翻译概论期末复习
翻译概论复习题
1. 试述让意义在翻译中得到再生的几点原则1、去字梏文本的意义不是每个词意义的简单相加。
所以要想让翻译得到再生从原文的桎梏中解放出来，在不去除字存在的情况下，正确把握每个词的意义，细心揣摩作者意图，全面把握上下文的关系。
2、重组句除去了原文的字梏，就必然涉及原文的句子，在精读熟读原文，把原文的意义、神韵全部把握住了，再根据不同的语言规律，破除语言的束缚重新组句。
3、建空间从理论上讲，建空间，是要在去除字梏重组句的基础上，为目的与读者建立一个新的文本，同时在阅读这个新的文本时，原文的阅读和想象空间尽可能保持不变。
1索绪尔语言意义观对翻译的影响他指出了价值与意义的区别，并揭示价值取决于系统这一深刻道理，索绪尔的木笔旨在摧毁词的任务是在表现预先规定的概念这一传统的根深蒂固的意义观。
首先，索绪尔的语言意义和价值观有助于我们克服传统的翻译观，不再把翻译当成简单的语言符号转换，而是要充分注意到这样一个事实，那就是词的任务并不在于表现预先规定的概念。
其次，要在系统中去识别差别，确定词或语言其他要素的意义与价值的观点，有助于我们在翻译实践中梳理语境和整体观念，将语义的传达当做一个动态的行为，要在具体的上下文中、在具体语境中去识别语义。
再次，索绪尔将意义与价值做了区分，认为不同语言中表达同一概念的词可能会有不同的意义和价值，索绪尔对意义和价值的区分，可以说是对语言意义观理论的一大贡献，为我们从新的角度探索语言与意义打开了一扇大门。
2在世界化进程的今天，语言文化多元，翻译能起到什么作用翻译有助于发展文化多样性和语言多元化，而文化多元化和语言多元化可加强世界和平和文化的建设，弗努蒂认为在翻译所起的作用中最主要的是文化身份的塑造，一是翻译及其对异域文化的再现、改造，使异域文本脱离赋予其意义的文学传统。
二是翻译以文本和策略的选择为切入点，对异域文本加以改造，甚至改写，使其符合目的语的文化的大潮，三是通过对异域文本的改造，使目的语文化形成一种对异域文化的基本态度：基于我族中心主义，种族歧视或爱国主义之上的尊重或藐视，北京大学的孟华认为，在中外文化交流中，翻译具有传递相异性的功能，即翻译可以在一国的文化传统中，亦即在一个民族的身份认同中植入中植入相异性的因素。
【免费下载】翻译概论期末复习
翻译概论期末复习1. 基本概念(互译)补偿compensation不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness等效原则principle of equivalent effect等值翻译equivalent translation动态对等dynamic equivalence读者反映论reader’s response读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation对等物(词语)equivalent对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence翻译程序/步骤translation procedures翻译体/翻译腔translationese翻译学translatology/Translation Studies风格style佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra符际翻译intersemiotic translation改变说法rewording功能对等functional equivalence归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation(MT)交际翻译communicative translation交替口译consecutive interpreting解码decode可译性translatability(translatable)理解understanding/comprehension流畅fluency乱译/胡译excessively free translation明析化explicitation模仿imitation目的论skopostheorie诗学poetics视点转换shift of perspective释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase死译/硬译mechanical translation套译/仿译/仿拟imitation通顺smoothness同声传译simultaneous interpreting透明(度)transparency歪译(意义扭曲)distortion伪译pseudotranslation文本text文本等值textual equivalence文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap误译mis-translation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity形合hypotaxis形式对等formal equivalence形式对应formal correspondence雅/优美elegance/gracefulness异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本/译著translated text/translational work译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation译者隐形translator’s invisibility意合parataxis意识形态ideology意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation音译法transliteration语际翻译interlingual translation语境context语内翻译intralingual translation语义翻译semantic translation原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work原作者SL author, original author源语/译出语source language(SL), original language源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture约定俗成convention再现reproduction/representation赞助patronage直译literal translation/direct translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation注释性翻译annotated/commented translation专业人士professionals转换transformation自然naturalness /idiomaticity综合法mixture of methods2. 翻译理论家及其理论信达雅faithfulness，expressiveness and elegance长期被我国广大译者视为翻译标准。
翻译学概论复习提纲
1、解释翻译、翻译学概念、描述翻译学体系；2、解释以下所讲各翻译学流派的观点，并作简单评价：语言学流派：采用语言学途径研究翻译，认为翻译是比较语言学的一个分支，重点是比较原文与译文的语言成分，强调意义的构成特征以及源语和译语在语言结构方面的差别，即在语音结构、句法结构和语义结构的对比关系，如英语与汉语的明显不同之处，有复数、时态、词形变化等，英语是圆周句，形合，等等。
这样两种语言在语码转换中就必须按照两种语言的对应规则进行。
文艺学派：文艺途径，文艺学派翻译理论，是运用文艺理论研究翻译、解释翻译中出现的问题，并提出翻译的文艺学理论。
该理论，在20世纪50年代前较盛行，是再现内容与形式统一体中所反映的艺术真实，侧重从原文的文学特征着眼，特别是比较原文和译文的主题结构、风格特色和艺术效果，多照顾原文及原文作者方面的因素。
这种翻译的关键是如何准确传达原文的内容信息，其争论的焦点是：在不可调和的情况下，原文作者和译文读者哪个更重要? 是忠于原作的内容而不顾读者能否接受，还是变通原文而迁就读者?翻译的核心不是讲求字面意思的真实，而是要体现艺术真实，即精神上的真实，所以在翻译时抵制字对字的死译。
这种途径的具体研究对象主要包括语言的使用域、作品的修辞手段和语言的创造力等方面的问题交际翻译：交际理论学派把翻译看作交流活动，看作是两种语言之间传递信息和交流思想的一种方式，比较原文和译文在各自语言里的交际功能，并重点从研究信息源、信息和信息接受者、媒体等方面研究翻译问题，认为应该突出信息接受者的作用，强调信息交流而非语言对等，其代表人物包括德国莱比锡学派的卡德和纽伯特等。
在任何交际场合里，信息的内容都会包括三个因素：言语因素即言语表达形式、副语因素即非言语表现的语言相关因素、超语因素即非语言的文化和场合等因素。
交际性翻译的特点是必须使译文在译文读者身上产生出原文对原文读者所产生的那种反映，译者的服务对象是译文读者，因为必须把外来的东西译成地道的译文，搬进译语文化，而不使读者造成理解上的困难。
翻译概论的期末试题及答案
翻译概论的期末试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪项不是翻译的定义？A. 将一种语言文字转化为另一种语言文字B. 将一种语言口语转化为另一种语言文字C. 将一种语言文字进行解释和表达D. 将一种语言文字进行意译和转换答案：B2. 翻译的目的是什么？A. 传达信息B. 提高译者的语言能力C. 增进不同文化之间的理解D. 推广翻译行业的发展答案：A、C3. 下列哪项不是翻译的类型？A. 文学翻译B. 口译翻译C. 法律翻译D. 机器翻译答案：D二、简答题1. 请简述翻译的基本原则。
答案：翻译的基本原则包括准确性、流畅性、目标语言的习惯表达和忠实传达原意。
准确性指翻译要准确传达原文的意义；流畅性指翻译要顺畅易读，符合目标语言的语法和表达习惯；目标语言的习惯表达指翻译要符合目标语言的表达习惯，避免直译和生硬的翻译；忠实传达原意指翻译要忠实于原文的意思，不添加、删除或曲解原文的内容。
2. 解释语言转换和意译的概念，并举例说明。
答案：语言转换是指将一种语言文字转化为另一种语言文字的过程。
它可以通过直译和意译两种方式实现。
直译是指将原文的词语和句子直接翻译为目标语言的词语和句子，保持原文句法和词汇的结构。
例如，将中文句子“我喜欢吃水果”直译为英文句子“I like to eat fruits”。
意译是指在翻译过程中根据语境和意义的需要对原文进行转换和调整，以达到更好的表达效果。
例如，将英文句子“Actions speak louder than words”意译为中文句子“事实胜于雄辩”。
三、论述题请根据你在学习《翻译概论》课程中的所学内容，从以下几个方面论述翻译的重要性及对于促进跨文化交流的作用。
1. 桥梁作用：翻译作为不同语言和文化之间的桥梁，使得各种信息能够跨越语言边界和文化障碍进行传播和交流。
翻译可以促进不同文化之间的相互理解和交流，使得人们能够更加平等地参与全球化进程。
2. 促进文化传播：翻译能够将一国的文化表达转化为其他语言并传播出去，使得其他国家的人们能够了解和接触到不同的文化。
翻译概论期末复习
翻译概论期末复习1.基本概念（互译）补偿compensation不可译性untranslatability （untranslatable）达/ 易'懂intelligibility/expressiveness等效原则principle of equivalent effect等值翻译equivale nt tran slation动态对等dynamic equivalence读者反映论reader's response读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation 对等物（词语）equivalent对应（部分对应 / 完全对应）（partial/full ） correspondence翻译程序 /步骤translation procedures翻译体/翻译腔translationese翻译学translatology/Translation Studies风格style佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra符际翻译intersemiotic translation改变说法rewording功能对等functional equivale nee归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation （MT）交际翻译communicative translation 交替口译consecutive interpreting 解码decode 可译性translatability （translatable）理解understanding/comprehension 流畅fluency 舌L译 / 胡译excessively free translation 明析化explicitation 模仿imitation 目的论skopostheorie 诗学poetics 视点转换shift of perspective 释义法 /解释法explanation/paraphrase 死译/ 硬译mechanical translation 套译/仿译/仿拟imitation通顺smoothness同声传译simultaneous interpreting透明（度）transparency歪译（意义扭曲）distortion伪译pseudotranslation文本text 文本等值textual equivalence 文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation 文化沟（空缺/非对应）cultural gap误译mis・translation 信/ 忠实faithfulness/fidelity 形合hypotaxis 形式对等formal equivalence 形式对应formal correspondence 雅/ 优美elegance/gracefulness 