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模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection MoldingThe basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated.Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit);2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls.The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzleThe part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Movingplate is the member of the clamping unit, which is moved toward a stationary member. the moving section of the mold is bolted to this moving plate .This member usually includes the ejector holes and mold mounting pattern of blot holes or “T” slots .Stationary plate is the fixed member of the clamping unit on which the stationary section of the mold is bolted .This member usually includes a mold-mounting pattern of boles or “T” slots. Tie rods are member of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension member of the clamp when it is holding the mold closed. They also serve as a gutted member for the movable plate .Ejector is a provision in the clamping unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) from the mold .The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.Methods of melting and injecting the plastic differ from one machine to another and are constantly being implored .conventional machines use a cylinder and piston to do both jobs .This method simplifies machine construction but makes control of injection temperatures and pressures an inherently difficult problem .Other machines use a plasticizing extruder to melt the plastic and piston to inject it while some hare been designed to use a screw for both jobs :Nowadays, sixty percent of the machines use a reciprocating screw,35% a plunger (concentrated in the smaller machine size),and 5%a screw pot.Many of the problems connected with in ejection molding arise because the densities of polymers change so markedly with temperature and pressure. thigh temperatures, the density of a polymer is considerably cower than at room temperature, provided the pressure is the same.Therefore,if molds were filled at atmospheric pressure, “shrinkage” would make the molding deviate form the shape of the mold.To compensate for this poor effect, molds are filled at high pressure. The pressure compresses the polymer and allows more materials to flow into the mold, shrinkage is reduced and better quality moldings are produced.Cludes a mold-mounting pattern of bolt holes or “T” slots. Tie rods are members of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension members of clamp when it is holding the mold closed. Ejector is a provision in the calming unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) form the mold. The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.The function of a mold is twofold: imparting the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and cooling the injection molded part. It is basically made up of two sets of components: the cavities and cores and the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The mold ,which contains one or more cavities, consists of two basic parts :(1) a stationary molds half one the side where the plastic is injected,(2)Moving half on the closing or ejector side of the machine. The separation between the two mold halves is called the parting line. In some cases the cavity is partly in the stationary and partly in the moving section. The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the machinery capacity required. The mold components and their functions are as following:(1)Mold Base-Hold cavity (cavities) in fixed, correctposition relative to machine nozzle.(2)Guide Pins-Maintain Proper alignment of entry into moldinterior.(3)Spree Bushing (spree)-Provide means of entry into moldinterior.(4)Runners-Conroy molten plastic from spree to cavities.(5)Gates-Control flow into cavities.(6)Cavity (female) and Force (male)-Control the size,shape and surface of mold article.(7)Water Channels-Control the temperature of mold surfacesto chill plastic to rigid state.(8)Side (actuated by came, gears or hydrauliccylinders)-Form side holes, slots, undercuts and threaded sections.(9)Vent-Allow the escape of trapped air and gas.(10)Ejector Mechanism (pins, blades, stripper plate)-Ejectrigid molded article form cavity or force.(11)Ejector Return Pins-Return ejector pins to retractedposition as mold closes for next cycle.The distance between the outer cavities and the primary spree must not be so long that the molten plastic loses too much heat in the runner to fill the outer cavities properly. The cavities should be so arranged around the primary spree that each receives its full and equal share of the total pressure available, through its own runner system (or the so-called balanced runner system).The requires the shortest possible distance between cavities and primary sprue, equal runner and gate dimension, and uniform culling.注射成型注射成型的基本概念是使热塑性材料在受热时熔融，冷却时硬化，在大部分加工中，粒状材料（即塑料树脂）从料筒的一端（通常通过一个叫做“料斗”的进料装置）送进，受热并熔融（即塑化或增塑），然后当材料还是溶体时，通过一个喷嘴从料筒的另一端挤到一个相对较冷的压和封闭的模子里。

