高中物理选修3-1总复习.doc

高中物理选修3-1总复习I.electric field1.two kinds of charge and charge conservation law, element charge: (E = 1. 60 * 10T9C) ; charged body charge is equal to the integral times of the element charge2.: F 二kQlQ2/r2 (Coulomb force F: in vacuum) {point charge between (N), k: constant static power k 二9 * 109N m2/C2, QI, Q2:? Two charge (C), the distance between the two r: charge (m), in the direction of their attachment, force with the reaction force, like charges repel each other, uni ike charges attract each other}3.electric field strength: E = F/q (definition, formula) {E: (N/C), the electric field intensity is a vector (the superposition principle of electric field), Q: electricity inspection charge (C)}4.vacuum point (source) E electric charge formation = kQ/r2 {R: source charge to the location distance (m), Q: source charge}E 5. field uniform electric field voltage = UAB/d {UAB:AB (V) between two points, d:AB points in the field direction distance (m)}6.electric force: F = qE {F: (N), electric charge q: by electric field force power (C), E: field (N/C)}7.potential and potential difference: UAB = phi A- phi B, UAB 二WAB/q = - Delta EAB/qThe work of 8. electric force: WAB 二qUAB 二Eqd {WAB: from A to B when the charged body electric field force work (J), q: (C), the chargepotential difference between two points, A B UAB: (V) (independent of electric field and the electric force acting on the path), E: uniform electric field strength・ D: points along the field direction of the distance (m)}9. electric potential: EA 二q A phi {EA: in the charged body electric potential point A (J), q: (C), electric potential phi A:A point (V)}Change Delta EAB 10. electric potential 二EB-EA {charged in the electric field from the high school physical experiment A position to the B position of the electric potential difference}11. , the work of electric field force and the change of electric potential energy is EAB 二-WAB 二-qUAB (the increment of electric potential energy is equal to the negative value of the work done by electric field force)The 12. capacitor C 二Q/U (defined type, formula) {C: (F), Q: power capacitor (C), U: voltage (two electrode potential) (V)}13.parallel plate capacitor C 二epsilon S/4 PI KD (S: two plate facing area, d: two plate vertical distance, Omega: dielectric constant)Common capacitor14.acceleration of charged particles in an electric field (Vo 二0):W 二Delta EK or qU 二mVt2/2, Vt 二(2qU/m) 1/215.the deflection of charged particles into a uniform electric field at a speed Vo in the direction of a vertical electric field (regardless of gravity)Quasi plane vertical electric field direction: uniform linear motion L 二Vot (in parallel plates with an equal amount of heterogeneous charge: E = U/d)Parabolic motion parallel electric field direction: uniform acceleration of linear motion at initial velocity 二D 二at2/2 =a = F/m = qE/mNote:(1)when the two identical charged metal spheres are in contact with each other, the electrical distribution law is equal to the total charge of the original charge with the same charge:(2)the electric field line terminates from the positive charge at the negative charge, the electric field line does not intersect, the tangent direction is the field intensity direction, the electric field line is dense, the field is strong, along the electric field line potential is getting lower and lower, the electric field line is perpendicular to the equipotential line;(3)common physical knowledge points of high electric field, summarizing the distribution of electric field lines, and memorizing them;(4)the electric field intensity (vector) and electric potential (scalar) are determined by the electric field itself, and the electric field force and potential energy are also related to the electric quantity of the charged body band and the charge plus or minus;(5)the conductor in electrostatic equilibrium is an equipotentialbody, the surface is an equipotential surface, vertical electric field lines near the outer surface of a conductor to conductor conductor surface, the internal electric field is zero, there is no net charge inside the conductor, net charge distribution on the outer surface of the conductor only;(6)capacitance unit conversion: IF 二106, F 二1012PF;(7)electron volt (eV) is the unit of energy, leV 二1. 