考研英语长难句：名词性从句-主语从句
英语长难句结构
英语长难句结构长难句通常指的是结构复杂、信息量大、包含多个从句或复杂表达方式的英语句子。
理解长难句需要具备一定的语法知识和分析能力。
以下是一些常见的长难句结构：1. 并列句：由并列连词（如and、or、but等）连接的两个或多个简单句构成。
例如：I like apples and my sister likes oranges.2. 复合句：主句+从句。
从句可以是名词性从句（如宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句）、定语从句或状语从句。
例如：When I was young, I believed that the world was a beautiful place.（时间状语从句+主句）3. 定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句，用关系代词（who、which、that等）或关系副词（when、where等）引导。
例如：The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.（定语从句修饰名词“book”）4. 状语从句：修饰动词、形容词或副词的从句，表达时间、条件、原因等。
例如：If you study hard, you will succeed.（条件状语从句）5. 同位语从句：解释或说明名词内容的从句，用that引导。
例如：The news that the team won the game is exciting.（同位语从句解释名词“news”）6. 复杂修饰：一个句子中可能有多个从句或短语修饰同一个名词或动词，需要仔细分析。
例如：The scientist who discovered the cure for the disease was awarded a Nobel Prize.（定语从句修饰名词“scientist”）7. 被动语态：当动作的接受者是句子中的主语时，使用被动语态。
例如：The book was written by a famous author.（被动语态）8. 虚拟语气：表示与实际情况相反的情况或假设。
考研英语长难句笔记
Iamclaimedchangeablelikewater.Bycontrast，myclaritykeepsconsistent
Doyoustillkeepthatdayinmind？IfailedtopastCET4，andasaresult，Ishedtearsintherainalone. Atthesametime，youcameuptomeandsubsequentlyyoubetmyshoulderandtoldme“thereexistsnodestinationinlife”
P29妒嫉本身就是一种仰望
Beingjealousisakindofworship
有意义就是好好活
Beingmeaningfulproves（is）to（已经有动词）livewell
好好活就是有意义
Livingwellseems（is）todomeaningfulthings
什么是并列句：就是用连词连接俩个句子
Theevidence（thatflowersinthegreenhousefailtoundergostorms）indicates（表明）thatkidsshouldbynomeans（no）bespoiledbytheirseniorcitizens（父母）
长难句分析
能够识别各个名词性从句并把它们通顺的翻译出来
Persistencemustbepointedoutoutstandingly（非常）crucial（重要）
Overfishingisclaimedmorethan（后面加形容词做非常的意思）fearful（严重的）byanincreasingamountofprofessors
三种情况无被动
考研英语长难句：名词性从句-主语从句
考研英语长难句：名词性从句-主语从句名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Nominal Clauses）。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句。
主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。
that在句中无词义,只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。
例如：What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚.Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知.1. 由that 引导的主语从句可以直接放句首That the seas are being overfished has been known foryears.（2006 text3）海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。
That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon, especially considering shrinking US defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access,is problematical at best.至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面，即使最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的，尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。
2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而主语从句置于句末.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式.常用句型如下：【第1句】（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句（2） It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3） It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句（4） It + 不及物动词 + that 从句It’s a pity that he didn’t come.很遗憾他没来。
名词性从句-主语从句
主语从句的构成
主语从句的构成包括引导词和陈述句两部分。引导词是主语从句的开头，陈述句则是主语从句的具体 内容。
例如：“That he will come is certain.”这个句子中，“that”是引导词，“he will come”是陈述 句，合起来构成了主语从句“that he will come”。
特殊情况下的语序变化
在某些特殊情况下，如强调或倒装句中，主语从句的语 序可能会发生变化。例如，“It is he who is responsible for the accident.”（是他负责这起事故。）
主语从句的省略
省略条件
主语从句在某些情况下可以省略，通常是在从句内容与主句内容重复或从句内容不重要的情况下。
THANKS
感谢观看
名词性从句-主语从 句
目录
• 主语从句的定义 • 主语从句的引导词 • 主语从句的句型结构 • 主语从句的用法 • 主语从句的注意事项
01
主语从句的定义
什么是主语从句
主语从句是名词性从句的一种，在句子中充当主语成分，表示句子中的主要内容。 主语从句通常由一个连词引导，如that、whether等，后面跟随一个完整的句子。
引导词who
总结词
表示人或身份
详细描述
who作为主语从句的引导词，通常表示人或身份，在句子中起到连接主语和谓语的作用。例如，“Who will win the game is still unknown.”（谁将赢得比赛仍然未知。）
引导词which
总结词
表示选择或范围
详细描述
which作为主语从句的引导词，通常表示选择或范围，在句子中起到连接主语和 谓语的作用。例如，“Which team will win the game is still unknown.” （哪个队将赢得比赛仍然未知。）
名词性从句：主语从句用法详解（例句丰富）
名词性从句：主语从句用法详解（例句丰富）一、主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词that和whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型what引导。
1. that引导That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。
That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。
That he should have ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。
That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。
That she became an artist may have been due to her father's influence.她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。
That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。
That she was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village.她被挑选上，在她村子里引起很大轰动。
2. whether引导Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。
Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。
3. 连接代词引导Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 两强相争勇者胜。
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。
(完整版)长难句重难点整理
长难句（1）考研英语长难句四大类型及五大特点一、长难句的特点英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句，复杂句里可能有多个从句，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套，也可能并列或平行。
从功能来说，英语有三大复合句,即：①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句；②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句；③状语从句。
