词汇结构 6

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第三章 英语词汇的形态结构

第三章 英语词汇的形态结构

第三章英语词汇的形态结构第三章英语词汇的形态结构【概要】本单元阐释了英语词汇的形态结构~讨论了词素、词素变体、词素的分类和辨别、以及词素和构词的关系~并介绍了词缀、词根、词干、词基等基本概念。

【知识点】1. Morphemes2. Morphs and Allomorphs3. Classifying Morphemes4. Identifying Morphemes5. Morpheme and Word-formation(1)Affix(2)Root, Stem, Base【文本翻译】我们已经讨论了推动英语词汇发展的历史、文化和社会因素。

正如我们所见,借词在扩大词汇量方面起到了积极的作用。

然而,在现代,主要是在内部基础之上来扩大词汇量的。

也就是说,我们运用英语中可以得到的构词材料去创造新的单词。

但是在我们讨论创造新词的实际方法和途径以前,我们需要对英语单词的结构和它们的成分—构词因素有一个清楚的认识。

这一章将讨论词素、词素的分类和辨别,以及词素与构词法之间的关系。

3.1 词素传统上,单词通常被作为一种语言里基本和最小的单位用于遣词造句,而句子则是根据句法规则将单词组合到一起。

但是,从结构上来看,单词并不是最小的单元,因为很多单词都能被分解成更小的意义单位。

以decontextualization一词为例,这是一个单词,但是可以被分解为de-, con-, text,-al, -iz(e), -ation,每一个都有其独特的意义。