异彳匕foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本 / 译著translated text/translational work 译借（语义转借）calque（loan translation）译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译语 / 译入语target language（TL）, receptor language, receiving language 译语读者target-language reader/TLreader/receiving audienee 译语文彳匕target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture 译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation 译者隐形translator * s invisibility 意合parataxis 意识形态ideology意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation 音译法transliteration 语际翻译interlingual tran slati on 语境con text语内翻译intralingual translation 语义翻译semantic translation 原文 / 原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work 原彳乍者SL author, original author 源语 / 译出语source language(SL), original language 源语读者source-language reader/SL reader 源语文化source・ language culture/source culture 纟勺定俗成conve ntion 再现reproduction/representatio n 赞助patron age 直译literal translation/direct translation 逐字译word-for-wordtranslation/worcMoword substitution/verbatim translation 注释性翻译armotated/commented translation 专业人士professionals 转换transformation 自然naturalness/idiomaticity 综合法mixture of methods2.翻译理论家及其理论信达雅faithfulness 、 expressiveness and eleganee长期被我国广大译者视为翻译标准。
翻译概论期末总结
翻译概论期末总结一、引言翻译作为一种语言交际活动，随着社会、经济、文化的全球化进程，发挥着越来越重要的作用。
翻译概论是学习翻译专业的基础课程之一，在这门课程中，我们学习了翻译的概念、历史、理论和技巧等内容。
经过一学期的学习，我对翻译有了更深入的了解，并获得了一定的翻译技能。
在此总结中，我将回顾我在这门课上所学到的知识和技能，并对自己的学习情况进行评价和反思。
二、知识回顾1.翻译的概念和分类：翻译是将一种语言的文字、口语或手语转化为另一种语言的过程。
根据翻译的形式和途径，可以将其分为口译和笔译。
口译是指即时翻译，而笔译是指将文字材料翻译成另一种语言。
根据翻译的用途和领域，还可以将其分为文学翻译、科技翻译、商务翻译等。
2.翻译的历史：翻译在人类发展进程中有着悠久的历史。
从古代的经典翻译到现代的科技翻译，翻译一直在桥梁不同文化之间的交流。
3.翻译的理论：翻译理论是对翻译现象进行系统研究的学科。
常见的翻译理论包括等效理论、功能对等理论、文化转码理论等。
4.翻译的技巧：翻译技巧是为了提高翻译质量和效率而采用的方法。
常见的翻译技巧有逐字翻译、意译、增译和删译等。
三、技能拓展在翻译概论课程中，我不仅学习了翻译的理论知识，还进行了相关的实践训练，提高了我在翻译方面的技能。
1.翻译实践：通过课堂上的案例分析和小组讨论，我学会了如何进行翻译实践。
实践中，我积累了一定的翻译经验，并提高了自己的翻译质量。
2.语言能力：翻译需要具备较高的语言能力，包括对原文和目标文的准确理解和运用。
在这门课程中，我通过不断的语言训练，提高了自己的语言表达和理解能力。
3.文化素养：翻译涉及到两种不同的文化背景，要准确理解原文中的文化内涵，并在目标文中恰当地表达出来。
通过学习翻译概论，我对不同文化之间的差异有了更深刻的认识，并学会了如何在翻译中处理这些差异。
四、评价和反思在这门课程中，我对翻译有了更全面的认识，并提高了自己的翻译技能。
但同时，也存在一些不足之处。
翻译概论期末复习题
二、
1.翻译中要达到完全等值是否可能？为什么？
三、
1.何为狭义的翻译过程？试结合本章对狭义翻译过程的经验性认识和理论性探索，谈谈你对狭义翻译过程的看法。
2.试分析“复译”现象产生的原因。
四、
1.试阐述为什么翻译的根本任务是意义的再生。
2.简述索绪尔的语言意义观与传统语言意义观的不同之处，并分析索绪尔的语言意义观给翻译活动带来的启示。
3.试述让意义在翻译中得到再生的几点原则。
五、
1.如何认识译者的传统身份？为何同样的“透明”翻译策略在不同的翻译家那里会导致“异化”与“归化”两种背道而驰的结果？
2.论述意大利谚语“翻译者即反逆者”在译者主体性确立过程中的作用和意义。
六、
1.文化语境与社会因素对翻译活动的影响作用主要体现在哪些方面？
2.试从“翻译什么”和“怎样翻译”两方面，举例说明译者的翻译动机和翻译观念对翻译构成的影响。
七、
1.请结合自己学习翻译或从事翻译实践的经历，举出翻译中的一些常见矛盾。
2.傅雷“神似说”的主要内容是什么？谈谈你对“形”与“神”关系的认识。
八、
1.在世界化进程逐步加快的今天，关于维护“文化多样性”、“语言多元化”的呼声越来越高，那么你认为在这一过程中，翻译应该或者能够起到怎样的作用？
九、
1.翻译活动的发展进程中出现过哪些翻译标准？它们各自具有哪些特点？
十、
1.何为翻译的“文化转向”？翻译研究的“文化转向”对于翻译研究的发展有何意义？。
汉英翻译教程期末考试复习要点
1. 直译法(1) 英译按原文的字面翻译, 其比喻意义同原文一样生动, 译文使读者能很快联想起英文中的对等成语. 如:竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish (相当于kill the goose that lays the golden eggs)2) 打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake (相当于wake a sleeping dog)3)易如反掌to be as easy a s turning over one’s hand (相当于as easy as falling off a log)4) 玩火自焚to get burnt by the fire kindled by oneself (相当于fry in one’s own grease)5)掌上明珠a pearl in the palm (相当于the apple of one’s eye)6)对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow (相当于cast pearls before swine)7)守口如瓶to keep one’s mouth closed like a bottle (相当于keep a still tongue in one’s head)8) 雪中送炭to send charcoal in snowy weather (相当于help a lame dog over a stile)9) 画蛇添足to draw a snake and add feet to it (相当于paint the lily)(2) 不少汉语成语不一定有非常对等的英语成语, 但它们的字面翻译也能使译文读者得到正确无误的形象意义. 如:1) 声东击西to shout in the east and strike in the west2) 刻骨铭心to be engraved on one’s heart and bones3)井底之蛙to be like a frog at the bottom of a well4)调虎离山to lure the tiger from the mountain5)口蜜腹剑to be honey-mouthed and dagger-hearted2. 意译法如：手忙脚乱in a frantic rush 立竿见影get instant results它虽难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快的反应出成语的喻义。
翻译概论期末试题及答案
翻译概论期末试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共50分）1. 下列哪个选项最符合翻译的定义？A）将一种语言文字转换为另一种语言文字B）将一种语言口头表达转换为另一种语言口头表达 C）将一种语言文字转换为另一种语言口头表达D）将一种语言口头表达转换为另一种语言文字正确答案：A2. 以下哪个属于翻译过程中的“过程语言”？A）源语言B）目标语言C）中介语言D）工具语言正确答案：C3. 以下哪个属于翻译的“目的语”？A）源语言B）理解语言C）通信语言D）目标语言正确答案：D4. 文学翻译中，翻译者的主要任务是：A）保持原文的风格和意境B）译出目标语言读者能理解的内容C）将原文中的文化差异减少到最低D）使用逐字逐句翻译法正确答案：A5. 针对机器翻译的下列说法，哪个是正确的？ A）机器翻译可以替代人工翻译B）机器翻译永远不会出现错误C）机器翻译的翻译质量已经超过人工翻译 D）机器翻译需要人类的干预和修正正确答案：D二、简答题（共30分）1. 简述翻译的基本原则。
翻译的基本原则包括：忠实原文、流畅通顺、意义准确、意境传达和适应读者需求。
忠实原文原则指在翻译过程中，要尽量准确地传达源语言的原意，不添加、删减或曲解内容。
流畅通顺原则强调翻译的表达要符合目标语言的习惯用法和语法结构，使读者能够自然理解。
意义准确原则要求译文在传达原意的同时，要尽量减少歧义，并保持与原文相似的语义效果。
意境传达原则强调翻译要传达原作的文学和情感效果，使读者能够感受到与原文相似的艺术享受。
适应读者需求原则指翻译要符合目标读者的语言习惯、文化背景和阅读需求，使译文更具可读性和可接受性。
2. 请简述“功能对等”翻译理论。
“功能对等”翻译理论认为，在跨文化交际中，译者应根据目标语言的语言结构、文化背景和读者需求，通过调整和改变源语言表达形式，以达到与源语言相似的交际功能。
该理论主张翻译结果在目标语言中应呈现出与源语言相似的交际目的和效果，而不是简单地进行词语的替换或句法结构的转换。
翻译概论总复习.
第五章 翻译的创意
1. 翻译的创造性（P68) 2. 创意与忠实（P75）
第六章 翻译的目的
1. 翻译目的与翻译策略（P83) 2. 翻译过程中哪些角色会影响到翻译目的 3. 雅各布逊从符号学将翻译分类为哪些（P87） 4. 翻译的两大基本目的（P91）
第七章 翻译的分类
1. 文学翻译与非文学翻译各自包括哪些文体 2. 翻译的变体有哪些
第十五章 翻译的得与失
1. 翻译的失： 2. 翻译的得： 3. 如何看待翻译的得与失
期末考试题型
一、填空题（1'*15=15'） 二、术语匹配（1'*15=15') 三、简答题 （4'*10=40') 四、综合论述题（30'）
期末复习题
一、简答题 1. 简述翻译与理解的关系并举例说明。 2. 简述直译和逐字译的区别并举例说明。
期末复习题
二、综合论述题
请以下列译例为例，论述翻译策略和翻译方法之间的关系，以及它们在指导翻译实 践中的优缺点。
译例1. Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使马蹄忙。
译例2.
I can’t recall his ever uttering a word that was purely matter-of-fact, and not deeply drawn from his innermost. 照我所记得的，他从没有说过一句完全乏味的话；每一句话总是从心坎里掏出来的。
第一章 翻译的本质
1. 对翻译及译者的宏观比喻 2. 对翻译过程的比喻 3. 翻译的本质（P13） Q：试举几例并说明这些比喻如何体现翻译的本质
第二章 翻译的原则
国内 1. 许渊冲： 2. 严复： 3. 鲁迅： 4. 傅雷：
翻译概论总复习课件
第二章 翻译的原则
• 国外 • 1. Alexander Fraser Tytler: 三原则（P21） • 2. Catfort: 篇章等值（行文、形式） • 3. Eugene A. Nida: 动态对等-功能对等（functional equivalence) • 4. Peter Newmark: 文本功能（表达、信息、呼唤） 语义翻译、交际
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第十二章 归化与异化
• 1. 归化与异化的术语命名者及定义（P186） • 2. 归化异化的优缺点 • 3. 归化异化与直译意译之间的关系 • 4. 归化异化策略下 各自有哪些翻译技巧 • 5. 归化异化的辩证关系 • 6. 归化异化如何指导翻译实践（P195-198）
Байду номын сангаас16
第十三章 形合与意合
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第五章 翻译的创意
• 1. 翻译的创造性（P68) • 2. 创意与忠实（P75）
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第六章 翻译的目的
• 1. 翻译目的与翻译策略（P83) • 2. 翻译过程中哪些角色会影响到翻译目的 • 3. 雅各布逊从符号学将翻译分类为哪些（P87） • 4. 翻译的两大基本目的（P91）
