中医文化在英语翻译中的表达
中医的专业术语英文翻译
中医的专业术语英文翻译中医的专业术语英文翻译大家在写中医论文时候常常遇到一些不容易翻译的词汇，yjbys网整理了中医的专业术语英文翻译，方便大家写作。
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中国医药学：traditional Chinese medicine中医基础理论:basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine临床经验:clinical experience辨证论治:treatment based on syndrome differentiation本草:materia medica //medicinal herbs中药Chinese herbs四气五味:four properties and five tastes针灸acupuncture and moxibustion各家学说theories of different schools汗法: diaphoresis /diaphoretic therapy下法:purgative therapy吐法:emetic therapy补土派:school of invigorating the earth病因学说:theory of etiology养生:health-cultivation医疗实践medical practice治疗原则:therapeutic principles寒凉药物:herbs of cold and cool nature滋阴降火:nourishing yin to lower fire瘀血致病:disease caused by blood stasis先天之精:congenital essence气的运动变化:movement and changes of qi形与神俱:inseparability of the body and spirit神明: spirit/mental activity脏腑:zang-organs and fu-organs/viscera功能活动:functional activities形神统一:unity of the body and spirit阴阳失调:imbalance of yin and yang正邪相争:struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors 治未病prevention of disease调养 to cultivate health正气 healthy qi病邪 pathogenic factor疾病的防治 prevention and treatment of disease整体观念 concept of holism五脏five zang-organs六腑six fu-organs经络系统system of meridians and collaterals形神统一unity of the body and spirit有机整体organic wholeness表里关系exterior and interior relation开窍opening into生长化收藏five element function脉象pulse conditions正邪关系the states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi自然现象natural phenomena哲学概念philosophical concept对立统一unity and opposites相互消长mutual waning and waxing阴阳属性nature of yin and yang相互转化mutual transformation相互联系interrelation相互制约mutual restraint动态平衡dynamic balance阴平阳秘yin and yang in equilibrium阳消阴长 yang waning and yin waxing阴胜则阳病predominance of yin leading to disorder of yang 阳胜则热 predominance of yang generating heat寒极生热 extreme cold generating heat热极生寒extreme heat generating cold相反相成 opposite and supplementary to each other生理功能physiological functions病理变化pathological changes临床诊断clinical diagnosis有机整体organic wholeness/entirety正邪斗争struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors 绝对偏盛absolute predominance阳虚则寒yang deficiency leading to cold阳损及阴consumption of yang involving yin阴液不足insufficiency of yin-fluid病机pathogenesis五行学说theory of five elements运动变化motion and variation条达舒畅free development相生相克mutual generation and restriction生我我生to be generated and to generate克我我克to be restricted and to restrict生中有制restriction within generation克中有生generation within restriction木曰曲直Wood is characterized by growing freely and peripherally火曰炎上Fire is characterized by flaming up土曰稼穑Earth is characterized by cultivation and reaping金曰从革Metal is characterized by change水曰润下Water is characterized by moistening anddownward flowing方位配五行correspondence of the directions to the five elements相乘相侮over-restriction and reverse restriction土乘木The wood over-restrains the earth土虚木乘 Earth deficiency leading to over-restriction by wood 金虚木侮metal deficiency leading to counter-restriction by wood生克制化interrelationship between generation and restriction制则生化restriction ensuring generation传变transmission of disease母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ子病犯母disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ肝肾精血不足insufficiency of kidney and liver essence and blood肝阳上亢hyperactivity of liver yang藏象学说 theory of visceral manifestations五脏六腑 five zang-organs and six fu-organs奇恒之府 extraordinary fu-organs水谷精微 cereal nutrients传化水谷 transmissions and transformation of food贮藏精气 storage of essence表里关系 interior and exterior relationship治疗效应 curative effect临床实践 clinical practice藏而不泻 storage without excretion心肝血虚deficiency of heart and liver blood心肝火旺exuberance of heart and liver fire心火亢盛exuberance of heart fire滋肾养肝nourishing the kidney and liver肝阴不足insufficiency of the liver yin温肾健脾warming the kidney and strengthening the spleen 肾阳式微declination of kidney yang脾阳不振inactivation of spleen yang肝旺脾虚hyperactivity of the liver and weakness of the spleen 脾胃虚弱weakness of the spleen and stomach平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach水湿停聚retention of water-dampness肾阴不足insufficiency of kidney yin心肾不交disharmony between the heart and kidney水火不济discordance between water and fire阴阳俱损simultaneous consumption of yin and yang阴阳两虚simultaneous deficiency of both yin and yang损其有余reducing excess补其不足supplementing insufficiency阴中求阳obtaining yang from yin虚寒证deficiency-cold syndrome扶阳益火strengthening yang to increasing fire祛风散寒eliminating wind to dispersing cold消导积滞promoting digestion and removing food retention 潜阳息风suppressing yang to quench wind阴阳的互根互用interdependence of yin and yang相互依存interdependence。
中医英语术语翻译重点
中医英语术语翻译重点Last revision on 21 December 2020中医英语术语翻译重点天人相应Correspondence of human body and natural environment辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation针灸acupuncture and moxibustion寒凉药物herbs cold and cool in nature滋阴降火nourishing yin and reducing fire整体观念concept of holism开窍(of the five zang-organs) open into生长化收藏sprout, grow, transform, ripen and store同病异治different therapeutic methods used to treat the same disease异病同治same therapeutic method used to treating different diseases从阴引阳drawing yang from yin阴平阳秘balance of yin and yang寒极生热extreme cold generating heat热极生寒 extreme heat gernerating cold病机总纲general rule of pathogenesis祛风散寒eliminating wind and dispersing cold实则泻之treating excess syndromes with reduction虚寒证deficiency cold syndrome实热症 excess heat syndrome潜阳熄风suppressing yang and eliminating wind补其不足 supplement insufficiency泻其有余 reduce excess五行学说the theory of five elements木曰曲直wood characterized by bending and straightening火曰炎上fire characterized by flaring up土爰稼穑earth characterized by sowing and reaping金曰从革metal characterized by clearing and changing水曰润下water characterized by moistening and descending母病及子illness of mother viscera affecting the child one子病及母illness of child viscera affecting the mother one相乘相侮over restriction and counter-restriction心火亢盛exuberant fire in the heart肾阳式 of kidney yang平肝和胃soothing the liver and harmonizing the stomach水火不济between water and fire奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs藏象学说the theory of visceral manifestation藏而不泻storage without discharge泻而不藏discharge without storage形体诸窍physical build and various orifices其华在面the luster manifesting upon the face满而不实 full but not to be solid实而不满solid but not to be full心主血脉heart governing blood and vessels肺司呼吸lung controlling breathing脾主运化spleen governing transportation and transformation肝主疏泄liver controlling conveyance and dispersion肾主藏精kidney governing storing essence面色无华lusterless complexion汗血同源sweat and blood sharing the same origin升降出入ascending, descending, going out and going in宣发肃降dispersion, purification and descent后天之本acquired base of life肝气逆上upward adverse flow of liver qi先天之精innate essence奇恒之腑extraordinary fu-organs孤俯isolated fu-organ腐熟水谷digest water and food七冲门the seven important portals胆主决断The gallbladder is responsible for making judgment泌别清浊separating the lucid from the turbid大肠主津The large intestine governs thin body fluid小肠主液The small intestine governs thick body fluid先天禀赋innateness温养腑脏warming and nourishing the viscera津血同源body fluid and blood sharing the same origin气为血帅，血为气母Qi commands the blood and the blood carries qi. 