毕业设计中英文翻译模具类

英文原文A CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic products Abstract Mold design is a knowledge-intensive process. This paper describes a knowledge-based oriented, parametric, modular and feature-based integrated computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAE) system for mold design. Development of CAx systems for numerical simulation of plastic injection molding and mold design has opened new possibilities of product analysis during the mold design. The proposed system integrates Pro/ENGINEER system with the specially developed module for the calculation of injection molding parameters, mold design, and selection of mold elements. The system interface uses parametric and CAD/CAE feature-based database to streamline the process of design, editing, and reviewing. Also presented are general structure and part of output results from the proposed CAD/ CAE-integrated injection mold design system.Keywords Mold design . Numerical simulation . CAD . CAE1 IntroductionInjection molding process is the most common molding process for making plastic parts. Generally, plastic injection molding design includes plastic product design, mold design, and injection molding process design, all of which contribute to the quality of the molded product as well as production efficiency [1]. This is process involving many design parameters that need to be considered in a concurrent manner. Mold design for plastic injection molding aided by computers has been focused by a number of authors worldwide for a long period. Various authors have developed program systems which help engineers to design part, mold, and selection parameters of injection molding. During the last decade, many authors have developed computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering (CAD/CAE) mold design systems for plastic injection molding. Jong et al. [2] developed a collaborative integrated design system for concurrent mold design within the CAD mold base on the web, using Pro/E. Low et al. [3] developed an application for standardization of initial design of plastic injection molds. The system enables choice and management of mold base of standard mold plates, but does not provide mold and injection molding calculations. The authors proposed a methodology of standardizing the cavity layout design system for plastic injection mold such that only standard cavity layouts are used. When standard layouts are used, their layout configurations can be easily stored in a database. Lin at al. [4, 5] describe a structural design system for 3D drawing mold based on functional features using a minimum set of initial information. In addition, it is also applicable to assign the functional features flexibly before accomplishing the design of a solid model for the main parts of a drawing mold. This design system includes modules for selection and calculation of mold components. It uses Pro/E modules Pro/Program and Pro/Toolkit, and consists of modules for mold selection, modification and design. Deng et al. [6, 7] analyzed development of the CAD/CAE integration. The authors also analyzed systems and problems of integration between CAD and CAE systems for numerical simulation of injection molding andmold design. Authors propose a feature ontology consisting of a number of CAD/CAE features. This feature represents not only the geometric information of plastic part, but also the design intent is oriented towards analysis. Part features contain the overall product information of a plastic part, wall features, development features (such as chamfer, ribs, boss, hole, etc.), treatment features which contain analysis-related design information and sub wall developed features. Wall and development features are so called ―component features‖. God ec et al. [8, 9] developed a CAE system for mold design and injection molding parameters calculations. The system is based on morphology matrix and decision diagrams. The system is used for thermal, rheological and mechanical calculation, and material base management,Fig. 1 General structure of integrated injection mold design system for plastic productsbut no integration with commercial CAx software is provided. Huang et al. [10] developed a mold-base design system for injection molding. The database they used was parametric and feature-based oriented. The system used Pro/E for modeling database components. Kong et al. [11]developed a parametric 3D plastic injection mold design system integrated with solid works. Other knowledge-based systems, such as IMOLD, ESMOLD, IKMOULD, and IKBMOULD, have been developed for injection mold design. IMOLD divides mold design into four major steps; parting surface design, impression design, runner system design, and mold-base design. The software uses a knowledge-based CAD system to provide an interactive environment, assist designers in the rapid completion of mold design, and promote the standardization of the mold design process. IKB-MOULD application consists of databases and knowledge bases for mold manufacturing. Lou et al. [12] developed an integrated knowledge-based system for mold base design. The system has module for impression calculation, dimension calculation, calculation of the number of mold plates and selection of injection machine. The system uses Pro/ Mold Base library. This paper describes KBS and key technologies, such as product modeling, the frame-rule method, CBS, and the neural networks. A multilayer neural network has been trained by back propagation BP. This neural network adopts length, width, height and the number of parts in the mold as input and nine parameters (length, width, and height of up and down set-in, mold bases side thickness, bottom thickness of the core, and cavity plates) as output. Mok et al. [13, 14] developed an intelligent collaborative KBS for injection molds. Mok at el. [15] has developed an effective reuse and retrieval system that can register modeled standard parts using a simple graphical user interface even though designers may not know the rules of registration for a database. The mold design system was developed using an Open API and commercial CAD/computer aided manufacturing (CAM)/CAE solution. The system was applied to standardize mold bases and mold parts in Hyundai Heavy Industry. This system adopted the method of design editing, which implements the master model using features. The developed system provides methods whereby designers can register the master model, which is defined as a function of 3D CAD, as standard parts and effectively reuse standard parts even though they do not recognize the rules of the database.Todic et al. [16] developed a software solution for automated process planning for manufacturing of plastic injection molds. This CAD/CAPP/CAM system does not provide CAE calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design. Maican et al. [17] used CAE for mechanical, thermal, and rheological calculations. They analyzed physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of plastic materials. They defined the critical parameters of loaded part. Nardin et al. [18] tried to develop the system which would suit all the needs of the injection molding for selection of the part–mold–technology system. The simulation results consist of geometrical and manufacturing data. On the basis of the simulation results, part designers can optimize part geometry, while mold designers can optimize the running and the cooling system of the mold. The authors developed a program which helps the programmers of the injection molding machine to transfer simulation data directly to the machine. Zhou et al. [1] developed a virtual injection molding system based on numerical simulation. Ma et al. [19] developed standard component library for plastic injection mold design using an object-oriented approach. This is an objector iented, library model for defining mechanical components parametrically. They developed anobject-oriented mold component library model for incorporating different geometric topologies and non-geometric information. Over the years, many researchers have attempted to automate a wholeFig. 2 Structure of module for numerical simulation of injection molding processFig. 3 Forms to define the mold geometrymold design process using various knowledge-based engineering (KBE) approaches, such as rule-based reasoning (RBR), and case base (CBR) and parametric design template (PDT). Chan at al. [20] developed a 3D CAD knowledge-based assisted injection mold design system (IKB mold). In their research, design rules and expert knowledge of mold design were obtained from experienced mold designers and handbooks through various traditional knowledge acquisition processes. The traditional KBE approaches, such as RBR, CBR, and simple PDT have been successfully applied to mold cavity and runner layout design automation of the one product mold. Ye et al. [21] proposed a feature-based and object-oriented hierarchical representation and simplified symbolic geometry approach for automation mold assembly modeling. The previously mentioned analysis of various systems shows that authors used different ways to solve the problems of mold design by reducing it to mold configureator (selector). They used CAD/CAE integration for creating precision rules for mold-base selection. Many authors used CAE system for numerical simulation of injection molding to define parameters of injection molding. Several also developed original CAE modules for mold and injection molding process calculation. However, common to all previously mentioned systems is the lack of module for calculation of mold and injection molding parameters which would allow integration with the results of numerical simulation. This leads to conclusion that there is a need to create a software systemwhich integrates parameters of injection molding with the result obtained by numericalFig. 4 Forms to determine the distance between the cooling channels and mold cavityFig. 5 Mold-base selector formssimulation of injection molding, mold calculation, and selection. All this would be integrated into CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic products.2 Structure of integrated CAD/CAE systemAs is well known, various computational approaches for supporting mold design systems of various authors use design automation techniques such as KBE (RBR, CBR, PDT) or design optimisation techniques such as traditional (NLP,LP, BB, GBA, IR, HR) or meta heuristic search such as (TS, SA, GA) and other special techniques such as (SPA, AR, ED).The developed interactive software system makes possible to perform: 3D modeling of the parts, analysis of part design and simulation model design, numerical simulation of injection molding, and mold design with required calculations.The system consists of four basic modules:& Module for CAD modeling of the part& Module for numerical simulation of injection molding processFig. 6 Form for mechanical mold calculation& Module for calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection& Module for mold modeling (core and cavity design and design all residual mold components) The general structure of integrated injection mold design system for plastic products is shown in Fig. 1.2.1 Module for CAD modeling of the part (module I)The module for CAD modeling of the part is the first module within the integrated CAD/CAE system. This module is used for generating CAD model of the plastic product and appropriate simulation model. The result of this module is solid model of plastic part with all necessary geometrical and precision specifications. Precision specifications are: project name, number, feature ID, feature name, position of base point, code number of simulation annealing, trade material name, material grade, part tolerance, machine specification (name, clamping force, maximal pressure, dimensions of work piece), and number of cavity. If geometrical and precision specification is specified (given) with product model, the same are used as input to the next module, while this module is used only to generate the simulation model.2.2 Module for numerical simulation of injection molding process (module II)Module II is used for numerical simulation of injection molding process. User implements an iterative simulation process for determining the mold ability parameters of injection molding and simulation model specification. The structure of this module is shown in Fig. 2.After a product model is imported and a polymer is selected from the plastic material database,user selects the best location for gating subsystem. The database contains rheological, thermal, andmechanical properties of plastic materials. User defines parameters of injection molding and picks the location for the gating subsystem. Further analyses are carried out: the plastic flow, fill time, injection pressure, pressure drop, flow front temperature, presence of weld line, presence of air traps, cooling quality, etc.The module offers four different types of mold flow analysis. Each analysis is aimed at solving specific problems:& Part analysis—This analysis is used to test a known gate location, material, and part geometry to verify that a part will have acceptable processing conditions.