《研究生英语》(2..
研究生英语阅读教程(二)提高级翻译
Lesson 11.昨日发生的恐怖主义活动使美国人的生活暗淡无光，在他们的生活中留下了印迹，并永远地改变了他们的生活。
Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, marked and forever altered the way Americans live their lives.2.佛罗里达州立大学创伤心理学教授查尔斯?费格里说:“我们得学一学其它许多国家曾经经历过的东西，那就是从文化上和在全国范围内来应对恐惧。
”他还说:“我们正在体验恐惧是怎样起作用的。
”“We are going to have to learn what a lot of other countries have gone through: to manage fear at a cultural and national level,” said Charles Figley, a professor of trauma psychology at Florida State University. “We’re getting a lesson in the way fear works.”3.美国是一个一向以开放自豪甚至洋洋得意的国家，在这里，人们可以独自在美国国会大楼中闲庭信步，而现在，恐怖袭击很有可能迫使美国人处处小心，惶惶不可终日。
其实我们很大程度上已经是这样了。
许多政府大楼的前门装设的金属探测器已然成为一道风景线，大部分的办公大楼里也必备保安。
In a country long proud and even boastful of its openness—a country where an ordinary citizen can stroll through the U.S. Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks are likely to force Americans to a lot of that. Metal detectors now mark the front door of many government buildings, and security guards are a fixture in the lobby of most large office buildings.4.报复有很大的危险，会引发和在中东及北爱尔兰一样的紧张的暴力和反暴力的恶性攀升。
《研究生英语》课件 (2)
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《研究生英语》PPT课件 (2)
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研究生英语高级教程(第二版) 练习答案及参考译文
Unit 1Move Over, Big BrotherBackground Information1. Big Brother: An omnipresent, seemingly benevolent figure representing the oppressive control over individual lives exerted by an authoritarian government. (after Big Brother, a character in the novel 1984 by George Orwell)Answer keysI. Reading comprehension1. B2. C3. D4. A5. D6. B7. D8. B9. D 10.CⅡ. VocabularyA. 1. C 2. A 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. DB. 1. A 2. D 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. D 10. BⅢ. Cloze1. C2. D3. B4. B5. B6. A7. C8. A9. D 10. DⅣ. TranslationA.人们已经越来越意识到计算机的某些应用对我们所谓的“个人隐私”这种抽象的价值观可能带来的影响。
过去，冗繁的活字印刷技术抑制了人们搜集并保存同伴信息的欲望，因而限制了个人信息的记载。
但现在许多人已表示担忧,由于计算机信息容量大、准确无误、储存信息久，它可能会成为监视系统的中心，使社会变成透明的世界，将家庭、财政收支、社交等暴露在各种各样漫不经心的观察者面前，这些人中有些是病态的好奇者，也有居心不良或刺探商业情报的人。
B. Anyone who googles for a website or looks up a friend on Facebook is likely to have those actions recorded and stored on a database somewhere. Although many internet users seem to remain unaware of the fact that big governmental and corporate brother is watching you, every now and again something brings a reminder of the ever greater amount of personal information being gathered.Ⅴ. Fast reading1. C2. D3. A4. B5. C参考译文老大哥，移过去一点[1] 对路易十四而言，即使在卧室里生活没有隐私都不是问题。
2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题真题(打印版)
2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numberedblank and mark A,B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Section Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each textby choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually arequirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-beworkers do not get left behind.. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demandwill change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain.Research by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, findsthat on average 42 per cent of the core skills " within job roles willchange by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can onlyimagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one Forindividual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workerswhose skills are no longer demand and replace them with thosewhose skills are.That does not always happen.AT&T is often given asthe gold standard of a company who decided to do a massivereskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy.ultimatelyretraining 18,000employees. Prepandemic,othercompanies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to createtheir own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economythough, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts inCanada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and havegiven us a situation where we frequently hear of employers beggingfor workers even at times and In regionswhere unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is veryhigh indeed. In February,at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates inCanada and the United States were at generational lows and workershortages were everywhere.As of May, those rates had spiked up to13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortageshad disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take anobvious example,the pandemic meant that there were still clearshortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnelOf course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter andtrain him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it.Buteven if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, anddoing so would be to the benefit of all concerned That seems to bethe case in Sweden, where the pandemickick-started a retrainingprogram where business as well as government had a role.Reskiling in this way would be challenging in a North Americancontext. You can easily imagine a chorus of"you cant do that,"because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and usingany support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end indisaster. Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work 'ell inSweden,with its history of co-operation between business,labourand government, but not in North Americawhere our history is verydifferent. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinarythings take place, but it is business as usualafter the fact.And yet, asin war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapidreskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case,Swedens work force is now more skilled, in more things,and moreflexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or thepostpandemic world,are expensive and at a time when everyonesbudgets are lean this may not be the time to implement them.Thenagain,extending income support programs to get us through thenext months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having aswath of long-term unemployed in thePOST-COVID years Given that,perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic canjump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than abuzzword.B.PreDaacancies for the unemplovo teau.e1C. Retrain their cabin staff for better servicesD.finance their staff' s college educationText 2When Microsoft bought task managennent app Wunderlist andmobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it pickecup two newcomers thatwere attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft' s ownOffice dominates the market for"productivity"software, but thestart-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from theground up for the smartphone world.Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it hadused their best features in its own productsTheir teams of engineersstayed on, making them two of the many" acqui-hires"that thebiggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for techtalent.To Microsoft’ s critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise areexamples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up anyinnovative companies that lie in their path. " They bought theseedlings and closed them down,"complained Paul Arnold, a partnerat San Francisco-based Switch Ventures, putting paid to businessesthat might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined tccomment.Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold ' s own business oftendepends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though headmits to mixed feelings about the result:"I think these things aregood for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for theAmerican economy? I don' t know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answerto that question. This week, it asked the five most valuable US techcompanies for information about their many smallacquisitions ovelthe past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, therequest has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stagetech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn,riflingthrough such small deals —many of them much less prominent thanwunderlist and Sunrise —might seem beside the point. Betweenthem,the five companies (Apple，Microsoft,Google，Amazon andFacebook) have spent an average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1bnacquisitions over the past five years a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buytheir most threatening potential competitcrs before their businesseshave a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buyand kill" tactic to simply close them down31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitionsA.Their market values declined.B. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products werere-priced.32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA. ignore public opinionsB.treat new tech talent unfairlyC.exaggerate their product qualityD.eliminate their potential competitors.33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions miahtA. harm the national economyB. worsen market competitionC. discourage start-up investorsD.weaken big tech companies.34. The US Federal Trade Commission intend toA. examine small acquisitionsB. limit Big Tech'’ s expansionC. supervise start-ups’operationsD.encourage research collaboration35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition haveA. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4we're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to afive-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing,"the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watchsilent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents’ end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had tccount backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conratings were just asaccurate, demonstrie social processing.Critically, anotherninute writing downreasons for their Jjudgment,betore giving the rating. Accuracydropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focusedthem on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures orutterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signalsform a holistic impression. She found similar interference whenparticipants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception andsexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition insteadof reflection.“It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,"and if you start thinkingabout it too much, you can' t remember what you’ re doing. But if yougo on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferencesCollege students' ratings of strawberry jams and college coursesaligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren'tasked to analyze their rationale. And peoplemadecar-buyingdecisions that were both objectively better and more personallysatisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex — when they had a lot o1information to process.Intuition ' s special powers are unleashed only in certaincircumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eighttasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition andcreativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then theyrated the degree to which they had used intuition ( "gut feelings,""hunches,"“my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance onthe first four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the restSometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambabys study deals with_A. instructor student interactionB.the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD.People’s ability to influence others37. In Ambaby ' s study,rating accuracydropped whenparticipants_A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video clipsD. discussed with on another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that_A. memory can be selectiveB.reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_A. follow your feelingsB. list your preferencesc. seek expert adviceD.collect enough data40.