这些成分不能被进一步地切分了,否则,它们中的任何一个都不会具有完整的意义。

虽然-ation有着一系列的变体形式,比如-tion,-sion,-ion,它们都属于同一个后缀。

因为它们有着同样的意义和语法功能,仅仅是出现在不同的语音环境之中。

这些最小的意义单位被称为词素(morphe 是希腊词汇,意思是…形式?;-eme出现于…phoneme?这样的单词中,意为…类?)。

结构专业常用英语词汇

结构专业常用英语词汇

结构专业常用英语词汇1. 一般术语房屋建筑工程building engineering 土木工程civil engineering 建构筑物construction works 结构structure基础foundation地基ground; foundation soils 木结构timber structure 砌体结构masonry structure 钢结构steel structure 混凝土结构concrete structure 特种结构special engineering structure房屋建筑building工业建筑industrial building 民用建筑civil building水工建筑物marine structure 剪力墙结构shear wall structure 混合结构mixed structure 板柱结构slab-column system 框架结构frame structure 壳结构shell structure 拱结构arch strucuture桁架结构truss网架结构space grid structure 悬索结构cable-suspended structure 框架-剪力墙结构frame-shear wallstructure筒体结构tube structure 高耸结构high-rise structure 斜拉桥cable stayed bridge 悬索桥suspension bridge 桁架桥trussed bridge 拱桥arch bridge 引桥approach span 桥墩pier 隧道tunnel 混凝土坝concrete dam 渠道channel2. 结构构件构件member 部件component; assembly parts 梁beam截面section 板slab; plate 柱column 墙wall 壳shell 桁架truss框架frame刚架rigid frame排架bent frame简支梁 simply supported beam 悬臂梁cantilever beam 连续梁continuous beam 叠合梁superposed beam 伸缩缝expansion and contraction joint 截水沟(天沟)catch ditch;intercepting channel 排水沟 drainage ditch 护坡slope protection;revetment 挡土墙retaining wall 止水sealing; seal;节点joint桩pile沉降缝settlement joint 防震缝aseismic joint施工缝construction joint基础梁foundation beam桩承台pile cap; bearing platform底板 bottom slab水池顶板basin top slab现浇墙板cast-in-place wall panel预制墙板pre-cast wall panel钢筋混凝土框架reinforced concreteframe钢筋混凝土柱reinforced concretecolumn先张法预应力混凝土管桩pretensioned spunconcrete piles钢筋混凝土现浇板cast-in-placereinforced concreteslab斜梁 stringer平台梁 beams of platform女儿墙 parapet人孔盖板 manhole cover集水坑catchment pit溢流槽 flood relief channel 爬梯 ladder牛腿 bracket仪表槽盒支架instrument trench support电缆支架cable trench support 支撑brace支架support3. 结构材料预埋件embedded plate钢板steel plate钢圆环 steel ring plate雨水篦子板 rain water grating 钢筋reinforcing bar I 级 grade I热轧光圆钢筋hot rolled plainsteel bars热轧带肋钢筋hot rolled ribbedsteel bars插筋anchor rebar钢筋锚固长度bond length of rebars钢筋搭接bar splicing箍筋stirrup纵向钢筋longitudinal bar弯起钢筋bent-up bar钢筋间距rod spacing;bar spacing搭接长度overlapping length胀锚螺栓 expansion bolts螺母nut锚栓anchor bolt地脚螺栓foundation boltM30六角螺帽M30 six angle screw cap外露100,丝扣80outcrop 100mm,thread 80mm 垫片 washer C40混凝土C40 concrete: class 40早强剂early-strength admixture细石混凝土fine aggregate concrete防冻附加剂antifreeze admixture配合比mixture ratio抗渗等级P8 seepage class:抗压强度compression strength混凝土保护层厚度minimum concrete cover普通硅酸盐水泥ordinary portland cement 砂sand卵石pebble碎石crushed stone砾石gravel骨料aggregate水泥cement粘土砖clay brick 垫层cushion4. 地基基础扩展基础spread foundation地基ground,foundation soils 刚性基础rigid foundation 独立基础single footing 联合基础combined footing 条形基础strip founcation 壳体基础shell foundation 箱形基础box foundation 筏形基础raft foundation 桩基础pile foundation沉井基础open caisson foundation 大直径桩基础cylinder pile foundation 土岩组合地基soil-rock composite ground地基允许变形值allowable subsoil deformation地基处理ground treatment 复合地基composite foundation 强夯dynamic compaction 支档结构retaining structure 基坑工程excavation engineering 高应变动力检测high strain dynamictesting of piles 单桩竖向抗压静载试验vertical compression bearing capacity static test for single pile 单桩水平静载试验lateral bearing capacitystatic test for single pile 单桩竖向抗拔静载试验vertical up-lifting bearing capacitystatic test for single pile 单桩竖向抗压极限承载力vertical ultimatecompress bearing capacity of a singlepile 桩侧摩阻力skin friction resistance 桩顶水平位移lateral displacement 桩端阻力end bearing resistance 单桩静载试验static test of single pile 单桩水平极限承载力ultimate lateral bearing capacity for a single pile 单桩竖向抗拔极限承载力ultimate vertical up-lifting bearing capacityfor a single pile 素填土 Plain Fill 粉土 Silt 粉质粘土 Silty Clay 淤泥质粉质粘土Sludgy Silty Clay 粉砂Silty Sand 高压缩性 high compressibility 中粗砂medium sand 中等压缩性 medium compressibility 中细砂fine sand 低压缩性 low compressibility 可塑~硬塑状态 plastic-hard plastic 泥质粉砂岩 Muddy Silty stone 流塑状态 flow plastic 粉砂质泥岩 Silty mudstone 局部软塑状态 partly soft plastic 泥岩 Mudstone 饱和saturated 强风化 high weathered 松散incompact 中等风化 medium weathered 轻微裂缝 slight defective pile 断桩 breakage of pile 桩身完整 pile of body integrity 缩颈 pile diameter reduction 缺陷 defect 压缩系数coefficient of compressibility 渗流seepage flow 内聚力(粘聚力) cohesion5. 钢结构钢结构 steel structure底漆 paint primer涂层 coating中间漆intermediate painting 油漆,涂料 paint面漆 finish coat流坠 hanging透底 disclosure皱皮 wrinkle漏涂 miss painting返锈 rust again漆膜厚度 film thickness结构构件 structural member垂直支撑vertical bracing桁架 truss小立柱 postWA325钢格栅板 WA325 grating斜梁 stringer踏步板 treads钢梯 steel stairway踏步钢格板 grating for stair tread斜梯栏杆 guard rails不锈钢栏杆 stainless steel handrail预制场地 prefabrication area 平台栏杆 GR of platform原材料 raw material半成品 semi-finished goods除锈 remove rust, cleaning 切割 cutting喷砂 sand blasting打磨坡口 grinding型钢 section steel热轧工字钢hot-rolled I-beam steel热轧钢板 hot-rolled plates热轧不等边角钢hot-rolled unequal-legangle steel热轧等边角钢hot-rolled equal-legangle steel热轧H型钢hot-rolled H steel热轧槽钢hot-rolled channel steel 无缝钢管 seamless steel pipes扁钢 strap steel不锈钢板 stainless steel plate垂直度 verticality分片组装be assembled by sections现场成框 framed at site焊缝 weld seam V型坡口V-type bevel焊缝高度 weld height焊枪 welding gun焊缝长度 weld length焊机 welding machine气焊 gas welding 焊炬 welding torch电焊 electric welding 自动和半自动电弧焊automatic andsemi-automatic welding 手工焊 hand welding对焊 butt welding 焊条weld rod, electrode 角焊缝 fillet 间断焊接 gap welding 咬边 undercut 针孔 pinhole 夹渣 slag裂纹 crack烧穿 burning out 漏焊 losing welding 弧坑 concavity 未焊透lack of fusion 打磨 grind火焰切割 torch cutting 喷砂除锈The sand blasting 机械钻孔drill by machine预拉力 prestressed 高强度大六角头螺栓Set of big hexagonalhigh-strength bolt 抗滑移系数Slide coefficient of faying surface 扭矩系数torsional moment coefficient终拧扭矩final torsional moment6. 荷载、强度、可靠度剪力shear 剪切变形shear deformation压力pressure 延伸率percentage of elongation 剪切模量shear modulus 拉力tension 应力stress 应变strain应力集中concentration of stress 应力松弛stress relaxation 应力图stress diagram 应力状态state of stress位移 displacement 弹性变形 elastic deformation 变形 deformation 塑性变形 plastic deformation 应变 strain 剪应变 shear strain 线应变 linear strain 主应变 principal strain 轴向力 normal force 主应力 principal stress 正应力 normal stress 预应力prestress应力应变曲线stress-strain curve 裂缝crack抗压强度compressive strength 抗弯强度bending strength 抗扭强度torsional strength 抗拉强度tensile strength 屈服yield屈服点yield point屈服荷载yield load 屈服极限limit of yielding 屈服强度yield strength 屈服强度下限lower limit of yield 荷载load横截面section, cross 承载力bearing capacity 承重结构bearing structure 弹性模量elastic modulus 塑性plasticity延性ductileity受弯构件member in bending轴向拉力axial tension受拉区tensile region可靠性reliability受压区compressive region粘结力cohesive force配筋率reinforcement ratio偏心受拉eccentric tension配箍率stirrup ratio偏心受压eccentric compression泊松比Poisson’s ratio偏心距eccentric distance跨度span疲劳强度fatigue strength跨高比span-to-depth ratio偏心荷载eccentric load设计限值 limiting design value截面宽度 breadth of section截面高度 height of section截面厚度 thickness of section截面直径 diameter of section截面面积 area of section截面周长 perimeter of section截面模量(抵抗矩) section modulus截面惯性矩 second moment of area截面极惯性矩polar second moment of area 截面回转半径 radius of gyration长细比 slenderness ratio偏心矩 eccentricity偏心率 relative ecdentricity振动 vibration自振频率 natural frequency加速度 acceleration振周期natural period of vibration 频率 frequency振幅 amplitude of vibration自由度 degree of freedom振型 mode of vibration阻尼 damp共振 resonance强迫振动 forced vibration设计荷载design load挠度deflection设计强度design strength构造construction脆性破坏brittle failure延性破坏ductile failure可靠性 reliability适用性 serviceability安全性 safety耐久性 durability设计基准期 design reference period可靠概率 probability of survival可靠指标 reliability index失效概率 probability of failure概率设计法 probabilistic method极限状态设计法 limit states method容许应力设计法 permissible stressesmethod正常使用极限状态serviceability limitstates承载能力极限状态 ultimate limit states极限状态 limit states分项系数 partial safety factor体分布力 force per unit volume 作用 action力矩 moment of force线分布力 force per unit length永久作用 permanent action面分布力 force per unit area可变作用 variable action偶然作用 accidental action静态作用 static action固定作用 fixed adtion动态作用 dynamic action自重 self weight温度作用 temperature action施工荷载 site load地震作用 earthquake action土压力 earth pressure水压力 water pressure风荷载 wind load雪荷载 snow load风振 wind vibration吊车荷载crane load屋面活荷载floor live load浮力 buoyance浪压力(波浪力) wave pressure泥沙压力 silt pressute冰压力 ice pressure冻胀力 frost heave force静水压强 hydro-static pressure静水总压力total hydro-static pressure 动水压强 hydro-dynamic pressure压力水头 pressure head作用代表值 representative valueof an action作用准永久值quasi-permanent valueof an action作用标准值 characteristic valueof an action作用组合值combination value ofactions作用设计值 design value of anaction作用效应 effects of actions作用组合值系数coeffcient forcombination value ofactions作用效应系数coefficient of effectsof actions作用效应基本组合 fundamentalcombination foraction effects短期效应组合combination for short-term action effects作用效应偶然组合 accidentalcombination foraction effects长期效应组合combination for long-term action effects轴线axes标高elevation; datum mark坐标coordinate基准点,标高datum mark中心标高center elevation绝对标高absolute elevation相对标高relative elevation平面控制plane control高程控制elevation control水准点bench mark经纬仪transit坐标控制点coordinate control points 水准仪surveyor level测杆surveying rod钢卷尺steel tape测距仪range finder7. 土建施工挖掘 excavate履带式推土机crawler dozer挖土机 excavator履带式起重机crawler crane反铲挖土机 back digger压路机 road roller挖沟机 trench digger翻斗车 tipping skip铲运机 scraper自卸卡车 dumping truck洒水车 sprinkler回填 back fill土方工程 earth work蛙式打夯机 frog rammer钢筋切断机 bar cutter钢筋弯曲机 angle--bender基坑foundation pit双排竖管脚手架independent scaffold脚手架scaffold管子脚手架pipe scaffold 单排竖管脚手架putlog scaffold 满堂脚手架full framing 立杆 the standing pole 扫地杆 ground bars 横杆 ledger脚手板 scaffold board 防护栏 protective barrier,guard rail隔离剂 isolating agent扣件coupler旋转扣件swivel coupler 十字扣件double coupler 套筒扣件sleeve coupler 钢筋加工 rebar fabrication 铁丝 iron wire 钢筋连接 rebar connection 绑扎lashing 搭接lap焊接 welding搭接接头 lap joint 焊接接头 welded joint 搭接焊lap welding 砂浆垫块mortar block制模,模板工程formwork 组合钢模板 combined steel formwork 模板form模板配板 formwork configuration 模板支设 formwork erection 安装偏差 installation deviation 模板接缝the formwork joint泵送混凝土pumping of concrete 混凝土中心搅拌站 centralized concretemixing plant 浇灌混凝土concrete pouring, depositing concrete,模板拆除 formwork removal 混凝土搅拌汽车concrete mixer truck混凝土搅拌concrete agitation 插入式振捣器 insertion type vibrator 振捣混凝土 vibrated concrete 平板振动器 plate vibrator 抹子,泥刀 trowel 抹灰,抹光 toweling坍落度slump两组试块two sets of testing blocks 混凝土取样witness sampling of concrete混凝土施工缝处理treatment of concrete construction joint 初凝 initial set 终凝final set初凝时间 initial setting time 终凝时间final setting time 混凝土养护concrete curing 草垫 straw mattress回填back fill回填夯实backfill consolidation 1:2水泥砂浆20厚1:2 cenment mortarthickness 20mm 找平层leveling blacket 抹灰plastering抹平,找平screeding 抹灰底层rendering coat 抹光,压光trowel finish 灌缝;灌浆grout抹灰罩面层setting coat 二次灌浆post-grouting 填料filling 翼环plate ring套管pipe sleeve 石棉水泥asbestos cement 油麻oil-- hemp 橡胶止水带rubber water stop 密封胶joint sealant 沥青涂层asphalt coating填缝板joint filler镀锌铁皮galvanized iron sheeture ;revetment80mmpile ompressibilityarea f vibrationssure ol pointsocks。