& Gate analysis—This analysis tests multiple gate locations and compares the analysis outputs to determine the optimal gate location.& Sink mark analysis—This analysis detects sink mark locations and depths to resolve cosmetic problems before the mold is built eliminating quality disputes that could arise between the molder and the customer.The most important parameters are the following: [22]& Part thickness& Flow length& Radius and drafts,& Thickness transitions& Part material& Location of gates& Number of gates& Mold temperature& Melt temperature& Injection pressure& Maximal injection molding machine pressureIn addition to the previously mentioned parameters of injection molding, the module shows following simulation results: welding line position, distribution of air traps, the distribution of injection molding pressure, shear stressFig. 7 Segment of the mechanical calculation algorithmdistribution, temperature distribution on the surface of the simulation model, the quality of filling of a simulation model, the quality of a simulation model from the standpoint of cooling, and time of injection molding [22, 23]. A part of output results from this module are the input data for the next module. These output results are: material grade and material supplier, modulus of elasticity in the flow direction, modulus of elasticity transverse direction, injection pressure, ejection temperature, mold temperature, melting temperature, highest melting temperature thermoplastic, thermoplastic density in liquid and solid state, and maximum pressure of injection molding machine. During implementation of iterative SA procedure, user defines the moldability simulation model and the parameters of injection molding. All results are represented by different colors in the regions of the simulation model.2.3 Module for calculation of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection (module III)This module is used for analytical calculations, mold sizing, and its selection. Two of the more forms for determining the dimensions of core and cavity mold plates are shown in Fig. 3.Based on the dimensions of the simulation model and clamping force (Fig. 3) user selects the mold material and system calculates the width and length of core and cavity plates. Wall thickness between the mold cavity to the cooling channel can be calculated with the following three criteria: criterion allowable shear stress, allowable bending stress criterion, and the criterion of allowable angle isotherms are shown in Fig. 4 [22, 24]. The system adopts the maximum value of comparing the values of wall thickness calculated by previously mentioned criteria.Fig. 8 Forms for standard mold plates selectionFig. 9 Forms for mold plate model generationBased on the geometry of the simulation model, user select shape and mold type. Forms for the selection mold shape, type, and subsystems are shown in Fig. 5. Once these steps are completed, user implements the thermal, rheological, and mechanical calculation of mold specifications. An example of one of the several forms for mechanical mold calculation is shown in Fig. 6. Segment of the algorithm of mechanical calculations is shown in Fig. 7.Where,f max maximal flexure of cavity platef dop allowed displacement of cavity plateε elastic deformationαmin minimal value of shrinkage factorE k modulus of elasticity of cavity plateG shear modulusS k wall thickness distance measuring between cavity and waterlined KT cooling channel diameterAfter the thermal, rheological, and mechanical calculations, user selects mold plates from the mold base. Form for the selection of standard mold plates is shown in Fig. 8. The system calculates the value of thickness of risers, fixed, and movable mold plates (Fig. 8). Based on the calculated dimensions, the system automatically adopts the first major standard value for the thickness of risers, movable, and fixed mold plate. Calculation of the thickness and the adoption of standard values are presented in the form as shown in Fig. 8.The interactive system recommends the required mold plates. The module loads dimensions from the database and generates a solid model of the plate. After the plate selection, the plate is automatically dimensioned, material plate isFig. 10 Structure of module IVassigned, and 3D model and 2D technical drawing are generated on demand. Dimensions of mold component (e.g., fixed plate) are shown in the form for mold plate mode generation, as shown in Fig. 9.The system loads the plate size required from the mold base. In this way, load up any othernecessary standard mold plates that make up the mold subassembly. Subassembly mold model made up of instance plates are shown in Fig. 10Then get loaded other components of subsystems as shown in Fig. 5. Subsystem for selection other components include bolts and washers. The way of components selection are based on a production rules by authors and by company ―D-M-E‖ [25, 26].2.4 Module for mold modeling (core and cavity design and design all residual mold components; module IV)This module is used for CAD modeling of the mold (core and cavity design). This module uses additional software tools for automation creating core and cavity from simulation (reference) model including shrinkage factor of plastics material and automation splitting mold volumes of the fixed and movable plates. The structure of this module is shown in Fig. 11.Additional capability of this module consists of software tools for:& Applying a shrinkage that corresponds to design plastic part, geometry, and molding conditions, which are computed in module for numerical simulation& Make conceptual CAD model for nonstandard plates and mold components& Design impression, inserts, sand cores, sliders and other components that define a shape of molded part& Populate a mold assembly with standard components such as new developed mold base which consists of DME mold base and mold base of enterprises which use this system, and CAD modeling ejector pins, screws, and other components creating corresponding clearance holes& Create runners and waterlines, which dimensions was calculated in module for calculating of parameters of injection molding and mold design calculation and selection& Check interference of components during mold opening, and check the draft surfacesAfter applied dimensions and selection mold components, user loads 3D model of the fixed (core) and movable (cavity) plate. Geometry mold specifications, calculated in the previous module, are automatically integrated into this module, allowing it to generate the final mold assembly. Output from this module receives the complete mold model of the assembly as shown in Fig. 15. This module allowsFig. 11 Subassembly model of moldFig. 12 CAD model of the test Productmodeling of nonstandard and standard mold components that are not contained in the mold base.3 Case studyThe complete theoretical framework of the CAD/CAE-integrated injection mold design system for plastic products was presented in the previous sections. In order to complete this review, the system was entirely tested on a real case study. The system was tested on few examples of similar plastic parts. Based on the general structure of the model of integrated CAD/CAE design system shown in Fig. 1, the authors tested the system on some concrete examples. One of the examples used for verification of the test model of the plastic part is shown in Fig. 12.The module for the numerical simulation of injection molding process defines the optimal location for setting gating subsystem. Dark blue regions indicate the optimal position for setting gating subsystem as shown in Fig. 13.Based on dimensions, shape, material of the case study product (Fig. 11), optimal gating subsystem location (Fig. 13), and injection molding parameters (Table 1), the simulation model shown in Fig. 14 was generated.One of the rules for defining simulation model gate for numerical simulation:IF (tunnel, plastic material, mass) THEN prediction dimension (upper tunnel, length, diameter1, diameter2, radius, angle, etc.)Part of the output results from module II, which are used in module III are shown in Table 1.Fig. 13 Optimal gating subsystem location in the partTable 1 Part of the output results from the module for the numerical simulation of injection molding processMaterial grade and material supplier Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene 780(ABS 780),Kumho Chemicals Inc.Max injection pressure 100 MPaMold temperature 60°C ili 40Melt Temperature 230°CInjection Time 0,39 s 0,2 sInjection Pressure 27,93 MPaRecommended ejection temperature 79°CModulus of elasticity, flow direction for ABS 780 2,600 MPaModulus of elasticity, transverse direction for ABS 780 2,600 MPaPoision ratio in all directions for ABS 780 0.38Shear modulus for ABS 780 942 MPaDensity in liquid state 0.94032 g/cm3Density in solid state 1.047 g/cm3In module III, the system calculates clamping force F=27.9 kN (Fig. 3), cooling channel diameter d KT=6 mm, cooling channel length lKT090 mm (Fig. 4). Given the shape and dimensions of the simulation model, square shape of mold with normal performance was selected as shown in Fig. 5. Selected mold assembly standard series: 1,616, length and width of mold housing 156×156 mm as shown in Fig. 8. In the segment of calculation shown in Fig. 8, mold design system panel recommends the following mold plates:& Top clamping plate N03-1616-20& Bottom clamping plate N04-1616-20& Fixed mold plate (core plate) N10A-1616-36& Movable plate (cavity plate) N10B-1616-36& Support plate N20-1616-26& Risers N30-1616-46& Ejector retainer plate N40-1616-10& Ejector plate N50-1616-12After finishing the fixed and movable mold plates from the standpoint of CAD modeling core and cavity plates, cooling channel, followed by manual selection of other mold standard components such as sprue bush, locating ring, guide pins, guide bush, leading bushing guide, spacer plates, screws (M4×10, M10×100, M10×30, M6×16, M10×30, etc.) and modeling nonstandard mold components (if any) ejector pins, ejector holes, inserts etc. A complete model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model is shown in Fig. 15.Fig. 14 Simulation model of plastic partFig. 15 Model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model4 ConclusionThe objective of this research was to develop a CAD/CAE integrated system for mold design which is based on Pro/ ENGINEER system and uses specially designed and developed modules for mold design. This paper presents a software solution for multiple cavity mold of identical molding parts, the so-called one product mold. The system is dedicated to design of normal types of molds for products whose length and width are substantially greater than product height, i.e., the system is customized for special requirements of mold manufacturers. The proposed system allows full control over CAD/CAE feature parameters which enables convenient and rapid mold modification. The described CAD/CAE modules are feature-based, parametric, based on solid models, and object oriented. The module for numerical simulation of injection molding allows the determination selection of injection molding parameters. The module for calculation of parameters of injection molding process and mold design calculation and selection improves design Fig. 15 Model of the mold assembly with tested simulation model faster, reduces mold design errors, and provides geometric and precision information necessary for complete mold design. The knowledge base of the system can be accessed by mold designers throughinteractive modules so that their own intelligence and experience can also be incorporated into thetotal mold design. Manufacture of the part confirms that the developed CAD/CAE system provides correct results and proves to be a confident software tool.Future research will be directed towards three main goals. The first is to develop a system for automation of family mold design. Another line of research is the integration with CAPP system for plastic injection molds manufacturing developed at the Faculty of Technical Sciences. Finally, following current trends in this area, a collaborative system using web technologies and blackboard architecture shall be designed and implemented.中文译文塑料制品的CAD / CAE集成的注塑模具设计系统摘要：模具设计是一个知识密集的过程。