(缺)Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. FotQuestions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G tcfit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don’t make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won' t work.Youlsenior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic.What do you say when you disagree with someone who has morepower than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speakingup? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here' s how tcdisagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it' s best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, the wholediscussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense oiwhat the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contributeexperience or information to your thinking—all the things that wouldmake the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good ideato delay the conversation if you' re in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel lessthreatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerfulperson cares aboutit may be "the credibility of their team orgetting a project done on time. You' re more likely to be heard if youcan connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.When you dospeak up, don' t assume the link will be clear. You’ ll want to state itovertly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re seen not as adisagreeable underling but as a colleague whos trying to advance ashared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess gamethan a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential, but it' s a smart way to givethe powerful person psychological safety and control. You can saysomething like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quartercommitment here.I have reasons to think that won' t work.T d like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person achoice,allowing them to verbally opt in.And, assuming they say yes.it willmake, you feel more confidentabout voicing yourdisagreement.44._You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but dcwhatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions,When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,itundercuts the message. Itsends a mixed message, and yourcounterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, ascan speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky wetend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking inan even tone helps the other person calm down and does the samefor you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45._Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. Itmay be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it' s still anopinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying something like, " If we set an end-of-quarterdeadline, we'll never make it,:" say,“This is just my opinion, but ldon't see how we will make that deadline." Having asserted yourposition(as a position，not as a fact) demonstrate equal curiosityabout other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Part CDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation onthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggestsource of connection, laughter and warmth . While that may well betrue, researchers have also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belongingthat we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago- areacommuters using publictransportation to strike up a conversationwith someone near them. On average,participants who followed thisinstruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit insilence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away fromcasual interactions with strangers,It is often due to a misplacedanxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time,however, this belief is false . As it tums outmany people are actuallyperfectly wiling to talk- and may even beflattered to receive yourattention .Section m WritinPart A51. Directions:Suppose you are organising an online meeting. Write an email to Jackan international student.(1) invite him to participate,and(2) tell him the detailsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use " LiMing"instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on chart below. In your writing,you should(1) interpret the chart,and(2) give your commentsYou should write about 150words on theANSWERhave a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buyand kill" tactic to simply close them down31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their acquisitionsA.Their market values declined.B. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products werere-priced.32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA. ignore public opinionsB.treat new tech talent unfairlyC.exaggerate their product qualityD.eliminate their potential competitors.33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions miahtA. harm the national economyB. worsen market competitionC. discourage start-up investorsD.weaken big tech companies.34. The US Federal Trade Commission intend toA. examine small acquisitionsB. limit Big Tech'’ s expansionC. supervise start-ups’operationsD.encourage research collaboration35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition haveA. brought little financial pressureB. raised few management challengesC.set an example for future dealsD. generated considerable profitsText 4we're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to afive-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing,"the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watchsilent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness. Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents’ end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had tccount backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conratings were just asaccurate, demonstrie social processing.Critically, anotherninute writing downreasons for their Jjudgment,betore giving the rating. Accuracydropped dramatically. Ambady suspected that deliberation focusedthem on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures orutterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signalsform a holistic impression. She found similar interference whenparticipants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception andsexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition insteadof reflection.“It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,"and if you start thinkingabout it too much, you can' t remember what you’ re doing. But if yougo on automatic pilot, you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferencesCollege students' ratings of strawberry jams and college coursesaligned better with experts' opinions when the students weren'tasked to analyze their rationale. And people madecar-buyingdecisions that were both objectively better and more personallysatisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex — when they had a lot o1information to process.Intuition ' s special powers are unleashed only in certaincircumstances. In one study, participants completed a battery of eighttasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition andcreativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then theyrated the degree to which they had used intuition ( "gut feelings,""hunches,"“my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance onthe first four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the restSometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36. Nalini Ambabys study deals with_A. instructor student interactionB.the power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first impressionsD.People’s ability to influence others37. In Ambaby ' s study,rating accuracydropped whenparticipants_A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video clipsD. discussed with on another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that_A. memory can be selectiveB.reflection can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to detect39. When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_A. follow your feelingsB. list your preferencesc. seek expert adviceD.collect enough data40.(缺)Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. FotQuestions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G tcfit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10 points)A. Stay calmB. Stay humbleC. Don’t make judgmentsD.Be realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goalHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than YouYour boss proposes a new initiative you think won' t work.Youlsenior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic.What do you say when you disagree with someone who has morepower than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speakingup? And if you do, what exactly should you say? Here' s how tcdisagree with someone more powerful than you.41.You may decide it' s best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe you haven’t finished thinking the problem through, the wholediscussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a clearer sense oiwhat the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contributeexperience or information to your thinking—all the things that wouldmake the disagreement stronger or more valid. It's also a good ideato delay the conversation if you' re in a meeting or other public space.Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel lessthreatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerfulperson cares aboutit may be "the credibility of their team orgetting a project done on time. You' re more likely to be heard if youcan connect your disagreement to a higher purpose.When you dospeak up, don' t assume the link will be clear. You’ ll want to state itovertly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re seen not as adisagreeable underling but as a colleague whos trying to advance ashared goal. The discussion will then become more like a chess gamethan a boxing match.43.This step may sound overly deferential, but it' s a smart way to givethe powerful person psychological safety and control. You can saysomething like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quartercommitment here.I have reasons to think that won' t work.T d like to lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?"This gives the person achoice,allowing them to verbally opt in.And, assuming they say yes.it willmake, you feel more confidentabout voicing yourdisagreement.44._You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but dcwhatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions,When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,itundercuts the message. Itsends a mixed message, and yourcounterpart gets to choose what to read. Deep breaths can help, ascan speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel panicky wetend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking inan even tone helps the other person calm down and does the samefor you. It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren't.45._Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. Itmay be a well-informed, well-researched opinion, but it' s still anopinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.Instead of saying something like, " If we set an end-of-quarterdeadline, we'll never make it,:" say,“This is just my opinion, but ldon't see how we will make that deadline." Havingasserted yourposition(as a position，not as a fact) demonstrate equal curiosityabout other views.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing other opinions.Part CDirections:Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation onthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggestsource of connection, laughter and warmth . While that may well betrue, researchers have also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belongingthat we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago- areacommuters using public transportation to strike up a conversationwith someone near them. On average,participants who followed thisinstruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit insilence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away fromcasual interactions with strangers,It is often due to a misplacedanxiety that they might not want to talk to us. Much of the time,however, this belief is false . As it tums outmany people are actuallyperfectly wiling to talk- and may even beflattered to receive yourattention .Section m WritinPart A51.Directions:Suppose you are organising an online meeting. Write an email to Jackan international student.(1)invite him to participate,and(2) tell him the detailsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use " LiMing"instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay based on chart below. In your writing,you should(1) interpret the chart,and (2)give your commentsYou should write about 150words on theANSWERSHEET.(15points)60.0%,50.0% ,4.0%s30.0N)23.9%20.ogsy,10.0gy .px.hep.0.0%。