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第七章 翻译的分类
• 二、综合论述题
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请以下列译例为例，论述翻译策略和翻译方法之间的关系，以及它们在指导翻译实 践中的优缺点。
• 译例1. • Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使马蹄忙。 • 译例2. • I can’t recall his ever uttering a word that was purely matter-of-fact, and not deeply
翻译
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第二章 翻译的原则
翻译概论期末自主整理
翻译概论期末自主整理翻译概论期末自主整理第一章一．翻译的本质：（P13）1.文化传播的工具。
2.协商的过程，交流与斡旋的过程。
3.技巧（技艺），活动。
二．重要人物：1.普希金“人类精神的传递者。
”2.（德）歌德“世界上全部交际来往中最重要、最高贵的事业之一。
”歌德+钱钟书把翻译比作媒人和做煤：（P5）翻译工作性质是媒介性，好的翻译家全身心投入；内容与原作比存在差异；好的翻译不仅成功介绍原作，而且要激起读者的好奇心与爱欲。
3.苏珊巴斯奈特+安德烈勒弗菲尔+余光中：把翻译比作婚姻。
4.傅雷：不在形似而在神似。
5.（英）纽马克：（P10）*翻译是妥协：反复权衡的艰难历程，原文与译文的相互让步。
积极（既体现原蕴，又照顾译入语通达）+消极（“信”“达”不合适，不令人满意）。
*变戏法的动作：处理具体一项时尝试多种可能，因人而异，经验越丰富越娴熟。
*碰运气，走钢丝：翻译时人受客观、主观条件或精神状态的影响。
改译、重译 > 原译。
三．从事翻译（esp.文学翻译）的人：很高的外语+母语水平+写作水平+创作能力。
第二章一．翻译标准：1.意义：翻译理论的核心问题，非常重要，翻译界的“根本大法”；是目标，要求高，由译者或评判者把持的主观尺度。
2.演变：从主观→客观，散论→系统，静态→动态，单一→多元。
3.三方面：*以文本为中心：原文+译文=最基本要素*人。
*翻译目的为导向：（德）威密尔：翻译是有目的（最高标准）的行为，主要准则按轻重为——译文由其目的决定，译文为译入化提供有关原语语言文化的信息；译文不会提供违背原文信息的信息；译文必须语内+语际一致。
所有准则从属于目的原则。
只要达到了翻译的目的，就是合格的，即使与原文有出入，可接受。
林纾+庞德也是为了达到一定的翻译目的，而进行改写、变译。
季羡林“文学翻译更应该有不同诠释和表述；建立在深入研究基础之上，X随心所欲。
”4.翻译界就标准达成共识：翻译标准的制定受主客观影响，因此它是以忠实+对等为核心的动态多元体系，忠实的程度和对等的层次随文本类型+读者层次+翻译目的不同而各异。
广外翻译概期末复习
翻概期末复习资料A.名词解释：20个考2分，30~80词1.Translation: The term translation itself has several meanings: it canrefer to the general subject field, the product(the text that has beentranslated) or the process(the act of producing the translation, otherwiseknown as translating).2. Translation Studies : Translation studies is an academicinterdiscipline(n.跨学科，多种学科)dealing with the systematic study of the theory, description and application of translation, interpreting, and localization（地方化）. The term Translation Studies was coined by the American scholar Jame s S. Holmes in his paper “The name and nature oftranslation studies”, which is considered a foundational statement for thediscipline.3.Features of Discourse: Features of a discourse include cohesion andcoherence. The ties that bind a text together are often referred to underthe heading of cohesion while coherence is unity in a text or discourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict each other‟spresuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonable connection in thoughts.4.Semantic Translation (Newmark): Semantic translation, where thetranslator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original. It tends to be more complex, more awkward, more detailed and it remains within the original culture and language as much as possible.municative translation (Newmark): Communicative translation,where the translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TargetLanguage readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. It islikely to be smoother, simpler, cleaner, more direct, more conventional, using hold-all terms in difficult passages.6.Paraphrase (Dryden): translation with latitude, where the author is keptin view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not sostrictly followed as his sense; this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation.7.Tytler’s three general laws of translation: Firstly, the translationshould give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.Secondly, the style and manner of writing should be of the same characterwith that of the original. Thirdly, the translation should have all the ease of the original composition.8.Equivalence：equivalence is the nature and the extent of therelationships between SL and TL texts. It relates to equivalent items in specific ST-TT pairs and contexts. There are different types of equivalence including Denotative Equivalence, Connotative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence and etc.9.Dynamic Equivalence(Nida): Dynamic Equivalence, where therelationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. It is receptor-oriented and the goal of dynamic equivalence is to seek the “closest natural equivalent to the SL message”.10.Domestication (Venuti): 归化It is also known as Domesticatingtranslation, aiming to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for the TL readers. It may carry negative connotations, cultural narcissim, cultural hegemony of the powerful cultures and cultural colonialism. It is aggressively monolingual, unreceptive to the foreign.11.Foreignization (Venuti) 异化A term used by Venuti to designate thetype of translation in which TT is produced which deliberately breaks the target conventions by retaining something of the foreigness of the original.Venuti believes it is a strategic cultural intervention to make the translator “visible” and to make the readers realize and it restrains “violence”.12.Invisibility of the translator (Venuti): ~ is a term used by Venuti todescribe the translator‟s situation an activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture. Venuti sees this invisibility as typically being produced: by the way translators themselves tend to translate “fluently“ into English , to produce an idiomatic and …readable” TT, thus creating an “illusion of transparency”; by the way the translated texts are typically read in the target culture.13.Coherence rule (Hans Vermeer): 连贯原则~States that the TT mustbe interpretable as coherent with the TT receiver‟s situation. In other words, the TT must be translated in such a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given their circumstances and knowledge.14.Fidelity rule (Hans Vermeer) : 忠实法则，语内连贯法则；~merely statesthat there must be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, more specifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, the interpretation the translator makes of this information, the information that is encoded for the TTreceivers.15.Loyalty in translation (Nord): According to the prevailing concept oftranslation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the author‟s opinion. It is the transla tor‟s moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyalty exists in the interpersonal relationshipbetween the translator, the ST author and TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating. 