塑料模具毕业设计中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献一个描述电铸镍壳在注塑模具的应用的技术研究摘要：在过去几年中快速成型技术及快速模具已被广泛开发利用. 在本文中,使用电芯作为核心程序对塑料注射模具分析. 通过差分系统快速成型制造外壳模型. 主要目的是分析电铸镍壳力学特征、研究相关金相组织,硬度,内部压力等不同方面，由这些特征参数以生产电铸设备的外壳. 最后一个核心是检验注塑模具.关键词：电镀；电铸；微观结构；镍1. 引言现代工业遇到很大的挑战，其中最重要的是怎么样提供更好的产品给消费者,更多种类和更新换代问题. 因此,现代工业必定产生更多的竞争性. 毫无疑问,结合时间变量和质量变量并不容易,因为他们经常彼此互为条件; 先进的生产系统将允许该组合以更加有效可行的方式进行，例如,如果是观测注塑系统的转变、我们得出的结论是,事实上一个新产品在市场上具有较好的质量它需要越来越少的时间快速模具制造技术是在这一领域, 中可以改善设计和制造注入部分的技术进步. 快速模具制造技术基本上是一个中小型系列的收集程序，在很短的时间内在可接受的精度水平基础上让我们获得模具的塑料部件。

其应用不仅在更加广阔而且生产也不断增多。

本文包括了很广泛的研究路线,在这些研究路线中我们可以尝试去学习，定义，分析，测试，提出在工业水平方面的可行性，从核心的注塑模具制造获取电铸镍壳，同时作为一个初始模型的原型在一个FDM设备上的快速成型。

不得不说的是,先进的电铸技术应用在无数的行业，但这一研究工作调查到什么程度,并根据这些参数,使用这种技术生产快速模具在技术上是可行的. 都产生一个准确的，系统化使用的方法以及建议的工作方法.2 制造过程的注塑模具薄镍外壳的核心是电铸,获得一个充满epoxic金属树脂的一体化的核心板块模具(图1)允许直接制造注射型多用标本，因为它们确定了新英格兰大学英文国际表卓华组织3167标准。

这样做的目的是确定力学性能的材料收集代表行业。

该阶段取得的核心[4]，根据这一方法研究了这项工作,有如下:a,用CAD系统设计的理想对象b模型制造的快速成型设备(频分多路系统). 所用材料将是一个ABS塑料c一个制造的电铸镍壳，已事先涂有导电涂料(必须有导电).d无外壳模型e核心的生产是背面外壳环氧树脂的抗高温与具有制冷的铜管管道.有两个腔的注塑模具、其中一个是电核心和其他直接加工的移动版. 因此,在同一工艺条件下，同时注入两个标准技术制造，获得相同的工作。

注塑模具之模具设计与制造外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文翻译：Injection moulding for Mold Design and ManufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapidly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity; from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting moldproportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIn our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broadproduct level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .The mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic,plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.RSP ToolingRapid Solidification Process (RSP) Tooling, is a spray forming technology tailored for producing molds and dies [2-4]. The approach combines rapid solidification processing and netshape materials processing in a single step. The general concept involves converting a mold design described by a CAD file to a tooling master using a suitable rapid prototyping (RP) technology such as stereolithography. A pattern transfer is made to a castable ceramic, typically alumina or fused silica. This is followed by spray forming a thick deposit of tool steel (or other alloy) on the pattern to capture the desired shape, surface texture and detail. The resultant metal block is cooled to room temperature and separated from the pattern. Typically, the deposit’s exterior walls are machined square, allowing it to be used as an insert in a holding block such as a MUD frame [5]. The overall turnaround time for tooling is about three days, stating with a master. Molds and dies produced in this way have been used for prototype and production runs in plastic injection molding and die casting.An important benefit of RSP Tooling is that it allows molds and dies to be made early in the design cycle for a component. True prototype parts can be manufactured to assess form, fit, and function using the same process planned for production. If the part is qualified, the tooling can be run in production as conventional tooling would. Use of a digital database and RP technology allows design modifications to be easily made.Experimental ProcedureAn alumina-base ceramic (Cotronics 780 [6]) was slurry cast using a silicone rubber master die, or freeze cast using a stereolithography master. After setting up, ceramic patterns were demolded, fired in a kiln, and cooled to room temperature. H13 tool steel was induction melted under a nitrogen atmosphere, superheated about100︒C, and pressure-fed into a bench-scale converging/diverging spray nozzle, designed and constructed in-house. An inert gas atmosphere within the spray apparatus minimized in-flight oxidation of the atomized droplets as they deposited onto the tool pattern at a rate of about 200 kg/h. Gas-to-metal mass flow ratio was approximately 0.5.For tensile property and hardness evaluation, the spray-formed material was sectioned using a wire EDM and surface ground to remove a 0.05 mm thickheat-affected zone. Samples were heat treated in a furnace that was purged with nitrogen. Each sample was coated with BN and placed in a sealed metal foil packet as a precautionary measure to prevent decarburization.Artificially aged samples were soaked for 1 hour at temperatures ranging from 400 to 700︒C, and air cooled. Conventionally heat treated H13 was austenitized at 1010︒C for 30 min., air quenched, and double tempered (2 hr plus 2 hr) at 538︒C.Microhardness was measured at room temperature using a Shimadzu Type M Vickers Hardness Tester by averaging ten microindentation readings. Microstructure of the etched (3% nital) tool steel was evaluated optically using an Olympus Model PME-3 metallograph and an Amray Model 1830 scanning electron microscope. Phase composition was analyzed via energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The size distribution of overspray powder was analyzed using a Microtrac Full Range Particle Analyzer after powder samples were sieved at 200 μm to remove coarse flakes. Sample density was evaluated by water displacement using Archimedes’ principle and a Mettler balance (Model AE100).A quasi 1-D computer code developed at INEEL was used to evaluate multiphase flow behavior inside the nozzle and free jet regions. The code's basic numerical technique solves the steadystate gas flow field through an adaptive grid, conservative variables approach and treats the droplet phase in a Lagrangian manner with full aerodynamic and energetic coupling between the droplets and transport gas. The liquid metal injection system is coupled to the throat gas dynamics, and effects of heat transfer and wall friction are included. The code also includes a nonequilibriumsolidification model that permits droplet undercooling and recalescence. The code was used to map out the temperature and velocity profile of the gas and atomized droplets within the nozzle and free jet regions.Results and DiscussionSpray forming is a robust rapid tooling technology that allows tool steel molds and dies to be produced in a straightforward manner. Each was spray formed using a ceramic pattern generated from a RP master.Particle and Gas BehaviorParticle mass frequency and cumulative mass distribution plots for H13 tool steel sprays are given in Figure 1. The mass median diameter was determined to be 56 μm by interpolation of size corresponding to 50% cumulative mass. The area mean diameter and volume mean diameter were calculated to be 53 μm and 139 μm, respectively. Geometric standard deviation, d=(d84/d16)½ , is 1.8, where d84 and d16 are particle diameters corresponding to 84% and 16% cumulative mass in Figure 1.Figure1. Cumulative mass and mass frequency plots of particles in H13 tool stepsprays.Figure2 gives computational results for the multiphase velocity flow field (Figure 2a), and H13 tool steel solid fraction (Figure2b), inside the nozzle and free jetregions. Gas velocity increases until reaching the location of the shock front, at which point it precipitously decreases, eventually decaying exponentially outside the nozzle. Small droplets are easily perturbed by the velocity field, accelerating inside the nozzle and decelerating outside. After reaching their terminal velocity, larger droplets (〜150 μm) are less perturbed by the flow field due to their greater momentum.It is well known that high particle cooling rates in the spray jet (103-106 K/s) and bulk deposit (1-100 K/min) are present during spray forming [7]. Most of the particles in the spray have undergone recalescence, resulting in a solid fraction of about 0.75. Calculated solid fraction profiles of small (〜30 μm) and large (〜150 μm) droplets with distance from the nozzle inlet, are shown in Figure 2b.Spray-Formed DepositsThis high heat extraction rate reduces erosion effects at the surface of the tool pattern. This allows relatively soft, castable ceramic pattern materials to be used that would not be satisfactory candidates for conventional metal casting processes. With suitable processing conditions, fine surface detail can be successfully transferred from the pattern to spray-formed mold. Surface roughness at the molding surface is pattern dependent. Slurry-cast commercial ceramics yield a surface roughness of about 1 μm Ra, suitable for many molding applications. Deposition of tool steel onto glass plates has yielded a specular surface finish of about 0.076 μm Ra. At the current state of development, dimensional repeatability of spray-formed molds, starting with a common master, is about ±0.2%.Figure 2. Calculated particle and gas behavior in nozzle and free jet regions.(a) Velocity profile.(b) Solid fraction.ChemistryThe chemistry of H13 tool steel is designed to allow the material to withstand the temperature, pressure, abrasion, and thermal cycling associated with demanding applications such as die casting. It is the most popular die casting alloy worldwide and second most popular tool steel for plastic injection molding. The steel has low carbon content (0.4 wt.%) to promote toughness, medium chromium content (5 wt.%) to provide good resistance to high temperature softening, 1 wt% Si to improve high temperature oxidation resistance, and small molybdenum and vanadium additions (about 1%) that form stable carbides to increase resistance to erosive wear[8]. Composition analysis was performed on H13 tool steel before and after spray forming.Results, summarized in Table 1, indicate no significant variation in alloy additions.MicrostructureThe size, shape, type, and distribution of carbides found in H13 tool steel is dictated by the processing method and heat treatment. Normally the commercial steel is machined in the mill annealed condition and heat treated(austenitized/quenched/tempered) prior to use. It is typically austenitized at about 1010︒C, quenched in air or oil, and carefully tempered two or three times at 540 to 650︒C to obtain the required combination of hardness, thermal fatigue resistance, and toughness.Commercial, forged, ferritic tool steels cannot be precipitation hardened becauseafter electroslag remelting at the steel mill, ingots are cast that cool slowly and formcoarse carbides. In contrast, rapid solidification of H13 tool steel causes alloying additions to remain largely in solution and to be more uniformly distributed in the matrix [9-11]. Properties can be tailored by artificial aging or conventional heat treatment.A benefit of artificial aging is that it bypasses the specific volume changes that occur during conventional heat treatment that can lead to tool distortion. These specific volume changes occur as the matrix phase transforms from ferrite to austenite to tempered martensite and must be accounted for in the original mold design. However, they cannot always be reliably predicted. Thin sections in the insert, which may be desirable from a design and production standpoint, are oftentimes not included as the material has a tendency to slump during austenitization or distort during quenching. Tool distortion is not observed during artificial aging ofspray-formed tool steels because there is no phase transformation.注塑模具之模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译

冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。

指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。

板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。

如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。

当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。

站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。

落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。

而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。

根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。

图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。

一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。

板料成形的原理如图2所示。

拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。

拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。

在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。

注塑模具毕业设计外文翻译

附录外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：China's mold industry and its development trend The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid .Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale,complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years .Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about .(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gather In our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the importand export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure .(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory.Our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion low the level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to 20 thousand US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to 30 thousand US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult .(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urineMold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick .(3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor lowrecent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation abilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, moldstandard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence .(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fallsThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement .At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops,the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had :(1) To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .(2) Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes .(3) The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development .(4) Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on .(5) Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology .(6) The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversion project, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application .(7) The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold .(8) The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development .(9) The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardizedtechnology .(10) The mold and its the product examination technology.(11) High quality, the new mold material research and the development and itsthe correct application .(12) The mold production enterprise's modern management technology □Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technologyshould be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine,high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry producttechnology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the molddemand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both canmeet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially atpresent domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports themold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex,the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, theproduction a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold professiondevelopment. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must theprioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold developmentspeed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level,thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost.Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in theinternational market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good moldproduct also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big,the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the exportprospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product tohave at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, hasthe product which the possibility develops .According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold(1)Ramming mold to occupyThe mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development .(2)The precise ramming moldMulti- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many(3) The large-scale precise plastic moldPlastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integratedcircuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar.(4) The main mold standard to imitateeAt present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessary massive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production.(5) The other high-tech content moldsOccupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize .中文翻译：我国模具工业现状及发展趋势模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

模具设计相关专业毕业论文(外文原文+翻译)之翻译[管理资料]

可行成形图在汽车覆盖件冲压工艺高效设计的应用Dae-Cheol Ko a，Seung-Hoon Cha b，Sang-Kon Lee c，Chan-Joo Lee b，Byung-Min Kim d,*a ILIC, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan609-735, South Koreab Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koreac PNU-IFAM, Joint Research Center, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koread School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea摘要：本文提出使用可行的成形图来表示无断裂和起皱的安全区域，进而有效和快速地设计冲压工艺方法。