益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse奇经八脉eight extraordinary vessels十二经筋tendons of the twelve regular meridians舒经活络soothing meridians and activating collaterals刺络拔罐collateral pricking and cupping therapy腠理闭塞stagnation of interstitial space湿邪困脾pathogenic dampness obstructing the spleen外感六淫six excesses pathogenic factors饮食劳倦mproper diet and overstrain阳常有余，阴常不足Yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient.四大经典Four GreatClassic:Huangdi s Canon of Medicine黄帝内经Classic of Difficulties难经Shennong s Classic of Materia Medica神农本草经Rreatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases伤寒杂病论四气four properties:cold,,hot,warm,cool五味five flavors:sour,bitter,sweet,pungent,salty(中药)七情seven conditions of ingredients in prescriptionsSingle effect,mutual reinforcement,mutual assistance,mutual restraint,mutual inhibition,mutual antagonism,mutual suppression寒凉派Liu Wansu-School of Cold and Cool攻下派Zhang Congzheng-School of Purgation补土派Li Gao-School of Reinforcing the Earth滋阴派Zhu Zhenheng-School of Nourishing Yin辛温中药herbs pungent in taste and warm in nature辛凉中药herbs pungent in taste and cool in narure向日为阳，背日为阴The side facing the sun belongs to yang and the reverse side to yin,血液常行的前提条件：心气充沛，血液充盈，脉道通利Normal circulation of blood:abundance of heart qi,sufficiency ofblood,vessels are prerequisite.四气；元气primordial qi，宗气pectoral qi，营气nutrient qi，卫气defensiveqi内生五邪；内风，内寒，内湿，内燥，内火Five internal excesses;internal cold,internal dampness,inrenaldryness,internal fire内伤七情Internal injury due to sevenemotions;joy,anger,anxiety,thought,sorrow,fear,fright怒则气上，喜则气缓，悲则气消，恐则气下，惊则气乱。
《中医专业英语(一)》教学大纲
《中医专业英语（一）》教学大纲课程名称：中医专业英语（一）开课（二级）学院：外语教学中心课程性质：选修课学分：4分学时：56学时前期课程：中医英语基础授课对象：中医药类各专业（本科）考核方式：考试课程简介：本课程是以中医学专业知识和普通英语为基础的专业英语课。
课程主要内容包括中医基础理论英语表达、中西医文化差异、中医经典术语及常用短语翻译、中医门诊英语口语训练、中医药学科技讲座英语听力训练等内容。
本课程的教学目的是使学生了解和掌握中医英语翻译的基本方法与技巧，逐步具备运用专业英语从事医疗、科研及国际交流的能力。
This course is a specialized one based on common English and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Its main contents include the English expression of basic theories of TCM, the cultural differences between Chinese and Western medicine, the translation of classical terms and commonly used phrases in TCM, spoken English training for outpatient service, listening practice of TCM sci-tech lectures in English and so on. The purpose of the course is to train students to understand and master the basic methods and techniques of TCM English translation and acquire the professional English skills for taking part in the clinic and research work as well as international exchange.大纲内容一、前言【课程目的】本课程是以中医学专业知识和普通英语为基础的专业英语课，旨在培养和提高学生中医专业英语水平，掌握中医翻译的方法与技巧，逐步具备中医专业英语翻译能力，为进一步从事对外医疗活动以及国际学术交流奠定坚实的基础。
中医英语翻译
五脏five zang-organs条达舒畅free development相生相克六腑six fu-organsmutual generation and traditional Chinese中国医药学：restrictionsystem of meridians and经络系统生我我生to be generated and to collaterals generate medicine克我我克to be restricted 形神统一 unity of the body and spirit and to restrict生中有制organic wholenessrestriction within generation 有机整体:basic theory of 中医基础理论克中有生generation within restriction 表里关系exterior and interior relationtraditional Chinese medicine 木曰曲直opening intoWood is characterized by 开窍:clinical experience 临床经验growing freely and peripherally 生长化收藏five element function:treatment based on syndrome 辨证论治火曰炎上脉象pulse conditionsFire is characterized bydifferentiationflaming upstates of pathogenic 正邪关系the :materia medica //medicinal herbs本草土曰稼穑Earth is characterized by factors and healthy qi Chinese herbs中药cultivation and reaping自然现象natural phenomena:four properties and five 四气五味金曰从革哲学概念philosophical concept Metal is characterized bytasteschange对立统一unity and oppositesacupuncture and moxibustion 针灸水曰润下Water is characterized by 相互消长mutual waning and waxingtheories of different schools 各家学说moistening and downward flowing nature of yin and yang 阴阳属性: diaphoresis /diaphoretic therapy 汗法方位配五行correspondence of the 相互转化mutual transformation:purgative therapy 下法directions to the five elements interrelation 相互联系:emetic therapy吐法相乘相侮over-restriction and reverse 相互制约mutual restraintearth invigorating :school 补土派of the restriction动态平衡dynamic balance:theory of etiology 病因学说土乘木The wood over-restrains the 阴平阳秘yin and yang in equilibrium:health-cultivation 养生earthyang waning and yin waxing 阳消阴长medical practice 医疗实践土虚木乘 Earth deficiency leading to 阴胜则阳病predominance of yin leading :therapeutic principles 治疗原则over-restriction by woodto disorder of yang:herbs of cold and cool nature 寒凉药物金虚木侮metal deficiency leading to 阳胜则热 predominance of yang:nourishing yin to lower fire 滋阴降火counter-restriction by wood generating heatstasis :disease 瘀血致病caused blood by 生克制化 extreme cold generating heat 寒极生热interrelationship between:congenital essence先天之精generation and restriction 热极生寒extreme heat generating coldqi 气的运动变化of changes :movement and 制则生化相反相成restriction ensuring opposite and supplementary toand 形与神俱body the :inseparability of generationeach otherspirit传变physiological functions transmission of disease 生理功能 spirit/mental activity:神明母病及子disease of the mother-organ 病理变化pathological changes:zang-organs and fu-organs/viscera 脏腑affecting the child-organ临床诊断clinical diagnosis:functional activities 功能活动子病犯母organic wholeness/entirety 有机整体disease of the child-organ:unity of the body and spirit 形神统一affecting the mother-organbetween 正邪斗争struggle healthy qi and:imbalance of yin and yang 阴阳失调肝肾精血不足insufficiency of kidney pathogenic factorsand:struggle between healthy qi 正邪相争liver essence and blood绝对偏盛absolute predominanceand pathogenic factors 肝阳上亢deficiency yang 阳虚则寒hyperactivity of liver yang cold leading toprevention of disease 治未病藏象学说consumption of yang involving 阳损及阴 theory of visceralto cultivate health 调养manifestationsyinhealthy qi 正气五脏六腑insufficiency of yin-fluid 阴液不足 five zang-organs and sixpathogenic factor病邪fu-organs病机pathogenesisprevention and treatment of 疾病的防治奇恒之府五行学说theory of five elements extraordinary fu-organsdiseasecereal nutrients水谷精微motion and variation运动变化 concept of holism整体观念．传化水谷 transmissions and 潜阳息风suppressing yang to quench wind and pathology of the human body as wellas the diagnosis, prevention and interdependence of yin transformation of food 阴阳的互根互用treatment of disease.storage of essence and yang贮藏精气4. interior and exterior interdependence黄帝内经总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成相互依存表里关系就和治疗经验，确立了中医学独特的理论体relationship阴阳离决separation of yin and yang系，成为中医药学发展的基础。