16.Polysystem (Even-Zohar) : 多元系统It is developed in 1970s by Even-Zohar. The polysystem is conceived as a heterogeneous, hierarchized conglomerate of systems which interact to bring about an ongoing, dynamic process of evolution within the polysystem as a whole. The notion of system: a multi-layered structure of elements which relate toand interact with each other.17.Operational norms (Toury): Operational norms describe thepresentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They affect the matrix of text and the textual make-up and verbal formulation. Operational norms consists of Matricial norms and Textual-linguistic norms.18.Expectancy norms (Chesterman): ~are established by theexpectations of readers of a translation concerning what a translation should be like. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations.19.The cultural turn (Bassnett & Lefevere) ：P125 The move fromtranslation as text to translation as culture and politics is what Mary Snell-Hornby, in her paper, terms “the cultural turn”. It is taken up by Bassnett and Lefevere as a metaphor for this cultural move and serves to bind together the range of case studies in their collection.20. Postcolonialism: 后殖民主义; postcolonialism is generally used tocover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires, resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations between colonized and colonizer. Here refer to postcolonialism in translation particularly. ???B.理论要点综述：12个考1个，150~300词1.Triadic model proposed by Dryden and its influence: John Dryden,whose brief description of the translation process would have enormous impact on subsequent translation theory and practice. In the preface to his translation of Ovid‟s Epistles, Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: Firstly, metaphrase: word by word and line by line translation, which corresponds to literal translation; Secondly, paraphrase：translation with latitude, where the author is kept in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly followed as his sense;this involves changing whole phrases and more or less corresponds to faithful or sense-for-sense translation. Thirdly, imitation: forsaking both words and sense. This corresponds to Cowley‟s very free translation and is more or less adaptation. //Moreover, the triadic model proposed by Dryden was to exert considerable influence on later writings on translation.In general, Dryden and others writing on translation at the time are very prescriptive(规范的), setting out what has to be done in order for successful translation to take place. Other writers on translation also began to state their “principles“ in a similarly prescriptive fashion. For example, Dolet has five “principles“ while Tytler has three general “laws”.2.Nida’s theory of functional equivalence: P42. Dynamic, or functionalEquivalence is based on what Nida calls “the principle of equivalent effect”, where the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message. The message has to be tailored to the receptor‟s linguis tic needs and cultural expectation and aims at complete naturalness of expression. Naturalness is a key requirement for Nida.Indeed, he defines the goal of dynamic equivalence as seeking the closet natural equivalent to the SL message. This receptor-oriented approach considers adaptations of grammar, of lexicon and of cultural references to be essential in order to achieve naturalness ; the TT language should not show interference from the SL, and the foreignness of the ST setting is minimized in a way that would now be criticized by later culturally oriented translation theorists.3.Features of a discourse and their enlightenment to translation:From a structural perspective, discourse is a unit of language above the sentence. There are two features of discourse: Cohesive and coherent.The linguistic mean by cohesion: sentences are woven together to make texts. Texts are made of sentences and sentences must be bound together and cross-linked in a variety of ways. So the ties that bind a texttogether are often referred under the head of cohesion. There are manycohesive devices such as reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction andlexical ties or even rhetorical devices. Coherence is a unity in a text ordiscourse, which makes sense because its elements do not contradict eachother‟s presuppositions. Simply, coherence is natural or reasonableconnection in thoughts. Enlightenment to translation: discourse analysis isimportant in translation. Translators should notice that the TT should becohesive and coherent as the ST is. In some cases, the discourse seemsnot coherent but actually makes sense due to shared knowledge amongoriginal text readers. Therefore the translator needs to compensate for theshared knowledge when rendering ST to TT.4.Vermeer’s Sk opotheorie and its basic underlying rules :Skopos is the Greek word for “aim” or “purpose” and was introduced intotranslation theory in the 1970s by Hans J. Vermeer as a technical term forthe purpose of a translation and of the action of translating. Skopostheoriefocuses above all on the purpose of the translation, which determines thetranslation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order toproduce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in skopos theory,knowing why a ST is to be translated and what the function of the TT willbe are crucial for the translator. // The basic underlying rules of thetheory are: 1. A translatum(or TT) is determined by its skopos. 