要确定可行的成形图，有限元分析对应于正交实验设计的过程变量组合。

随后，基于成形极限图的有限元分析，确定断裂和起皱的特征值。

所有组合的特征值在整个过程中，通过人工神经网络训练进行了一系列预测。

可行的成形图从所有组合的过程变量中最终确定。

以汽车覆盖件如转动架和车轮毂的冲压工艺作为实例来验证利用成形图的进行过程设计有效性。

有限元模拟结果与实验模拟结果比较表明，利用可行的成形图来进行冲压工艺的设计是有效的并适用于实际的过程。

模具工程中英文对照定稿版

模具工程中英文对照精编W O R D版IBM system office room 【A0816H-A0912AAAHH-GX8Q8-GNTHHJ8】模具工程中英文对照 die 模具figure file, chart file图档cutting die, blanking die冲裁模progressive die, follow (-on)die 连续模compound die复合模punched hole冲孔panel board镶块to cutedges=side cut=side scrap切边to bending折弯to pull, to stretch拉伸Line streching, line pulling线拉伸engraving, to engrave刻印upsiding down edges翻边to stake铆合design modification设计变化die block模块folded block折弯块sliding block滑块location pin定位销lifting pin顶料销die plate, front board模板padding block垫块stepping bar垫条upper die base上模座lower die base下模座upper supporting blank上承板upper padding plate blank上垫板spare dies模具备品spring 弹簧bolt螺栓plate电镀mold成型material for engineering mold testing工程试模材料not included in physical inventory不列入盘点incoming material to be inspected进货待验PCE assembly production schedule sheetPCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准stock age analysis sheet库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked待验或重工cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号item/group/class类别prepared by制表year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕疵shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通孔形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化alloy合金tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机模具工程类plain die简易模pierce die冲孔模forming die成型模progressive die连续模gang dies复合模shearing die剪边模riveting die铆合模pierce冲孔forming成型(抽凸,冲凸) draw hole抽孔bending折弯trim切边emboss凸点dome凸圆semi-shearing半剪stamp mark冲记号deburr or coin压毛边punch riveting冲压铆合side stretch侧冲压平reel stretch卷圆压平groove压线blanking下料stamp letter冲字(料号) shearing剪断tick-mark nearside正面压印tick-mark farside反面压印冲压名称类extension dwg展开图procedure dwg工程图die structure dwg模具结构图material材质material thickness料片厚度press specification冲床规格die height range适用模高die height闭模高度burr毛边gap间隙punch wt.上模重量五金零件类inner guiding post内导柱inner hexagon screw内六角螺钉dowel pin固定销coil spring弹簧lifter pin顶料销eq-height sleeves=spool等高套筒pin销lifter guide pin浮升导料销guide pin导正销wire spring圆线弹簧outer guiding post外导柱stop screw止付螺丝located pin定位销outer bush外导套模板类top plate上托板（顶板）top block上垫脚punch set上模座punch pad上垫板punch holder上夹板stripper pad脱料背板up stripper上脱料板male die公模(凸模)feature die公母模female die母模(凹模)upper plate上模板lower plate下模板die pad下垫板die holder下夹板die set下模座bottom block下垫脚bottom plate下托板(底板) stripping plate内外打(脱料板) outer stripper外脱料板inner stripper内脱料板lower stripper下脱料板零件类punch冲头insert入块(嵌入件)deburring punch压毛边冲子groove punch压线冲子stamped punch字模冲子round punch圆冲子special shape punch异形冲子bending block折刀roller滚轴baffle plate挡块located block定位块supporting block for location 定位支承块air cushion plate气垫板air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆trimming punch切边冲子stiffening rib punch = stinger 加强筋冲子ribbon punch压筋冲子reel-stretch punch卷圆压平冲子guide plate定位板sliding block滑块sliding dowel block滑块固定块active plate活动板lower sliding plate下滑块板upper holder block上压块upper mid plate上中间板spring box弹簧箱spring-box eject-rod弹簧箱顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing bolck衬套cover plate盖板guide pad导料块塑件&模具相关英文compre sion molding压缩成型flash mold溢流式模具plsitive mold挤压式模具split mold分割式模具cavity型控母模core模心公模taper锥拔leather cloak仿皮革shiver饰纹flow mark流痕welding mark溶合痕post screw insert螺纹套筒埋值self tapping screw自攻螺丝striper plate脱料板piston活塞cylinder汽缸套chip细碎物handle mold手持式模具（移转成型用模具）encapsulation molding低压封装成型（射出成型用模具）two plate两极式（模具）well type蓄料井insulated runner绝缘浇道方式hot runner热浇道runner plat浇道模块valve gate阀门浇口band heater环带状的电热器spindle阀针spear head刨尖头slag well冷料井cold slag冷料渣air vent排气道welding line熔合痕eject pin顶出针knock pin顶出销return pin回位销反顶针sleave套筒stripper plate脱料板insert core放置入子runner stripper plate浇道脱料板guide pin导销eject rod (bar)（成型机）顶业捧subzero深冷处理three plate三极式模具runner system浇道系统stress crack应力电裂orientation定向sprue gate射料浇口，直浇口nozzle射嘴sprue lock pin料头钩销(拉料杆) slag well冷料井side gate侧浇口edge gate侧缘浇口tab gate搭接浇口film gate薄膜浇口flash gate闸门浇口slit gate缝隙浇口fan gate扇形浇口dish gate因盘形浇口diaphragm gate隔膜浇口ring gate环形浇口subarine gate潜入式浇口tunnel gate隧道式浇口pin gate针点浇口Runner less无浇道(sprue less)无射料管方式long nozzle延长喷嘴方式sprue浇口;溶渣各种模具常用成形方式accurate die casting 精密压铸powder forming 粉末成形calendaring molding 压延成形powder metal forging 粉末锻造cold chamber die casting 冷式压铸precision forging 精密锻造cold forging 冷锻press forging 冲锻compacting molding 粉末压出成形rocking die forging 摇动锻造compound molding 复合成形rotary forging 回转锻造compression molding 压缩成形rotational molding 离心成形dip mold 浸渍成形rubber molding 橡胶成形encapsulation molding 注入成形sand mold casting 砂模铸造extrusion molding 挤出成形shell casting 壳模铸造foam forming 泡沫成形sinter forging 烧结锻造forging roll 轧锻six sides forging 六面锻造gravity casting 重力铸造slush molding 凝塑成形hollow(blow) molding 中空(吹出)成形squeeze casting 高压铸造hot chamber die casting 热室压铸swaging 挤锻hot forging 热锻transfer molding 转送成形injection molding 射出成形warm forging 温锻investment casting 精密铸造matched die method 对模成形法laminating method 被覆淋膜成形low pressure casting 低压铸造lost wax casting 脱蜡铸造matched mould thermal forming 对模热成形模各式模具分类用语bismuth mold 铋铸模landed plunger mold 有肩柱塞式模具burnishing die 挤光模landed positive mold 有肩全压式模具button die 镶入式圆形凹模loading shoe mold 料套式模具center-gated mold 中心浇口式模具loose detail mold 活零件模具chill mold 冷硬用铸模loose mold 活动式模具clod hobbing 冷挤压制模louvering die 百叶窗冲切模composite dies 复合模具manifold die 分歧管模具counter punch 反凸模modular mold 组合式模具double stack mold 双层模具multi-cavity mold 多模穴模具electroformed mold 电铸成形模multi-gate mold 复式浇口模具expander die 扩径模offswt bending die 双折冷弯模具extrusion die 挤出模palletizing die 叠层模family mold 反套制品模具plaster mold 石膏模blank through dies 漏件式落料模porous mold 通气性模具duplicated cavity plate 复板模positive mold 全压式模具fantail