中医文化负载词英译时的借用和仿造
中医文化负载词英译时的借用和仿造作者：郭京红来源：《卷宗》2016年第11期已有两千多年悠久历史的中医学是世界医学宝库中的重要组成部分，是中华民族的伟大文化遗产之一。
随着中医学对外交流的蓬勃发展和世界上兴起的“中医热”，中医英语翻译变得日趋重要。
众所周知，语言和文化是密不可分的。
语言是文化的载体，是文化赖以传播的物质表达形式；而文化则深深地根植于语言之中。
美国著名的语言学家萨丕尔曾经说过语言是一种文化模型，是人认识世界的钥匙。
人们只需透过一个民族的语言层面，就可以窥视这个民族多姿多彩的文化。
语言的文化功能主要是记载和储存该语言所代表的文化信息和内容的功能。
一种语言中的词汇和语法代表了使用该语言的民族有史以来对各种客观事物及其相互之间联系的认识，是该民族文化的总储存库。
因此，每一个语言都必然拥有大量的该语言民族所特有的文化事物的词语。
翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动，即是把一种语言（即原语）的信息用另一种语言（即译语）表达出来，使译文读者能够得到原作者所表达的思想和感受。
美国翻译家尤金·奈达把翻译定义为“翻译就是在译语中复制与原语信息在语义和语体上最接近、最自然的等值”。
[1]。
但是翻译的过程不仅是文字上的转换，也是反映不同社会特征的文化转换。
1 借用法众所周知，中医和西医是完全不同的医学体系，它们对人体各个器官的生理功能和病理变化的认识也有很大的差异。
中医学术语中包含着许多哲学与文化思维，可以采用西医用语来翻译中医名词术语主要集中在人体解剖部位、各种器官及其功能、具体病症和治疗方法上。
[6]例如中医的“心”除了“主血脉”以外，还“主神志”，而西医的“心”只管泵血、促进体内血液循环，并不具有思维功能；中医的“肾”“主生殖”、“主纳气”，而西医“肾”的主要功能是形成尿液，过滤血液中的杂质、维持体液和电解质的平衡；中医的“脾”“主运化”，为“后天之本”，而西医的“脾”只是一个淋巴器官，具有造血、滤血、清除衰老血细胞及参与免疫反应等功能，没有辅助消化的功能。
英语四级翻译词汇表达
11类翻译主题词汇中国文化概述重要文化遗产major cultural heritage优秀民间艺术outstanding follk arts独特的艺术价值unique artistic values诚实守信honesty爱国主义精神patriotism国宝national treasure文物cultural relics华夏祖先the Chinese ancestors文人men of letter雅士refined scholar才子佳人gifted scholars and beauhful ladies高雅艺术refined/high art中外学者Chinese and overseas scholars古为今用to make the past serve the present洋为中用to make the foreign serve China无愧于时代的作品works worthy of the times文明摇篮cradle of civilization古文明ancient civilization博大精深to be extensive and profound享有……的声誉to enjoy a good/high reputation for被誉为to be honored/crowned as占据重要地位to play a significant role; to have/occupy a significant place肩负……的责任to shoulder the responsibility of 与……密不可分to be closely associated with...推广中国文化to promote Chinese culture促进世界和平to promote world peace增进友谊to enhance friendship 文化娱乐活动cultural and amusement activities文化产业culture industry文化底蕴cultural deposit文化事业cultural undenaking文化交流cultural exchange文化冲击culture shock文化差异cultural difference民族特性和价值观national identity and value在各地差异很大to vary widely from place to place促进文化的传播to promote the spread of culture促进交流to promote exchanges蓬勃发展to flourish丰富多彩to be rich and colorful风俗习惯custom禁忌taboo中华民族the Chinese nation传统美德traditional virtues尊敬老人to respect the elderly赡养父母to take care of parents继承to inherit后人later generation强身健体to improve the physical health; to strengthen the body益寿延年to prolong life保佑平安to keep sb. safe象征意义symbolic meaning象征好运和祝福to symbolize good luck and blessing 审美观/品味taste for beauty; aesthetic taste中国传统文化传统工艺品traditional handicraft形状不一to be of different shapes 材质各异various materials质地坚硬hard texture造型生动vivid figure色彩丰富rich colours风格独特characteristic/unique style 中医药tradihonal Chinese mediane 中草药herbal medicine 望、闻、问、切observing, listening, inquiring, pulse taking症状symptom重大发明a significant invention中国古代四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China火药gunpowder印刷术printing造纸术paper-making指南针the compass文房四宝the Four Treasures of the Study笔、墨、纸、砚brush, ink stick, paper, ink stone 汉字Chinese character笔划stroke普通话四声调the four tones of Mandarin Chinese书法calligraphy中国画traditional Chinese painting水墨画Chinese brush painting; ink wash painting武术martial arts中国功夫Kung fu太极Tai Chi孔子Confucius孟子Mencius思想学派school of thought思想核心the core of ideology代表人物representative儒家思想Confucianism儒家文化Confucian culture和尚、僧人monk寺庙temple建筑architecture钟楼bell tower鼓楼drum tower牌坊memorial archway共马俑Terracotta Warriors and Horses 丝绸之路the Silk Road故宫the Imperial Palace天坛the Temple of Heaven伊斯兰教Islam清真寺mosque宗教religion民间故事folk tale寓言fable传说legend凡间human world京剧Peldng Opera脸谱mask正面角色positive role木偶戏puppet show应影戏shadow play杂技acrobatics相声crosstalk说、学、逗、唱speaking imitating, teasing and singut6 说书story-telling刺绣embroidery泥人clay figure瓷器porcelain; china陶器pottery; earthenware青铜器bronze ware雕刻to carve图章seal中国传统节日春节the Spring Festival/Chinese New Year元宵节the Lantern Festival清明节the Tomb-sweeping Day端午节the Dragon Boat Festival中秋节the Mid-autumn Day/Festival重阳节the Double-ninth Day七夕节the Double-seventh Day除夕Chinese New Year’s Eve年夜饭annual reunion dinner拜年to pay a new year call探亲访友to (pay a) visit to relatives and friends 亲朋好relatives and friends大扫除to thoroughly clean the house驱厄运to sweep away ill fortune; to get rid of bad luck 去除灾难to ward off evils发红包to give money in red envelopes; to hand out red envelopes欢度……to celelorate春联spring couplets庙会temple fair民间艺人folk artists祭神god-worshiping爆竹，烟火firecracker; firework(s)年画(traditional) new year picture压岁钱new year’s gift-money舞龙dragon dance花灯festival lantern灯谜lantern riddle有益的智力活动beneficial intellectual activity中国结Chinese knot舞狮lion dance赛龙舟dragon boat race 赏月to enjoy the full moon登高hill climbing扫墓to pay respects to the dead at sb.’s tomb食物及烹饪方法中国菜，中餐Chinese cuisine烹饪技巧cooking technique煎fry炒stir-fry炸deep-fry烩/焖/炖stew蒸steam煮boil烘焙bake烤roast切条cut…to strips切丁dice切碎mince磨碎grind饮食习惯dietary habit特色食品special food元宵sweet sticky rice dumplings 年糕rice cake 油条deep-fried dough sticks 豆浆soybean milk馒头steamed bun包子steamed stuffed bun拉面hand-stretched noodles豆腐tofu; bean curd麻花fried dough twist皮蛋100-year egg; century egg 蛋炒饭fried rice with egg火锅hot pot原料ingredient猪/牛肉丸pork/beef ball鸭肉duck蘑菇mushroom北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck素菜馆vegetarian restaurant白酒Chinese liquor中国历史四大文明古国之一one of the four ancienit civilizations人类文明史the history of human civilization源远流长/历史悠久have a long history朝代dynasty古都ancient capital随着时间的推移as time goes by远古时代ancient times原始社会primitive society春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period战国the Warring States封建社会feudal society皇帝，君主emperor; monarch历史遗留问题a question left over from history在战争中损毁be ruined in wars抵抗侵略resist the invasion五四运动the May 4th Movement of 1919 在…世纪初at the beginning of... century迄今为止up till now 追溯到date/trace back to来源于derive/stem from; originate from/in发祥地birthplace兴起于…，兴盛于…emerge in... and prosper in…保存最完好的best-preserved原址original site国家博物馆national museum皇帝统治时期a period of emperor reign诸侯国kingdom勤政爱民be