2. A TT isan offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer ofinformation in a source culture and SL. 3. A TT does not initiate an offer ofinformation in a clearly reversible way. 4. A TT must be internally coherent.5. A TT must be coherent with the ST.6. The five rules above stand inhierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating. (In it, theCoherence rule states that the TT must be interpretable as coherent withthe TT receiver‟s situation. In other words, the TT must be translated insuch a way that it is coherent for the TT receivers, given theircircumstances and knowledge. The Fidelity rule merely states that theremust be coherence between the translatum and the ST or, morespecifically, between: the ST information received by the translator, theinterpretation the translator makes of this information, the informationthat is encoded for the TT receivers.) An important advantage of skopostheory is that it allows the possibility of the same text being translated indifferent ways according to the purpose of the TT and the commissionwhich is given to the translator.5.Three major cases when translated literature occupies theprimary position in the literary system proposed by Even-ZoharEven-Zohar gives three major cases when translated literature occupies the primary position:(1) When a …young‟ literature is being established and looks initially to …older‟ literatures for ready-made models;(2) When a literature is …peripheral‟ or …weak‟ and imports those literary types which it is lacking. This can happen when a smaller nation is dominated by the culture of a larger one. Even-Zohar sees that …all sorts of peripheral literature may in such cases consist of translated literature‟. This happens at various levels. For instance, in modern Spain regions such as Galicia import many translations from the dominant Castilian Spanish, while Spain itself imports canonized and non-canonized literature from the English-speaking world;(3) When there is a critical turning point in literary history at which established models are no longer considered sufficient, or when there is a vacuum in the literature of the country. Where no type holds sway, it is easier for foreign models to assume primacy.6.Nord’s notion of “Function+ Loyalty” p84Nord establishes a(1)The intended function of the translation should bedecided( documentary or instrumental).(2)Those functional elements that will need to be adapted to the TTaddressees‟situation have to be determined (after analysis of the translation commission as in 1 above).(3)The translation type decides the translation style (source-culture ortarget-culture oriented).(4)The problems of the text can then be tackled at a lower linguisticlevel( as in the ST analysis in 2 above).In many ways, this synthesized approach brings together strengths of the various functional and action theories:●The translation commission analysis follows up Holz‟s work on the playerswithin the translatorial action.●The intended text functions pursue Reiss and Vermeer‟s skopos, butwithout giving overall dominance to the skopos.● The ST analysis, influenced by Reiss‟s work, gives due attention to thecommunicative function and genre features of the ST type and language, but without the rigidity of other taxonoimies.Secondly, according to the prevailing concept of translation, readers might expect that the TT gives exactly the author‟s opinion. It is the translator‟s moral responsibility to be loyal both to the ST author and readers. Loyaltyexists in the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the ST authorand TT addressees and always refer to the attitude of the translator during the process of translating.7.Tour’s classification of norms:Toury sees different kinds of norms operating at different stages of the translation process: initial norm, preliminary norms and operational norms.Initial norm refers to a general choice made by translators. Thus, translators can subject themselves to the norms realized in the ST or to the norms of the target culture or language. If it is towards the ST, then the TT will be adequate; if the target culture norms prevail, then the TT will be acceptable. The poles of adequacy and acceptability are on a continuum since no translation is ever totally adequate or totally acceptable. Shifts – obligatory and non-obligatory – are inevitable,norm-governed and …a true universal of translation‟ Preliminary norms contain translation policy and directness of translation, with the former referring to the factors determining the selection texts for translation in a specific language, culture or time and the latter relating to whether translation occurs through an intermediate language. Operational norms describe the presentation and linguistic matter of the TT. They include metrical norms and textual-linguistic norms, with the former relating to the completeness of the TT and the latter governing the selection of TT linguistic material: lexical items, phrases and stylistic features.8.Chesterman’s translation norms:Toury‟s concept of norms is focused mainly on their function as a descriptive category to identify translation patterns. Chesterman states that all norms …exert a prescriptive pressure‟. Chesterman himself proposes another set of norms, covering the area of Toury‟s initial and operational norms. They are product or expectancy norms and process or professional norms. Product or expectancy norms …are established by the expectations of readers of a translation (of a given type) concerning what a translation (of this type) should be like‟. Factors governing these norms include the predominant translation tradition in the target culture, the discourse conventions of the similar TL genre, and economic and ideological considerations. Professional norms …regulate the translation process itself‟.They are subordinate to and determined by expectancy norms.Chesterman proposes three kinds of professional norm: the accountability norm (an ethical norm), the communication norm (a social norm), the “relation” norm (a linguistic norm).9.Constraints on translation within and outside the literary systemby Lefevere :Lefevere describes the literary system in which translation functions as being controlled by three main factors, which are: (1) professionals within the literary system, (2) patronage outside the literary system and (3) the dominant poetics.(1)Professionals within the literary system: These include critics andreviewers (whose comments affect the reception of a work), teachers (who often decide whether a book is studied or not) and translators themselves, who decide on the poetics and at times the ideology of the translated text.(2) Patronage outside the literary system: These are …the powers (persons, institutions) that can further or hinder the reading, writing, and rewriting of literature‟.Lefevere identifies three elements to this patronage: the ideological component; the economic component; the status component. For Lefevere, the most important consideration is the ideological one, which in this case refers to the translator‟s ideology, or the ideology imposed upon the translator by patronage.