die 扇尾形模具pressure die 压紧模fishtail die 鱼尾形模具profile die 轮廓模flash mold 溢料式模具progressive die 顺序模gypsum mold 石膏铸模protable mold 手提式模具hot-runner mold 热流道模具prototype mold 雏形试验模具ingot mold 钢锭模punching die 落料模lancing die 切口模raising(embossing) 压花起伏成形re-entrant mold 倒角式模具sectional die 拼合模runless injection mold 无流道冷料模具sectional die 对合模具segment mold 组合模semi-positive mold 半全压式模具shaper 定型模套single cavity mold 单腔模具solid forging die 整体锻模split forging die 拼合锻模split mold 双并式模具sprueless mold 无注道残料模具squeezing die 挤压模stretch form die 拉伸成形模sweeping mold 平刮铸模swing die 振动模具three plates mold 三片式模具trimming die 切边模unit mold 单元式模具universal mold 通用模具unscrewing mold 退扣式模具yoke type die 轭型模模具厂常用之标准零配件air vent vale 通气阀anchor pin 锚梢angular pin 角梢baffle 调节阻板angular pin 倾斜梢baffle plate 折流档板ball button 球塞套ball plunger 定位球塞ball slider 球塞滑块binder plate 压板blank holder 防皱压板blanking die 落料冲头bolster 上下模板bottom board 浇注底板bolster 垫板bottom plate 下固定板bracket 托架bumper block 缓冲块buster 堵口casting ladle 浇注包casting lug铸耳 cavity 模穴(模仁)cavity retainer plate 模穴托板center pin 中心梢clamping block 锁定块coil spring 螺旋弹簧cold punched nut 冷冲螺母cooling spiral 螺旋冷却栓core 心型core pin 心型梢cotter 开口梢cross 十字接头cushion pin 缓冲梢diaphragm gate 盘形浇口die approach 模头料道die bed 型底die block 块形模体die body 铸模座die bush 合模衬套die button 冲模母模die clamper 夹模器die fastener 模具固定用零件die holder 母模固定板die lip 模唇die plate 冲模板die set 冲压模座direct gate 直接浇口dog chuck 爪牙夹头dowel 定位梢dowel hole 导套孔dowel pin 合模梢dozzle 辅助浇口dowel pin 定位梢draft 拔模锥度draw bead 张力调整杆drive bearing 传动轴承ejection pad 顶出衬垫ejector 脱模器ejector guide pin 顶出导梢ejector leader busher 顶出导梢衬套ejector pad 顶出垫ejector pin 顶出梢ejector plate 顶出板ejector rod 顶出杆ejector sleeve 顶出衬套ejector valve 顶出阀eye bolt 环首螺栓filling core 椿入蕊film gate 薄膜形浇口finger pin 指形梢finish machined plate 角形模板finish machined round plate 圆形模板fixed bolster plate 固定侧模板flanged pin 带凸缘销flash gate 毛边形浇口flask 上箱floating punch 浮动冲头gate 浇口gate land 浇口面gib 凹形拉紧楔goose neck 鹅颈管guide bushing 引导衬套guide pin 导梢guide post 引导柱guide plate 导板guide rail 导轨head punch 顶头冲孔headless punch 直柄冲头heavily tapered solid 整体模蕊盒hose nippler 管接头impact damper 缓冲器injection ram 压射柱塞inlay busher 嵌入衬套inner plunger 内柱塞inner punch 内冲头insert 嵌件insert pin 嵌件梢king pin 转向梢king pin bush 主梢衬套knockout bar 脱模杵land 合模平坦面land area 合模面leader busher 导梢衬套lifting pin 起模顶销lining 内衬locating center punch 定位中心冲头locating pilot pin 定位导梢locating ring 定位环lock block 压块locking block 定位块locking plate 定位板loose bush 活动衬套making die 打印冲子manifold block 歧管档块master plate 靠模样板match plate 分型板mold base 塑胶模座mold clamp 铸模紧固夹mold platen 模用板moving bolster 换模保持装置moving bolster plate 可动侧模板one piece casting 整体铸件parallel block 平行垫块paring line 分模线parting lock set 合模定位器pass guide 穴型导板peened head punch 镶入式冲头pilot pin 导销pin gate 针尖浇口plate 衬板pre extrusion punch 顶挤冲头punch 冲头puncher 推杆pusher pin 衬套梢rack 机架rapping rod 起模杆re-entrant mold 凹入模retainer pin 嵌件梢retainer plate 托料板return pin 回位梢riding stripper 浮动脱模器ring gate 环型浇口roller 滚筒runner 流道runner ejector set 流道顶出器runner lock pin 流道拉梢screw plug 头塞set screw 固定螺丝shedder 脱模装置shim 分隔片shoe 模座之上下模板shoot 流道shoulder bolt 肩部螺丝skeleton 骨架slag riser 冒渣口slide(slide core) 滑块slip joint 滑配接头spacer block 间隔块spacer ring 间隔环 spider 模蕊支架spindle 主轴sprue 注道sprue bushing 注道衬套sprue bushing guide 注道导套sprue lock bushing 注道定位衬套sprue puller 注道拉料spue line 合模线square key 方键square nut 方螺帽square thread 方螺纹stop collar 限位套stop pin 止动梢stop ring 止动环stopper 定位停止梢straight pin 圆柱销stripper bolt 脱料螺栓stripper bushing 脱模衬套stripper plate 剥料板stroke end block 行程止梢submarine gate 潜入式浇口support pillar 支撑支柱/顶出支柱support pin 支撑梢supporting plate 托板sweep templete 造模刮板tab gate 辅助浇口taper key 推拔键taper pin 拔锥梢/锥形梢teeming 浇注three start screw 三条螺纹thrust pin 推力销tie bar 拉杵tunnel gate 隧道形浇口vent 通气孔wortle plate 拉丝模板模具常用之工作机械3D coordinate measurement 三次元量床boring machine 搪孔机cnc milling machine CNC铣床contouring machine 轮廓锯床copy grinding machine 仿形磨床copy lathe 仿形车床copy milling machine 仿形铣床copy shaping machine 仿形刨床cylindrical grinding machine 外圆磨床die spotting machine 合模机drilling machine 冲孔机engraving machine 雕刻机form grinding machine 成形磨床graphite machine 石墨加工机horizontal boring machine 卧式搪孔机horizontal machine center 卧式加工制造中心internal cylindrical machine 内圆磨床jig boring machine 冶具搪孔机jig grinding machine 冶具磨床lap machine 研磨机machine center 加工制造中心multi model miller 靠磨铣床NC drilling machine NC钻床NC grinding machine NC磨床 NC lathe NC车床NC programming system NC程式制作系统planer 龙门刨床profile grinding machine 投影磨床projection grinder 投影磨床radial drilling machine 旋臂钻床shaper 牛头刨床surface grinder 平面磨床try machine 试模机turret lathe 转塔车床universal tool grinding machine 万能工具磨床vertical machine center 立式加工制造中心模具钢材alloy tool steel 合金工具钢aluminium alloy 铝合金钢bearing alloy 轴承合金blister steel 浸碳钢bonderized steel sheet 邦德防蚀钢板carbon tool steel 碳素工具钢clad sheet 被覆板clod work die steel 冷锻模用钢emery 金钢砂ferrostatic pressure 钢铁水静压力forging die steel 锻造模用钢galvanized steel sheet 镀锌铁板hard alloy steel 超硬合金钢high speed tool steel 高速度工具钢hot work die steel 热锻模用钢low alloy tool steel 特殊工具钢low manganese casting steel 低锰铸钢marging steel 马式体高强度热处理钢martrix alloy 马特里斯合金meehanite cast iron 米汉纳铸钢meehanite metal 米汉纳铁merchant iron 市售钢材molybdenum high speed steel 钼系高速钢molybdenum steel 钼钢nickel chromium steel 镍铬钢prehardened steel 顶硬钢silicon steel sheet 矽钢板stainless steel 不锈钢tin plated steel sheet 镀锡铁板tough pitch copper 韧铜troostite 吐粒散铁tungsten steel 钨钢vinyl tapped steel sheet 塑胶覆面钢板表面处理关连用语age hardening 时效硬化ageing 老化处理air hardening 气体硬化air patenting 空气韧化annealing 退火anode effect 阳极效应anodizing 阳极氧化处理atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面austempering 奥氏体等温淬火austenite 奥斯田体/奥氏体bainite 贝氏体banded structure 条纹状组织barrel plating 滚镀barrel tumbling 滚筒打光blackening 染黑法blue shortness 青熟脆性bonderizing 磷酸盐皮膜处理box annealing 箱型退火box carburizing 封箱渗碳bright electroplating 辉面电镀。