diligent and love one’s people退位give up the throne帝王宫殿imperial palace以…命名be named after…历史人物historic figure阳历solar calendar阴历lunar calendar天干heavenly stem地支earthly branch闰年leap year商业经济经济学家economist企业家entrepreneur经济全球化economic globalization区域性自由贸易区regional free trade area经济特区special economic zone计划经济planned economy市场经济market economy市场调节market regulation市场多元化market diversification推动经贸合作boost economic and trade cooperation商界business communities互惠互利mutual benefit共同繁荣common prosperity总需求aggregate/total demand总供给aggregate supply供过于求supply exceeding demand扩大内需expand domestic demand购买力purchasing power团购group buying财政预算financial budget耐用消费品durable consumer goods年末促销year-end promotion垄断monopoly垄断行业monopoly industry市场占有率market share生产力，生产率productivity经济增长放缓economic slowdown国有企业state-owned enterprises集体企业collectively-owned enterprises私营企业private businesses民营企业privately-run businesses中小企业small and medium-sized enterprises民间资本private capital民间投资private investment泡沫经济bubble economy经济过热overheating of economy通货膨胀inflation实体经济the real economy外汇储备充足sufficient foreign exchange reserve 国内/国际贸易domestic/international trade对外贸易foreign trade贸易条件terms of trade 不公平竞争unfair competition海关customs关税customs duty水货，走私货smuggled goods产品质量product quality高度评价speak highly of物美价廉competitive price and superior quality销量，销售额sales存货，库存量stocks金融组织financial institution商业信誉commercial reputation管理机制management mechanism改善服务improve services延长保修期extend maintenance制造商，制造厂manufacturer原材料raw material样品sample大规模生产mass production年产量annual output劳动力密集型产业labour intensive industry知识密集型产业knowledge intensive industry工作歧视discrimination in workplace高消耗、高投入high consumption, high investment 沿袭…模式continue with the model of…住房抵押贷款residential mortgage loan分期付款pay by installment信贷紧缩credit squeeze取钱withdraw money利率interest rate找工作hunt for a jod; job-hunting招聘广告the want ads职位position; posts; job vacancy求职信application letter工作简历job resume; CV填写申请表fill in/out application form接受职位accept/take the post就任职位take over the position工作面试job interview职业前景job prospects就业机会job opportunity工资待遇pay offer津贴allowance带薪假paid vacation伤残保险disability insurance失业保险unemployment insurance 培训咨询training consultancy专业技能professional expertise脑力劳动mental work体力劳动labour/physical work手工劳动manual labor/work工作时间working time 加班work overtime 夜班night shift零工odd job证券securities汇率exchange rate 股票stock资产assets利润profit旅游交通景点tourist attraction; scenic spot名胜古迹places of interests避暑胜地summer resort森林公园forest park自然保护区nature reserve自然景观natural scenery人文景观human landscape壮丽河山magnificent scenery古典山水园林classical landscape garden皇家园林royal garden中外游客tourists from home and aboroad游乐园amusement park度假take a vacation; go on holiday门票(entrance) ticket免费景区电子门票free sightseeing e-coupon 星级酒店star-rated hotel高峰期rush hour人山人海，人满为患overcrowded be packed with overcrowded people翻山越岭climb mountains and hills受到……的热烈欢迎be warmly welcomed by …丰富知识enrich one’s knowledge开阔视野broaden one’s horizon扩大知识enlarge the scope of knowledge培养独立性cultivate independence运输工具means of transportation公共交通public transport地铁站subway station候车室waiting room扣分处罚point penalty酒驾drunk driving终身禁驾lifetime ban from driving护照passport签证有效期validity of visa散客individual visitor团体游客group visitor地理环境位于be located in/at西部地区western regions省会provincial capital水域面积water area三面环山be surrounded by mountains on three sides全长……公里stretch for... km/lalometers面貌焕然一新take on a completely new look高原plateau淡水湖freshwater lake沿海港口coastal port植物园botanical garden环境保护environmental protection握高全民环保意识raise environmental awareness amongst the general public环保产品environment-friendly product一次性产品disposable product开发可再生资源develop renewable resources 高能耗产业energy-intensive industry可持续发展sustainable development生态环境ecological environment温室效应greenhouse effect污染物pollutant水土保持water and soil conservation降雨量rainfall物种灭绝the extinction of bio-species先污染后治理exert control after pollution碳减排carbon emission reduction温室气体排放greenhouse gas emission二氧化碳carbon dioxide新能源汽车green car废气exhaust gas汽车尾气排放motor vehicle exhaust发动机排量engine displacement零排放车辆zero-emission vehicle小排量汽车small-displacement car能源消耗depletion of resources能源危机energy crisis回收利用recycle低碳城市化道路way to low-carbon urbanization 城市化urbanization濒临灭绝/失传be on the verge of extinction/loss 濒危物种endangered species稀有物种rare species防护林带shelter belt森林覆盖率forest coverage rate 改善土壤soil improvement地质灾害geological disaster灾难catastrophe; tragedy; disaster 不幸misfortune伤亡人员casualty死亡人数death toll台风typhoon火山爆发volcanic eruption洪水flood干旱drought教育普及教育universal education高等教育higher education象牙塔ivory tower正规院校regular universities and colleges军校military academy九年义务教育nine-year compulsory education学前教育preschool education失学儿童dropout文盲illiteracy; illiterate受过良好教育的well-educated入学率enrollment rate适龄儿童children of school age高考college entrance examination考研take the entrance exams for postgraduate schools读研attend graduate school毕业典礼graduation ceremony毕业鉴定graduation appraisal毕业论文graduation dissertation/thesis毕业实习graduation field work授予学位confer an academic degree on sb.博士学位doctor’s degree硕士学位master’s degree学士学位bachelor’s degree在职博士生on-job doctorate研究生毕业证/学位证graduate diploma/graduate degree’s diploma中专生secondary specialized student 在校大学生undergraduate中小学elementary/primary and middle/secondary schools扩招scale expansion扩大招生人数enlarge school enrollment走读生non-resident student住校生boarder课外活动extracurricular activity必修课required/compulsory course选修课elective/optional course基础课basic course专业课specialized course专业知识specialized knowledge/expertise开设课程offer a course课程表school schedule教学大纲teaching program; syllabus学分制credit system补考make-up examination学年school year师资力量teaching faculty应试教育exam-oriented education system推进素质教育push ahead with education for all-around development基本实现教育现代化basically modernize education 招生就业指导enrollment and vocation guidance竞争激烈fierce competition评价体系evaluation system选拔官员/人才select officials/talents科技空间实验室space laboratory航天飞机shuttle探测器detector信息时代information age信息爆炸information explosion高科技产品high-tech product电子设备electronic device智能手机smart phone; intelligent handset 创新innovation研发research and development核心技术core technology电讯telecommunication硬件hardware软件software网上冲浪surf on the Intemet网页浏览web browsing即时消息instant message视频电话video phone文件传输document transmission 在线社区online community社交模式social networking搜索引擎search engine网民netizen活跃用户actlve user对…上瘾be/get addicted to …计算机病毒computer virus虚拟世界virtual world网上购物online shopping电子商务e-commerce消费理念consumption concept大众媒体mass meffla电子版electronic version娱乐资讯entertainment information 在线娱乐online entertainment当地新闻local news简讯brief news获取信息obtain informanon收视率audience