专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构

专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构

专升本《英语》词汇与语法结构以下是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的重点内容:
一、词汇:
1.同义词和反义词
2.同根词和派生词
3.合成词和短语
4.难以理解的词汇
5.常见的词组和习惯用语
6.常见的英语缩写和缩略词
二、语法结构:
1.时态和语态
-现在时态
-过去时态
-将来时态
-完成时态
-进行时态
-被动语态
2.语法句型
-倒装句
-条件句
-间接引语和直接引语
-强调句
3.从句和复合句
-名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)-定语从句
-状语从句
-表语从句
4.代词和词性
-人称代词和物主代词
-反身代词和相互代词
-指示代词和疑问代词
-不定代词和关系代词
5.形容词和副词
-基本形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
-修饰方式、程度、时间和频率的副词
-形容词和副词的转化
6.名词和数词
-可数名词和不可数名词
-单数名词和复数名词
-名词的所有格
-基数词和序数词
以上是专升本英语词汇与语法结构的主要内容,希望对你的学习有帮助。

词汇与语法结构—名词+冠词+代词

词汇与语法结构—名词+冠词+代词
*个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词
(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计
算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。
名词分类表
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。 如: a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters

1.3 名词复数的不规则变化
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,
6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特 别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域, fishes(各种)鱼
1.4 不可数名词量的表示
1)物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较:Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
数时,直接加s变复数:
如: two Marys
the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:heroes; negroes; potato—potatoes;

语言学中的语言结构

语言学中的语言结构

语言学中的语言结构教案主题:语言学中的语言结构引言:语言是人类交流和表达思想的重要工具,同时也是语言学研究的核心内容之一。

语言学的研究对象包括语音、语法、语义、语用等方面的内容。

本教案主要论述语言学中的语言结构,即语言的组织方式和规则。

一、音系结构音系结构是语言学中探讨语音元素组合和运用方式的研究。

我们知道,任何一种语言的声音的产生和表达都有其特定的规则和方式。

本节将重点从音位、音素和音节等方面论述语言音系结构的基本特点。

1. 音位:音位是指在一个语言中具有区别词义作用的最小语音单位。

在不同的语言中,音位的数量和特点有所不同。

例如,英语中的辅音音位相对较多,而汉语则辅音音位相对较少。

2. 音素:音素是构成语言音位的基本单位。

一个语言中,音素决定了其音位系统的特点和声音的组合规律。

语言学家通过对音素的分析和分类,能够更好地理解和描述语言的语音结构。

3. 音节:音节是由音位组成的,具有相对独立意义的语音单位。

不同语言中,音节的构成和规则有所不同。

通过对音节结构的分析,我们能够更好地理解语言的韵律和语调。

二、词汇结构词汇是语言的基本单位之一,它由若干个音节组成,能够独立表达一个完整的含义。

词汇结构是研究词汇内部组成和构成方式的语言学分支。

本节将从词根、前缀、后缀和词位等方面探讨词汇结构的特点。

1. 词根:词根是构成词汇的核心部分,它具有相对稳定的含义和形式。

通过对不同语言中的词根进行比较研究,可以了解词汇间的关联和词义变化规律。

2. 前缀和后缀:前缀和后缀是构成词汇的非核心部分,它们改变词根的含义和语法功能。

通过对不同语言中的前缀和后缀进行研究,可以更好地理解词汇的构成和演变。

3. 词位:词位是指构成词汇的最小单位,它们通过不同的音素和音节的组合,形成不同的词汇形式。

通过对词位的分析,我们可以更好地理解语言中词汇的变形和使用规律。

三、句法结构句法结构是语言学中研究句子的组成和句子间关系的重要分支。

本节将从短语、句子成分和句法关系等方面论述句法结构的要素和特点。

六级词汇用法和语法结构--单词记忆

六级词汇用法和语法结构--单词记忆

六级词汇用法和语法结构--单词记忆词汇的积累是英语学习的一个方面,是最为基础也非常重要的一个方面。

各种考试的难易程度往往是通过它所要求掌握的词汇数量来衡量的。

比如,四级考试要求的词汇量大约在4200个左右,六级比四级多出1300个左右。

这些单词与各种词缀的组合也在要求掌握之列,只是没有全部列出来。

另外值得注意的一点是:不管使用那一种教材,都会有一些单词是四六级考试要求掌握,而课文里面没有出现过的。

这些单词往往会构成学生复习过程中的"盲点"。

单词记忆法运用实例要记住这么多单词,单靠死记硬背是远远不够的,也完全没有必要。

例如下面这个单词:philanthropic adj. 慈善的这个词拼写看上去复杂, 却可以分解为三个部分来记, 每一个部分都可以看作是一个词缀:phil("喜好。