研究生英语综合教程 (2)
features of a classic. • Adults also find the books appealing because of the deep
intellectualism. • Plotlines of the four books are independent of each other, but
Example 3: The language of the books may be unadorned, but the way with naming people and things is quirky and original.
Example 4: Adults also find the books appealing because of the deep intellectualism in them.
Example 3: previous bookselling records. In Britain and North America, thousands of children
rushed to claim their copies when Harry Potter and the
新发展研究生英语综合教程(2)学生用书_部分课后答案和课文翻译
Unit 2 FriendshipⅡ. Language FocusV ocabularyPart A1. resourcefulness；2. proximity；3. intimidated；4. catalyst；5. overwhelming；6. anarchy；7. dwindled；8. hierarchy；9. quirks；10. rantingBank-Cloze(1) move; (2) forming; (3) sights; (4) produce; (5) value(6) appreciation; (7) expectations; (8) constitutes; (9) being; (10) distinguishedIV.译文友谊Text A友谊的艺术斯蒂芬妮·多戈夫斯蒂芬妮·多戈夫1989年大学毕业后就为杂志和报纸撰稿。
斯蒂芬妮·多戈夫是《亲职教育》的主编。
她的作品也发表在《纽约时代》和《纽约邮报》上。
在中年结交朋友1几年前的一个晚上，我发现自己陷入惶恐之中。
并不是真的出了什么事——我的家庭，我的健康都很好，我的事业也很忙碌和成功——我只是有一种模糊的沮丧感，想找个朋友鼓鼓劲。
一个人，能和我喝杯咖啡，让我尽情倾诉，直到阴霾散尽。
问题在于，没有这样的好友可以打电话，可以交心。
几年之间，我的所有的最老的，最熟的女朋友们，一个接一个的，搬离了这个城市，或是为了更好的工作，或是为了更好的气候，或是为了更好的男人。
2我给我最好的朋友挂了电话，她现在住在加利福尼亚的乡下，我收到了她的语音留言。
就在那时，我突然明白过来——寂寞就是我感到沮丧的根源。
我的社交生活已经减至几乎为零，而我一向很忙，直至此刻才察觉到这一点。
这给了我很大的打击。
我从大学，甚至从小学就拥有的老朋友们，挚友们，他们了解我的一切，当他们离开的时候，将我同他们的交情也带走了。
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》真题及答案
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试《英语二》真题及答案一.完形填空下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
材料题根据以下材料，回答1-20题。
Here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today:you’re the CEO of a small business,and though you’re making a nice 1 ,you need to find a way to take it to the next level.What you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team.A growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company,and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow. Let’s look at a real-world 4 .Prior to forming a growth team,the software company BitTorrent had50employees working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development.This brought them good results until2012,when their growth plateaued.The 6 was that too many customers were using the basic,free version of their product.And 7 improvements to the premium,paid version,few people were making the upgrade. Things changed, 8 ,when an innovative project-marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed.By looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view,it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn’t due to a quality issue.Most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered. Armed with this 12 ,the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version 14 ,upgrades skyrocketed,and revenue increased by92percent. But in order for your growth team to succeed,it needs to have a strong leader.It needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.This leader will 16 the target area,set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals. The growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focused on moving forward and steering them clear of distractions. 19 attractive new ideas can be distracting,the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.1.【完形填空】第1题A.purchaseB.profitC.connectionD.bet正确答案：B2.【完形填空】第2题A.defineB.predictC.prioritizeD.appreciate正确答案：D3.【完形填空】第3题A.exclusivelyB.temporarilyC.potentiallyD.initially正确答案：A4.【完形填空】第4题A.experimentB.proposalC.debateD.example正确答案：D5.【完形填空】第5题A.identicalB.marginalC.provisionalD.traditional正确答案：D6.【完形填空】第6题A.rumorB.secretC.mythD.problem正确答案：D7.【完形填空】第7题A.despiteB.unlikeC.throughD.besides正确答案：A8.【完形填空】第8题A.moreoverB.howeverC.thereforeD.again正确答案：B9.【完形填空】第9题A.inspectedB.createdC.expandedD.reformed正确答案：B10.【完形填空】第10题A.culturalB.objectiveC.freshD.personal正确答案：C11.【完形填空】第11题A.endB.burdenckD.decrease正确答案：C12.【完形填空】第12题A.policyB.suggestionC.viewD.result正确答案：D13.【完形填空】第13题A.contributingB.allocatingC.promotingD.transferring正确答案：C14.【完形填空】第14题A.As a resultB.At any rateC.By the wayD.In a sense正确答案：A15.【完形填空】第15题A.uniteB.financeC.followD.choose正确答案：A16.【完形填空】第16题A.shareB.identifyC.divideD.broaden正确答案：B17.【完形填空】第17题A.announcementB.assessmentC.adjustmentD.accomplishment正确答案：D18.【完形填空】第18题A.famousB.responsibleC.availableD.respectable正确答案：B19.【完形填空】第19题A.BeforeB.OnceC.WhileD.Unless正确答案：C20.【完形填空】第20题A.serveB.limitC.summarizeD.alter正确答案：A二.【阅读理解Part A】下列每小题的四个选项中，只有一项是最符合题意的正确答案，多选、错选或不选均不得分。
(完整版)研究生英语二课后答案总结
第一单元一、1. The tranquil atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home.2. Technological advances might ultimately lead to even more job losses.3. In the aftermath of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership.4. Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper.5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the ordeal6. Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation.7. Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform.8. There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War.9. The new economic policies could prove suicidal for the party.10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than anticipated.11. The experience was enough to keep him preoccupied for some time.12. The road to happiness is paved with adversities.13. She aspires to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company.14. He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of his happy youth.15. In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action.二、1. Watching your baby being born is a mind-blowing experience(极其令人兴奋的经历).2. There is built-in storage space(内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms.3. This handout focuses on self-protection measures(自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions.4. I’m sure we could offer you some short-term employment (短期的工作).5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a distorted and negative self- perception(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)?6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing life-changing events(改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me.7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in all-encompassing details(无所不包的细节).8. Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image(一个好的自我形象).三、What then is a good mind? It is the w hole mental ……1、searches2、connections3、inventive4、discerning5、anticipates6、future7、individual8、identifies9、fallacy10、self-discipline四、翻译1、I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung 。
新编研究生英语教材 Unit 2课文翻译及课后习题答案
新编研究生英语教材 Unit 2课文翻译及课后习题答案Unit 2 LanguageText A Learn by TouchII. Word Study1) hearth2) repent3) tussle4) in the light of5) intercourse6) verbatim7) take the initiative8) gamut9) augmentation10) tactfulIII. Cloze1. B.2. A.3. A.4. C.5. D.6. B.7. A.8. C.9. C.10. D.11. C.12. A.13. D.14. C.15. A.16. C.17. D.18. C.19. A.20. B.IV. Translation1. Translate the following paragraph into Chinese.博物馆和艺术品商店也是带给我快乐和灵感的源泉。
毫无疑问，很多人都觉得奇怪，不凭借视觉，手就能感觉到冰冷的大理石雕像的动作、情感和美；但我的确从触摸伟大的艺术作品中获得了真正的愉悦。
当我的指尖追寻那些起伏的线条时，它们自会发现艺术家所描绘的思想和情感。
我能从雕像的脸上感受到众神和英雄们的憎恨、勇气和爱，正如我能从允许我触摸的活人的脸上察觉出这些感情一样。
我从戴安娜的姿态中触摸到了森林的优雅与自由，还有那驯服山狮与慑服暴戾的气质。
维纳斯的静谧和优雅使我感受到了灵魂的喜悦；而巴雷的铜像则使我仿佛窥见了丛林的秘密。
2. Translate the following paragraphs into English.English is attached great importance in China where English training market is in full swing with so many training centers appearing. Many Chinese, old and young, have made learning English an important part of their daily life. Even preschoolers can remember hundreds of English words. However, behind this globalization is people’s deep concern for Chinese traditional culture.Fortunately, recent years have witnessed a surge of “back-to-the-ancients schools”. It’s said that “knowledge makes a gentleman’. The study of Chinese traditional culture and the reading of Chinese classics exposes students to a wide range of information and makes them well rounded. However, some people are still on the fence, and are ambivalent towards “back-to-the-ancients schools” because they consider this ancient wisdom to be out of tune with the times. In contrast, the Confucius Institute --- that promotes Chinese language and culture, supports local Chinese teaching internationally, and facilitates culture exchange --- has been popular worldwide. By the end of 2012, 400 Confucius Institutes and 535 Confucius Classrooms had been established in 108 countries and regions.课文翻译倚触而学海伦·凯勒1 我生命中最重要的日子是我的老师安妮·曼斯菲尔德·莎莉文到来的那一天。
研究生综合英语2（修订版）课文翻译
Unit 1Transl ation of T ext如何应对恭维H·艾伦·史密斯尽管我确信蓄胡子会使我更加气度不凡，走在大街上会使女性发笑，但我从不留胡子，原因是我不敢冒险，因为哪怕蓄一点点胡子也很危险，它会招来别人的恭维。
例如，如果一位女士走到我跟前，说道：“你的胡子最迷人，”我会无所适从，不知怎样回答才好。
我可能会惊慌得脱口而出：“我也喜欢您的胡子。
”在社会交往中，应对恭维比对付辱骂要艰难得多，这话听起来有点矛盾，却有一定的道理。
闲聊时来句恭维话，往往让我们大多数人不知所措。
例如，有人对我们说上一句动听、赞美的话，我们就慌得说不出话来，膝盖开始瑟瑟发抖。
如果别人称赞不是真正属于我自己的东西时，我根本无法欣然接受。
我家住在一个小山上，俯瞰山下一片宽广的谷地。
来访者惊叹道：“天哪！你这儿的景色太美了！”整个山谷原本就在那里，不是我造的“噢，没什么——无非是过去留，也不属于我。
然而我傻乎乎地笑着说：下的一片土地而已。
”我在接受这种特定的恭维时，表示最能完全接受的说法就是“嗯，我们喜欢。
”采用这种答话必须得小心谨慎。
就某样东西说“我们喜欢”，言外之意就是，还有许多其他人都认为它很令人讨厌。
不久前，我和一批人在一起时，其中有位来自澳大利亚的地球物理学家在滔滔不绝地谈论宇宙中的奇观。
“我们生活的这个地球，”他说道，“是个了不起的、生机勃勃的、旋转的行星，是由一些不可思议的奇观组合而成。
”随后便是长时间的停顿。
这时，一位被他的这种极度夸张的恭维话所吸引的妇女，禁不住说道，“嗯，我们喜欢这个地球。
”我认为，对待恭维采取否定和贬低的态度是错误的。
“多漂亮的礼服啊！”你的朋友赞美道。
“噢，这么破的旧衣服！”你回答道。
《研究生英语读写译教程》(第二版)练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》（第二版）练习参考答案及参考译文（注：第二版只有第六单元为全新单元，其余单元只是有些调整。
）各单元练习答案UNIT ONE STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH. COMPREHENSION1 He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (The answer to the second part of the question is open.)2 Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned coke bottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3 He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in his calligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4 Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future. (What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5 He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established实用文档dismissed him.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6 He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7 Do the things we love to do.8 Open.9 Open.10 Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want to do something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.) VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 diverge实用文档C1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzling SPEAKING: Open.TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
研究生英语阅读教程(二)提高级问答