(3)The poetological consideration refers to the dominant poetics in the TL culture. Together these dictate the translation strategy and the solution to specific problems.10.Feminist translation theory ：(The representatives are Luise Von Flotow and Sherry Simon. The goal of feminis t translation viewed as “rewriting in the feminine”, is to make women visible in la nguage and to reveal increasing gender awareness The core for the feminists tra nslation theory is that the feminist theorists see parallel between the status of tra nslation, which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to original writing ,and that of women. Feminists seek to identify and criticize the tangle of concept s which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and lite rary ladder.)The feminist theorists see a parallel between the status of translation, which is often considered to be derivative and inferior to original writing, and that of women, so often repressed in society and literature. This is the core of feminist translation theory, which seeks to …identify and critique the tangle of concepts which relegates both women and translation to the bottom of the social and literary ladder‟. One strategy discussed by Simon is the treatment of linguistic markers of gender. Examples quoted from de Lotbinière-Harwood‟s translations include using a bold …e‟ in the word one to emphasize the feminine, capitalization of M in HuMan Rights to show the implicit sexism, the neologism auther (as opposed to author ) to translate the French auteure , and the female personification of nounssuch as aube ( dawn ) with the English pronoun she. Spivak suggests that feminists from the hegemonic countries should show real solidarity with women in postcolonial contexts by learning the language in which thosewomen speak and write.11.Postcolonial translation theory:Postcolonialism is generally used to cover studies of the history of the former colonies, studies of powerful European empires, resistance to the colonialist powers and, more broadly, studies of the effect of the imbalance of power relations, between colonized and colonizer.Postcolonialism has over the past decade focused on issues of translation, the transnational and colonization.// Specifically, the linking of colonization and translation is accompanied by the argument that translation has played an active role in the colonization process and in disseminating an ideologically motivated image of colonized peoples. The central intersection of translation studies and postcolonial theory is that of power relations. Niranjana‟s focus in on the way translation into English has generally been used by the colonial power to construct a rewritten image of the “East that has then come to stand for the truth. Niranjana sees all these groups as “participating” in the enormous project of collection and codification on which colonial power was base. She specifically attacks translation‟s role within this power structure: translation as a practice shapes, and takes shape within, the asymmetrical relations of power that operate under colonialism. Furthermore, she goes on to criticize translation studies itself for its largely western orientation and for three main failings that she sees resulting from this: (1)that translation studies has until recently not considered the question of power imbalance between different languages(2)that the concepts underlying much of western translation theory areflawed. (3)that the humanistic enterprise of translation needs to be questioned, since translation in the colonial context builds a conceptual image of colonial domination into the discourse of western philosophy.12.Steiner’s hermeneutic motio n, the four moves of translation : Steiner‟s description of the hermeneutics of translation, …the act of elicitation and appropriative transfer of meaning‟, is based on a conception of translation not as a scienc e but as …an exact art‟, with precisions that are …intense but unsystematic‟. The hermeneutic motion which forms the core of Steiner‟s description consists of four parts: (1) initiative trust; (2) aggression (or penetration); (3) incorporation (or embodiment); and (4) compensation (or restitution). The main points of each are as follows:(1)Initiative trust: The translator‟s first move is …an investment of belief‟, abelief and trust that there is something there in the ST that can beunderstood.(2)Aggression: S teiner describes the aggression involved as “penetration”.He uses the metaphor of an open-cast mine for the translator‟s seizure of the ST and extraction of meaning: …The translator invades, extracts, and brings home.(3)Incorporation: It refers to the ST meaning, extracted by the translator inthe second movement, being brought into the TL, which is already full of its own words and meanings.(4)Compensation：It is “the crux of the métier and morals of translation”.Steiner describes the aggressive appropriation and incorporation of the meaning of the ST which …leaves the original with a dialectically enigmatic residue‟. Dialectic because, although there has been a loss for the ST, the …residue‟ is positive.C．原文译文分析：字数要求不低于 250 词，题目为一段节选的原文和译文，原文长度 100-150 词，附背景和上下文介绍。
英语专业大三下学期翻译课期末考复习重点
翻译第9——15讲1 He is easily the best student in the class.他无疑是班上最好的学生or他比班上别的学生要好许多.2 The stranger robbed his wife.那个陌生人抢了他妻子的钱（东西）.3 I can’t agree more.我完全同意，4 They give the boy the lie. 他们指责男孩说谎5 Her mother died of difficult labo.他母亲死于难产..6 He was then bright in the eye. 那时他已经醉了.7 Calculation never makes a hero.举棋不定永远成不了英雄.A They are as thick as thieves.他们非常亲密/ 情同手足。
B. Individualism is the core of social value in the United States of America.提倡个人奋斗精神是美国社会价值核心。
1 、He was a man of high renown. (Commendatory)2 、His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. (derogatory)Both “renown” and “notoriety” mean “fame”, but “renown” means good fame while “notoriety” means ill fame.3、Only ambitious students get the best marks.有抱负的学生才能取得最好的成绩。
Young people, be ambitious.年轻人, 要胸怀大志。