rating社会生活计划生育family planning基本国策a basic national/state policy制定政策make a policy(政策)生效、开始实施come into force/effect晚婚晚育late marriage and late childbirth搞好优生优育promote good prenatal and post-natal care稳定低生育水平stabilize the low birth rate推行可持续发展战略pursue the strategy of sustainable development简化审批程序simplify approval procedures行政管理administrative management违反规定violate a regulation居委会Community Association少数民族ethnic minority过快增长excessive growth急剧下降be on a sharp decline人口稠密/稀少densely/sparsely populated人口基数/密度/分布population base /density/distribution人口出生率birth rate人口增长的高峰期baby boom 人口素质quality of the population人口老龄化aging of population老龄化社会aging society城镇化urbanization高楼大厦high-rise building小康社会well-off society贫国家庭poor family和睦相处live in harmony中国特色社会主义socialism with Chinese characteristics物质文明material civilization精神文明spiritual civilization为人民服务serve the people坚持……的方针adhere to the principle of…社会保障social security养老保险retirement insurance医疗保险medical insurance弱势群体disadvantaged group单亲single parent关心老龄人care for senior citizens社会背景social background福利welfare福利彩票welfare lottery医疗服务medical service基础设施建设infrastructure construction缩短差距bridge/narrow the gap满足基本要求satisfy basic needs社会效益social benefit健康管理health management应运而生appear accordingly; emerge as required/needed普通市民ordinary resident物价上涨rising price家政服务业home services industry建筑工地construction site 农产品agricultural product爱情告白express one’s love几世同堂的家庭family consisting of several generations性骚扰sexual harassment贫富分化disparity between the rich and the poor网络造谣fabricate online rumors恶意侵害他人名誉harm the reputation of others maliciously挂失report the loss补办re-apply/re-register户籍household resigtration居住证residence permit。
中国传统文化有关的英语词汇
中国传统文化有关的英语词汇以下是更多与中国传统文化有关的英语词汇及翻译：1. 四大发明：The Four Great Inventions- 造纸术：Paper-making- 印刷术：Printing- 火药：Gunpowder- 指南针：Compass2. 中医：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)- 中药：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) herbs- 针灸：Acupuncture- 推拿：Tuina3. 传统文学：Traditional Literature- 诗经：The Book of Songs- 唐诗：Tang Poetry- 宋词：Song Ci- 明清小说：Ming and Qing Novels4. 工艺美术：Arts and Crafts- 景泰蓝：Cloisonné- 刺绣：Embroidery- 陶瓷：Ceramics- 木雕：Wood Carving5. 饮食文化：Food Culture- 筷子：Chopsticks- 茶道：Tea Ceremony- 八大菜系：Eight Major Cuisines6. 传统历法：Traditional Calendar- 农历：Lunar Calendar- 二十四节气：The 24 Solar Terms7. 传统礼仪：Traditional Etiquette- 鞠躬：Bow- 抱拳礼：Fist-andPalm Salutation- 敬茶：Offering Tea8. 哲学概念：Philosophy Concepts- 和谐：Harmony- 中庸：The Doctrine of the Mean- 礼：Ritual这些词汇可以帮助你更好地理解和描述中国传统文化。
如果你对某一特定领域的传统文化词汇有具体需求，请告诉我，我将尽力提供相关词汇和翻译。
中医术语名词英文翻译--1
整体观念holism强调人体自身整体性并与外环境相统一的思想。
天气celestial qi充满于空中的气。
地气earth qi弥漫于大地的气。
气立establishment of generalqi人体之气正常运行，生理功能正常发挥。
天人相应correspondence of humanbody and naturalenvironment强调人对自然的依存与适应关系。
辨证论治treatment based onsyndrome differentiation 中医临床诊断治疗疾病的思维方法和过程。
通过四诊收集患者的病史、症状等临床资料，根据中医理论进行综合分析，分辨出证候，并拟定治疗方法。
也包括中医理论贯穿在预防与养生实践中的过程。
理法方药principle-method-recipe-medicines 将中医理论、诊法、治法在临床实践中综合应用的思维方法，涵盖诊治全过程的四个基本内容。
理，指中医理论；法，指诊法治法；方，指方剂；药，指药物。
即明确病因病机，确定预防措施或治则治法，组方遣药。
标本manifestation and rootcause 关于事物主次关系的相对概念，“本”指主要方面，“标”指次要方面。
如：在经络学说中，经络在四肢者为本，在头面、躯干者为标。
在病因病机学说中，从正气与邪气来说，人体正气是本，致病的邪气是标；从疾病本身来说，病因是本，症状是标；从原发病与继发病来说，旧病是本，新病是标。
医患关系中，病人是本，医生是标；在运气学说中，标本指标气与本气。
阴阳yin-yang阴气与阳气的合称，事物普遍存在的相互对立的两种属性，阴阳相反相成是事物发生、发展、变化的规律和根源。
阴阳学说yin-yang theory在阴阳概念基础上建立起来的中医学基本理论，认为阴阳对立统一、消长转化、相反相成的关系贯穿于自然与人体等一切事物之中，是人体生理和病理发生、发展、变化的根源及规律。
阳气yang qi事物及运动中具有外表的、向上的、亢盛的、轻清的、功能性的等具有阳属性的一面。
2023年高中备考：传统文化英语作文带翻译(精选多篇)
2023年高中备考：传统文化英语作文带翻译（精选多篇）1. 传统文化的重要性 Importance of Traditional Culture传统文化是代代相传的财富，它包括传统艺术、祭祀、戏剧、音乐、诗歌和绘画等。
这些文化遗产代表了一个国家丰富的历史和文化背景。
然而，在现代化的进程中，传统文化的价值被忽视了，人们更加追求新奇和时尚的事物。
但传统文化不仅仅是一些历史遗迹，而是具有锤炼品德，陶冶情操的功能。
对于我们而言，传统文化是一种独特的身份认同、历史记忆和精神寄托。
因此，我们应该保护和传承传统文化，同时，将其融入到现代生活中，让传统与现代相结合，促进文化的创新和传承。
Traditional culture is a treasure passed down from generation to generation, including traditional arts, ceremonies, dramas, music, poetry, and painting. These cultural heritages represent a country's rich history and cultural background. However, in the process of modernization, the value of traditional culture has been neglected, and people pursue more novelty and fashion. But traditionalculture is not just some historical relics, but has the function of tempering moral character and cultivating sentiment. For us, traditional culture is a unique identity recognition, historical memory, and spiritual sustenance. Therefore, we should protectand inherit traditional culture, while integrating it into modern life, combining tradition with modernity, promoting cultural innovation and inheritance.2. 中国国画 The Chinese Painting中国国画是一种源远流长的绘画形式，历史悠久，流传至今，代表着中国传统文化和美学的精髓。
中医英语翻译
中国医药学：traditional Chinese medicine中医基础理论:basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine临床经验:clinical experience辨证论治:treatment based on syndrome differentiation本草:materia medica国医药学有数千年的历史，是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结。
TCM, a medical system with a history of thousands years，has summarized the experience of the Chinese people accumulating in the struggle against diseases.2.中医学在古代唯物论和辩证法思想的影响和指导下，通过长期的医疗实践，逐步形成并发展为独特的医学理论体系。
Under the influence andguidance of classicalChinese materialism anddialectics,traditionChinese medicine haseventually evolved into amedical system withunique theory throughlong term medicalpractice.3.中医学是研究人体生理病理以及疾病的诊断和防治的一门科学。
Tradition Chinesemedicine is a sciencefocusing on the study ofthe physiology andpathology of the humanbody as well as thediagnosis, prevention andtreatment of disease.4.黄帝内经总结了春秋战国以来的医疗成就和治疗经验，确立了中医学独特的理论体系，成为中医药学发展的基础。
传统文化英语词汇合集
传统文化英语词汇集合
以下是一些中国传统文化概念的英语翻译：
1. 五行：Five Elements (金木水火土)
2. 八卦：Eight Trigrams
3. 四合院：Quadrangle (Courtyard House)
4. 中医：Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
5. 风水：Feng Shui
6. 茶道：Chado (Japanese term for the art of tea)
7. 儒家思想：Confucianism
8. 道家思想：Taoism
9. 墨家思想：Mohism
10. 法家思想：Legalism
11. 佛教：Buddhism
12. 禅宗：Zen Buddhism
13. 儒家五常：The Five Constants of Confucianism (仁、义、礼、智、信)
14. 三教九流：Three Religions and Nine Categories
15. 五伦：The Five Relationships (父子、君臣、夫妇、兄弟、朋友)
16. 四维：The Four Cardinal Directions (东南西北)
17. 八方：The Eight Directions (东南、东北、西南、西北、东、西、南、北)
18. 中国结：Chinese Knotting
19. 太极拳：Tai Chi Quan
20. 咏春拳：Wing Chun Quan
以上仅是一部分中国传统文化概念的英语翻译，还有很多其他的概念和术语。
需要注意的是，有些翻译可能存在多种不同的译法，这里提供的是一些常见的翻译。
四级翻译专题--中医
2. 和西医比较起来，中医采用的方法并不相同 。
注解：原文在汉译英时需注意主语的选择。原 文中的主语是“中医采用的方法”，而如果 选用“中医”做主语能更好地突出句子的话 题，而且可以和与之对比的“西医”形成呼 应。 参考译文：In comparison with Western medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine takes a different approach.