1.What made Hillary think Bill Clinton was more like a Viking than a Rhodes Scholar returning from two years at Oxford when he arrived at Yale Law School in 1970?He was tall and handsome somewhere beneath that reddish brown beard and curly mane of hair. He also had a vitality that seemed to shoot out of his pores. And he was very talkative2.As President of the United States, Bill Clinton was famous for his eloquence. He delivered many important and famous speeches. Find ( in the text ) as much evidence as you can to prove Bill Clinton’s eloquence.1) When Hillary first saw Bill in the law school’s student lounge, he was holding forth before a rapt audience of fellow students.2) Bill talked their way in the Yale Art Gallery. This showed his persuasiveness in action.3) When Bill came to Hillary’s rescue with chicken soup and orange juice, he conversed about anything——from African politics to country and western music.4) To this day, Bill can astonish Hillary with the connections he weaves between ideas and words and how he makes it all sound like music.5) When Hillary was looking for Bill, a customer sitting nearby spoke up, saying, “ He was here for a long time reading , and I started talking to him about books. I don’t know his name, but he’s going to be President someday.”6) At the long lunch, Bill eventually persuaded Barbieri to endorse McGovern.7) Bill really won Hillary’s mother over when he found her reading a philosophy book from one of her college courses and spent an hour or so discussing it with her.3. What is the general idea of this part of Hillary’s autobiography Living History?It tells how Hillary and Bill Clinton met and began their love life.1.What was Nash’s view on extraterre strials?He believed that extraterrestrials were sending him messages and that he was being recruited by aliens from outer space to save the world. According to Nash, the ideas he had about supernatural beings came to him the same way that his mathematical ideas did. So he took them seriously.2.How are geniuses defined according to the text? What category does Nash belong to?Geniuses, the mathematician Paul Halmos wrote, “are of two kinds: the ones who are just like all of us, but very much more so, and the ones who, apparently, have an extra human spark. We can all run, and some of us can run the mile in less than 4 minutes; but there is nothing that most of us can do that compares with the creation of the Great G-minor Fugue.” Nash’s genius was o f that mysterious variety more often associated with music and art than with the oldest of all sciences: It wasn’t merely that his mind worked faster, that his memory was retentive, or that his power of concentration was greater. The flashes of intuition were nonrational: he saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.3.What are the paradoxes you find in Nash, based on the text? 1)Nash was a mathematician, a man devoted to reasoning and logical proof, but he believed in extraterrestrials.2)Nash was compulsively rational, he wished to turn life’s decisions——whether to take the first elevator of wait for the next one, where to bank his money, what job to accept, whether to marry——into calculations of advantage and disadvantage, algorithms of mathematical rules divorced from emotion, convention, and tradition, but his intuition was non-rational. Nash saw the vision first; constructing the laborious proofs long afterward.3)Nash was known for his remoteness and silence, but there were occasions such as garrulousness about outer space and geopolitical trends, childish pranks, and unpredictable eruptions of anger. But these outbursts were, more often than not, as enigmatic as his silences.4)Nash as a person was difficult to understand, but his ideas were quite popular.4. Sum up Nash’s achievements and his contribution to the world.Achievements: Nash proved himself, in the words of the eminent geometer Mikhail Gromov, “the most remarkable mathematician of the second half of the cent ury.” In 1958, Fortune singled Nash our for his achievements in game theory, algebraic geometry, and nonlinear theory, calling him the most brilliant of the younger generation of new ambidextrous mathematicians who worked in both pure and applied mathematics.Contribution: His ideas were of the deep and wholly unanticipated kind that pushes scientific thinking in new directions. And he did contribute, in a big way. Nash’s insight into the dynamics of human rivalry-his theory of rational conflict and cooperation-was to become one of the most influential ideas of the twentieth century, transforming the young science of economics the way that Mendel’s ideas of genetic transmission, Darwin’s model of natural selection, and Newton’s celestial mechanics reshaped b iology and physics in their day.1.According to King, why is peace on earth a more urgent question in our time than in the past? How is the idea of nonviolence related to this urgercy?Because people find themselves rather bewildered in this Christmas season. They feel no peace and tranquility but haunting fears in their inner heart. War is likely to break out at any moment. Some people may even dismiss the Christmas hope for peace and goodwill toward all men as a kind of pious dream of some utopian. Therefore, peace on earth becomes a more urgent question in our time than in the past. Some may argue that war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the very destructive power of modern weapons of warfare eliminates even the possibility that war may any longer serve as a negative good. Thus, war and violence should give way to nonviolent means for peace on earth.2. What are the three conditions King suggests as essential to peace among men? How does he explain and illustrate each condition?If we are to have peace on earth, first, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional; secondly, men and nations must embrace the nonviolent affirmation that means and ends must cohere; and the next thing we must concern about is the nonviolence affirmation of the sacredness of all human life. The author illustrates these conditions through persuasive arguments and vivid examples. 3. Why does the author suggest that modern man really go all out to study the meaning of nonviolence, its philosophy and its strategy?The author believes war is obsolete and can no longer serve even as a negative good that can prevent the spread and growth of an evil force. An alternative to war must be found——the Christian hope of peace on earth and goodwill towards all men. According to the author, nonviolence is the right way to realize this Christian hope.1.What do you think made Sallee the target of the robbery?He often delayed closing for customers. The robbers might have noticed this and take advantage of his kindness.2. Why did Sallee cooperate with the trio first?He thought the trio just wanted the money, they wouldn’t hurt him. (Sallee cooperated. He emptied the register and pushed its contents toward them.So far, so good, he thought.)3.When did Sallee realize that he was in real danger?He realized with horror when he felt the sudden warmth spreading down his throat to his chest. It was blood. 4.Why did Sallee cease to flight finally?Sallee figured that if he ceased to fight, his attackers might go away and leave him for dead.5.What helped Sallee survive?His strong will and desire to live. All at once he realized something miraculous was happening. He heard someone speak. Quietly but firmly, the voice said. “One step at a time, Troy. Come on, you can do it.” At first, he thought the voice was echoing in his mind, but it became obvious to him that the words ringing in his ears were audible. The voice encouraged him, just as his father had done when Troy was a baby learning to walk. “Come on. Troy, you can do it.”1.Did Aristotle and most of the other Greek philosophers like the idea of a creation of the universe? Why of why not?No. Aristotle, and most of the other Greek philosophers, did not like the idea of a creation because they thought that it smacked too much of divine intervention. They believed that the human race and the world around it had existed, and would exist, forever.2.What was Edwin Hubble’s landmark observation? How important was the observation to the studies of the beginning of universe?In 1929, Edwin Hubble made the landmark observation that wherever you look, distant galaxies are moving rapidly away from us. In other words, the universe is expanding. This means that at earlier times objects would have been closer together. In fact, it seemed that there was a time, about ten or twenty thousand million years ago, when they were all at exactly the same place and when, therefore, the density of the universe was infinite. This discovery finally brought the question of the beginning of the universe into the realm of science.3.What is a good theory according to the passage?According to the passage, a theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements. It must accurately describe a large class of observations on the basis of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.4.Why does the author say that any physical theory is always provisional?Any physical theory is always provisional, in the sense that it is only a hypothesis: you can never prove it. No matter how many times the results of experiments agree with some theory, you can never be sure that the next time the result will not contradict the theory. On the other hand, you can disprove a theory by finding even a single observation that disagrees with the predictions of the theory.5.What is the eventual goal of science? What is the approach most scientists follow to pursue this goal?The eventual goal of science is to provide a single theory that describes the whole universe. However, the approach most scientists actually follow is to separate the problem into two parts. First, there are the laws that tell us how the universe changes with time. Second , there is the question of the initial state of the universe.1.In w hat ways is the robot arm in Duke’s lab different from other robot arms?The other robot arms are operated by software; but the arm at Duke follows commands of a different sort: It is moved by the monkey with its thoughts. There are cables, one end connected with the computer, the other end linked wit h a cap on the monkey’s head where signals from hundreds of electrodes buried in its brain can be received. In this way the monkey is directing the robot with its thoughts.2.Cite examples from the text to show the possible applications of Duke’s brain-machine research.1) A robot arm that can be controlled by a person with electrodes implanted in his of her brain. So people with paralyzed limbs can geta new tool to make everyday life easier.2)Mind-controlled battle robots, and airplanes that can be flown with nothing more than thought.3) A mental telephone that you could use simply by thinking about talking.1.Why does the author use a long paragraph to describe the setting of the story?He uses the long paragraph to serve as a foil to the emotion of the female leading character: being stranded in a Italian hotel in rainy days, she felt bored, depressed, helpless and fidgeting.2.Why does the author use “want” 10 times when describin g the wife’s argument with her husband?The repetition of the word highlights the emotional stress of the wife.3.Hemingway is known for his simplicity and style. This is fully reflected in his short story “The cat in the rain”. He only uses less that 20 adjective modifiers in it. Please try to find them.American, public, big, empty, green, good, bright, long, poor, far, serious, old, heavy, bad, dim, new, small, momentary, supreme…。
研究生综合英语2(修订版)课后答案
Unit OneKey to ExercisesIII. VocabularyA.1. came up with 6. put your mind2. The chances are 7. appalled3. fell flat 8. verdict4. bestowed upon 9. poise5. downright 10. blurted out B1. inarticulate 6. enhance2. insults 7. invite3. inept 8. sickly4. glowingly9. adroit5. execrable 10. charmingC.1. A 6. C2. C 7. D3. C 8. A4. B 9. C5. A 10 AIV. Cloze1. hesitant 6. external 11. Given 16. achieved2. playing 7. lurking 12. for 17. equal3. contributes 8. whose 13. perspective 18. based1.or 9. because 14. drawback 19. enters2.confidence 10. withhold 15. competition 20.enhancingV. TranslationA．我想了片刻，觉得世界上讲西班牙语的人最善于辞令，也许可以从他们身上学到点什么。
你对他们中的一个人赞叹道，“这是我曾经见到过的最漂亮的房子”，他立刻回应道，“您大驾光临，更使蓬荜生辉。
”让你站在那儿，一脸尴尬。
要想回敬他们是没有用的——不管说什么，最后他们总会占上风的。
有一点很清楚：所有得体的社交最根本的就在于保持镇定。
Eliza. W. Farrar，写过一本美国最早的关于礼仪方面的书。
她在书中讲述了在新英格兰举行的一次高雅的宴会上主人切鹅的故事，阐述了保持镇定的重要性。
研究生综合英语2(修订版)课文翻译
Unit 3Translation of Text我们没有"享受幸福的权利"C.S.路易斯"毕竟，" 克莱尔说，"他们拥有享受幸福的权利" 。
我们当时是在讨论邻里发生的一件事。
甲先生抛弃甲太太，离了婚，准备迎娶乙太太，而乙太太也同样办好了离婚手续准备嫁给甲。
毫无疑问，甲先生和乙太太非常欢喜对方。
如果他们继续相爱，且健康和收入不出什么差池，他们接下来的日子应该会过的很开心。
同样显而易见的是，他们与各自的前任相处不佳。
乙太太最初还是喜欢她的丈夫的。
但是后来他在战争中负伤，丢掉了工作，据说还已经失去了性能力。
此后的生活已经不再是乙夫人当初所期待的。
甲夫人也很凄惨。
她容貌不再，也没有了生机活力。
有人说她因为为他生儿育女，又为护理他度过漫长的疾病期而将自己的精力消耗殆尽，而先前的婚姻生活也因着疾病而黯然失色。
但是不要以为甲是那种将糟糠之妻弃之如敝履的一类人。
我们都知道前妻的自杀让他非常震惊，他曾亲口对我们说，“我又能怎么样呢？每个人都有享受幸福的权利。
我不能错过我的幸福机会。
”之后我就一直琢磨"享受幸福的权利"这句话。
起初这句话给我的感觉怪怪的，听起来就像是在说每个人都有走运的权利。
无论会有哪个派别的道德学家如何评论，我们的幸福或痛苦很大程度上都非人力所能控制。
在我看来，所谓享受幸福的权利并无依据，正如不能要求自己的身高要达到六英尺，应该有个百万富翁的老爸，或者说无论什么时候自己想去野餐了，天气就必须晴朗。
权利作为所在的社会的法律所保障的自由是不难理解的。
因此，我有权沿公共道路行驶，因为这是社会给赋予我的自由，也是“公共”道路意义之所在。
我也能理解法律所保障的债权权益，和与之相应的他人的债务承担义务。
如果我有权从你那里获取100英镑，也就等于说你有责任付我100英镑。
如果法律允许甲先生抛弃发妻而去勾引邻人之妻，那么甲就有这项法律权利，我们也没有必要在此谈论所谓“幸福”的权利。
2021年全国硕士研究生英语二