1. They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountain with their broad swords by their side.他们都是（那些抛弃妻子、身带大刀进入深山的好汉们的）后代。
翻译概论期末考试和答案
翻译概论期末考试和答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译活动最早出现于哪个时期？A. 古代文明时期B. 古希腊罗马时期C. 古埃及时期D. 中世纪答案：B2. 翻译理论的系统化研究始于哪个世纪？A. 17世纪B. 18世纪C. 19世纪D. 20世纪答案：D3. 翻译的三大基本要素是什么？A. 源语、目标语、翻译者B. 源语、目标语、文化C. 源语、目标语、信息D. 源语、目标语、语境答案：A4. 翻译过程中，哪种类型的翻译是最为困难的？A. 直译B. 意译C. 机器翻译D. 人工翻译答案：B5. 翻译中的“信、达、雅”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 鲁迅D. 傅雷答案：A6. 翻译的等效理论是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：A7. 翻译中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”是由哪位学者区分的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：B8. 翻译中的“忠实性”原则是由哪位学者提出的？A. 严复B. 林语堂C. 鲁迅D. 傅雷答案：A9. 翻译中的“动态对等”和“形式对等”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：A10. 翻译中的“交际翻译”和“语义翻译”是由哪位学者提出的？A. 奈达B. 纽马克C. 费道罗夫D. 雅各布森答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 翻译是一种跨文化______活动。
答案：交际2. 翻译的三个基本步骤是理解、转换和______。
答案：表达3. 翻译的忠实性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持对原文的______。
答案：忠实4. 翻译的通顺性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持译文的______。
答案：通顺5. 翻译的优雅性原则要求翻译者在翻译过程中保持译文的______。
答案：优雅6. 翻译中的直译是指在翻译过程中尽可能保持原文的______和结构。
答案：形式7. 翻译中的意译是指在翻译过程中根据目标语的语言习惯和文化背景对原文进行______。
“翻译学导论”期末考试题型及课程复习提纲
“翻译学导论”期末考试题型及课程复习提纲考试题型：I. Match the following translation theorists with their representative works. [10 points, 1 point each]II. Interpret the following terms. [20 points, 5 points each]III. Interpret the following concepts. [40 points, 20 points each]IV. Analyze and comment on the following translated version(s) by applying any translation theory you are familiar with. [30 points]复习提纲一、作者和代表作的搭配1. Roman Jakobson On Linguistic Aspects of Translation (1959)2. E.A. Nida Toward a Science of Translating (1964)3. E.A. Nida & Taber The Theory and Practice of Translation (1969)4. James Holmes The Name and Nature of Translation Studies (1972)5. George Steiner After Babel (1975)6. Susan Bassnett Translation Studies (1980)7. Peter Newmark Approaches to Translation (1981)8. Wolfram Wilss The Science of Translation (1982)9. Theo Hermans The Manipulation of Literature (1985)10. Peter Newmark A Textbook of Translation (1988)11. Mary Snell-Hornby Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach (1988）12. Christiane Nord Text Analysis in Translation (1989)13. Susan Bassnett & AndréLefevere Translation, History and Culture (1990)14. Andre Lefevere Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame (1992)15. Edwin Gentzler Contemporary Translation Theories (1993)16. Gideon Toury Descriptive Translation Studies (1995)17. Lawrence V enuti The Translator’s Invisibility (1995/2008)18. Christiane Nord Translating as a Purposeful Activity (1997)19. Luise V on Flotow Translation and Gender (1997)20. Maria Tymoczko Translation in a Postcolonial Context (1999)二、解释以下术语1. word-for-word/literal translation and sense-for-sense/free translation2. metaphrase, paraphrase, imitation3. Formal equivalence and dynamic/functional equivlence4. Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation5. documentary translation and instrumental translation6. translational action7. skopo theory8. polysystem theory9. norms10. equivalence11. foreignization and domestication12. translation/translating13. Prescriptive Translation Studies and Descriptive Translation Studies三、理解以下观点1. Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of thesource-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida & Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969: 12)2. 翻译（translating）即解释，具体地说，翻译的过程就是，在跨文化的历史语境中，具有历史性的译者使自己的视域与源语文本视域互相发生融合而形成新视域，并用浸润着目的语文化的语言符号将新视域重新固定下来形成新文本的过程。
翻译概论--复习纲要
翻译概论1.Classification of translation activities:1)涉及语言：语际翻译（interlingual translation）、语内翻译（intralingualtranslation）、符际翻译（intersemiotic translation）2)活动方式：口译（interpreting）、笔译（translation）3)人类翻译（human translation）与机器翻译（machine translation）4)文体特点：应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体、艺术文体5)文学翻译（literary translation）与非文学翻译（non-literary translation）6)处理方式：全译、节译、摘译、编译、辑译、译述2.The translation process（广义的翻译）:1）准备阶段：长期准备、近期准备2）实施阶段：理解、表达→狭义的翻译3）校核阶段：初级校核、高级校核3.译者与学习：语言水平；知识水平（A. 基础知识：语言学知识和百科知识；B. 专门知识）；翻译水平4.词义（五个基本技法）：词义的选定、引申与褒贬处理、信息与结构的增补、省译、词类转换1）词从三个方面获得具体的含义：词的自身含义；多义词的词义取决于该词与其他词在句中的关系或搭配关系）；多义词的词义取决于情境2）词义的引申：抽象化、具体化3）词义的褒贬：成语典故、英语典故（多出自希罗神话、《圣经》、莎剧）5.增补：1）增词以增加虚词为多2）英译汉：结构词、数量词、概念词、语气词3）结构增补：A. 指为了把汉语说通而增加必要的词语B. 增加概括词和语气词：“现象、方面、作用、过程、情况、部分、问题”等C. 主要是考虑到汉语句子结构的完整和语气的流畅，一般不涉及新的信息4）意义增补：指为了把意思说清楚而增加必要的信息5）修辞增补：A. 主要是为了增强译文的语言表达效果 B. 求得译文的相对整齐、匀称、平衡、和谐，属于消极修辞C. 在消极修辞基础上进一步追求译文与原文相似的语气、音韵、风貌、韵味，属于积极修辞6.省译：1）结构省译（消极、明显）：A. 由于英汉两种语言在句子结构上的差别造成B.英译汉：代词、系词、介词、连词、冠词、先行词C. 做主语和定语的人称代词以及做定语的物主代词均可省译 D. 英文句子有追求结构完整的倾向，汉语则有突出重点部分而不计其余的倾向2）精炼压缩（积极、隐晦）：科技翻译中经常把英语较复杂的结构包括从句压缩成精炼的汉语词组7.转换：1）核心（英译汉）：A. 将具有动作性的名次转换为汉语动词 B. 将可表示概念的动词转换为汉语名词2）基本技法：慎选词义、改变词量、变换词类8.中西翻译史：1）六次高潮（西）：A. 公元前三世纪中叶罗马对希腊古典作品的译介B. 罗马帝国的后期至中世纪初期，以形形色色的《圣经》译本的出现为标志C.中世纪中期，即11至12世纪之间，西方翻译家们云集西班牙的托莱多，把大批作品从阿拉伯语译成拉丁语D. 14-16世纪欧洲的文艺复兴运动时期，特别是16世纪及随后一个时期，翻译活动达到了前所未见的高度E.文艺复兴后：17世纪下半叶至20世纪上半叶 F. 二战结束以后至今2）三次高潮（中）：东汉到宋的佛经翻译；明末清初的西学翻译；从鸦片战争到清末的西学翻译9.传统翻译概念：不是以现代语言学为基础的翻译理论，都可以划归传统译论的范围；（中）案本——求信——神似——化境10.语言学视角：1）核心：语言活动2）语言学派：翻译是语言活动，追求的是等值、等效11.文化视角：1）文艺学派：翻译是艺术活动，追求的是再创造2）翻译研究的文化转向3）两个基本方面：以外来文化为落脚点、以主体文化为落脚点4）权利话语论：翻译是一种文化、思想、意识形态在另一种文化、思想、意识形态环境里的改造、变形或再创造12.翻译的特性：社会性、文化性、符号转换性、创造性、历史性→翻译是以符号转换为手段、意义再生为任务的一项跨文化的交际活动13.翻译涉及的因素：文化语境与社会因素、意识形态与政治因素、翻译动机与翻译理念、语言关系与翻译能力14.文化语境与社会因素：1）社会因素对翻译活动的影响：A. 社会的发展呼唤翻译B. 不同社会的发展阶段需要不同的翻译C. 社会的开放程度影响翻译D. 社会的价值观影响翻译2）文化语境对翻译活动的影响：A. 一个国家所处的文化空间或一个时代的文化环境对翻译的影响B. 文化立场对翻译的影响C. 文化心理对翻译的影响15.直译与意译（literal translation&free translation）：1）直译：在保持原语层面处理一致的基础上，进一步保持意义一致，即如何在保持原语形式的同时，不让其意义失真2）意译：语言有不同的文化内涵和表达形式，当形式成为翻译的障碍时，就要采取意译16.异化与归化（foreignization&domestication）：1）归化：在翻译中采用透明、流畅的风格，最大限度地淡化原文的陌生感的翻译策略。
翻译概论期末考试复习题
翻译概论期末考试复习题一、选择题1. 翻译的定义是什么？A. 将一种语言的文本转换为另一种语言的文本B. 将一种语言的口语转换为另一种语言的口语C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是2. 翻译的基本原则有哪些？A. 忠实性、通顺性、可读性B. 准确性、流畅性、优雅性C. 以上都是D. 以上都不是3. 翻译过程中，哪种方法强调对原文的忠实度？A. 直译B. 意译C. 音译D. 以上都不是二、填空题4. 翻译理论中的“信、达、雅”是由________提出的。
5. 翻译过程中，________是指译者对原文的理解。
6. 翻译的三个层次包括：字面翻译、意译和________。
三、简答题7. 简述翻译的三个基本步骤。
8. 什么是翻译的“信、达、雅”原则？9. 翻译中的“直译”与“意译”有何区别？四、论述题10. 论述翻译中的文化因素对翻译实践的影响。