)-- anthrop(人类)-- ic的(表示形容词性)phil-这个前缀来自于古希腊文,表示喜爱某事物,出现这一词缀的词还有phil 爱好+harmonic和谐的=爱好音乐的, Philo爱好+sophy智慧 = 哲学Anthrop-同样来自于希腊文中的 "人"一词,表示与人相关的,例如:anthropology 人类学, anthropologist 人类学家等等。

?-ic后缀跟在名词后构成形容词,表示具有原名词特色的,例如: poetic language 诗一样的语言,源自名词poet;mythic 神话性的,源自名词 myth;magnetic 磁性的,源自名词 magnet 等等。

??这种记忆方法是最古老也最规范的单词记忆模式,首先把一个单词分解到最基本的构成部分,再通过构成部分的含义了解整个单词的含义。

我们再看下面一个例子:dapple n. 斑点; v. 使有斑点1.?拼写: 很容易看出, 这个单词的拼写就是 apple n.苹果前面加上一个字母"d", 完全没有必要去死记 "d,a,p,p,l,e";2.?音标: 相应地, 音标也与apple 的音标对应, 加一个辅音在前面就可以.重音依然在第一音节;3.?词意: 由字母 "d" 很容易联想到dot , 意为 "小圆点, 小数点" , 或者 "在…上加点". 苹果上的小点, 当然就是斑点了; 而如果在苹果上点了一些小点, 则对应于第二个义项: 是某物有斑点.?? 以上的步骤也许并没有太多的根据可言, 但却实实在在的有助于你快速地记住有关这个单词的信息.??单词并不是一个个互相独立的,记忆单词也不只是机械地被动地记住每一个碰到过的单词,有时候我们也要开动脑筋,想一想同类的单词自己知道哪些,不知道哪些,通过归类和联想扩充词汇。

词汇词汇单位和词的结构

词汇词汇单位和词的结构

(二)词
词是最小的能够独立运用的语言单位。词以“独立运用”有别于 语素,以“最小”有别于短语。具体来说,“词”可以单说,可以充当 句法成分,这一点区别于语素。 “词”和“短语”的区分可以
首先从从概念上辨别,词义往往不是语素义的简单相加,是语素义 的融合。短语基本是词义的加合。如:“黑板、骨肉、头痛”是词; “打老虎”是短语。
(三)短语
短语是词的语法组合。短语有自由短语和固定短语等类型。
(四)略语
略语是语言中经过压缩和省略的词语。可以分为两类:简 称和数词略语。注意略语与生造词的区别 .
三、构词类型
(一)词的结构单位:词根和词缀
(二)单纯词和合成词
1.单纯词:由一个词根语素构成的词。
单音节的单纯词:天 地 人 得 多音节的单纯词:联绵词 双声:参差 叠韵:彷徨 逍遥 非双生叠韵: 蝴蝶 芙蓉 叠音词: 猩猩 鸳鸯 音译的外来词:咖啡 巧克力 仿佛
其次是从音节上辨别。汉语的词往往以双音节居多,而短语的音节 往往不止两个,因此是否双音节可以作为判别词与短语的参考条件。如: “衣架”是词;“衣服架子”是短语。
三是从结合关系上辨别。词是最小的能独立运用的语言单位,中间 往往不能插入别的成分。而短语并不是“最小的”,结合关系并不很紧 密,中间可以插入别的成分,即可以扩展。。如“肉麻”是词;能插入 的是短语,如“脚疼”是短语。
单音节语素:谁 火 脸 看 多音节语素:自行车 收集 课本
(2 ) 按构词能力分:
自由语素:能够独立成词的语素。如:走 看 水 粘着语素:不能独立成词,只能同其它语素组合成词, 在组合时位置不固定的语素。 如:民 语 伟 习 儿 头
(3)按在词中的作用分:
词根:词义的主要承担者,位置不固定。 如: 儿 国 大 小 词缀:词义虚化,位置固定。 如: 老 第 阿 子

结构专业常用英语词汇

结构专业常用英语词汇

结构专业常用英语词汇及短语Words and vocabularies frequently used in structure design地基/Ground soil/subgrade相对标高/reference level, 绝对标高/absolute level地面标高/ground level, 室内标高/indoor level室外标高/outdoor level场地/site, 现场/field,施工/construction, 开挖/excavation, 不良地质/hazardous geology, 不均匀沉降/differential settlement, 滑坡/land slide, 泥石流/soilfluction, 滚石/rolling stone地质勘察/geology survey, 地勘报告/geology report, 施工勘察/geology survey during construction 持力层/bearing layer, 承载力/bearing capacity基础埋深/embedment depth of foundation. 基坑/foundation pit, 基坑支护/protection of foundation pit淤泥/silt , 扰动/disturb, 用…換填/replaced by…, 级配砂石/graded sand and crushed stone砂/sand, 密实/dense, 松散/loose, 稍密/slightly dense, 中密/medium dense,液化/liquefaction黏土/clay, 可塑状/plastic, 坚硬/hardened黄土/loess, 湿陷性/collapsible, 膨胀性/expansionary, 消除液化/eliminate liquefaction, 消除湿陷性/eliminate collapsibility, 探明基底以下不良地质/discover hazardous geology below foundation冻土/frost soil, 标准冻土深度/standard frost penetration标准贯入度/SPT, 载荷板试验/load plate test, 地基处理/soil treatment回填土应分层夯实,分层厚度不大于300mm,压实系数应达到0.95,承载力应达到150kpa。

2022年特岗教师考试年特岗教师招聘考试:中学英语模拟试题及答案六(词汇和结构)

2022年特岗教师考试年特岗教师招聘考试:中学英语模拟试题及答案六(词汇和结构)

