because of what it tells us about the effects on the land and on the resources that people needed to survive. The most crucial effect of climate was on the sheer quantity of land available in each period, measurable by studying ancient coastlines. These have changed constantly through time, even in relatively recent periods, as can be seen from the Neolithic stone circle of Er Lannic, in Brittany, France (once inland but now half submerged on an island) or medieval villages in east Yorkshire, England, that have tumbled into the sea in the last few centuries as the North Sea gnaws its way westward and erodes the cliffs. Conversely, silts deposited by rivers sometimes push the sea farther back, creating new land, as at Ephesus in western Turkey, a port on the coast in Roman times but today some five kilometers inland.②Nevertheless, for archeologists concerned with the long periods of time of the Paleolithic period, there are variations in coastlines of much greater magnitude to consider. The expansion and contraction of the continental glaciers caused huge and uneven rises and falls in sea levels worldwide. When the ice sheets grew, the sea level would drop as water became locked up in the glaciers; when the ice melted, the sea level would rise again. Falls in sea level often exposed a number of important land bridges, such as those linking Alaska to northeast Asia and Britain to northwest Europe, a phenomenon with far-reaching effects not only on human colonization of the globe but also on the environment as a whole - the flora and fauna of isolated or insular areas were radically and often irreversibly affected. Between Alaska and Asia today lies the Bering Strait, which is so shallow that a fall in sea level of only four meters would turn it into a land bridge. When the ice sheets were at their greatest extent some 18,000 years ago (the glacier maximum), it is thought that the fall was about 120 meters, which therefore created not merely a bridge but a vast plain,1,000 kilometers from the north to the south, which has been called Beringia. The existence of Beringia (and the extent to which it could have supported human life) is one of the crucial pieces of evidence in the continuing debate about the likely route and date of human colonization of the New World.③The assessment of past rises and falls in sea level requires study of submerged land surfaces off the coast and of raised or elevated beaches on land. Raised beaches are remnants of former coastlines at higher levels relative to the present shoreline and visible, for instance, along the Californian coast north of San Francisco. The height of a raised beach above the present shoreline, however, does not generally give a straightforward indication of the height of a former sea level. In the majority of cases, the beaches lie at a higher level because the land has been raised up through isostatic uplift or tectonic movement. Isostatic uplift of the land occurs when the weight of ice is removed as temperatures rise, as at the end of an ice age; it has affected coastlines, for example, in Scandinavia, Scotland, Alaska, and Newfoundland during the postglacial period. Tectonic movements involve displacements in the plates that make up Earth’s crust. Middle and Late Pleistocene raised beaches in the Mediterranean are one instance of such movements.④Raised beaches often consist of areas of sand, pebbles, or dunes, sometimes containing seashells or piles of debris comprising shells and bones of marine animals used by humans. In Tokyo Bay, for example, shell mounds of the Jomon period (about 10,000 to 300 B.C.E.)mark the position of the shoreline at a time of maximum inundation by the sea (6,500-5,500 years ago),when, through tectonic movement, the sea was three to five meters higher in relation to the contemporary landmass of Japan than at present. Analysis of the shells themselves has confirmed the changes in marine topography, for it is only during the maximum phase that subtropical species of mollusc are present, indicating a higher water temperature.译文古海岸线①关于过去气候的资料主要与考古学有关，因为考古学能告诉我们过去气候对陆地以及人们生存所需的各种资源的影响。
托福TPO49口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49口语Task4阅读文本： Procedural Memory The memories people form when they learn names and facts are different from the memories they form when they learn how to perform a task.These memories of performing particular actions are called procedural memories. Procedural memories are memories of the process of performing a task that become automatic with practice. Once a task has been practiced, or repeated many times, procedural memories are established.These procedural memories allow people to perform the action automatically and to recall it relatively easily many years later. 托福TPO49口语Task4听力文本： Narrator:Now listen to part of a lecture on this topic from a psychology class. Professor: I've experienced this kind of thing myself. When I was a boy, I took guitar lessons. And in my first lessons, my guitar teacher, she showed me how to hold the guitar and how to place my fingers on the strings. Every day when I got home, I would play the guitar for hours. And after a couple years spending time like this playing at home, I can just pick up my guitar and play music without thinking about it. But after college, I stopped playing. And for years, I never played or even picked up a guitar. Then the other day I found my old guitar. I was amazed to discover that when I picked it up I knew how to play, even though I hadn’t played for years. I just picked it up and right away I found that I still knew where to place my fingers to play the right notes. Now I couldn’t explain to you exactly how I was moving each finger or exactly why I had to press the string at one point and not another, but I could still play my favorite songs. 托福TPO49口语Task4题目： Explain how the example from the lecture illustrates the concept of procedural memory. 托福TPO49口语Task4满分范文： Procedural memory refers to the memory of performing a task that become automaticwith practice. The professor uses his own experience as an example to explain this term. When he was a little boy, he took guitar lessons, where his teacher taught him the way to hold guitar and place his finger on the strings. After several years’repetitive practice, he was able to play guitar automatically. Then one day, he found his guitar and was so surprised that he still knew how to play the guitar, even though he had stopped playing guitar for years after college. This explain that procedural memories enable people to perform a task automatically with less difficulties. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO49口语Task4阅读文本+听力文本+题目+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