2021年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)It’s not difficult to set targets for staff.It is much harder,1,to understand their negative consequences.Most work-related behaviors have multiple components.2one and the others become distorted.Travel on a London bus and you’ll3see how this works with drivers.Watch people get on and show their tickets.Are they carefully inspected?Never.Do people get on without paying?Of course!Are there inspectors to4that people have paid?Possibly,but very few.And people who run for the bus?They are5.How about jumping lights?Buses do so almost as frequently as cyclists.Why?Because the target is6.People complained that buses were late and infrequent. 7,the number of buses and bus lanes were increased,and drivers were8or punished according to the time they took.And drivers hit these targets.But they9hit cyclists.If the target was changed to10,you would have more inspectors and more sensitive pricing. If the criterion changed to safety,you would get more11drivers who obeyed traffic laws. But both these criteria would be at the expense of time.There is another12:people became immensely inventive in hitting targets.Have you 13that you can leave on a flight an hour late but still arrive on time?Tailwinds?Of course not!Airlines have simply changed the time a14is meant to take.A one-hour flight is now billed as a two-hour flight.The15of the story is simple.Most jobs are multidimensional,with multiple criteria. Choose one criterion and you may well16others.Everything can be done faster and made cheaper,but there is a17.Setting targets can and does have unforeseen negative consequences.This is not an argument against target-setting.But it is an argument for exploring consequences first.All good targets should have multiple criteria18critical factors such as time,money,quality and customer feedback.The trick is not only to19just one or even two dimensions of the objective,but also to understand how to help people better20 the objective.1.[A]therefore[B]however[C]again[D]moreover2.[A]Emphasize[B]Identify[C]Access[D]Explain3.[A]nearly[B]curiously[C]eagerly[D]quickly4.[A]claim[B]prove[C]check[D]recall5.[A]ignored[B]threatened[C]mocked[D]blamed6.[A]punctuality[B]hospitality[C]competition[D]innovation7.[A]Yet[B]So[C]Besides[D]Still8.[A]hired[B]trained[C]rewarded[D]grouped9. [A] only[B] rather[C] once[D] also10. [A] comfort[B] revenue[C] efficiency[D] security11. [A] friendly[B] quiet[C] cautious[D] diligent12. [A]purpose[B] problem[C] prejudice[D] policy13. [A] reported[B] revealed[C] admitted[D] noticed14. [A] break[B] trip[C] department[D] transferdeparture15. [A] moral[B] background[C] style[D] form16. [A] interpret[B] criticize[C] sacrifice[D] tolerate17. [A] task[B] secret[C] protect[D] cost18. [A] leading to[B] calling for[C] relating to[D] accounting for19. [A] specify[B] predict[C] restore[D] create20. [A] modify[B] review[C] present[D] achieveSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1“Reskilling” is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually a requirement if we plan to have a future where a lot of would-be workers do not get left behind. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demand will change rapidly, as will the requirements of the jobs that remain. Research by WEF detailed in the Harvard Business Review, finds that on average 42 per cent of the “core skills” within job roles will change by 2022. That is a very short timeline, so we can only imagine what the changes will be further in the future.The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one. For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand and replace them with those whose skills are. That does not always happen. AT&T is often given as the gold standard of a company who decided to do a massive reskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire strategy, ultimately retraining 18,000 employers. Prepandemic, other companies including Amazon and Disney had also pledged to create their own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader economy though, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts in Canada and elsewhere have been arguably languid at best, and have given us a situation where we frequently hear of employers begging for workers, even at times and in regions where unemployment is high.With the pandemic, unemployment is very high indeed. In February, at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively, unemployment rates in Canada and the United States were at generational lows and worker shortages were everywhere. As of May, those rates had spiked up to 13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortages had disappeared, not all had done so. In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter and train him to be a doctor in a few weeks, no matter who pays for it. But even if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close others, and doing so would be to the benefit of all concerned. That seems to be the case in Sweden, where the pandemic kick-started a retraining program where business as well as government had a role.There the efforts started in mid-March, when the layoffs also started. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) was at the apex of it: When forced to furlough 90 per cent of their cabin staff, they decided to start up a short retraining program that reskilled the laid off workers to support hospital staff. The effort was a collective one and involved other companies as well as a Swedish university.Reskilling in this way would be challenging in a North American context. You can easily imagine a chorus of “you can’t do that,” because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills, and using any support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end in disaster. Maybe. Or maybe it is something that can work well in Sweden, with its history of co-operation between business, labour and government, but not in North America where our history is very different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wartime, when extraordinary things take place, but it is business as usual after the fact. And yet, as in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapid reskilling, can be done if there is a will to do them. In any case, Sweden’s work force is now more skilled, in more things, and more flexible than it was before.Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or the postpandemic world, are expensive and at a time when everyone’s budge ts are lean this may not be the time to implement them. Then again, extending income support programs to get us through the next months is expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having a swath of long-term unemployed in the post-COVID years. Given that, perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic can jump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than a buzzword.21.Research by the World Economic Forum suggests .[A]a controversy about the “core skills”[B]an increase in full-time employment[C]an urgent demand for new job skills[D]a steady growth of job opportunities22.AT&T is cited to show .[A]an immediate need for government support[B]an alternative to the fire-and-hire strategy[C]the characteristics of reskilling programs[D]the importance of staff appraisal standards23.Efforts to resolve the skills mismatch in Canada .[A]have appeared to be insufficient[B]have driven up labour costs[C]have proved to be inconsistent[D]have met with fierce opposition24.We can learn from Paragraph 3 that there was .[A]a sign of economic recovery[B]a call for policy adjustment[C]a change on hiring practices[D]a lack of medical workers25.Scandinavian Airlines decided to .[A]create job vacancies for the unemployed[B]retrain their cabin staff for better services[C]prepare their laid-off workers for other jobs[D]finance their staff’s college educationText 2With the global population predicted to hit close to 10 billion by 2050, and forecasts that agricultural production in some regions will need to nearly double to keep pace, food security is increasingly making headlines. In the UK, it has become a big talking point recently too, for a rather particular reason: Brexit.Brexit is seen by some as an opportunity to reverse a recent trend towards the UK importing food.The country produces only about60per cent of the food it eats,down from almost three-quarters in the late1980s.A move back to self-sufficiency,the argument goes,would boost the farming industry,political sovereignty and even the nation’s health.Sounds great–but how feasible is this vision?According to a report on UK food production from the University of Leeds,UK,85per cent of the country’s total land area is associated with meat and dairy production.That supplies80per cent of what is consumed,so even covering the whole country in livestock farms wouldn’t allow us to cover all our meat and dairy needs.There are many caveats to those figures,but they are still grave.To become much more self-sufficient,the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods,and probably also farm more intensively–meaning fewer green fields,and more factory-style production.But switching to a mainly plant-based diet wouldn’t help.There is a good reason why the UK is dominated by animal husbandry:most of its terrain doesn’t have the right soil or climate to grow crops on a commercial basis.Just25per cent of the country’s land is suitable for crop-growing,most of which is already occupied by arable fields.Even if we converted all the suitable land to fields of fruit and veg–which would involve taking out all the nature reserves and removing thousands of people from their homes–we would achieve only a30per cent boost in crop production.Just23per cent of the fruit and vegetables consumed in the UK are currently home-grown,so even with the most extreme measures we could meet only30per cent of our fresh produce needs. That is before we look for the space to grow the grains,sugars,seeds and oils that provide us with the vast bulk of our current calorie intake.26.Some people argue that food self-sufficiency in the UK would.[A]be hindered by its population growth[B]contribute to the nation's well-being[C]become a priority of the government[D]pose a challenge to its farming industry27.The report by the University of Leeds shows that in the UK.[A]farmland has been inefficiently utilized[B]factory-style production needs reforming[C]most land is used for meat and dairy production[D]more green fields will be converted for farming28.Crop-growing in the UK is restricted due to.[A]its farming technology[B]its dietary tradition[C]its natural conditions[D]its commercial interests29.It can be learned from the last paragraph that British people.[A]rely largely on imports for fresh produce[B]enjoy a steady rise in fruit consumption[C]are seeking effective ways to cut calorie intake[D]are trying to grow new varieties of grains30.The author's attitude to food self-sufficiency in the UK is.[A]defensive[B]doubtful[C]tolerant[D]optimisticText3When Microsoft bought task management app Wunderlist and mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015.It picked up two newcomers that were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft’s own Office dominates the market for“productivity”software,but the start-ups represented a new wave of technology designed from the ground up for the smartphone world.Both apps,however,were later scrapped,after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products.Their teams of engineers stayed on,making them two of the many “acqui-hires”that the biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for tech-talent.To Microsoft’s critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise are examples of a remorseless drive by Big Tech to chew up any innovative companies that lie in their path.