• 参考译文：With a history going back 5,000 years, it has formed a comprehensive knowledge system that includes herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercise and dietary therapy.
5. 阴阳是事物相互对立的两种特点，阴是内在 和负面的属性，阳是外在和正面的属性。
注解：原文反映了普遍的真理，因此其译文可 以采用一般现在时。因原文后两个分句对仗 工整，所以第三个分句的译文可省略重复的 谓语动词和部分宾语。
译文：Yin and yang are two opposite features of things. Yin is the inner and negative principles, and yang outer and positive.
4. 中医认为人体是阴阳平衡的结果。
注解：原文的主语是“中医”，谓语是“认为”， 如果译成“traditional Chinese medicine thinks …”，主谓搭配不够妥当。“中医”只是 一门学科，不具备思考能力，英语的主语和谓 语搭配要符合逻辑。因此，在汉译英时，译者 可以把“中医认为”改译为according to Traditional Chinese medicine，而译文的主语 则可以选择原文的话题“人体”(the human body)。 译文：According to Traditional Chinese medicine, the human body is the result of balance between yin and yang.
中医英语翻译常用词汇英汉对照
自然现象 哲学概念 对立统一 相互消长
邪正关系
healthy qi 发热恶寒 fever and aversion to cold
头身疼痛 久痢脱肛 dysentery 养阴清热 heat 清肺热 湿邪犯肺 lung 清热泻火 fire 腠理
headache and body pain proctoptosis due to prolonged
气血运行 阴阳转化 yang 阳消阴长 阴胜则阳病
yang waning and yin waxing predominance of yin leading to
disorder of yang 阴胜则阳病 an excess of yin leads to
deficiency of yang 阳胜则热 heat 寒极生热 热极生寒 阳损及阴 extreme cold generating heat extreme heat generating cold impairment of yang involving yin predominance of yang generating
essence and blood 肝阳上亢 心肝血虚 hyperactivity of liver yang asthenia / deficiency of heart and
liver blood 心肝火旺 心火亢盛 滋肾养肝 方位配五行 exuberance of heart and liver fire hyperactivity/exuberance of heart fire nourishing the kidney and liver correspondence of the directions to
医疗实践 治疗原则 寒凉药物
中医术语名词英文翻译--3
exogenous disease
六淫、疫疠之气等病邪侵犯人体，导致疾病的过 程。
six climatic exopathogens visiting pathogen
风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六种外感病邪的合称。 从外而来，侵袭机体的邪气。
wind pathogen
具有轻扬开泄、善动不居、升发、向上、向外特 性的邪气。
warm dryness
感受燥邪而偏兼热邪者，与凉燥相对而言。
characteristic of
燥邪具有易伤人津液，导致人体阴津亏虚的特
dryness being dry and 点，致病易表现出口鼻干燥、咽干口渴、皮肤干
puckery
涩等症。
dryness likely to injure 燥邪一般多从口鼻、肌表侵袭人体，肺外合皮
虫兽伤、溺水等为不内外因。
internal cause
三因学说中指喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、惊七情
内伤过度。现将七情过极、劳倦损伤和饮食失调
等能导致气机紊乱，脏腑受损的病因称为内伤病
因。
external cause
三因学说中指外感风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火六淫
病邪。现将六淫和各种疫疬病邪统属外感病因；
跌仆、虫兽伤、烧伤、冻伤等称为外伤病因。
impairing qi injury due to diet
乱，产生疾病。 饥饱失常、饮食不洁和饮食偏嗜等各种饮食失调
flavor predilection
因素而导致内伤。 长期偏好酸、甜、咸、苦、辛辣等食味而损害脏 腑。现也包括偏食某种单一食物，以及饮食过寒
greasy and surfeit
、过热等饮食不合理的致病因素。 油腻或味道浓厚的食物。长期多食此类食物，不
中医英语翻译常用词汇英汉对照
交替搓揉alternative rubbing and kneading
旋转复位rotating reduction
腰肌劳损injury of lumbartissues
针刺的角度与深度angle and depth of needling
提插捻转lifting, thrusting, swirling and rotating
双手进针法insertion of needle with double hands
水针疗法hydro-acupuncture therapy
中医英语翻译常用词汇(cíhuì)英汉对照
中草药Chinese medicinal herbs
炮制processing
四气五味four properties and five tastes
清除杂质eliminating impurity
入药部分the part used for medical purpose
减轻疼痛alleviating pain
艾炷灸moxibustion with moxa cone
功法训练exercise for practicing tuina
灯火灸lamp moxibustion
放松肌肉relaxing muscles
温针灸warm needling method
解除肌肉紧张relieving muscular tension
配伍关系compatibility
燥湿健脾drying dampness and strengthening the spleen
组成规律prescription-formulating principle
中医英语笔记
中医英语笔记－中基中医英语翻译特点：1．借用英语中已有单词的重新排列组合向英语语言输入中医特有的概念和表达法肝血Liver blood血虚Blood deficiency活血化瘀Activating blood to resolve stasis恶风aversion to wind倦怠fatigue and lack of strength肝气犯胃Liver-Qi invading the stomach2．定义化：用英语给予中医概念下定义辨证论治treatment based on syndrome, or syndrome differentiation and treatment奔豚a syndrome characterized by a feeling of gas rushing up through the throat to throat from the lower abdomen虚胀deficiency –flatulence3。
多样化：虚：Deficiency, asthenia, insufficiency, weakness, debility, hypofunction4．拼音化：Tuina中医英语翻译原则由于素体脾胃虚弱，或久病失血伤阴，致阴血不足，胞脉失养。
The disease results from chronic splenogastric asthenia, or yin-consumption by bleeding with chronic illness, leading to hemopenia and failure to nourish the uterine collaterals.如果气化功能失常，就会影响到气、血、津液的新陈代谢，影响饮食物的消化吸收，影响汗液、尿液和粪便的排泄，从而形成各种各样代谢异常的疾病。