2022年特岗教师招聘考试:中学英语模拟试题及答案六(词汇和结构)Vocabulary and Structure()1.The new machine is a great help in the production of this factory.A.adequateB.sufficientC.efficientD.effective()2.Now the problem of energy is becoming critical.It an immediate solution.A.calls onB.calls forC.calls upD.calls at()3.Finding it difficult toto the climate in the city he decided to move to the north.A.adoptB.adaptC.fitD.suit()4.The newspaper will have toif it can not increase its circulation considerably.A.close upB.close downC.close offD.close out()5.By this time next year I shall haveall my debts.A.cleared upB.cleaned upC.cleared offD.cleared away()6.An old friend from abroad,I was expecting to stay with,telephoned me from the airport.A.thatB.whomC.whoD.which()7.the amount left in the bank is hardly worth mentioning.A.Having paid my taxesB.Paying my taxesC.My taxes having been paidD.My taxes had been paid()8.I know the man name.A.forB.withC.ofD.be()9.The lecturer spoke so fast that I found it hardwhat he was saying.A.to take inB.to take outC.to take overD.to take up()10.Pumas,which are large,cat?like animals will not attack human beings if they undisturbed.A.1eaveB.are leftC.leftD.have left()11.The relative size of an insect?s wing is much greater than.A.of a bird?s wingB.that of a bird?s wingC.a wing of a bird isD.that wing of a bird()12.Ian answer to my letter within a few days.C.look forwardD.expect()13.Does Jane want to see that movie?Yes. But she says go tonight.A.she?ll rather notB.she?d not ratherC.she?d rather notD.she won?t rather()14.Professor Wheelock is always very to the reaction of the audience when he gives lectures.A.sentimentalB.sensitiveC.sensibleD.positive()15.The audience dressed in a variety of ways,some in suits and dress,some in jeans.A.hasB.isC.haveD.are()16.Peter wishes that he law instead of literature when he was in college.A.could studyB.studiedC.had studiedD.would study()17.Let you and agree to settle our differences without involving any of the other students.A.IB.meC.myselfD.my()18.If you had told us earlier he was,we could have introduced him at the meeting.C.whichD.whoever()19.Ime what happened.A.would like you tellB.would like you to tellC.would like you tellingD.would like that you tell()20.Take an umbrella it rains.A.in any caseB.becauseC.in caseD.for()21.Don?t leave your bicycle out in the rain.It?ll get in rains.A.rustyB.crudeC.roughD.tough()22.Ito him for the error.A.excusedB.apologizedC.pardonedD.sorry()23.Hardly home when the telephone rang.A.I gotB.did I getC.I had gotD.had I got()24.It?s getting rather late.It?s time that we home.A.are goingB.wentC.goD.must go()25.The colors of that coat and hat don?t.A.suitB.mixC.matchD.imitate参考答案及解析1.C 【解析】adequate意为"充分的,足够的';sufficient意为"足够的,充分的';efficient意为"效率高的';effective意为"有效的,生效的'。