英语长难句五大特点:1）结构复杂，逻辑层次多;2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;3）常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;4)并列成分多;5）修饰语多，特别是后置定语很长；二、考研英语长难句分析类别第一类：复杂修饰成分句子本不难，但是修饰成分多且长。
1、从句（定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰；2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。
经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语，且都不止一个.例：The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.分析：主语:The methods；谓语：come into being；that a community devises to perpetuate itself为定语从句，修饰the methods；不定式to表示目的状语;that community perceives as essential为定语从句，修饰the cultural legacy。
译文:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。
第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解的困难。
我们称之为“打岔”。
例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations， rather than representations, of reality.分析:在浏览该句时，发现句子中出现了双逗号,其中间的内容rather than representations为插入语，浏览的时候先跳过。
英语语法长难句与必背英语句型
英语语法长难句与必背英语句型英语长难句分析之基础语法名词性从句之名词性从句主语从句可以按其引导词的不同分为三类：第一类,用从属连词that 引导的主语从句,例如：That we shall be late is certain.That the driver could not control his car was obvious.这种结构主要是对that 从句的内容进行强调,属正式文体,连词that 不可以省略;但是在一般情况下,往往使用先行it 结构,即用it 作形式主语,而把that 从句放到后面,这时,在口语中,连词that 有时则可以省略.所以上述两句可以改为：It is certain that we shall be late.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.如果整个句子是疑问形式,就只能用先行it 结构,例如：Is it true that he would take the risk?Is it possible that they will come tomorrow?常使用先行it 结构,用that 从句作主语的句子有下列几个句型：1、It + be + 形容词+ that 从句：It is clear that he was telling the truth.It’s probable that we’ll be a little late.2、It + be + 名词词组+ that 从句：It’s a pity that you can’t go with us.3、It + 及物动词+ 宾语+ that 从句：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.It shocked m e that Peter didn’t tell anybody where he was.4、It + be + 过去分词+ that 从句：It is said that he has been there many times.5、It + seem/happen/appear 等不及物动词+ that 从句：It seems that he has lost something.注意：在上述第1 和第2 两种句型中,that 从句前置与使用先行it,that 从句后置在意义上没有什么差异;但使用先行it 结构较为常见.在第3 种句型中,that 从句前置在语法上是可能的,但实际上并不常见,通常总是使用先行it 结构.第4 种句型实质上是被动结构,由于that 从句不可以位于句首作被动句的主语,所以只能使用先行it 结构.第5 种句型已经形成了固定的搭配关系,that 从句不能前置,只能使用先行it 结构,不过,这种结构可以转换为带有不定式的简单句,例如：It happened that I had no money with me that day.→ I happened to have no money with me that day.第二类,用连接代词who、whose、which、what,连接副词when、where、how、why,以及连词whether(或if)引导的主语从句,例如：Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.→ It is not yet c lear who was responsible for the accident.What he did is not yet known.→ It is not yet known what he did.Whether it is true remains a problem.→ It remains a problem whether / if it is true.从以上例句可以看出,这类主语从句可以直接放在句首作主语,也可以使用先行it 结构,把主语从句放在后面,两种结构可以互换,意义上无差异,但用if 引导主语从句时,只能采取先行it 结构,也就是说if 不可以引导置于句首的主语从句.第三类,用what、whatever、where、wherever、whoever、whichever 等代词引导的主语从句,例如：What he said at the meeting encouraged everyone.Whoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.这类从句一般相当于带有定语从句所修饰的名词词组,即在结构上相当于一个名词加上一个定语从句,例如：What he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.→ The thing that he wants to buy is a ten-speed bicycle.Whoever breaks the law is sure to be punished.→ Anyone who breaks the law i s sure to be punished.切记,这类主语从句不可以使用先行it 结构.上述第二类主语从句与第三类主语从句尽管在形式上十分相似,但实际上是不同的.第二类结构中用连接代/副词引导的从句系由特殊疑问句转化而来,以whether/if 引导的从句系由一般疑问句转化而来,自然含有疑问的意味,例如： When they will have the sports meet is still a question.→ When will they have t he sports meet?Who he is doesn’t concern me.→ Who is he?Whether he will join us won’t make too much difference.→ Will he join us?而第三类结构中的主语从句则没有疑问的意味.试比较下列各句：① What caused the accident is a complete mystery.② What caused the accident was a broken bottle.③ What she looks like doesn’t matter.④ What she’d like is a digital watch.上述各句中尽管都有一个以what 引导的主语从句,但其意义不尽相同;第①和③句中的主语从句系由“What causedthe accident?”和“What does she look like?”转化而来,所以可以改成：It is a complete mystery what caused the accident.It doesn’t matter what she looks like.第②④句中的主语从句含义分别为“The thing that caused the accident”和“The thing which she’d like”,所以不含疑问意味,因此不可以说：It was a broken bottle what caused the accident.It is a digital watch what she’d like.但是可以说：It was a broken bottle that caused the accident.It is a digital watch that she’d like.不过,这已不是主语从句,而是强调结构了.学好初中英语的必背句型句型31：keep sb. / sth. +adj/doing/介词短语/advYou must keep your room clean.你们必须保持房间干净。
考研英语长难句中的名词性从句
考研英语长难句中的名词性从句考研英语长难句中的名词性从句名词性从句即咱们经常用到的宾语从句，表语从句，主语从句和同位语从句。
在考研英语中不是难点，却是高频语法之一，所以也需要引起我们的足够重视。
主语从句：1. That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.（2006-3-2）总所周知，海洋正在被人们过度捕捞。
上面这个例子是相对比较简单的主语从句，在实际应用中，主语从句通常以it做形式主语，而把真正的主语置后，请看下面的句子：2. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. （2004-2-2）解析：It has long been known that…是一个固定句式，他的意思是“长久以来人们都知道…”其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that 从句；从句本身又是一个复合句，开始是主句a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars ，其中分词结构called AAA cars 是后置定语，修饰firm,后面的when 引导一个时间状语从句。
英语中为了避免头重脚轻，通常把较长的主语放在句子后面，而以放在句首的形式主语it代替它。
翻译为：“人们早已知道在客户翻阅电话簿时，名叫AAAA的出租汽车公司要比Zodiac出租汽车公司有很大的优越性。