托福TPO49听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49听力Conversation1文本 Listen to a conversation between a student and a librarian. Student: Hi, I need to get into special collections, in particular the British Literature.I was working with some of the William Blake books. Librarian: Well, then you must know that access is restricted. Student: Um, I was in a seminar with Professor Gray and she authorized access for us. Librarian: Oh, if that's the case, let me check.Right. Yeah. But it looks like that expired at the end of last semester Student: But I really need to get back in there.See...I didn't quite finish my project. Librarian: Aha! The plot thickens.Well, it's easy enough.Have Professor Gray authorize you again.You see, these editions are rare and shouldn't be handled more than necessary.Can you work from later editions or microfilm? Student: Not really. Actually my project...Well, it involves some annotations in the particular edition here.They haven't been reproduced because they are really not part of the text.You know, they generally clean them up.They are quite hard to see. Librarian: Well, often the characteristics of the manuscripts have been recorded.These types of extraneous markings might also be noted. Student: I don't think they are.They are very faint, and, well, I think I have a new angle on them.There was a study once a long time ago about these notes that everybody else has taken for granted without checking for themselves.I think there might have been a mistake in the past, that they were misread. Librarian: So get Professor Gray... Student: Uh...she's away this semester I had to beg her to give me extra time on this project.I haven't even received a grade in the class yet.And this class is a prerequisite for other classes in my major.I really need to see those books so I can finish this project and get back on course to graduate on time. Librarian: Everybody has special circumstances. Student: Two hours? One hour?I promise to be careful.I just need to look at a few pages with a strong magnifying glass. Librarian: Well, I can’t let you in without authorization from your professor.Can you get in touch with her somehow? Student: Maybe she'd be checking her email.I really thought I would be able to straighten this out without her.You know, she did me a huge favor by giving me the extra time.I feel like I'm skating on thin ice with her. Librarian: You know, you were lucky to have had permission to look at the books last semester.If we don't maintain our policies, they'll disintegrate. Student: I know. Would an email from her or a phone call be good enough? Librarian: Of course. 托福TPO49听力Conversation1题目 1.What are the speakers mainly discussing? A. The student’s difficulties locating sources for a research project B. The topic of the student’s research project C. The student’s request to visit a particular part of the library D. Procedures for requesting different editions of a book 2.Why is the student unable to use later editions or reproductions of a book he mentions? A. The later editions contain errors. B. Professor Gray specified the use of a particular edition. C. The later editions must be requested from another library. D. Reproductions typically omit the specific material he needs. 3.Why is the student reluctant to contact Professor Gray?。
托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文文本： In recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for the ecosystems in which frogs live; for example, frogs help play a role in protecting humans by eating disease-carrying insects. Several methods have been proposed to solve the problem of declining frog populations. First, frogs are being harmed by pesticides, which are chemicals used to prevent insects from damaging farm crops such as corn and sugarcane. Pesticides often spread from farmland into neighboring frog habitats. Once pesticides enter a frog’s body, they attack the nervous system, leading to severe breathing problems. If laws prohibited the farmers from using harmful pesticides near sensitive frog populations, it would significantly reduce the harm pesticides cause to frogs. A second major factor in frog population decline is a fungus that has spread around the world with deadly effect. The fungus causes thickening of the skin, and since frogs use their skin to absorb water, infected frogs die of dehydration. Recently, researchers have discovered several ways to treat or prevent infection, including antifungal medication and treatments that kill the fungus with heat. Those treatments, if applied on a large scale, would protect sensitive frog populations from infection. Third, in a great many cases, frog populations are in decline simply because their natural habitats are threatened. Since most frog species lay their eggs in water, they are dependent on water and wetland habitats. Many such habitats are threatened by human activities, including excessive water use or the draining of wetlands to make them suitable for development. If key water habitats such as lakes and marshes were better protected from excessive water use and development, many frog species would recover. 托福TPO48综合写作听力原文文本： None of the methods proposed in the reading offers a practical solution for slowing down the decline in frog populations. There are problems with each of the methods you read about. First, seriously reducing pesticides in agricultural areas with threatened frog populations is not economically practical or fair. Farmers rely on pesticides to decrease crop losses and stay competitive in the market. If farmers in areas that are close to endangered frog populations have to follow stricter regulations regarding pesticide use, then those farmers would be at a severe disadvantage compared to farmers in other areas. They would likely lose more crops and have a lower yield than competing farms. Second, the new treatments against the skin fungus you read about? Let me explain a couple of problems with this plan. The treatments must be applied individually to each frog. And so using them on a large scale is extremely difficult. It requires capturing and treating each individual frog in a population. Moreover, the treatments do not prevent the frogs from passing the fungus onto their offspring. So the treatments would have to be applied again and again to each new generation of frogs. So applying these treatments would be incredibly complicated and expensive. Third, while it's a good idea to protect lakes and marshes from excessive water use and development, that will not save frog populations. You see, water use and development are not the biggest threats to water and wetland habitats. The real threat is global warming. In recent decades, global warming has contributed to the disappearance of many water and wetland habitats, causing entire species to go extinct. Prohibiting humans from using water or building near frog habitats is unlikely to prevent the ongoing habitat changes caused by global warming. 