语言学入门知识语言结构和语言变化

语言学入门知识语言结构和语言变化

语言学入门知识语言结构和语言变化语言学入门知识:语言结构和语言变化语言是人类沟通和交流的工具,具有复杂而多样化的结构和变化。

在语言学的研究中,我们探讨语言的结构以及语言随时间的变化和演变。

本文将介绍语言结构的基本要素和语言的变化过程。

一、语言结构语言结构涉及语言的各个层面,包括音韵结构、词汇结构、句法结构和语义结构。

1. 音韵结构音韵结构研究语音的组成和规则。

不同语言的音位系统各不相同,包括辅音和元音的组合方式、发音位置等。

语言学家研究音韵的规律,比如音变规律和音系的分类。

2. 词汇结构词汇结构研究语言中的词汇组成和形态变化。

语言通过词汇来表达意义,词汇是语言的基本单位。

在不同语言中,词汇的构成方式和形态变化规律各不相同。

比如,英语中的复数形式通常通过在词尾加上"-s"或"-es"来表示,而汉语中的词汇变化则主要通过词义、语法和语序等方式。

3. 句法结构句法结构研究语言中的句子构成和语法规则。

语言学家关注句子成分之间的关系和句法规则的运用。

句法结构包括短语结构和句子结构,比如主谓宾结构、修饰语的位置等。

不同语言的句法结构也存在差异,比如主谓宾语序的排列顺序在不同语言中可能不同。

4. 语义结构语义结构研究语言中的意义组织和表达方式。

语义是词汇和句子的意义,涉及词义、句义以及它们之间的关系。

语言学家通过语义分析探讨语言中的意义和语用规则。

二、语言变化语言是一门活的、变化的系统,随着时间的推移会发生变化。

语言学中关于语言变化的研究主要包括语音变化、词汇变化和语法变化。

1. 语音变化语音变化是指语言中音韵系统的变化。

语音变化可以通过音位的新增、丧失、合并、分化等方式发生。

例如,英语中的"th"音在中世纪英语时期逐渐消失,被/s/和/f/音所替代,导致了今天英语中"th"的发音习惯。

2. 词汇变化词汇变化是指词汇的形态和意义的变化。

六级词汇与结构

六级词汇与结构

六级词汇与结构V ocabulary and Structure1.The boss discharged the cook for his incompetence. The word "discharged" heremeans_____.A)laid down B)laid off C)laid away D)laid up2.Petrol is manufactured from the _____ oil we take out of the ground.A)crude B)raw C)rough D)tough3.One of the most spectacular qualities of man is notably his _____ to any kind of naturalenvironment.A)inclination B)domination C)adaptability D)availability4.It takes years of hard work to _____ a good dictionary.A)compose B)comply C)construct D)compile5.O'Neill's ideas have been _____ to a great deal of criticism from those who consider themas scientific dreaming.A)adjusted B)corresponded C)subjected D)yielded6.The actors have to _____ before they appear in front of the strong lights on television.A)make up B)paint up C)cover up D)do up7.The design of this architecture shows a great deal of _____. We have never seen abuilding of such a type before.A)conventionality B)originality C)formulation D)fascination8.India and Pakistan have 0.3 and 0.4 hectares of cropland per person _____.A)relatively B)proportionally C)particularly D)respectively9.I'm in no _____ this evening to listen to his silly jokes.A)emotion B)mood C)tendency D)sense10.Jim, the newly elected director, had to reorganize the entire office; he angrily complainedof his _____, who had been so incompetent that everything was left in a mess.A)successor B)ancestor C)predecessor D)forefather11.I don't know if the story is true, but I'll try to _____ it.A)verify B)identify C)reinforce D)conform12.The polar explores took every precaution to _____ the dangers of their trip.A)optimize B)standardize C)energize D)minimize13.Because Bob had stopped reading his technical journals he was _____ of newdevelopment in his field.A)intellectual B)subtle C)ignorant D)tedious14.The plane _____, its bombs exploding as it hit the ground.A)smashed B)clashed C)struck D)crashed15.Though it was less attractive, Ralph knew the metal box would be more _____ than thewooden box.A)terminal B)durable C)persistent D)ultimate16.When a machine analyses the frequencies used by a particular voice and draws a graph ofthem, sound is _____ electronically into a pattern of lines.A)relieved B)converted C)magnified D)burst17.The employer _____ the letter to his secretary, who wrote it down in short hand.A)dictated B)examined C)copied D)imitated18.Mrs. Brown is so _____ about her housework that servants will not work for her.A)special B)especial C)peculiar D)particular19.His health falling, _____ in 1782.A)so Harry Lee went on leave from the armyB)the army gave Harry Lee leaveC)when the army gave Harry Lee leaveD)Harry Lee went on leave from army20.I was _____ work last week, but I change mind.A)to have started B)to start C)to be starting D)to have been starting21.The doctor sent him to bed, saying he was much _____.A)too ill B)very ill C)ill enough D)ill22.Jean worked just so much _____.A)like what she was told to B)as she was told toC)as to what she tried to do D)like she was told to23.We'll take _____ put you to the trouble of fetching more.A)less sugar than B)less sugar ratherC)less sugar rather than D)lesser sugar than24.Recently, he has lost all his _____.A)wage and saving at card B)wages and savings at cardC)wages and saving at card D)wages and savings at cards25.Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer than _____.A)is it actually B)it actually isC)actually it is D)is actually it26.Molds cannot produce their own food _____ their nourishment from living on deadorganic matter or on other living matter.A)obtain B)obtaining C)but obtain D)is obtained27._____ deeply moved by his speech.A)Everyone of us were B)Everyone of us wasC)Every one of us were D)Every one of us was28.Y ou'd rather watch TV this evening, _____?A)isn't it B)hadn't you C)wouldn't you D)won't you29._____ that this region was so rich in natural resources.A)Little he knew B)Little did he knowC)Little he did know D)Little he had know30.What do you think of his proposal that improvements _____ in the old type of vacuumcleaner?A)be made B)will be madeC)would be made D)will have to be made31.It was presumed that he was dead; then one day he _____ in Italy.A)turned on B)turned up C)turned round D)turned out32.A _____ judge is one who gives a prisoner a light sentence because he takes pity on him.A)grateful B)radical C)merciful D)preferable33.Big businesses enjoy certain _____ that smaller ones do not have.A)regulations B)sequences C)fragments D)privileges34.The government _____ a mass campaign to wipe out malaria (疟疾) in the area.A)initiated B)modified C)participated D)comprised35.The small shop owner often welcome nearby competition to _____ business.A)specify B)stretch C)stimulate D)survive36.The United States is trying to _____ the serious problems created by the energy crisis.A)comply with B)cope with C)leave out D)rule out37.International _____ will be reduced when this agreement is signed.A)trend B)twist C)trail D)tension38.To his great joy he discovered that his car was becoming _____ .A)sensitive B)sensible C)sentimental D)sensational39.Going round to the bank was part of the _____ of his work.A)revenue B)remedy C)routine D)relief40.A power failure created _____ in transportation.A)enclosure B)emergency C)extension D)excitement41.In manufacturing, cheaper materials are constantly being _____ for the better and moreexpensive kind.A)replaced B)transformed C)displaced D)substituted42.He pretended to be French, but his German accent _____ .A)gave him away B)gave him off C)gave him up D)gave him out43.We tried to _____ him from climbing the mountain without a guide.A)disgust B)discount C)discourage D)dispose44.He even denied the _____ right of the people to hold such meeting.A)logical B)legal C)loyal D)liable45.The robbers _____ the possibility of the alarm system sounding.A)overtook B)overflowed C)overcame D)overlooked46.The writing was not _____ ,so we could not read it at all well.A)distinct B)desirable C)definite D)domestic47.Only an artist could _____ the fine shades of color in the painting.A)polish B)purchase C)perceive D)pursue48.I beg that you will offer him my _____ apologies.A)splendid B)severe C)solemn D)sincere49._____ that the formation of the sun, the planets, and other stars began with thecondensation of an interstellar gas cloud.A)Believing B)To believe C)The belief D)It is believed50.The country's wealth comes chiefly from its many _____ .A)herd of cattle B)herd of cattles C)herds of cattle D)herds of cattles51.I'll certainly work all next week except when it _____ .A)will be raining B)will rain C)would rain D)is raining52.Can you make _____ before you tell me the answer?A)doubly sure B)surer C)surest D)so sure53._____ in 1788, the thirteen original states worked together under an agreement called theArticles of Confederation.A)Not until the Constitution was adoptedB)The Constitution was adoptedC)Adopted by the ConstitutionD)Until the Constitution was adopted54.I'd just as soon _____ rudely to her.A)that you won't speak B)your not speakingC)you not speak D)you didn't speak55.Mr. Bond wasn't in his own car; he was driving _____ car.A)someone's else B)someone else C)someone else's D)someone's else's56._____, I must do another experiment.A)Be it ever so late B)It is ever so lateC)It be ever so late D)So late it be ever57._____. we could not have finished the work on time.A)If they do not help us B)Was it not for their helpC)Should they offer to help us D)But for their help58.Never again _____ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.A)Alfred E. Smith seriously soughtB)seriously Alfred E. Smith soughtC)when did Alfred E. Smith seriously seekD)did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek59.Henry _____ a rich man today if he had been more careful in the past.A)would be B)is C)will be D)was60.I suppose you're not going today, _____ ?A)are you B)do you C)aren't you D)don't you61.It's harmful to one's health to _____ smoking and drinking.A)take on B)take to C)take in D)take off62.Peach trees are considered _____ when they begin bearing fruit.A)mutual B)massive C)mature D)marvelous63.He was _____ by the police with breaking the law.A)arrested B)accused C)sentenced D)charged64.Some guards were injured in the prisoners' _____ from the jail.A)breakthrough B)breakdown C)breakaway D)break-up65.He badly _____ his back digging in the garden last night.A)strained B)exerted C)pulled D)stretched66.The plan was _____ when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A)resigned B)abandoned C)released D)disused67.He's been working too hard and he's _____.He needs a rest.A)broken apart B)broken up C)run over D)run down68.The trouble is that there are not many among students who really know how to make useof their time to its best _____.A)benefit B)value C)advantage D)profit69.Although the main characters in the novel are so true to life, they are certainly _____.A)imaginary B)imaginable C)imaginative D)imagining70.His political activity made him a powerful _____ in Soviet culture.A)forehead B)freshman C)follower D)figure71.She hit the chair and _____ the coffee.A)spoiled B)spilled C)poured D)splashed72.Jim's close _____ to his brother made people mistake them for one another.A)accuracy B)probability C)confusion D)resemblance73.Radio reception wasn't very good because of a disturbance in the atmosphere; theannouncer's voice sounded very _____.A)disputed B)dismissed C)distorted D)discarded74.The government gave a very _____ explanation of its plan for industrial development.A)comprehensive B)compound C)considerable D)complicated75.When a gladiator(角斗士) was defeated in the games arena, he might be _____ or hemight be killed on the spot.A)elevated B)spared C)favored D)consumed76.These features are _____ of what we may call educated informal English.A)trivial B)tremendous C)typical D)traditional77.He was unable to endure the torture of the enemy and surrendered. He _____ hiscomrades.A)revealed B)suspended C)exposed D)betrayed78.Although this area is very poor just now, its _____ wealth is great.A)prevalent B)potential C)previous D)profound79.Don't let me catch you _____.A)do that again B)to do that againC)doing that again D)done that again80.Tom said,” Please tell me about it._____ if you've heard the story before."A)I stopped you B)I'll stop youC)I've stopped you D)I'm stopping you81.On the side of the hill, there is a _____ which was once the entrance to a gold mine.A)deep hole in ground B)hole deep in groundC)deep hole in the ground D)deep in the ground hole82.We held a meeting to sum up our experiences _____ we finished the work.A)immediately B)immediate C)while D)beforemercial banks make most of their income from interest _____ on loans andinvestments in stocks and bonds.A)earn B)earned C)to earn D)was earned84.We saw a new play at the theatre,_____ we had supper at a restaurant.A)after which B)which after C)then which D)and that after85.She's got so _____ to light music that it has become a constant companion of her life.A)use to listen B)used to listen C)used in listening D)used to listening86.In Britain the _____ are all painted red.A)letter boxes B)letters box C)letters boxes D)letters' boxes87.So fast _____ that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.A)light travel B)travels the light C)do light travel D)does light travel88.Will the boy who has taken my pencil bring _____?A)back to me B)it back to me C)back it to me D)it to me back89.The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was well over one thousand.A)whom B)who C)as D)that90.I wish to shake hands with you,_____?A)shall I B)do I C)may I D)will I91.If no one asked any questions, I _____ everybody understands.A)deduce B)presume C)pretend D)presuppose92.The wheels stuck in the _____.A)clay B)mud C)earth D)soil93.He promised to put _____ a word for me.A)out B)forward C)down D)in94.Hot metal _____ as it grows cooler.A)reduces B)condenses C)contracts D)compresses95.Whenever anything _____ happens, a crowd of people is certain to gather.A)famous B)noted C)sensational D)emotional96.It will take months for his fractured leg to _____ .A)heal B)recover C)cure D)recuperate97.A teacher _____ knowledge.A)teaches B)lectures C)educates D)imparts98.Water is a good _____ for transmitting sound.A)medium B)media C)median D)mediate99.When the nurse took his temperature, it was two degrees above _____ .A)average B)ordinary C)regular D)normal100.The sergeant's orders were perfectly _____ .A)executed B)exercised C)developed D)applied。