”宾语从句：1. Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?（2005-2-1）解析：这个句子主句是Do you remember all those years，when引导的时间状语从句中又有两个宾语从句。
2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(名词)
一、成分二、什么是名词性从句三、名词性从句的引导词四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句2.同位语从句（二）长难句分析1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语2. 定语的成分3. 定语的位置4. 定语从句一、成分主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语：The movie proves brilliant.宾语：I appreciate the actress.表语：She keeps a ghost.同位语：I enjoy the part,the end.（同位语只能跟在名词后，the part=the end；作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现）例句：Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.过度捕捞，一个全球普遍现象，已经变得越来越严重了。
二、什么是名词性从句主语从句：The movie proves brilliant.What I saw proves brilliant.宾语从句：I appreciate the actress.I appreciate what she did.表语从句：She keeps a ghost.She keeps who I admire.同位语从句：I enjoy the part, the end.I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句三、名词性从句的引导词例句她已经离婚了是显而易见的She has got divorced is conspicuous.（句子不能做主语）That she has got divorced is conspicuous.她离婚了吗是个秘密Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.她什么时候离婚是个谜When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →When she got divorced remains a mystery.引导词名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：that（当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思）whether（当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否）所有特殊疑问词（当从句是特殊疑问句时）并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式练习：练习一：我正在思考外星人存在吗I am wondering whether the allien exists.（宾语从句）（可数名词不能单独使用，a/复数/the；不确定是否可数用the）练习二：他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（可数名词不能单独使用）Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（主语从句）（主系表）练习三：关键是你什么时候有钱呀关键（主语）是（谓语）你什么时候有钱呀（表语）The point seem when wealth will be available for you.（表语从句）available可得到的练习四：有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要你（主语）发现（谓语）事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要（宾语）Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.（宾语从句）四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是把主句从句放到句末去，加it做形式主语，主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子显而易见，众所周知：It keeps common knowledge thatIt looks beyond dispute that（超越争论）It is universally acknowledged thatIt has been widely accepted that我认为：It keeps my perspective that例句：女人总是对的是一个常识That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.→It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.例句：关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight.2.同位语从句同位语从句的位置：名词后；句末她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.→(The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末，但作文中不要放在句末)河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（outlook/perspective/idea观点，看法）温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.（二）长难句分析能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来1.主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）除此以外，只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（同位语从句）When I saw you, I loved you.（状语从句）引导词在句首，不是主语从句就是状语从句例句：That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语例句：Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Whether...versa主语（由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语） depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题例句：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.depends upon谓语；the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语；with which it is interpreted定语（定前面所有名词）and+介词+定语upon→on；the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness；of the information used→ with which it is interpreted省略了depends以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧例句：It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.that ...problems主句；谓语is agreed；主语从句中：谓语is，主语a person，定语of high intelligence，表语one，修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人，是一个能够做出辨别的人，是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人，并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人例句：For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100％ fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.主语that ...normal，谓语has been known（has帮助known构成现在完成时，been帮助known完成被动）主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语，两个句子均为主系表结构比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常2.宾语从句只要实义动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me）She said that she would marry an old rich man.that 可省略，在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句可以省略，作文中不省略，作文为正式文体You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.主谓宾宾补You主语，have heard谓语，it宾语，repeated宾补it形式宾语，指代that...你们听说以下的事情被重复吧：科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能，他们建立起了自己的理论（out of 在...之中，在...之外）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.（在...之中）3.表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.Galileo's greatest glory主语，was谓语，that ...Earth表语从句从句中：he主语，was谓语，the first person表语，to ...planets定语伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人4. 