The disorder of Qi activity can affect the metabolism of Qi, blood and body fluid, impair the digestion and absorption of food, and inhibit sweating, urination and defecation, resulting in various metabolic diseases.三焦, 现统一为triple energizerTranslation of TCM terminology补：tonify, invigorate, strengthen, supplement实火：Excessive fire, Solid fire温病：Seasonal febrile disease哮喘：Dyspnea and asthmatic breathing引火归原: conduct the fire returning to the original place肺痨: consumptive disease of the lung黄帝内经：yellow emperor’s canon of internal medicineThe theory of Yinyang and Five-elementsPlain questions《素问》Miraculous Pivot 《灵枢经》Classic on Medical Problems 《难经》Shen Nong’s Herbal《神农本草经》Treatise on Febrile Diseases《伤寒论》Synopsis of Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet 《金匮要略》A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion《针灸甲乙经》General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomsology《诸病源候论》Theory of TCMMaterialism 唯物主义疾病可知又可防治The diseases are cognizable and curableDialectics 辩证法正气存内，邪不可干When there is sufficient healthy qi inside, pathogenic factors have no way to invade the bodyBasic characteristics of TCM整体观念The holistic concept ；the concept of the organism as a wholeThe concept of organic whole refers to the integral unity of the human body and its close relationship with the outer world.从阳引阴，从阴引阳，以左治右，以右治左Drawing yin from yang and drawing yang from yin; treating the right for curing disease on the left and treating the left for curing disease on the right. 辨证论治Syndrome differentiation and treatment同病异治Treating the same disease with different therapies异病同治Treating different disease with the same therapy阴阳五行学说部分阴阳学说Theory of yin and yang or doctrine of yin and yang阴中之阴与阳中之阳Yin within yin and yang within yang阴阳互根Yin and yang are rooted in each other阴阳转化Yin-yang conversion阴阳自和Natural harmony of yin and yang；spontaneous harmonization of yin and yang阴阳消长Growth and decline between yin and yang阴平阳秘Yang steadies while yin calms ；calm yin and sound yang阴阳两虚Simultaneous asthenia of yin and yang,国外译作dual vacuity of yin and yang阴阳离绝Dissociation or separation of yin and yang阴胜则寒Excessive of yin causing cold or predominance of yin leads to cold syndrome阴损及阳Impairment of yin affecting yang or consumption of yin involving yang阴阳俱损Simultaneous impairment of yin and yang阴胜格阳Predominant yin rejecting yang or excessive yin repelling yangYin and Yang-the law of natureThings or phenomena which are dynamic, bright, hot, functional, etc, pertain to yang, while those that are static, dark, cold, substantial, etc, pertain to yinYin and yang are the law of heaven and earth, the principles of all things, the parents of all changes, the origin of life and deathThe content of the theory of Yin and YangOpposition n.反对, 敌对, 相反Interdependence n.互相依赖Relative waxing and waning 【医】消长变化Transformation 转化All things and phenomena in the natural world contain the two opposite components阴盛则阳病，…。
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中医英语翻译的文化障碍及诠释学解读摘要从文化视角分析中医英语翻译并以诠释学翻译观探讨中医英语翻译的特征中医和西医在体系和用语上存在巨大差异形成诸多文化障碍中医翻译是一个更为复杂的视域融合过程由于中医英语翻译的特殊性阐释和解释成为其不可缺少的手段和特征之一中医翻译的本质是跨文化阐释关键词中医翻译文化差异诠释学翻译观视域融合跨文化解释上个世纪年代文化派的出现将翻译研究从审美层次和语言层次提升到了文化层面从而更加确切地反映出翻译活动的跨文化性质无疑使翻译研究又向前迈进了一大步而诠释学翻译派的出现更是使翻译从文化层面进入到哲学层面翻译研究不断深入也更加抽象化如今翻译中的文化现象被越来越多的翻译工作者和研究者所重视翻译不仅仅被看成是一种符号转换的文本活动更被看成一种社会行为一种文化间的交流与沟通语言和文化密不可分语言不能脱离文化而存在任何一种语言总是生长在一定的文化背景之中因此翻译不仅涉及语言还涉及文化翻译不仅是文字转述还是跨文化阐释目前翻译理论的各种研究模式已被运用于多种体裁的翻译及探讨从小说到诗歌从古典作品到当代散文从法律文献到宗教用语而对祖国传统医学翻译的研究却处于起步阶段随着国际化交流的日益增进中医已经开始走出国门越来越多的西方人想要了解中医然而中医翻译研究却远远滞后于现实需求中医是中国文化的代表中医翻译既是医学翻译又是文化传播应该具备科学性和理论指导本文重点探讨中医英语翻译中的文化隔阂及诠释学翻译观对中医翻译的启示作用文化取向在中医学的地位翻译家尤金奈达指出对于真正成功的翻译而言熟悉两种文化甚至比掌握两种语言更为重要因为词语只有在其作用的文化背景中才有意义中医属于传统医学或者说民族医学它根植于传统文化的土壤几乎吸纳了中国传统文化的一切精华可被称作是中国传统文化的活标本作为中医翻译者必须首先了解中医的文化取向和其在中医学中的重要地位众所周知中华文化强调群体意识和整体观念崇尚天人合一喜欢中庸平和注重平衡中医理论正是建立在这种文化价值观上中医理论的核心部分是整体观念和阴阳平衡中医学认为人体是一个以脏腑经络为核心的有机整体各脏腑组织间互相联系互相影响互相促进人体与自然也是密切相关的是对立统一的整体临床上就根据这种联系和影响来指导辨证论治中医在治疗上总的原则是调整阴阳以平为期调节身体阴阳平衡便是中医治疗的基本出发点