“They bought the seedlings and closed them down,”complained Paul Arnold,a partner at San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,putting paid to businesses that might one day turn into competitors.Microsoft declined to comment.Like other start-up investors.Mr.Arnold’s own business often depends on selling start-ups to larger tech companies,though he admits to mixed feelings about the result:“I think these things are good for me,if I put my selfish hat on.But are they good for the American economy?I don't know.”The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answer to that question.This week,it asked the five most valuable US tech companies for information about their many small acquisitions over the past decade.Although only a research project at this stage,the request has raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stage tech markets that until now have been beyond their reach.Given their combined market value of more than$5.5tn,rifling through such small deals—many of them much less prominent than Wunderlist and Sunrise—might seem beside the point.Between them,the five companies(Apple,Microsoft,Google,Amazon and Facebook)have spent an average of only$3.4bn a year on sub-$1bn acquisitions over the past five years—a drop in the ocean compared with their massive financial reserves,and the more than$130bn of venture capital that was invested in the US last year.However,critics say that the big companies use such deals to buy their most threatening potential competitors before their businesses have a chance to gain momentum,in some cases as part of a“buy and kill”tactic to simply close them down.31.What is true about Wunderlist and Sunrise after their acquisitions?[A]Their engineers were retained.[B]Their market values declined.[C]Their tech features improved.[D]Their products were re-priced.32.Microsoft’s critics believe that the big tech companies tend to.[A]exaggerate their product quality[B]eliminate their potential competitors[C]treat new tech talent unfairly[D]ignore public opinions33.Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions might.[A]weaken big tech companies[B]worsen market competition[C]harm the national economy[D]discourage start-up investors34.The US Federal Trade Commission intends to.[A]limit Big Tech’s expansion[B]encourage research collaboration[C]examine small acquisitions[D]supervise start-ups’operations35.For the five biggest tech companies,their small acquisitions have.[A]brought little financial pressure[B]raised few management challenges[C]set an example for future deals[D]generated considerable profitsText4We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to a five-minute interaction,and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive.In one study of the ability she dubbed“thin slicing,”the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness.Their ratings correlated strongly with students’end-of-semester ratings.Another set of participants had to count backward from1,000by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their conscious working memory.Their ratings were just as accurate,demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.Critically,another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment,before giving the rating.Accuracy dropped dramatically.Ambady suspected thatdeliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.She found similar interference when participants watched15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers,friends,or dating partners.Other research shows we’re better at detecting deception and sexual orientation from thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.“It’s as if you’re driving a stick shift,”says Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,“and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing.But if you go on automatic pilot,you’re fine.Much of our social life is like that.”Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.College students’ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks,including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary)and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech).Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition(“gut feelings,”“hunches,”“my heart”).Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks,as expected,and helped them on the rest.Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.36.Nalini Ambady’s study deals with_________.[A]the power of people’s memory[B]the reliability of first impressions[C]instructor student interaction[D]people’s ability to influence others37.In Ambady’s study,rating accuracy dropped when participants_________.[A]focused on specific details[B]gave the rating in limited time[C]watched shorter video clips[D]discussed with one another38.Judith Hall mentions driving to show that_________.[A]reflection can be distracting[B]memory can be selective[C]social skills must be cultivated[D]deception is difficult to detect39.When you are making complex decisions,it is advisable to_________.[A]collect enough data[B]list your preferences[C]seek expert advice[D]follow your feelings40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?[A]Generating new products takes time.[B]Intuition may affect reflective tasks.[C]Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity.[D]Objective thinking may boost inventiveness.Part BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)A.Stay calmB.Stay humbleC.Be realistic about the risksD.Identify a shared goalE.Decide whether to waitF.Ask permission to disagreeG.Don't make judgmentsHow to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than You Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won’t work.Your senior colleague outlines a project timeline you think is unrealistic.What do you say when you disagree with someone who has more power than you do?How do you decide whether it’s worth speaking up?And if you do, what exactly should you say?41.You may decide it’s best to hold off on voicing your opinion.Maybe“you haven’t finished thinking the problem through,the whole discussion was a surprise to you,or you want to get a clearer sense of what the group thinks,”says Weeks.“If you think other people are going to disagree too,you might want to gather your army first.People can contribute experience or information to your thinking—all the things that would make the disagreement stronger or more valid.”It’s also a good idea to delay the conversation if you’re in a meeting or other public space. Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.42.Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerful person cares about—it may be“the credibility of their team or getting a project done on time,”says Grenny.You’re more likely to be heard if you can connect your disagreement to a“higher purpose.”When you do speak up,don’t assume the link will be clear.You’ll want to state it overtly,contextualizing your statements so that you’re seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who’s trying to advance a shared goal.The discussion will then become“more like a chess game than a boxing match,”says Weeks.43.This step may sound overly deferential,but,according to Grenny,it’s a smart way to give the powerful person“psychological safety”and control.You can say something like,“I know we seem to be moving toward a first-quarter commitment here.I have reasons to think that won’t work.I’d like to lay out my reasoning.Would that be OK?”This gives the person a choice,“allowing them to verbally opt in,”says Grenny.And,assuming they say yes,it will make you feel more confident about voicing your disagreement.44.You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red,but do whatever you can to remain neutral in both your words and actions.When your body language communicates reluctance or anxiety,it undercuts the message,Weeks says.It sends“a mixed message,and your counterpart gets to choose what to read,”she explains.Deep breaths can help,as can speaking more slowly and deliberately.“When we feel panicky we tend to talk louder and faster.You don’t want to be mousey or talk in a whisper,but simply slowing the pace and talking in an even tone helps calm the other person down and does the same for you,”says Grenny.It also makes you seem confident, even if you aren’t.45.Emphasize that you’re offering your opinion,not“gospel truth,”says Grenny.“It may be a well-informed,well-researched opinion,but it’s still an opinion,so talk tentatively and slightly understate your confidence.”Instead of saying something like,“If we set an end-of-quarter deadline,we’ll never make it,”say,“This is just my opinion,but I don’t see how we will make that deadline.”Weeks suggests adding a lot of“guiding phrases”like“I’m thinking aloud here.”This will leave room for dialogue.Having asserted your position(as a position,not as a fact),“demonstrate equal curiosity about other views,”says Grenny.Remind the person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique.Weeks suggests trying something like,“Tell me where I’m wrong with this.”Be genuinely open to hearing other opinions.”Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text into Chinese.Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points)We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest sources of connection, laughter,and warmth.While that may well be true,researchers have also recently found that interacting with strangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of belonging that we didn't expect.In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago-area commuters using public transportation to strike up a conversation with someone near them.On average,participants who followed this instruction felt better than those who had been told to stand or sit in silence.The researchers also argued that when we shy away from casual interactions with strangers,it is often due to a misplaced anxiety that they might not want to talk to us.Much of the time,however,this belief is false.As it turns out,many people are actually perfectly willing to talk—and may even be flattered to receive your attention.SectionⅣWritingPart A47.Directions：Suppose you are organizing an online meeting.Write an email to Jack,an international student,to1)invite him to participate,and2)tell him the details.You should write about100words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write your address.(10points)Part B48.Directions：Write an essay based on the chart below.In your writing,you should1)interpret the chart,and2)give your comments.You should write about150words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points)。
2022年全国硕士研究生英语二
2022 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Harlan Coben believes that if you’re a writer, you'll find the time; and that if you can’t find the time, then writing isn’t a priority and you’re not a writer. For him, writing is 1 job —a job like any other. He has 2 it with plumbing, pointing out that a plumber doesn’t wake up and say that he can’t work with pipes today.3 , like most writers these days, you’re holding down a job to pay the bills, it’s not4 to find the time to write. But it’s not impossible. It requires determination and single-mindedness.5 that most bestselling authors began writing when they were doing other things to earn a living. And today, even writers who are fairly6 often have to do other work to7 their writing income.As Harlan Coben has suggested, it’s a 8 of priorities. To make writing a priority, you’ll have to 9 some of your day-to-day activities and some things you really enjoy. Depending on your 10 and your lifestyle, that might mean spending less time watching television or listening to music, though some people can write 11 they listen to music. You might have to 12 the amount of exercise or sport you do. You'll have to make social media an 13 activity rather than a daily, time-consuming 14 . There’ll probably have to be less socializing with your friends and less time with your family. It’s a 15 learning curve, and it won’t always make you p opular.There’s just one thing you should try to keep at least some time for, 16 your writing —and that’s reading. Any writer needs to read as much and as widely as they can; it’s the one 17 supporter —something you can’t do without.Time is finite, the older you get, the 18 it seems to go. We need to use it as carefully and as 19 as we can. That means prioritizing out activities so that we spend most time on the things we really want to do. If you are a writer, that means — 201. [A] difficult2. [A] combined —writing.[B] normal [B] compared[C] steady [C] confused[D] pleasant [D] confronted 3.[A] If [B] Through [C] Once [D] Unless 4.[A] enough [B] strange [C] wrong [D] easy 5.[A] Accept [B] Explain [C] Remember [D] Suppose 6.