托福TPO48综合写作满分范文： The lecturer argues against the three measures mentioned in the reading passage to solve the problem of declining frog populations. Firstly, the reading passage argues law should be established to prohibit the farmers from applying harmful pesticides near sensitive frog populations. The lecturer, however, argues that the first measure is not economically pragmatic or fair. Farmers who have to obey stricter regulations regarding pesticide use near endangered frog populations will be less competitive than farmers in other areas and have a lower yield. Regarding the second method of treating or preventing infection, including antifungal medication and heat treatments, the lecturer explains that it is extremely hard to capture each individual frog and apply these treatments on a large scale. Besides, the fungus cannot be stopped from passing onto the next generation, so the whole project will incredibly costly. Finally, the lecturer objects to the third proposal that human being should refrain from activities such as using excessive water or draining wetlands. She points out that the real threat to frog habitats is global warming which has contributed to the disappearance of many water and wetland habitats. Therefore, forbidding humans from using water or building near frog habitats is impossible to reverse the ongoing habitat losses triggered by global warming. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO48综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO49综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO49综合写作阅读原文文本： Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility. First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity--a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation. Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances. Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by. 托福TPO49综合写作听力原文文本： Professor: The theory that humpback whales use the stars to navigate the open seas is a fascinating one, but the evidence supporting the theory is not very convincing. First, there doesn’t seem to be any real connection between intelligence and an animal's ability to use stars for navigation. You know, there are other animals that use stars to navigate. Some birds have this ability, like ducks for example. Now the general cognitive ability of ducks is only average. They are not highly intelligent. The fact that the ducks evolved the ability to use stars for navigation does not seem to have much of a connection to their overall intelligence. It's just an instinct they were born with, not a sign of intelligence. So the fact that humpback whales happen to be intelligent does not make them particularly likely to use stars for navigation. The two things just don't seem to be connected. Second, there may be a different explanation for the humpback whale’s abilityto navigate in straight lines. Remember that for animals to be able to do this, they have to sense some external object or force. Well, the external force the whales could be sensing is Earth’s magnetic field. Humpback whales have a substance in their brains called biomagnetite. Generally, the presence of biomagnetite in an animal’s body makes that animal sensitive to Earth’s magnetic field. The fact that there’s biomagnetite in the brains of humpback whales suggests that they orient themselves by the magnetic field rather than the stars when they migrate.Third, spyhopping probably has nothing to do with looking at stars. Spyhopping is rare, but there are other animals that exhibit it. Some sharks do it, for example. But sharks don't migrate or look at stars. Sharks spyhop to look for animals they want to hunt. And another thing, humpback whales often spyhop during the day, when no stars can be seen. So to suggest that the function of spyhopping is to look at stars is pure speculation. 托福TPO49综合写作满分范文： In the reading passage, the author states that humpback whales may navigate by stars to migrate long distances. However, the professor refutes this idea and thinks the reasons listed in the reading are unconvincing. First of all, the author claims that humpback whales are intelligent enough to navigate by stars, while the professor states that there is no correlation between intelligence and an animal’s ability to use stars for navigation. For example, some birds such as ducks evolved the ability for navigation by stars. And ducks are only of general cognitive ability, not as advanced as humpback whales’. So, it seems that there is no real connection between intelligence and the ability to use stars for navigation. In addition, the author argues that humpback whales have no land features in the ocean to help them migrate in straight lines for long distance. So, they have to rely on stars. However, the professor challenges this statement by pointing out that the presence of biomagnetite in the brains of humpback whales enables them to be sensitive to Earth’s magnetic field. It is Earth’s magnetic field that helps humpback whales to migrate. Finally, the professor cast doubt on what is stated in the reading that humpback whales look at the stars through spy-hopping, which is a rare behavior among marine animals. He claims that there is no connection between spy-hopping and looking at stars since there are other animals exhibit this behavior but do not migrate, such as sharks. Also, humpback whales do spyhop during the day when there are no stars can be seen in the sky. So, the statement that humpback whales adopt spyhopping to look at stars is not convincing. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO49综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。