词语结构

词语结构

词语结构词语结构分为单纯词、合成词一、单纯词整个词只能表示一个意思,不能拆开。

1.单音节单纯词人、鸟、山、高、绿、走、飞2.双音节单纯词分为联绵词、音译词、象声词、叠音词·联绵词:a 双声型:仿佛忐忑玲珑恍惚参差蜘蛛忸怩澎湃b 叠韵型:从容萧条龌龊腼腆蜻蜓徘徊哆嗦迤俪C 其他型:芙蓉婀娜囫囵妯娌蝙蝠·音译词:葡萄沙发咖啡马达罗汉喇嘛逻辑吉他琵琶·象声词:扑通布谷喀嚓咕咚嘎吱·叠音词:蛐蛐猩猩饽饽彬彬翩翩潺潺3.多音节单纯词主要是音译词和象声词。

如:法西斯高尔夫迪斯科奥林匹克哗啦啦丁零当啷二、合成词是由几个语素组成的,拆开来仍旧有意义。

一般有以下几种结构:1.并列式又叫联合式。

由意义相同、相近或相反、相对的语素并列融合而成的。

如:语言声音领袖质量开关明朗温柔好歹动静长短开放雕塑褒贬忘记降落而且2.偏正式前一语素修饰、限制后一语素,以后以语素为主。

如:快餐特区电脑软件雪白火热金黄高级大型热爱欢迎前进瓜分朗读只要3.支配式又称动宾式。

前一语素表示动作或者行为,后一语素表示动作、行为所支配的对象。

如:主席司机理事立冬结晶动员招标投资牵头美容满意努力贴心进步4.补充式后一语素补充说明前一语素,而以前语素的意义为主。

a 增加提高推广充实扩大延长改正说明搞活澄清(前一语素表示动作,后一语素表示动作的程度或者结果。

)b车辆花朵布匹案件房间(前一语素表示实体事物,后一语素表示事物的单位。

)5.陈述式也叫主谓式。

前一语素是陈述的对象,后一语素对前一语素进行陈述。

如:年轻性急胆大面生手快民主自豪举世无双心痛如割险象跌生6.附加式由实语素和虚语素构成。

实语素是核心部分,表示词汇意义;虚语素是附加部分,有的在前,有的在后。

如:老师阿姨第一初五可靠(虚语素在前);日子石头作者海员(虚语素在后)。

7.重叠式这类的合成词与单纯词中的叠音词不同,爸爸是语素的重叠,可以拆开来,而单纯词中叠音词是音节的重叠,不可拆开。

词汇结构

词汇结构
(4)还有顾阳,沈阳从生成语法的角度讨论复合词内部的论元关系及其构造过程
各种方式,不再一一列举
纯语义分析构词法
彭迎喜.几种新拟设立的汉语复合词的结构类型[J].清华大学学报 (哲学社会科学版).1995(2):34-36
汉语复合词的结构类型通常有如下几类:联合式、偏正式、述宾式、补充 式、主调式,这些结构类型加上合成词中的附加式、重叠式、简缩式,应 该说已经盖了汉语合成词的大,但笔者在对合成词的考察中也发现,有一 些复合词无法归入上述类型。它们虽然在数量上不甚庞大,但若逐一考较, 也能找出一些共性,从而归纳出一些另外的结构类型而且这些类型的结构 有些跟汉语的句法结构并不一致,所以也颇值得玩味。
20世纪中期开始采用句法关系审视复合词
主要有以下特点:
(1)认为复合词是用造句的方式构成的并把复合词分为主谓,动宾等句法关 系类型,使得汉语的组合关系系统从词语结构句法结构形成了一个比较统一的 体。 (2)深受结构主义思想影响,对复合词结构的分析偏重于形式,关注成分的 语法属性,以及不同语法性质的词素组合对整个词的词类、功能等语法性质的 影响,不注重词内的语义问题。 (3)没有考虑到是否还存在从语义方面考虑而存在其他的结构类型。
灯管
谓管形灯(萤光灯)。试比较“水管”或“灯罩”,“灯台”
粉丝
线状粉
砚池
池形砚
云彩
云。“彩”为意义脱落的修饰性语素
茶砖
即“砖茶”
二,虚实式
指由一个实义性语素和一个虚义性语素构成的复合词。其中又可以分为两小类“ 1,虚实型 虚义性语素在前,实义性语素在后。这一类异于偏正式,前一语素对后一语素没有修饰、限定关系; 也异于附加式中的前经型,第一个语素不是“级”,也就是说,不起词性标记作用。 例如:因此 从此 于是 而后 凡是 宁可 所有 以至 (2)实虚型 实义性语素在前,虚义性语素在后。这一类异于正偏式,也异于附加式中的后缀式。 例如:为了 真的 好在 多么 终于 似乎 难以…似的