同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.Freud主语，formulated谓语，his revolutionary theory宾语，that ...fears同位语从句从句：dreams主语，were谓语，the disguised shadows表语，of our unconscious desires and fears定语（shadows的定语）一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.the idea主语，rests on谓语，that ...citizen同位语从句，an understanding+special responsibilities宾语，of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Evidence主语，came up谓语，同位语从句后置 that ...old六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分2. 定语的成分1. 形容词修饰名词那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志The naive nightingale lost his life.2. 名词修饰名词夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放The singing of the nighting enables the rose to bloom.3. 介词短语做定语窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹The nighting out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.4. 非谓语动词修饰名词那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨The singing nighting died pitifully.=The nighing to sing died pitifully.5. 从句修饰名词我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝3. 定语的位置前小后大特殊：1. 形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后something special2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜The boy discarded looks pitiful这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事This is a fiction about a nighting and a rose.那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. 4. 定语从句（1）构成n（先行词）+引导词+句子定语从句修饰名词，名词性从句代替名词（2）引导词定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类①当先行词是人的时候引导词有：who whom whose②当先行词是物的时候引导词有：that which whose③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有：that which when④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有：that which where⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有：that which why名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺主谓宾）that在定语从句中充当关系代词，代替先行词引导定语从句（定从中that与which等同）。
雅思阅读专项长难句讲义及练习
Understanding IELTS Grammar---Solution to Long & Complicated Sentences●长难句成因：“树形结构”：•修饰成分纷繁复杂•主从句交织•特殊句式●Strategies for Long & Complicated Sentences:一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句2.定语从句3.状语从句4.多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析1. 分隔结构2. 倒装结构3. 强调结构4. 双重或者多重否定5. 比较结构一、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句1.1 主语从句•Looking at the picture makes him experience a severe attack of nostalgia.•For her, a woman, to defy her husband’s order would be considered audacious at her time.•What bothers me about this point of view is that it implies that human beings, in somedeep sense, are not part of nature.•That he is in love with her is no longer a secret.主语从句解读方法：●●主语从句引导词：Practice:（1）That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. （2）Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.（3）Who will be our monitor hasn't been decided yet.（4）Who the watch belongs to is unknown.（5）Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.（6）What caused the accident remains unknown.（7）What we need is time.（8）What we need are good doctors.（9）Whatever you did is right.Example 1：That the nineteenth– century French novelist Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction while losing all his money in his life was an irony which was duplicated in other matters.Example 2:That such radical adaptations can occur demands a view of the brain as dynamic and active rather than programmed and static.Example 3:However, it can not be denied that it was Smith who introduced such a target for later novelists.Further Practice:1. It is common knowledge that the full moon brings fair weather.2. It is a surprise that you gave such an answer to the question.3. It is certain that free medical care will be given to most people in our city.4. It is probable that he has known everything.5. It appeared that he had a taste for music.6. It made us very happy that she was saved7. It remains unknown when they are going to get married.8. It is said that Li Hao has been to Europe.9. It was amusing that a rabbit ran out of the empty box on the desk.1.2. 宾语从句（object clause）引导词：Example 1：A survey of new stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Example 2：Yet new findings in neuroscience suggest that the brain retains its ability to reorganize itself in response to experience or injury throughout life: after the loss of sensory input from an amputated limb, for example, adults are able to learn new motor skills effectively.Example 3：Art historian Kenneth Clarke, for example, writing in 1973, could not accept that the Mona Lisa was famous for reasons other than its inner qualities.Example 4:The study on rats, kittens, and mice may, for instance, provide a physiological explanation for why infant animals employ in their play the same kinds of behavior that they will later use as adults.1.3 表语从句引导词：who, how, when, as, whetherExample：The key issue in judging overpopulation is not how many people can fit into any given space but whether Earth can supply the population’s long-term requirement for food, water, and other resources.Practice:The miracle is how they all cooperate, and are integrated together, in the creation ofa self.1.4 同位语从句Example:He was surprised at the fact that he had passed the IELTS examination.