11. 分析翻译策略在不同文体翻译中的应用。
12. 讨论翻译伦理在翻译过程中的重要性。
五、案例分析题13. 阅读以下原文和译文，分析译者在翻译过程中可能采取的策略，并评价其翻译质量。
原文：_________________________译文：_________________________六、翻译实践题14. 将以下句子从中文翻译成英文，并解释你的翻译策略。
句子：_________________________15. 翻译以下英文段落到中文，并简述你的翻译过程。
段落：_________________________七、开放性问题16. 你认为翻译中最重要的因素是什么？请给出你的理由。
17. 在翻译实践中，你如何平衡原文的忠实度和目标语言的流畅性？八、结束语以上是翻译概论期末考试复习题，希望同学们能够认真复习，掌握翻译的基本知识和技能，提高翻译实践能力。
预祝大家考试顺利！[注：以上内容为示例，具体题目和答案需要根据实际教学内容和考试要求来设定。
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翻译概论期末复习题 Microsoft Office Word 文档
期末复习题《翻译概论》一、请将对应的翻译理论与对应的翻译理论家划线连接起来。
(E)1 异化理论 A 威密尔（Hans. J. Vermeer）(D)2动态对等及功能对等理论B诺德（Christiane Nord）(A)3翻译目的论 C 支谦(F)4宁信而不顺D奈达（Eugene A. Nida）(C)5弃文存质E韦努蒂（Lawrence Venuti）(B)6功能+忠诚F鲁迅(J)7音美、形美、意美G道安(I)8既需求真，又须喻俗H安世高(H)9贵本不饰I玄奘(G)10案本而传J许渊冲(K)11信达雅K严复(L)12重神似不重形似L傅雷二、根据所学内容将合适的词填写在空白处：1．从表面上看，翻译是两种语言之间的__________, 但在深层次上，翻译传递的是__________。
(转换，文化信息)从语言和文化的关系来看，语言是文化的__________, 直接反映文化的现实和内涵。
（镜子）2.在我国，传统翻译理论一直有着浓厚的__________色彩，从古代佛经翻译家鸠摩罗什的“嚼饭与人”，到严复的“信达雅”，再到傅雷的“__________”和钱钟书的“__________”，无不折射出我国传统翻译理论重经验、重感悟、重艺术传达的特性。
（、传神论、化境）3. 发挥译者的创造性有一个度的问题，并不是__________发挥和__________发挥，而是基于对原作者负责、对读者负责、对__________负责的态度。
（随意、自由、艺术）P764. 非文学翻译包括_________文体的翻译、_________文体的翻译、_________文体的翻译。
（应用、科技、新闻）P995. 英语名词和介词使用较多，而汉语中则是_________使用较多。
即相对于汉语而言，英语倾向于_________描写，而相对于英语而言，汉语则多使用_________描写。
（动词、静态、动态）P396. 直译和意译作为两种最基本的翻译方法，适用于不同的翻译目的、_________-______、_______________和_______________，因而各有其优势和价值。
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翻译概论期末复习1. 基本概念(互译)补偿compensation不可译性untranslatability(untranslatable)达/易懂intelligibility/expressiveness等效原则principle of equivalent effect等值翻译equivalent translation动态对等dynamic equivalence读者反映论reader’s response读者为中心的翻译标准reader-centered for translation对等物(词语)equivalent对应(部分对应/完全对应)(partial /full )correspondence翻译程序/步骤translation procedures翻译体/翻译腔translationese翻译学translatology/Translation Studies风格style佛经Buddhist Scriptures/sutra符际翻译intersemiotic translation改变说法rewording功能对等functional equivalence归化domestication/naturalization/adaptation/endogenization/target-accommodating translation 机器翻译machine translation(MT)交际翻译communicative translation交替口译consecutive interpreting解码decode可译性translatability(translatable)理解understanding/comprehension流畅fluency乱译/胡译excessively free translation明析化explicitation模仿imitation目的论skopostheorie诗学poetics视点转换shift of perspective释义法/解释法explanation/paraphrase死译/硬译mechanical translation套译/仿译/仿拟imitation通顺smoothness同声传译simultaneous interpreting透明(度)transparency歪译(意义扭曲)distortion伪译pseudotranslation文本text文本等值textual equivalence文本为中心的翻译标准text-centered criteria for translation文化沟(空缺/非对应)cultural gap误译mis-translation信/忠实faithfulness/fidelity形合hypotaxis形式对等formal equivalence形式对应formal correspondence雅/优美elegance/gracefulness异化foreignization/alienation/exoticization/ exogenization/source-oriented translation 译本/译著translated text/translational work译借(语义转借)calque(loan translation)译文target text, translation, target version, rendering, rendition译语/译入语target language(TL), receptor language, receiving language译语读者target-language reader/TL reader/receiving audience译语文化target-language culture/target culture/receiving culture译者为中心的翻译标准translator-centered criteria for translation译者隐形translator’s invisibility意合parataxis意识形态ideology意译free translation/liberal translation/semantic translation音译法transliteration语际翻译interlingual translation语境context语内翻译intralingual translation语义翻译semantic translation原文/原著source text (ST), SL text, original text, original version/original work原作者SL author, original author源语/译出语source language(SL), original language源语读者source-language reader/SL reader源语文化source-language culture/source culture约定俗成convention再现reproduction/representation赞助patronage直译literal translation/direct translation逐字译word-for-word translation/word-to-word substitution/verbatim translation注释性翻译annotated/commented translation专业人士professionals转换transformation自然naturalness /idiomaticity综合法mixture of methods2. 翻译理论家及其理论信达雅faithfulness，expressiveness and elegance长期被我国广大译者视为翻译标准。
这是严复在《天演论》译例言(1898)中提出来的，他称：“译事三难：信、达、雅。
求其信，已大难矣!顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。
”又说：“《易》曰：‘修辞立诚。
’子曰：‘辞达而已。
’又曰：‘言之无文，行之不远。
’三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。
故信达而外，求其尔雅。
”严复的“信”是指忠实于原文的意义，“达”是指译文通达。
长期以来，虽然众说纷纭，各持一词，但“信达”仍为译界普遍遵循——“忠实、通顺”、“准确、流畅”、“在准确基础上通顺”等等提法，其意与“信、达”一致。
唯有“雅”字，分歧较大。
有的主张取消“雅”，把通常为“雅”所包含的译文风格和语言形式上的要求统统列入“信”之中，只提两条。
严复的“求其尔雅”要“用汉以前的字法句法”显然不能为后人所接受。
但有人从“修辞立其诚”、“言以文远”、“情欲信而辞欲巧”(内容要真实，文辞要美化)等观点出发，不断对“雅”作这样或那样的解释，提出这种或那种论证，以体现翻译标准的完整性。
“信、达、雅”构成一个系统。
三者的重要程度以这三个词的排列先后为序，但在不同文体的翻译中，着力点各不相同。
科技文体的翻译更加强调“信”，译文的内容不可有些微偏颇，差之毫厘，失之千里。
文学文体的翻译，在“信、达”的基础上，要着力于“雅”，给人以美感。
“信、达、雅”的总体目标是用一种语言代替另一种语言来传达相同的信息。
不“信”，当然无所谓“达、雅”。
不“达”，也会失之于“信”。
不“雅”也有损于“信、达”。
所以，既不能只顾“信”，而不注意译文的形式，也不能只求语句通顺和词藻华丽而不顾内容的忠实。
只有从整体功能考虑，使三者融为一体，才能实现系统的总目标。
神似(傅雷语) alike in spirit／spiritual resemblance与“形似”相对，本为我国古代诗画评语，指在形似的基础上诗、画表现出人、物的神态、气韵达到唯妙唯肖的传神的境地。
在翻译上，神似是指：必要时摆脱原文语言形式的束缚，如词汇、语法、惯用法、修辞格等方面的羁绊，在准确理解原文的基础上，用地道的译文传达出原文的艺术意境。
神似已成为中国译论体系中占主导地位的译论之一，最早由茅盾在《新文学研究者的责任与努力》(1921)一文中首先提出并在《译文学书方法的讨论》一文中译述。
此后，郭沫若、闻一多在论及诗歌翻译时提出要译“风韵”、“精神”和“气势”；陈西滢、曾虚白、王以铸等也都著文论述过“神似”。
傅雷着力提倡并实践“神似”论。
1951年他在《高老头》重译本序中写道：“以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似。
”20世纪60年代，傅雷再次宣言式表明态度：“愚对译事看法实甚简单：重神似不重形似。
”自此，“神似”的翻译主张迅速传播开来，并为我国译界普遍接受。
化境(钱钟书语)sublimation, reach the acme of perfection1964年钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出的文学翻译的最高标准。
他说：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。
把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既不能因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于‘化境’。
17世纪有人赞美这种造诣的翻译，比为原作的‘投胎转世’(the transmigration of souls)，躯壳换了一个，而精神姿致依然故我。
换句话说，译本对原作应该忠实得以至于读起来不像译本，因为作品在原文里决不会读起来像经过翻译似的。
”“化境”亦即出神入化。
译界认为，钱钟书的“化境”是“神似”的进一步发展，把翻译从美学的范畴推向艺术的极致。
宁信而不顺(鲁迅语) rather to be faithful than smooth (“I’d rather be faithful than smooth”)三美: 音美,形美,意美(许渊冲语) the three beauties: beauty in sound, beauty in form and beautyin meaning许渊冲在《毛主席诗词四十二首》英、法文格律体译文(1978)序言中提出诗词翻译“三美”论。
认为译诗不但要传达原诗的意美，还要尽可能传达它的音美和形美。
三美之间的关系是：意美最重要，音美次之，形美再次。
也就是说，要在传达原文意美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的音美；还要在传达原文意美和音美的前提下，尽可能传达原文的形美；努力做到三美齐备。
三美论的提法是根据鲁迅在《汉文学史纲要》第一篇《自文字至文章》中说的：“诵习一字，当识形音义三：口诵耳闻其音，目察其形，心通其义，三识并用，一字之功乃全。
其在文章，……遂具三美：意美以感心，一也；音美以感耳，二也；形美以感目，三也。