语言学中的语法结构

语言学中的语法结构

语言学中的语法结构语法是语言学的重要分支,它研究的是语言的结构和规则。

语法结构是语言中的基本单位,它决定了句子的组成方式和语言的表达方式。

在语言学中,语法结构可以分为几个不同的层次,包括词汇、短语和句子。

一、词汇结构词汇是语言的基本单位,它是语言中最小的有意义的单元。

在语法结构中,词汇结构是最基本的层次。

词汇结构包括词的形态和词的组合规则。

形态是词的内部结构,它包括词的词根、词缀和词尾。

词根是词的核心部分,它决定了词的基本意义。

词缀是附加在词根上的语素,它可以改变词的形态和词的意义。

词尾是词的结束部分,它可以表示词的性质、时态和数目等。

词的组合规则是词汇结构的另一个重要方面。

在语法结构中,词可以根据一定的规则进行组合,形成短语和句子。

例如,动词可以和名词组合成动词短语,形容词可以和名词组合成形容词短语。

二、短语结构短语是由一个或多个词组成的语言单位,它是句子的组成部分。

在语法结构中,短语结构是词汇结构之上的层次。

短语结构包括短语的组成方式和短语的功能。

短语的组成方式是指短语中各个词的排列顺序和关系。

在英语中,短语的组成方式一般是修饰词在被修饰词之前,例如“beautiful flowers”(美丽的花朵)。

而在汉语中,短语的组成方式一般是修饰词在被修饰词之后,例如“漂亮的花朵”。

短语的功能是指短语在句子中所起的作用。

在语法结构中,短语可以充当主语、宾语、定语、状语等不同的语法角色。

例如,在句子“John bought a book.”(约翰买了一本书)中,短语“a book”充当了宾语的角色。

三、句子结构句子是语言中最基本的表达方式,它由一个或多个词组成,具有完整的意义。

在语法结构中,句子结构是最高层次的结构。

句子结构包括句子的类型和句子的成分。

句子的类型是指句子的基本形式和语法规则。

在语法结构中,句子可以分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句等不同的类型。

不同类型的句子有不同的语法规则和句法结构。

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四级词汇结构讲义Vocabulary and Structure For Band 4Unit 61. We plan to reach the Pole in mid-July, and by then we ______ for six weeks.A) are walking B) have been walkingC) will be walking D) will have been walking2. They promise to try all means to _______ that the sample will arrive in time at the trade fair.A) ensure B) insure C) secure D) assure3. ________ as it was such a time, his work attracted much attention.A) Being published B) PublishedC) Publishing D) To be published4. They usually have less money at the end of the month than __________ at the beginning.A) which is B) which was C) they have D) it is5. Her _________ to the project upset those who were trying every possible means to have itcarried out.A) difference B) indifference C) inefficiency D) inference6. If you are planning a sightseeing, you'll have to take the weather into __________.A) regard B) account C) counting D) observation7. The driver pulled up his car __________ just in time to prevent an accident.A) directly B) presently C) shortly D) short ,8. There has been an __________ change in China in the last 20 years.A) appreciable B) appreciative C) appreciated D) appreciate9. Mary fell asleep and the others didn't move in case they _______ her.A) may wake B) should have waken C) woke D) might wake10. There is no use _________ with her. She is too stubborn.A) on arguing B) in arguing C) for arguing D) to argue11. Returning home, the man found his hometown completely _________.A) to be changed B) to change C) changed D) changing12. You _________ go now. It's getting late.A) would rather B) should better C) had rather D) had better13. _________ his lifetime, Frederick Jones was awarded more than sixty patents for hisinventions.A) During B) While C) Since D) For14. We are concerned about _________ the contract.A) if she has signed B) whether she has signedC) if her having signed D) whether her having signed15. A piece of fruit for lunch, and bread and cheese for supper _______ very much.A) is not B) is no C) are not D) are no16. What have you done _________ the package I put in the sitting room?A) with B) out C) over D) off17. He criticized everything and everybody and even ________ his few friends.A) ran against B) ran into C) ran down D) ran over18. On that bitterly cold winter night, few people walked along the now ________ narrow street.A) deserted B) lonely C) isolated D) neglected19. The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts_______.A) are producing B) are produced C) produced D) being produced20. They are teachers and don't realize ______ the start and run a company.A) what it takes B) what takes itC) what they take D) what takes them21. There _________ to be broadcast by the President this evening.A) expected B) will expect C) is expected D) expecting22. He is a man worth ___________ by others.A) being paid more attention to B) being paid more attentionC) paying more attention to D) to be paid more attention to23. If it isn't _to meet you at your work unit, perhaps we could meet at my hotel, is that better?A) suspicious B) near C) convenient D) likely24. They are certainly not young and they are not old. I think you'd call them the ________.A) middle-aged B) medium-aged C) of middle age D) middle age25. I waited for an hour but he didn't show up.A) keep to B) make out C) show off D) turn up26. He was a person who would stand up for and ______what he thought right, no matter what thecost to himself.A) look up B) hold out C) keep at D) put forward27. Women in many countries are struggling for the rise of their statues and______.A) position B) image C) influence D) reputation28. In relation to the complaint you have made, there is nothing we can do to improve the qualityof these goods.A) As regards B) Aside from C) In the event of D) In the face of29. The flyover at the crossing on the 4th ring road is now ________ construction.A) under B) at C) in D) with30. _________ superstitions beliefs about the mandrake plant.A) People have had long B) People have long hadC) Have people long had D) Long have had people补充练习1. Both the pink and the blue dresses are pretty, but I like the ____ better.A) earlier B) beginner C) former D) first2. The desert air is so dry that it contains hardly____A) moisture B) fog C) weight D) mist3. If you find it absolutely necessary to leave someone you are ____ , you'd better say "Excuse mefor a moment, please" .A) contacting with B) conversing withC) cooperating with D) corresponding with4. We must____ that the experiments are controlled as rigidly as possible.A) ensure B) assure C) insure D) secure5. Things are not all that bad. A fall into the pit, a gain in your____. At least you've learnedsomething.A) ability B) power C) mind D) wit6. This book contains a (an) ____of words which are comparatively seldom used now.A) altitude B) latitude C) multitude D) attitude7. The family is of Italian____.A) source B) origin C) breed D) resource8. She____ her elbow on the point of a nail.A) scratched B) snatched C) smashed D) scrawled。

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