此外中医养生理论的一个核心部分是天人相应认为人类必须顺应自然保持人体与外界环境的协调统一才能达到养生防病的目的可见中医具有鲜明的文化属性中医理论与中国传统观念息息相关一脉相承这同西方的推崇个人主义突出个人奋斗喜欢标新立异与自然抗衡喜爱冒险形成了鲜明的反差中医翻译文化障碍解读不同文化背景下的医学体系同是治病救人中医和西医却有着各自完全不同的两种医学体系从基础上讲西方医学以解剖学为基础经历了漫长的发展自文艺复兴以后开始了由经验医学向实验医学的转变现代西医建立在严格的解剖学生理学病理学生物学基础之上突显其科学性和实验性中医是一个民族长期同疾病作斗争的摸索与积累立足于古代的经验医学其基础几千年来恒古不变突显其经验性所以有中医越老越吃香的说法在诊断方法上西医主要是借助仪器设备和化学检验中医有四诊之说即望闻问切四种诊察疾病的方法在疾病的分类上西医按人体的系统功能分类如呼吸体统疾病消化系统疾病循环系统疾病免疫系统疾病等等而中医以阴阳为诊断总纲因此其属性不外阴阳两种从疾病发生部位上分为表阳和里阴从疾病的性质上分为热症阳和寒症阴从疾病发展趋势上分为实证阳和虚证阴在药物治疗上西医多用化学合成药物中医采用天然植物组合这些巨大的反差使中医和西医看起来似乎是两极文化中医与哲学中西医在理论体系上更是大相径庭自哈维血液循环理论的提出西方医学开始了划时代的革命先是系统论雏形的诞生从此西医开始揭示人体结构的八大循环系统在近代自然科学发展的影响下又在以盘尼西林为标志的分子学基础上建构了细菌图谱从而确立了西医的两大理论基础分子学和系统论中医以阴阳五行阴学说为理论基础阴阳五行学说起初并不是中医学自身的理论而是我国古代朴素的辩证唯物哲学思想阴阳各代表事物的不同的两个方面是指宇宙间万物万事最基本的也是最高度的区别和概括五行学说是指自然界中木火土金水这五类物质的运动变化以及它们之间的相互关系古代医学家借用阴阳五行来解释人体生理病理的各种现象并用以指导总结医学知识和临床经验形成了以阴阳五行学说为基础的中医理论体系也形成了中医理论医哲交融的特点中医与人文学科中医和西医在语言表达方面相距甚远西医文献属科技文体结构简单严谨统一其专业术语具有专词专用和意义单一的特点中医具有很强的人文学科特点主要表现为中医文献基本上是定性分析而非定量分析阐述的是医者的经验和感悟中医术语多通俗性少专用性其内涵和外延较为复杂从症候的阐述到疗效表达多具修饰色彩例如中医把一切致病的因素统称为邪气把人体的生命功能和抵抗力称作正气这些给中医翻译带来了许多不便和困难从发生学角度上分析中医理论体系和语言特点与其知识结构和理论生成有着密切关系黄帝内经简称内经是我国现存最早的一部医学典籍被后世尊为医家之宗然而内经不仅是一部医学名著其中不少记载还在一定程度上反映了当时的社会背景意识形态学派主张和其他自然科学的成就这些内容又与医学相互渗透深刻地影响着医学遂使该书成为一部以医学为主而涉及多学科的巨著由于内经非一时一人之作所以在内经里不同的文章反映不同的社会背景学术思想和诊疗技术还有不同的写作笔法文字使用等除医学外还涉及天文地理历史哲学中医语言实际上是它赖以产生的那个时代的日常用语文学用语及哲学用语的混合产物由此可见中医翻译实际上不得不在巨大的语言和文化反差下进行诠释学的翻译观诠释学又称阐释学是关于理解和解释的学科翻译即解释是诠释学一个古老而核心的命题诠释学认为翻译即解释解释是翻译的普遍特征前见和视域融合是诠释学关于解释和翻译的两个重要概念关于理解伽达默尔提出了理解的历史性这一概念他认为人作为一种历史的存在本身就决定了他不能脱离自己的历史性因此任何理解都是理解者带有前理解的理解他称这种理解为前见前见其实就是一种决定某个处境的一切要素最终得到考察之前所给予的判断力而视域就是视力所及的地区它囊括了从某个特定的立足点出发时所能看到的一切理解不可避免地包含前见和视域在翻译时译者视域与源语文本视域各自跨越自身的界限与对方融为一体而读者在阅读过程中也不是消极地接受而是主动地让自己的视域和文本视域融合形成新的视域这就是视域融合理解是一个视域融合的过程与传统的信达雅翻译标准不同诠释学认为由于视域不断地发生融合所以无论是现在的视域还是过去的视域也无论是文本的视域还是解释者的视域都不会是静止不变的因此翻译具有动态性中医文本的多重解释特征中医本身就离不开诠释诠释是中医学研究和传承的一个重要手段中医人是通过对古籍和医学经典的诠释来掌握整理和学习医学知识的对内经的诠释越来越受到中外学术界的重视千百年来众多医家及有关学科专家对内经进行了广泛深入的研究注疏专论大量问世使之形成了一门独立的学科内经学中医文献多用文言文或半文半白写成词语精炼浓缩内涵丰富深刻从语言结构到表达形式与现代汉语相距较远译者必须把其先译成现代语言来加以理解伽达默尔在他的真理与方法一书中指出把某个历史文本作为解释的对象就是指这个文本向解释者提出一个问题因此解释总是包含着一种与向解释者提出的问题的关系理解这个文本就是理解这个问题为了解决这个问题译者往往不能直接以自己的视域去和原文的视域融合而是首先诠释文本中的某些字或词的含义为了解决这些问题他不但要考察历史的理解还要以此考察充实自己的理解并把它们融合到一起形成新的视域再回到文本对文本进行重建译成新的译文中医文本解释的多重性表现在两个方面一是译语本身实际是多重前理解变化的结果译者的解释是建立在历史的理解和自己的前理解之上经过一次次查阅和考证得出的结果二是同一文本由于理解的差异不同的人会给出不同的解释也就形成了同一文本多种解释的现象由此可见中医文本解释的多重性是译者的视域运动和译者之间的视域差所导致的这说明译者在翻译中占有主导地位文本的翻译不但受制于文本本身更受制于译者的视域阐释学翻译观之于翻译研究和翻译实践的贡献是它对读者和作为读者的地位的彰显是对文化多样性的追求翻译这一特殊的阐释过程不排斥多向思维它在一定意义上是相对的主观的所以同一部原作在若干译者的笔下会产生若干部存在不同程度差异的的译作文化解释对读者的积极作用翻译的目的是文化交流翻译的服务对象是读者因此任何一个翻译都不应忽略读者的感受尽管中医和西医差别巨大但研究的对象都是人体和疾病研究的目的都是为了人类健康因此双方在专业词汇上能找到许多共核词有些词即便在概念上有所差异两者也有重叠部分可以互相借用然而中医的主要概念词汇却属于文化专有项在英语中没有对应词只能采用音译例如阴阳藏象气元气有些词虽然采用了对应译法看似吻合其实语义缺失严重和音译的作用相差无几例如五行命门三焦正气这些词汇大都代表复杂的概念抽象深奥文化属性极强音译对于读者来说如果没有其它辅助依然一无所知对于这些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语在翻译时必须详加注解说明该词的语用意义才能使读者了解原语独特的文化现象翻译应从读者出发以读者的理解为最终目标从而避免因解释缺位而导致交际的失败例如中医方名多以主药和功效命名但其中不乏文学化的方名失笑散是一味活血祛瘀散结止痛药病人久病不爽但服用了此药药到病除不禁欣然失笑故得此名以下有种译法美国中医学院学报首先第和都对失笑二字进行了意译译为失去的笑容译为突然出现的笑容失笑的正确意思是情不自禁地笑出来因此的译法偏差较大会使读者产生很大的误解的译法较为准确其次和都把笑字译成只有译成了指笑但更多时指出声的笑药名中的笑是一种夸张用法其主要意思是表达病人由患病的痛苦到治愈的喜悦所产生的表情变化而不是病人如何笑因此较为恰当但即便如此字面的语义功能也不能表达方名的真正含义目的语读者还是不得其解其实这个药名即便中国人读了也不见得能得出其中的故事例中只有的译者对方名的由来做了补充讲解这样读者便完全可以明白的真正含义了令人不解的是中医教师在给本国学生讲解此方时也要解释方名的由来但翻译给西方读者时反而闭口不提了这种现象在中医翻译中并不少见译者其实是文化的解释者和传播者其任务之一是帮助读者了解异质文化一种文化现象对另一个民族来讲可能是闻所未闻甚至是难以理解的目的语读者的理解依赖于译者所提供的信息和对信息的解释度对解释而言不同的读者对象需要不同的理想解释度目的语读者是目的语文化的具体代表也是通过目的语文本传递过来的源语文化的直接接收者源语文化只有通过目的语读者的阅读这个环境才能在目的语文化中真正发挥作用因此在避免解释过度的同时还应避免解释不足或不到位更不应以一种想当然的姿态回避必要的解释中医翻译要面对各种文化碰撞包括传统的和现代的东方的和西方的汉语的和英语的中医的和西医的因此那种意合形也合的信达雅翻译标准只是一个理想模式诠释学翻译观为中医翻译提供了一个更大的空间和更多的可能性正如塞尔登所指出的尽管诠释学最根本的形式是与理解中的调节关系而且正因为如此每当意义变得含糊不清时人们最长讨论并且最常发展的是解释的艺术但无论是对希腊人来说还是对该词具有的现代意义来说最重要的还是让我们能够理解某些模糊或外来的事物将不熟悉的东西翻译成可以理解的形式诠释学翻译观不但强调译者在翻译中的主动地位同时也强调了翻译的动态性使翻译摆脱传统翻译标准的束缚对中医翻译有着积极的启示和指导作用参考文献金惠康跨文化交际翻译续篇北京中国对外翻译出版公司尤金奈达语言文化与翻译上海上海外语教育出版社李照国中医英语翻译技巧北京人民卫生出版社西风阐释学翻译观在中国的阐释外语与外语教学包惠南文化语境与语言翻译版北京中国对外翻译出版公司朱建平翻译跨文化解释哲学诠释学与接收美学模式长沙湖南人民出版社。