[A] well-known [B] well-advised [C] well-informed [D] well-chosen 7.[A] donate [B] generate [C] supplement [D] calculate 8.[A] cause [B] purpose [C] question [D] condition 9.[A] highlight [B] sacrifice [C] continue [D] explore 10.[A] relations [B] interests [C] memories [D] skills 11.[A] until[B] because[C] while[D] before12.[A] put up with13.[A] intelligent [B] make up for[B] occasional[C] hang on to[C] intensive[D] cut down on[D] emotional14.[A] habit [B] test [C] decision [D] plan15.[A] tough [B] gentle [C] rapid [D] funny16. [A] in place of [B] in charge of [C] in response to [D] in addition to17.[A] indispensable [B] innovative [C] invisible [D] instant18.[A] duller [B] harder [C] quieter [D] quicker19.[A] peacefully [B] generously [C] productively [D] gratefully20.[A] at most [B] in turn [C] on average [D] above allSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)TEXT1On a recent sunny day, 13,000 chickens roam over Larry Brown’s 40 windswept acres in Shiner, Texas. Some rest in the shade of a parked car. Others drink water with the cows. This all seems random, but it’s by design, part of what the $6.1 billion U.S. egg industry bets will be its next big thing: climate-friendly eggs.These eggs, which are making their debut now on shelves for as much as $8 a dozen, are still labeled organic and animal-friendly, but they’re also from birds that live on farms using regenerative agriculture-special techniques to cultivate rich soils that can trap greenhouse gases. Such eggs could be marketed as helping to fight climate change.“I’m excited about our progress,” says Brown, who harvests eggs for Denver-based NestFresh Eggs and is adding more cover crops that draw worms and crickets for the chickens to eat. The birds’ waste then fertilizes fields. Such improvements “allow our hens to forage for higher-quality natural feed that will be good for the land, the hens, and the eggs that we supply to our customers.”The egg industry’s push is the first major test of whether animal products from regenerative farms can become the next premium offering. In barely more than a decade, organic eggs went from being dismissed as a niche product in natural foods stores to being sold at Walmart. More recently there were similar doubts about probiotics and plant-based meats, but both have exploded into major supermarket categories. If the sustainable- egg rollout is successful, it could open the floodgates for regenerative beef, broccoli, and beyond.Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly, says Julie Stanton, associate professor of agricultural economics at Pennsylvania State University Brandywine. Such farming also brings minimal, if any, improvement to the food products (though some producers say their eggs have more protein).The industry is betting that the same consumers paying more for premium attributes such as free-range, non- GMO, and pasture-raised eggs will embrace sustainability. Surveys show that younger generations are moreconcerned about climate change, and some of the success of plant-based meat can be chalked up to shoppers wanting to signal their desire to protect the environment. Young adults “really care about the planet,” says John Brunnquell, president of Egg Innovations. “They are absolutely altering the food chain beyond what I think even they understand what they’re doing.”21.The climate-friendly eggs are produced .[A]at a considerably low cost[B]at the demand of regular shoppers[C]as a replacement for organic eggs[D]on specially designed farmsrry Brown is excited about his progress in .[A]reducing the damage of worms[B]accelerating the disposal of uses[C]creating a sustainable system.[D]attracting customers to his products23.The example of organic eggs is used in the paragraph 4 to suggest .[A]the doubts to over natural feeds[B]the setbacks in the eggs industry[C]the potential of regenerative products[D]the promotional success of super markets24.It can be learned from the last paragraph that young people .[A]are reluctant to change their diet[B]are likely to buy climate-friendly eggs[C]are curious about new food[D]are amazed at agricultural advances25.John Brunnquell would disagree with Julie Stanton over regenerative products’.[A]markets prospects[B]standard definition[C]market prospect[D]moral implicationTEXT 2More Americans are opting to work well into the retirement, a growing trend that threatens to upend the old workforce model.One in three Americans who are at least 40 have or plan to have a job in retirement to prepare for a longer life, according to a survey conducted by Harris Poll for TD Ameritrade. Even more surprising is that more than half of unretirees—those who plan to work in retirement or went back to work after retiring—said they would be employed in their later years even if they had enough money to settle down, the survey showed.Financial needs aren’t the only culprit for the “unretirement” trend. Other reasons, according to the study,include personal fulfillment such as staying mentally fit, preventing boredom or avoiding depression. About 72% of “unretire” respondents said that they would return to work once retired to keep mentally fit while 59% said it would be tied to making ends meet. Can Congress save the econo my? Fed chair says “US debt is ‘on unsustainable path’”. Auto industry is still a boys’ club at the top despite GM CEO Mary Barrassuccess.“The concept of retirement is evolving,” said Christine Russell senior manager of retirement at TD Ameritrade. “It’s not just about finances. The value of work is also driving folks to continue working past retirement.”One reason for the change in retirement patterns: Americans are living longer. The share of the population 65 and older was 16% in 2018, up 3.2% from t he prior year, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. That’s also up 30.2% since 2010. Older Americans are also the fastest-growing segment of the U.S workforce, and boomers are expected to live longer than previous generations. The percentage of retirement-age people in the labor force has doubled over the past three decades. About 20% of people 65 and older were in the workforce in February, up from an all-time low of 10% in January 1985, according to money manager United Income.Because of longer life spans, Americans are also boosting their savings to preserve their nest eggs, the TD Ameritrade study showed which surveyed 2,000 adults between 40 to79. Six in 10 “unretires'" are increasing their savings in anticipation of a longer life, according to the survey. Among the most popular ways they are doing this, the company said, is by reducing their overall expenses, securing life insurance or maximizing their contributions to retirement accounts. Seniors are living longer, but planning for the extended years is key.Unfortunately, many people who are opting to work in retirement are preparing to do so because they are worried about making ends meet in their later years, said Brent Weiss, a co-founder at Baltimore-based financial- planning firm Facet Wealth. He suggested that preretiree should speak with a financial adviser to set long-term financial goals.“The most challenging moments in life are getting married, starting a family and ultimately retiring.” Weiss said. “It’s not just a financial decision, but an emotional one. Many people believe they can’t retire.＂26.The survey conducted by Harris Poll indicates that .[A]over half of the retirees are physically fit for work[B]the old workforce is as active as the younger one[C]one in three Americans enjoy earlier retirement[D]more Americans are willing to work in retirement27.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that Americans tend to t hink that .[A]retirement may cause problems for them[B]boredom can be relieved after retirement[C]the mental health of retirees is overlooked[D]“unretirement” contributes to the economy28.Retirement patterns are changing partly due to .[A]labor shortage[B]population growth[C]longer life expectancy[D]rising living costs29.Many retirees are increasing their savings by .[A]investing more in stocks[B]taking up odd jobs[C]getting well-paid work[D]spending less30.With regard to retirement, Brent Weiss thinks that many people are .[A]unprepared[B]unafraid[C]disappointed[D]enthusiasticTEXT 3We have all encountered them, in both our personal and professional lives. Think about the times you felt tricked or frustrated by a membership or subscription that had a seamless sign-up process but was later difficult to cancel. Something that should be simple and transparent can be complicated, intentionally or unintentionally, in ways that impair consumer choice. These are examples of dark patterns.First coined in 2010 by user experience expert Harry Brignull, ”dark patterns” is a catch-all term for practices that manipulate user interfaces to influence the decision-making ability of users. Brignull identifies 12 types of common dark patterns, ranging from misdirection and hidden costs to "roach motel” where a user experience seems easy and intuitive at the start, but turns difficult when the user tries to get out.In a 2019 study of 53,000 product pages and 11,000 websites, researchers found that about one in 10 employs these design practices. Though widely prevalent, the concept of dark patterns is still not well understood. Business and nonprofit leaders should be aware of dark patterns and try to avoid the gray areas they engender.Where is the line between ethical, persuasive design and dark patterns? Businesses should engage in conversations with IT, compliance, risk, and legal teams to review their privacy, and include in the discussion the customer/ user experience designers and coders responsible for the company’s user interface, as well as the marketers and advertisers responsible for sign-ups, checkout baskets pricing, and promotions. Any or all these teams can play a role in creating or avoiding "digital deception.”Lawmakers and regulators are slowly starting to address the ambiguity around dark patterns, most recently at the state level. In March, the California Attorney General announced the approval of additional regulations under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) that “ensure that consumers will not be confused or misled when seeking to exercise their data privacy rights.” The regulations aim to ban dark patterns — this means prohibiting companies from using "confusing language or unnecessary steps such as forcing them to click through multiple screens or listen to reasons why they shouldn’t opt out.”As more states consider promulgating additional regulations, there is a need for greater accountability from within the business community. Dark patterns also can be addressed on a self-regulatory basis, but only if organizations hold themselves accountable, not just to legal requirements but also to industry best practices and standards.31.It can be learned from the first two paragraphs that dark patterns[A]improve user experiences[B]leak user information for profit[C]undermine users’ decision-making[D]remind users of hidden costs32.The 2019 study on dark patterns is mentioned to show[A]their major flaws[B]their complex designs[C]their severe damage[D]their strong presence33.To handle digital deception, businesses should[A]listen to customer feedback[B]talk with relevant teams[C]turn to independent agencies[D]rely on professional training34.The additional regulations under the CCPA are intended to[A]guide users through opt-out processes[B]protect consumers from being tricked[C]grant companies data privacy rights[D]restrict access to problematic content35.According to the last paragraph, a key to coping with dark patterns is[A]new legal requirements[B]businesses' self-discipline[C]strict regulatory standards[D]consumers safety awarenessText 4Although ethics classes are common around the world, scientists are unsure if their lessons can actually change behavior; evidence either way is weak, relying on contrived laboratory tests or sometimes unreliable self- reports. But a new study published in Cognition found that, in at least one real-world situation, a single ethics lesson may have had lasting effects.The researchers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. They chose this particular behavior for three reasons, according to study co-author Eric Schwitzgebel, a philosopher at the University of California, Riverside: students’ attitudes on th e topic are variable and unstable, behavior is easily measurable, and ethics literature largely agrees that eating less meat is good because it reduces environmental harm and animal suffering. Half of the students in four large philosophy classes read an article on the ethics of factory-farmed meat, optionally watched an 11-minute video on the topic and joined a 50-minute discussion. The other half focused on charitable giving instead. Then, unknown to the students, the researchers studied their anonymized meal-card purchases for that semester-nearly 14,000 receipts for almost 500 students.Schwitzgebel predicted the intervention would have no effect; he had previously found that ethics Professorsdo not differ from other professors on a range of behaviors, including voting rates, blood donation and returning library books. But among student subjects who discussed meat ethics, meal purchases containing meat decreased from 52 to 45 percent -and this effect held steady for the study's duration of several weeks. Purchases from the other group remained at 52 percent.