先行词：破解关键：Example 1：There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of man’s hands and will master them all in the end.Example 2:The belief that it is harmful to the black community for authors to explore the humanity of our leaders can have troubling effects.Example 3:【剑3】In recent times, scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.Example 4:【剑3】This attitude altered with the realization that marginal communities can survive and adapt in spite of partial integration in to a notoriously fickle worldeconomy.Practices：I take further comfort in the fact that human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statue of Anne, the world’s first modern copyright law, passed the British parliament.According to James, a child’s first step on the road to self-understanding can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists. [剑9]2.定语从句引导词：Which:Like the slaves, women took literally the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, which states that all men are created equal.Libraries made education possible，and education in its turn added to libraries；the growth of knowledge followed a kind of compound-interest law，which was greatly enhanced by the invention of printing.That:With the introduction of the electronic computer, there is no complicated problem that cannot be solved in a few hours.O ften, the children’s disagreements involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children seemed to be disputing ownership rather than wanting to play with it. [剑9]There is something, they argue, inside the painting that speaks to us all, that unleashes feelings, emotion, and recognition.关系代词that的省略：Because the potential talent John has is obvious, he is going to be elected as the president.Another powerful source of information for infants about the effects they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic them.Who:The student who is answering the question is John.The person who was here yesterday is a musician.Whom:In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry.Whose:Children with parents whose guidance is firm, consistent, and rational are inclined to possess high levels of self-confidence.关系副词:When:She will never forget the day when she got married.Where:One of the wildest and most inaccessible parts of the United States is the Everglades where wildlife is abundant and largely protected.Why:Give me one reason why we should help you.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词This is the desk on which I found my book.The pigmentation of a pearl is influenced by the type of oyster in which it develops and by the depth, temperature, and the salt content of the water in which the oyster lives.The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home. His book vividly illustrates the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion the forces of industrialization and urbanization.We are not conscious of the extent to which work provide the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.【剑5】This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology—to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behavior.【剑8】Perhaps for us today, two of the most significant aspects of most of these studies of genius are the frequency with which early encouragement and teaching by parents and tutors had beneficial effects on the intellectual, artistic or musical development of the children but caused great difficulties of adjustment later in their lives, and the frequency with which abilities went unrecognized by teachers and schools.【剑8】The ease with which truly great ideas are accepted and taken for granted fails to lessen their significance.3.状语从句关联词：破解关键：When it is struck, a tuning fork produces an almost pure tone, retaining its pitch over a long period of time.Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.Even though the precise qualities of hero in literary words may vary over time, the basic exemplary function of the hero seems to remain constant.Since the consumer considers the best fruit to be that which is the most attractive, the grower must provide products that satisfy the discerning eye.I’m not living where I was.Everywhere I go, I find the same thing.I hired a boat so that I could go fishing.Take your coat in case it rains.He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam.He shut the window with such force that the glass broke.Most substance contract when they freeze so that the density of a substance’s solid is higher than the density of its liquid.4.多重复合句However, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) suggest that infants’ developing understanding that movements they see in the mirror are contingent on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from other people. [剑9]Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious.二、特殊结构句式1.分隔结构处理原则：Example:In relationships of mutual dependence, such as between labour and management or within an organization or a family, the question (of who is more powerful) turns on who is less dependent on the other.In developing countries, where at least 10 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.It will take years for whites—including those who think of themselves as liberals—to discover and eliminate the racist attitudes they all actually have.Thirdly, the waste radioactive material, including not only the uranium but also water and even the clothes used by power station personnel, must be disposed of.A cousin of the tenacious Asian longhorned beetle—which since its initial discovery in 1996 in New York City has caused tens of millions of dollars in damage annually – ,the citrus longhorned beetle, was discovered on a juniper bush in August 2001 in Tukwila, Washington.Generations of teachers have assigned Thoreau’s book Walden (1854), which recounts his experiment in living in solitary harmony with nature, as an illustration of the intensity with which nineteenth-century America protested the intrusion into pastoral harmony of the forces of industrialization and urbanization.Practices:Yet Linnaeus himself would probably have been the first to admit that classification is only a tool, and not the ultimate purpose, of biological inquiry.Like Douglass, who invoked the rhetoric of male individualism to encourage identification with his narrative, she had to make her readers take the oppression of slave women personally, to see it as a threat to their own sense of themselves as women.2. 倒装结构(1). Only+状语位于句首Although numerous books have been written about American mothers, only recently has literature focused on the role of a mother.(2). 以never, little, often, not only, not until, hardly, scarcely等词引导的句子。
考研英语语法长难句
一、名词性从句名词性从句是指在句子中充当名词的从句，常用的名词性从句有主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
1. 主语从句主语从句在句子中充当主语的成分，常用连词有：that, whether, what, who, which等。
例如：(1) That you failed the exam disappoints me.(2) Whether he will come to the party is still uncertain.2. 宾语从句宾语从句在句子中充当宾语的成分，常用连词有：that, whether, if, what, who, whom, which等。
例如：(1) She asked me if/whether I was available on that day.(2) The teacher told us what we should pay attention to.3. 表语从句表语从句在句子中充当表语的成分，常用连词有：that, whether, what等。
例如：(1) The question is whether we can finish the project on time.(2) His problem is that he is not motivated enough.4. 同位语从句同位语从句用来对某个名词或代词进行说明、解释或补充，置于该名词或代词之后，常用连词有：that, whether, what等。
例如：(1) The news that he got admitted to the top university excited his parents.(2) The fact that she lied to us made us lose trust in her.二、定语从句定语从句是修饰某个名词或代词的从句，常用的关系词有：who, whom, whose, which, that等。
名词性从句-主语从句 讲课版
名词性从句1.名词性从句：名词性从句的功能相当于 , 它在复合句中能担任等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为一、主语从句：有时本身出现在主语的位置上，也有时出于句子结构的考虑退到句子的尾部，前面用形式主语it代替。
从句作主语时，谓语动词一般为单数形式。
结构：1.陈述句作主语从句的构成：That+陈述句+……注意：陈述句转化而来的主语从句，用连词that 引导，放句首，不可省略。
1.地球绕着太阳转是一个事实。
2.我们学好英语是很重要的。
3.你不能来到聚会真遗憾.4.他是对的，我们大家都知道。
2.it作形式主语(1)It+be+adj+(that)+主语从句.Eg.That we learn English well is important.---转化为it作形式主语：That Jack will win the game is possible.---转化为it作形式主语：常见的用法：It is certain that...可以确定......It is clear that ...显然....It is fortunate that ...幸运的是.....It is likely that ....可能......It is natural that ...很自然.....It is necessary that .... 有必要...It is strange that ...奇怪的是...It is important that...重要的是...Eg.重要的是他应该知道这件事.(2)It + be +过去分词+(that)+主语从句.常见的用法：It is said that...据说……It is reported that ...据报道……It is well known that...众所周知……It is believed that ...人们相信……It is thought that... 人们认为……It has been found that ...已经发现……It must be pointed out that ...必须指出的是……It should be noted that...应当注意的是……It has been proved that…已证实…Eg.据说他是中国最优秀的作家。
复习专题 名词性从句(较难)含答案解析
复习专题名词性从句(较难)含答案解析一、初中英语名词性从句1．______ amazed the NBA world is ______ Kobe Bryant scored 81 points just in one game.A. That, whatB. What, thatC. That, thatD. What, what【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：使NBA世界惊讶的是Kobe Bryant在一场比赛中得了81分。
根据句意可知，句子主语是一个主语从句，引导词即起引导作用又要做从句的一个成分，所以第一空填What；第二空是that引导的表语从句，只起引导作用，故选B。
【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及关系代词what引导的主语从句和表语从句的应用。
2．_____ is known to us all is that China has launched Shenzhou VII spaceship, ____ made the country's first spacewalk successful.A. That; whatB. What; whichC. It; whichD. As; that【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：众所周知，中国已经发射了神州7号宇宙飞船，这是中国首次成功的太空行走。
第一空处为主语从句，从句缺少主语，需用what引导；第二空所在句子是个定语从句，先行词为整个主句的内容，从句中缺少主语，需用which引导。
故选B。
【点评】考查名词性从句和定语从句，本题涉及主语从句和非限制性定语从句的应用。
3．______excited Jenny most was ______ she finally succeeded in ______seemed to be the most difficult exam to him.A. That; that; whichB. What; that; whatC. That; because; thatD. What; because; which 【答案】 B【解析】【分析】句意：珍妮最兴奋的是对他来说似乎是最困难的考试，她终于成功了。
考研英语长难句练习句
定语从句（上）一、定语从句的概念什么是定语从句？例: A rich person is not the one who has the most, but is the one who needs the least.用来修饰前面的名词或者代词的具有完整的主谓结构的句子就叫着定语从句。