60 * 10-19J;(8)other relevant contents: electrostatic shielding, oscilloscope tubes, oscilloscopes, their applications and equipotential surfacesTwo, constant current1. current intensity: I 二q/t {I: (A), the strength of the current carrying the power conductor cross by q: in time t (C), t: (s)}2.Ohm's Law: I 二U/R {I: (A), the strength of the current conductor conductor voltage U: (V), R: (omega)} conductor resistanceThe 3. resistance and resistance law: R 二P L/S {P (omega: resistivity? M), L: (m), the length of the conductor cross-sectional area of conductor S: (M2)}4.closed circuit Ohm，s Law: I 二E/ (R, R) or E 二Ir, IR may also be E = U outside U{the total current in I: circuit (A), E: electromotiveforce (V), R: external circuit resistance (q), r: power resistance (omega)}5.electric power and electric power: W 二Ult, P 二UI {W: power (J), U: (V I:), current voltage (A), t: (s), P: power (W)}6.Joule Law: Q 二{Q: I2Rt (J) I:, the electric current through a conductor (A), high school physics formula electric resistance R: conductor (omega), t: conduction time (s)}7.pure resistance circuit: due to I = U/R, W 二Q, for three this W 二Q 二Ult 二I2Rt 二U2t/R8.the total power rate, output power, power supply efficiency: P = IE, P 二IU, P 二ETA {I: total /P total current circuit (A), E: electromotiveforce (V), U: terminal voltage (V), ETA} : power efficiency9.circuit series / parallel series circuit (P, L and R is proportional to) parallel circuit (P, I and R is inversely proportional)Resistance relation (string and inverse) R string 二Rl, R2, R3, 1/R 二二1/R1, 1/R2, 1/R3Current relationship I total 二II 二12 二13 I 二二II 12 13Voltage relationship U total 二Ul, U2, U3, U 二U1 二U2 二U3Power allocation P total 二Pl, P2, P3, P 二Pl, P2, P310.ohm meter resistance(1)circuit composition (2) measurement principle;Two pen short after adjusting the Ro pointer to the full partia1.Ig 二E/ (R, Rg, Ro)When the resistance is Rx, the current through the meter islx 二E/ (R, Rg, Ro, Rx)二E/ (Rx in R)Since the lx corresponds to the Rx, the magnitude of the resistance to be measured can be indicatedMethods: (3) the use of mechanical zero adjustment and selection range, Ohm zero, readings on gear (ratio) {}, off gearshiftingMeasuring resistance by 11. volt ampere methodAmmeter method:Voltage representation: U = UR UAAmmeter external connection:Current representation: I = IR IVThe measured value of Rx 二U/I 二(UA, UR) /IR 二RA, Rx>R trueThe measured value of Rx 二U/I 二UR/ (IR, IV)二RVRx/ (RV, R) <R trueSelect circuit conditions Rx>>RA [or Rx> (RARV) 1/2]Select the circuit conditions Rx<<RV [or Rx< (RARV) 1/2] 12. slide rheostat in the circuit current limiting method and high school physical circuit experiment, partial pressure connection methodCurrent limiting connection methodThe range of voltage regulation is small, the circuit is simple, and the power consumption is smallEasy to adjust the voltage selection conditions Rp>Rx The voltage r^nge is large, the circuit is complex, and the power consumption is largeEasy to adjust the voltage selection conditions Rp<RxNote 1) unit conversion: 1A 二103mA 二106 A; lkV 二103V 二106mA;IM 二103K 二106(2)the resistivity of various materials varies with the change of temperature, and the resistivity of metal increases with the increase of temperature;(3)the total resistance in series is greater than any one, and the total resistance in parallel is less than any one;(4)when the power supply is internal, external circuit resistance increases, the total current decreases, the terminal voltage：(5)when the external circuit resistance is equal to the power supply resistance, the power output power is maximum, and the output power is E2/ (2R) at this time;(6)other related content: relationship between resistivity and temperature, semiconductor and its application, superconductivity and Its ApplicationsThree, magnetic field1.magnetic induction intensity is a physical quantity used to indicate the strength and direction of a magnetic field・ It is a vector, unit T), IT 二1N/A, M2.ampere force F 二BIL; (Note: L t B) {B: magnetic induction (T), F:(F), I: ampere force current intensity (A), L: wire length (m)}3. f 二qVB Lorentz force (V group B) ; mass spectrometry {f: (N) q:, Lorentz force electricity charged particles (C), V: (m/s)} charged particle velocity4., in the case of gravity ignoring (without considering gravity), the motion of charged particles into a magnetic field (mastering two):(1)the charged particles enter the magnetic field along the direction of the parallel magnetic field. They are not subjected to the Lorentz force and do uniform linear motion V 二VO(2)charged particles along the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field into the field: do uniform circular motion, the following rules a) F to f = mV2/r 二M 二lo w 2R 二MR (2 - /T) 2 二qVB; r 二mV/qB: T 二2 pi m/qB; (b) motion cycle and the radii of the circular motion independent of line speed, Lorentz force does not work on charged particles (in any case) ; (c) the key of problem solving: draw the track, find the center, radius, central angle (angle 二two times)Note: (1) the direction of Ampere force and Lorentz force can be determined by the left hand rule, but the Lorentz force must pay attention to the positive and negative of charged particles;(2) the characteristics of magnetic induction line and the distribution of magnetic induction line of common magnetic field; (3) other relevant contents: geomagnetic field, magnetoelectric meter principle, cyclotron and magnetic material。