“That’s actually a pretty large effect for a pretty small intervention,” Schwitzgebel says. Psychologist Nina Strohminger at the University of Pennsylvania, who was not involved in the study, says she wants the effect to be real but cannot rule out some unknown confounding variable. And if real, she notes, it might be reversible by another nudge: “Easy come, easy go.”Schwitzgebel suspects the greatest impact came from social influence—classmates or teaching assistants leading the discussions may have shared their own vegetarianism, showing it as achievable or more common. Second, the video may have had an emotional impact. Least rousing, he thinks, was rational argument, although his co-authors say reason might play a bigger role. Now the researchers are probing the specific effects of teaching style, teaching assistants’ eating habits and students' video exposure. Meanwhile, Schw itzgebel-who had predicted no effect-will be eating his words.36.Scientists generally believe that the effects of ethics classes a re[A]hard to determine[B]narrowly interpreted[C]difficult to ignore[D]poorly summarized37.Which of the following is a reason for the researchers to study meat eating?[A]It is common among students.[B]It is a behavior easy to measure.[C]It is important to students’ health[D]It is a hot topic in ethics classes.38.Eric Schwitzgebel’s previous findings suggest that ethics p rofessors[A]are seldom critical of their students[B]are less sociable than other professors[C]are not sensitive to political issues[D]are not necessarily ethically better39.Nina Strohminger thinks that the effect of the intervention is[A]permanent[B]predictable[C]uncertain[D]unrepeatable40.Eric Schwitzgebel suspects that the students’c hange in behavior[A]can bring psychological benefits[B]can be analyzed statistically[C]is a result of multiple factors[D]is a sign of self-developmentPart BDirections:Read the following test and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subtitles from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subtitles which you do not need to use. Make your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)[A]Make it a habit[B]Don’t go it alone[C]Start low, go slow[D]Talk with your doctor[E]Listen to your body[F]Go through the motions[G]Round out your routineHow to get active again?Getting back into exercise can be a challenge in the best of times, but with gyms and in-person exercise classes off-limits to many people these days, it can be tricky to know where to start. And it’s important to get the right dose of activity. “Too much too soon either results in injury or burnout,” says Mary Yoke, PhD, a faculty member in the kinesiology department at Indiana University in Bloomington. The following simple strategies will help you return to exercise safely after a break.41.Don’t try to go back to what you were doing before your break. If you were walking 3 miles a day, playing 18 holes of golf three times a week, or lifting 10-pound dumbbells for three sets of 10 reps, reduce activity to ½ mile every other day, or nine holes of golf once a week with short walks on other days, or use 5-pound dumbbells for one set of 10 reps. Increase time, distance, and intensity gradually. “This isn’t something you can do overnight,” say Keri L. Denay, MD, lead author of a recent American College of Sports Medicine advisory that encourages American to not overlook the benefits of activity during the pandemic. But you’ll reap benefits such as less anxiety and improved sleep right away.42.If you’re breathing too hard to talk in complete sentenc es, back off. If you feel good, go a little longer or faster. Feeling wiped out after a session? Go easier next time. And stay alert to serious symptoms, such as chest pain or pressure, severe shortness of breath or dizziness, or faintness, and seek medical attention immediately. 43.Consistency is the key to getting stronger and building endurance and stamina. Ten minutes of activity per day is a good start, says Marcus Jackovitz, DPT, a physical therapist at the University of Miami Hospital. All the experts we spoke with highly recommend walking because it’s the easiest, most accessible form of exercise. Although it can be a workout on its own, if your goal is to get back to Zumba classes, tennis, cycling, or any other activity, walking is also a great first step.44.Even if you can’t yet do a favorite activity, you can practice the moves. With or without a club or racket,swing like you’re hitting the ball. Paddle like you’re in a kayak or canoe. Mimic your favorite swimming strokes. The action will remind you of the joy the activity brought you and prime your muscles for when you can get out there again.45.Exercising with others “can keep you accountable and make it more fun, so you’re more likely to do it again,” Jackovitz says. You can do activities such as golf and tennis or take a walk with others and still be socially distant. But when you can’t connect in person, consider using technology. Chat on the phone with a friend while you walk around your neighborhood. FaceTime with a relative as you strength train or stretch at home. You can also join a livestream or on-demand exercise class.Section III Translation46.Directions：Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Although we try our best, sometimes our paintings rarely turn out as originally planned. Changes in the light, the limitations of your painting materials and the lack of experience and technique mean that what you start out trying to achieve may not come to life the way that you expected.Although this can be frustrating and disappointing, it turns out that this can actually be good for you. Unexpected results have two benefits: you pretty quickly learn to deal with disappointment and realize that when one door closes, another opens. You also quickly learn to adapt and come up with creative solutions to the problems the painting presents and thinking outside the box will become your Second nature. In fact, creative problem-solving skills are incredibly useful in daily life, with which you're more likely to be able to find a solution when problem arises.Section IV WritingPart ASuppose you are planning a campus food festival for the international students. Please1)tell them about the festival and2)invite them to participate.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)Part BWrite an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1)interpret the chart, and2)give your comments.You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)。
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复旦大学研究生重点课程和教材建设资助项目: 研究生第一外国语（英语）研究生英语English for Graduate Students主编曾建彬卢玉玲复旦大学出版社复旦大学研究生课程和教材建设重点资助项目：研究生第一外国语（英语）研究生英语English for Graduate Students主编曾建彬卢玉玲副主编何静黄莺张宁宁编委（以汉语拼音为序）范若恩谷红欣顾乡何静黄莺刘雯卢玉玲夏威雍毅曾建彬张宁宁赵蓉主编简介曾建彬，复旦大学英语语言文学博士，研究生导师，中国认知语言学会会员，美国TESOL 会员，United Board访问学者（St. Mary’s College of Maryland, USA, 2001-2002）。
曾任复旦大学研究生英语教学部主任，现任复旦大学外文学院党委副书记。
近年来主要开设学术英语写作，英文原著选读，研究生综合英语，研究生高级英语等课程。
主要研究领域为语言学和英语教育。
主要代表作有《英文原著选读》（2010），《下义关系的认知语义研究》（2011），《研究生英语》（2012），《研究生高级英语》（2012），以及在各类专业期刊上发表的论文十余篇。
曾先后获上海市教学成果三等奖（2001），上海市教学成果二等奖（2005），复旦大学研究生教学成果三等奖（2008），CASIO优秀论文奖（2009、2011）等奖励。
卢玉玲，复旦大学世界文学与比较文学博士，副教授，上海市比较文学协会会员，复旦大学外文学院大学英语部研究生教研室主任。
2002-2003年在纽约州州立大学奥尔巴尼分校英语系学习，研修英美文学与翻译研究。
长期从事研究生英语语言教学工作，并参与编写多部研究生英语教材，如作为副主编参与编写教育部研究生推荐用书《研究生综合英语》（1、2册，复旦大学出版社）。
在各类权威、核心期刊如《中国翻译》，《中国比较文学》等刊物上发表论文十余篇，研究领域涉及英美文学、翻译与英语教学研究。
2008年获复旦大学研究生教学成果奖三等奖。
前言为了落实国家教育发展规划纲要，全面推进教育教学改革和创新，复旦大学研究生院决定在2010-2012年三年中将对已通过立项的研究生课程和教材项目给予重点资助。
研究生第一外国语（英语）是第一期获得立项的20项研究生课程及教材建设项目之一。
该立项教材（《研究生英语》和《研究生高级英语》共两册）是在总结多年研究生英语教材编写和教学成果的基础上，为了适应研究生英语课程改革的需要编写而成，可供非英语专业研究生第一外国语（英语）学位基础课程一个学年使用。
该套教材的编写目的是：通过课堂教学和课内外练习，从语言基本技能训练过渡到专业和语言文化交流，为提高研究生的自主创新能力提供扎实的语言技能和人文修养基础，使研究生的英语综合运用能力在本科英语学习的基础上有较为明显的提高，能够以英语为工具较熟练地进行本专业的学习、研究和国际交流，达到《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》中的规定要求和“复旦大学研究生英语(第一外国语)教学基本要求”。
相比于国内外同类课程使用的教材，本套教材具有以下特点：一、选文多样、内容丰富：编者精心选编了贴近研究生学习和生活实际的选文，注重语言的规范性和文体的多样化，内容信息涵盖语言学、哲学、文学、医学、政治学、心理学、生物学、伦理学、社会学、教育学、自然科学以及艺术等读者普遍关注的热点议题，如：英语简史、研究生培养、教育科研、学术创新、研究规范、工作生活、性别关系、爱情婚姻、音乐艺术、文学欣赏、医学伦理、文明冲突等容易在师生中引起共鸣和参与热情的话题，有利于学生扩大知识面和接触不同的题材。
选文内容的趣味性使得选文阅读本身成为一种愉快的学习经历，为加深对社会和人生的理解，开展研究-探讨型教学，组织交际式合作学习等课堂活动，培养创新思维能力创造了良好条件。
二、编排新颖、结构合理：作为研究生英语学习的综合性教材，本书的编写体例兼顾了听、说、读、写、译等语言学习技能的综合训练。
每个单元在选文之前设计了起“热身”作用的导读部分，为选文学习提供背景知识和理解课文主题的引导性问题，培养自主学习和独立思考能力，激发学习兴趣。
选文后编写了帮助课文理解的注释，强化理解和拓展视野的综合练习和延伸阅读材料。
此外，每个单元还配套编写了翻译技能和写作技能训练部分，讲授英汉语言对比和翻译知识，以及一般英语文体、英语论文和应用文写作技能等内容，供读者选择使用。
三、针对性、实用性强：编者始终把读者需求放在首位，针对国内外图书市场上现有研究生英语教材选文偏长，内容偏难、编排不太适合研究生层次的实际需求等缺陷，力争教材选文在信息性、趣味性、思想性、和前瞻性等方面符合研究生英语教学实际，将研究生急需的文献阅读、文本翻译、学术写作和国际交流等技能融于一体。
教材编排的创新结构，尤其是课前的听说技能练习、课后的翻译和写作等练习，具有很强的合作学习针对性和实用性，有利于口语、写作和翻译能力的培养以及英语综合应用能力的提高。
本套教材由复旦大学外文学院研究生英语教学部负责编写，该教学团队拥有多位英语语言文学博士和研究生英语教学一线教师，曾主持或作为主要成员参与多项上海市和复旦大学研究生英语教学科研项目，主编或参与编写十余部研究生英语教材（2006年荣获教育部研究生推荐用书），并先后获得上海市教学成果三等奖（2001），上海市教学成果二等奖（2005），和复旦大学研究生教学成果三等奖（2008）等荣誉。
参与本书编写工作的编委有（以汉语拼音为序）：范若恩、谷红欣博士、顾乡博士、何静博士、黄莺、刘雯博士、卢玉玲博士、夏威、雍毅、曾建彬博士、张宁宁博士、赵蓉博士。
该套教材虽是供非英语专业研究生第一外国语（英语）学位基础课程使用的研究生综合英语教科书，主要使用对象是高等院校各类硕士研究生和博士研究生，但也可作为大学英语高年级本科生、英语专业学生、英语爱好者和广大科研人员的参考用书。
本书不仅是编者的个人成就，亦是复旦大学外文学院大学英语研究生教学部全体教师数十年勤奋耕耘的集体成果。
研究生英语教学，特别是课程建设和教材编写始终得到复旦大学研究生院常务副院长顾云深教授、副院长汪玲教授、研究生培养办公室主任廖文武教授、副主任吴海鸣和先梦涵等老师的长期关注和热情鼓励，并获得2010年复旦大学研究生重点课程和教材建设项目（EYH3152048）资助。
复旦大学出版社有限公司总经理杜荣根教授、外语分社社长倪琴芬教授、唐敏、施胜今副编审和外语分社的编辑们对研究生英语教材编写和出版给予了一如既往的大力支持和热情帮助。
本教材在编写过程中参考了国内外同类教材，特别是复旦大学研究生英语教材《研究生综合英语》（曾道明陆效用主编）和英语专业教材《精读英语教程》（沈黎主编）。
邱东林教授为教材编写提供了学术指导；夏菁参与了部分前期编写工作；英籍教师Mark Felton博士和美籍教师Peter Huston审阅了全书，并提出了修改建议；谨此一并致谢。
限于编者才学见识，加之编写时间仓促，书中不足和疏漏在所难免，诚望同行专家和读者不吝赐教，以便在修订版中改进和完善。
曾建彬2011年10月于复旦大学文科楼内容简介《研究生英语》是复旦大学研究生课程及教材建设重点资助项目：研究生第一外国语（英语）（EYH3152048）的立项成果。
该立项教材根据中国学生的英语学习需求，采用“博采众长，学以致用”的编写原则，在教材编写中汲取各种有效的英语教学理论和实践方法，为了适应研究生英语课程改革和创新的需要编写而成，供非英语专业研究生第一外国语（英语）课程使用。
本书共有八个单元，选文主题包括Language, Education, Science, Feminism, Work, Music, Ethics, 和Love，内容涵盖人文、社会及自然科学，选文作者包括Aaron Copland, Bertrand Russell, Carl Sagan, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Erich Fromm, Kate Chopin, Judy Syfers, Peter Farb, Thomas Henry Huxley等知名作家和学者。
选编的体裁安排如下：选文导读、作品选文、选文注释、综合练习、延伸阅读、翻译技能和写作技能等。
本册教材选文多样、内容丰富，编排新颖、结构合理，针对性和实用性强，强调听、说、读、写、译等语言技能的综合训练和英语实用能力的培养，各个单元中的导读、翻译和写作部分体现了本书特色。
选文导读部分通过起“热身”作用的课前听说技能练习，为选文学习提供背景知识和理解课文主题的引导性问题，激发学习兴趣。
翻译技能部分简要介绍翻译基本理论和实践知识，并主要通过句子翻译实例阐述英汉语言的异同和翻译技能的实际运用。
写作技能部分引入心理语言学理论讲解英语表达方式及其特点等内容，对于学生英语综合应用能力和创新思维能力的提高，以及高素质国际化人才的培养会大有裨益。
使用说明本书是复旦大学2010年度首先启动的第一期20项研究生课程和教材建设重点资助项目之一：研究生第一外国语（英语）（EYH3152048）的立项成果，供非英语专业研究生第一外国语（英语）学位基础课程使用。
教学时间建议为一个学期，也可根据实际教学计划灵活调整。
全书分八个单元，包括英语简史、研究生教育、科研方法、爱情婚姻、工作生活、音乐艺术、医学伦理等读者喜闻乐见的热门题材，内容信息涵盖语言学、教育学、文学、哲学、医学、伦理学、社会学、自然科学以及艺术等读者普遍关注的热点议题。
每单元包括主课文和延伸阅读共两篇文章，所有选文均选自英美权威出版物，字数基本控制在2000单词之内，除部分选文因篇幅偏长略有删节和改动外，其余均保持原文风貌。
各单元编排结构如下：首先是简短的选文预览提示和与选文相关的讨论题等选文导读(warm-up)，供课文预习时交流观点和训练表达。
其次是选文(text)和介绍文化背景知识和语言现象的选文注释(notes)，供预习时参考。
再次是巩固英语基本技能，注重创新能力培养的综合练习(exercises)。
最后是与主课文起互补作用的延伸阅读材料(further reading)，为扩展和深化主题、开拓视野、提高批判性和创造性思辨能力提供进一步学习和研究的资源。
本书强调语言综合能力的培养，每个单元均配有comprehension questions，discussion and presentation forum，vocabulary study，Cloze，translation practice，academic writing和quotes 等练习材料。
其中简答题与课文直接有关，包括局部文本理解和对整体篇章寓意的把握，旨在加深对选文内容的理解。