有两个必备的基本元素。
一个是先行词；一个是关系词。
1.名词或代词做先行词。
例：He laughs best who laughs last.2.短语做先行词。
Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.3.用句子做先行词。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.I am a student which you all know.当先行词与关系词被割裂时是如何表现的。
如：Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might -- surprise! -- fall off.找先行词的方法。
反证法。
把它带进去。
哪一个是通顺的，哪一个就是先行词。
1.翻译定语从句。
2.结合先行词的结构特点和位置特征在关系词之前寻找与定语从句的意思的有逻辑关系相符合的词。
英语语法解析 名词性从句 主语从句
英语语法解析名词性从句主语从句主语从句是名词性从句的一种，名词性从句包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句，在复合句（由一个主句和一个或几个从句构成的句子叫复合句）中作主语，宾语，表语和同位语。
主语从句主语从句通常放在主句谓语动词之前，在复合句中作主语，也可以用形式主语it代替，把主语从句放在主句谓语动词后面。
1.主语从句的连接词：从属连词：that，whether连接代词：what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whichever 等连接副词：when，where，why，how2.从属连词that的用法以从属连词that引导的主语从句，that没有意义，只起连接作用，不做成分，不可以省略。
That my form teacher would visit my home surprised my parents. 我的班主任要来我家，这使我父母很惊讶。
That he used to be a dancer is known to all of us. 我们大家都知道他过去是个舞蹈演员。
3.从属连词whether的用法以从属连词whether（是否）引导的主语从句，whether不可以由if代替。
Whether we will play the football match today depends on the weather. 我们今天是否举行足球比赛要看天气而定。
4.连接代词：what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whichever等的用法①连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whichever等引导主语从句时，连接代词都带有本身的含义：what （所…的），who（谁），which（哪一个；哪一些），whatever（无论什么），whoever（无论谁），whichever（无论哪个；无论哪里）②连接代词在主语从句中要作成分，作主语，宾语或定语。
考研英语长难句突破 主语从句
xx年考研英语长难句突破主语从句在中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
今天我们就来重点讲一下其中的主语从句。
在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫作主语从句。
它的详细表现形式是：引导词引导一个从句作主语;或者it作形式主语+谓语/系表构造+引导词+从句。
【例1】thatThat Chris Lee won the champion of Super Girl in xx arouse wide public concern.李宇春赢得xx年超女冠军这件事引起了社会的广泛关注。
【例2】whatWhat caused the aident remains unknown.是什么引起了这一事故仍然。
【例3】whereWhere my wife and I should choose to continue myfurther education is a question of great importance.我太太和我应该去哪享受我们的蜜月还没有最后决定。
【例4】whichWhich university I should choose to continue my further education is a question of great importance.我应该考哪个大学的研究生是个很重要的问题。
【例5】whenWhen and where the test will be given is not yet decided.什么时候在什么地方进展还没定下来。
【例6】-everWhoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.任何得到这份工作的人都将要有很多工作要做。
【例7】howHow we can protect the grain from damp needs to be discussed.我们怎样才能保护粮食不受潮需要讨论。
刘晓艳长难句语法之名词性从句
刘晓艳长难句语法之名词性从句●一、名词能够充当什么成分？●主语●例：The movie looks terrific.这部电影很精彩。
●宾语●例：I admire his mother.我钦佩他的妈妈。
●表语●Gump is a man.阿甘是真男人。
●同位语用来解释名词的成分就是同位语。
●例子：●I enjoy the part, the beginning.我喜欢开头的部分。
（the beginning 解释the part）●My mother, a typical housewife, enjoy playing Mahjong.●persistence, an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all childrenand adults.●△只要在作文中见到名词，就可以有意识地在它后面加一个同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。
●能充当同位语的成分：●名词●代词●非谓语动词例：I enjoy the sports, runining.●从句●二、什么是名词性从句？●名词在句子中充当的成分（主语、宾语、表语、同位语），从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。
●三、名词性从句的引导词●例子：●他已经离婚了，是我的错。
●That he has got divorced is my fault.●他已经离婚了吗？是显而易见的。
●Whether he has got divorced is obvious.●他会和谁结婚呢？是一个秘密。
●Who he will marry is a secret.●按照从句的类型分成三类●1.that: 当从句是陈述句时。
并且that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思●2.whether：当从句是一般疑问句时。
并且whether在从句中也不充当任何成分，意思是“是否”●3.所有的特殊疑问词（who when where …）：当从句是特殊疑问句时。
新东方考研英语长难句分析
考研英语长难句分析技巧及实战70例长难句在考研阅读、完型填空和翻译中的出现频率很高，无论句子有多长、结构有多复杂，它都由一些基本的成分组成的。
从结构来说，英语句子中，除了谓语之外，其它的成分均可以由从句或者非谓语动词来充当。
从句子本身是一个完整的句子，因此，从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、套嵌，也可能并列，平行。
从功能来说，英语有三大复合句，即:①名词性从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句，即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。
非谓语动词可以有自己的时态和语态（过去分词除外），也可以跟自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语等成分，构成一个非谓语动词结构。
由于非谓语动词和从句的这些特点，使英语句子从理论上讲可以无限延长。
英语长句的分析方法：去枝叶，留主干。
1）划出句子中的定语从句和状语从句;2）划出所有介词短语（位于be动词后的除外）；3）名词性从句看作一个整体,找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;4）非谓语动词结构看作一个整体；5）找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，即句子的主干；6）分析从句的结构和非谓语动词的内部结构。
长难句分析的步骤举例：经典例题（2001年考研完型填空第二段）In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins.分析:第一，划出定语从句和状语从句: that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity /that can be given to a case /before a trial begins.第二，划出介词短语：In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press第三，句子的结构分析:（1）主干结构是主语（Lord Irvine含同位语the Lord Chancellor）+将来时谓语（will introduce）+宾语（a draft bill）；（2）that引导的定语从句修饰draft bill,其中，will propose 是第一个谓语，making payments to witnesses illegal是一个动名词短语做宾语，在动名词短语内部，payments to witnesses做making的宾语，illegal是宾补；第二个谓语是will strictly control, the amount of publicity是它的宾语。
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考研英语长难句：名词性从句-主语从句
名词性从句
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Nominal Clauses）。
名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同谓语从句。
主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。
that在句中无词义,只
起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。
例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚.
Who will win the match is still unknown.
谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知.
1. 由that 引导的主语从句可以直接放句首
That the seas are being overfished has been known for
years.（2006 text3）
海洋正在被人们过度捕捞，许多年以来这已是尽人皆知的事情了。
That such a conjunction of circumstances might occur again soon, especially considering shrinking US defense budgets and diminishing overseas base access,is problematical at best.
至于在近期内能否再次出现这种各个情况巧合的局面，即使最乐观的看法也是值得怀疑的，尤其是考虑到美国国防预算缩减和海外基地减少的情况。
2. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而主语从句置于句末.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式.常用句型如下：【第1句】
（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句
（2） It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3） It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
（4） It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
It’s a pity that he didn’t come.
很遗憾他没来。
It was intended that you be the candidate.
大家的意图是让你当候选人。
It is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.
很显然，一个国家的经济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关，而效率的提高又有赖于各类科技人员的努力。
3. whether以及连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句【第2句】
It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的.
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布.
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul”is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact.
眼睛是否是“心灵的窗口”，这还有争议；但无疑，眼睛在人际交流中有着重要的作用。
1. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money
is fair to criticize and question the mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’money to do with as they please. (2014 Text 3)
【念念有词】
I) attention n. 注意力；留心；关心；照料；【军】立正。
My attention was diverted for a moment by the accident.（我的注意力在事故发生的一瞬间被转移了）。
attract/receive/enjoy attention(吸引/得到关注)
draw/call attention to sth. (引起注意)。
II) criticize v. 批评；评论；非难，指责。
The government has been criticized for not taking the problem seriously.（政府因为没有认真对待问题而受到批评。
）criticize sb./sth. for (doing) sth. He has been criticized for incompetence.（他因为不称职而受到批评。
）
III) mechanism n. 机械，机械装置；机制；（文学作品情节的）
手法；技巧。
mechanisms for dealing with complaints from the general public（处理来自公众的投诉机制。
）
【句理力争】
本句的考点是形式主语it作主语，真正的主语是that the money and
句的结构为：it形式主语+谓语+that从句。
主语还原后的句子为That the money and attention come to science rather than go elsewhere is surely a good thing，主语太长，显得句子冗长不平衡，就把主语调到that后，用it形式主语代替真正的主语。
注：（1）为避免头重脚轻，常以形式主语it引导从句。
（2）由于主语从句一般被认为是单数形式，形式主语的谓语动词、be动词+表语均为单数第三人称形式或过去式。
【译译生辉】
第二，资金和注意力能够投入到科学领域而非其他方面，这自然是一件好事。
要批评和质疑这种机制也并非不公——毕竟，这是一种研究文化——但是，这是奖项设立者自己的钱，他们可以随意支配。
2. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.(2005 text1)
【念念有词】
I) fairness n. 公平；美好；清晰；顺利性。
procedural fairness （程序公正）service fairness （服务公平性）Our teacher is known for her fairness in grading pupils. （我们的老师以给学生评分公平著称。
）
II) evolve vt. 发展，进化；进化；使逐步形成；推断出vi. 发展，进展；进化；逐步形成。
evolve into （逐渐发展成 ; 演化成; 演变成;evolve develop （进展发展）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. （我们没有进化。
因为机器和社会替我们办了这一切。
）III) stem n. 干；茎；船首；血统vt. 阻止；除去…的茎；给…装柄vi. 阻止；起源于某事物；逆行All my problems stem from drink.（我所有的问题都是酗酒引起的。
）
【句理力争】
该句是一个主语从句，句子的主语whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,是两个并列的句子充当主语。
谓语动词为is ,表语为an unanswered question。
as yet 是插入语。
【译译生辉】
但是这种公平感是从卷尾猴和人类身上各自演化而来，还是来源于三千五百万年以前他们共同的祖先，至今仍是个有待回答的问题。