模具专业术语英文

模具专业术语英文1. “Core Cavity（型芯型腔），嘿，就像房子的里里外外。

比如说做个塑料小盒子的模具，Core Cavity就决定了盒子的形状，是凹进去还是凸出来的部分，要是搞混了，哎呀，那做出来的盒子可就奇形怪状啦。

”2. “Gating System（浇口系统），这就好比是给模具‘输血’的通道呢。

想象一下你在浇花，那个浇花的水管就像是Gating System。

如果这个通道设计不好，就像水管堵住或者水流太大太小，那模具可就‘营养不良’或者‘撑坏’啦。

”3. “Ejection Mecha nism（顶出机构）。

哟，这可是模具里的‘小助手’呢。

就像从蛋糕模具里把蛋糕取出来得有个东西帮忙顶一下，在模具里，Ejection Mechanism就是干这个的。

要是没有它呀，那些成型的零件就只能卡在里面干着急喽。

”4. “Mold Base（模架），它可是模具的‘骨架’啊。

就像人没了骨架就瘫了一样，模具没了Mold Base那可就散架了。

比如说做个大的汽车零件模具，Mold Base要是不结实，整个模具能行吗？肯定不行呀。

”5. “Runner（流道），这就像小河流一样。

塑料或者金属材料就像河水在这个‘小河’里流动。

要是Runner设计得弯弯曲曲的，就像河流里到处是石头和弯角，那材料流动起来磕磕绊绊的，能做出好的模具产品吗？我看悬。

”6. “Draft Angle（脱模斜度），嘿，这个很重要呢。

这就像是给模具里的零件一个小斜坡，方便它们‘走出来’。

你想想，如果没有这个小斜坡，就像把东西硬塞进一个严丝合缝的盒子里，再想拿出来可就难喽。

”7. “Cooling Channel（冷却通道），它就像模具的‘空调’。

比如说你在夏天干活，没有空调热得受不了。

模具在工作的时候，如果没有Cooling Channel来降温，那热得可就乱套了，可能会影响模具的精度和寿命呢。

”8. “Parting Line（分型线），这就像是模具的‘分界线’。

模具专业外文翻译

模具专业外文翻译IntroductionWith the rapid development of the global manufacturing industry, the demand for precision manufacturing and mass production is increasing day by day. In the field of manufacturing, molds play a vital role in mass production. A mold is a tool used to produce objects of a specific shape by pouring or injecting a material into it. The mold industry is a technology-intensive industry, and the development of the mold industry requires high-level technical knowledge and skills. In this article, we will discuss the foreign language translation in the field of mold technology.The Importance of Foreign Language Translation in Mold TechnologyMold technology involves complex processes, including design, manufacturing, and testing, which involves different professionals and companies from various countries. For example, a mold manufacturer in China may have clients in Japan, the United States, or Europe, and may receive orders for mold design, manufacturing, and testing, which involves cooperation with clients and technical personnel from different countries. Therefore, foreign language skills and translation are essential in the mold industry.In the mold technology industry, manufacturers have to deal with foreign technical documents, drawings, instructions, and other materials written in different languages. The accurate and effective translation of these documents is essential for the smooth progress of their business. The correct translation of technical documents is crucial for avoiding errors, misunderstandings, and miscommunications that can result in wasted resources, project delays, and unwanted costs.Foreign language translation is particularly important in the areas of mold materials, tooling, and machining. For example, some materials and tools used in molding, such as plastics, rubber, and metal alloys, have different names and technical specifications in different countries. Accurate translation of these materials is vital to ensure that the correct materials are used in the manufacturing process.Furthermore, mold design and manufacture require precision machining techniques. Technical documents from different countries may use different technical terms, symbols, abbreviations, and units of measurement. To ensure that these technical documents are understood and executed correctly, accurate translation of these technical terms is essential.Benefits of Quality Translation Services for Mold TechnologyAccurate translation of technical documents is essential for mold technology professionals to successfully complete their tasks and ensure high-quality production results. Qualitytranslation services can help mold manufacturers achieve their intended results by:1. Ensuring accuracy and clarity of technical documents. Technical documents translated by professional translation firms ensure that the content is accurate and clear, translating technical terms, acronyms, units of measurement, etc., to ensure that the intended meaning is conveyed to the reader.2. Saving time and money. Accurate and efficient translation of technical documents not only saves time but also reduces the likelihood of mistakes arising due to miscommunications.3. Facilitating the exchange of technical information. Effective translation services provide mold technology professionals with better access to valuable knowledge and techniques from different countries, which helps to improve the quality and efficiency of mold manufacturing.ConclusionIn conclusion, mold technology is a critical aspect of mass production and helps to meet the increasing demand for better manufactured products. Foreign language translation is crucial in the mold technology industry to ensure that all parties involved in the production process can communicate effectively, exchange information, and produce high-quality results. As such, quality translation services for technical documents can help moldmakers better meet the needs of their clients, increase efficiency, and ensure high-quality production.。

模具设计与制造专业英语译文

Lesson 1 Tool Materials第一课工具材料如何为特定工具而选择专门的材料通常由工具正确操作时所具备的必要的力学性能决定。

只有在对拟用刀具的功能及需求进行了细致的研究和计算后才可以选择这些材料。

在大多数应用中，满足要求的通常不止一种材料，而最终的选择通常由材料的可获得性决定，并且要考虑经济性。

用于工具的主要材料可以分为三大类：黒色金属、有色金属和非金属。

黒色金属材料有铁作为基体金属，包括工具钢、合金钢、碳素钢和铸铁。

有色金属材料中基体金属除了铁以外还有铝、锰、锌、铅、铋、铜及各种合金元素。

非金属材料如木材、塑料、橡胶、环氧树脂、陶瓷及金钢石等，它们不含有基体金属。

为了选择工具材料，我们应当掌握材料的一些物理性能和力学性能，以便确定所选材料对工具的功能和操作会有影响。

物理性能和力学性能是指材料如何控制材料在特定条件下的所作反应的性能。

物理性能是指材料固有的性能，如果不改变材料本身，它是还会被永久改变的。

这些特性包括：重量、颜色、导热性及导电性、热膨胀率及熔点。

材料的力学性能是指通过热处理或机械加工可以永久改变的性能。

这些性能包括：强度、硬度、耐磨性、韧性、脆性、塑性、延展性、可锻性和弹性模量。

从使用的角度出发，工具钢用于把像金属、塑料及木材等基本材料加工成型。

从结构的观点出发，工具钢是碳素合金钢，它可以被淬火和回火。

理想的工具钢性能是高耐磨性和高硬度，隔热性能好以及加工材料时要有足够的强度。

有时，尺寸稳定性相当重要。

工具钢在使用上也必需经济，工具应可以通过成型或机械的方法加工成理想的形状。

由于对材料性能的需求非常特殊，工具钢通常靠细致的冶金质量控制来确定其在电炉里的冶炼。

要最大限度地使钢中的气孔、偏析、杂质以及非金属夹杂物等含量尽可能地低一些。

工具钢要进行细致的宏观和微观的检测来保证它们能满足严格的“工具”钢规格要求。

尽管工具钢在整个钢产品中只占相对很小的一部分，但它们在有用到它的其它钢产品和工程材料中占有战略地位。

模具设计毕业课程设计外文文献翻译

英文文献Mould designOVERVIEWWhile discussing the differences among engineers, scientists, and mathematicians in Chapter 1, we saw that the word engineering is related to both ingenious and devise .Creative design lies at the center of the mechanical engineering profession, and an engineer’s ultimate goal is to produce new hardware that solves one of society’s technical problems. Beginning either from a blank sheet of paper or from existing hardware that is being modified, the product development process oft en forms the focus of an engineer’s activities. I n keeping with their profession’s title, many engineers truly are ingenious, and they possess the vision and skill to make such lasting contributions as those described in the top ten list of Section 1.3 Formal education in engineering is not a prerequisite to having a good for a new or improved product. Your interest in studying mechanical engineering, in fact, may have been sparked by your own ideas for building hardware. The elements of mechanical engineering that we have examined up to this point-machine components and tools, forces in structures and fluids, materials and stresses, thermal and energy systems, and the motion of machinery-are intended to have set a foundation that will enable you to approach mechanical design in a more effective and systematic manner .IN that respect, approach the taken in this textbook is a condensed analog of the traditional engineering curriculum: Approximation, mathematics, and science are applied to design problems in order to increase performance and reduce trial and error. By applying the resources of Chapter2-7, you can select certain machine components and perform back-of-the-envelope calculation to guide design decisions. Such analyses are not made for their sake alone; rather, they enable you to design better and fast.Effective mechanical design is a broad area, and the creative and technical processes behind it cannot be set forth fully in one chapter-or even one textbook for that matter. Indeed, with this material as a starting point, you should continue to develop hands-on experience and design skills throughout your entire professional career. Even the most seasoned grapples with the procedure for transforming an idea into manufactured hardware that can be sold at a reasonable cost.After first discussing the hierarchy of steps that engineers take when they transform a new idea intoreality, we explore the subject of mechanical design through three case studies in the fields of conceptual design, computer-aided design, and detailed machine design. We will also discuss mechanical design from a business perspective and describe how patents protect newly developed technology. After completing this chapter, you should be able to:1)Outline the major steps and iteration in points in the high-level mechanical design procedure.2)Give an example of the processes for brainstorming and for identifying the advantages anddisadvantages of various design options3)Understand the role played by computer-aided engineering tools in mechanical design, anddescribe how such tools can be seamlessly integrated with one another.4)By using a sketch as a guide, describe the operation of an automobile automatic transmission, acomplex machine design that incorporates mechanical, electronic, computer, and hydraulic components.5)Explain what patents are, and discuss their importance to engineering’s business environment HIGH-LEVEL DESIGN PEOCEDUREIn this section, we outline the steps that engineers take when they develop new products and hardware. From the broadest viewpoint, design is defined as the systematic process for devising a mechanical system to meet one of society’s technical needs. The specific motivation could lie in the areas of transportation, communication, or security, for instance. The prospective product is expected to solve a particular problem so well, or offer such a new capability, that other will pay for it. Early on, a company’s marketing department will collaborate with engineers and managers to identify, in a general sense, new opportunities for products. Together, they define the new product’s concept by drawing upon feedback from potential customers and from user of related product. Designers will subsequently develop those concepts, work out the details, and bring the functioning hardware to realization. Many approximations, trade-offs, and choices are made along the way, and mechanical engineers are mindful that the level of precision that is need will naturally and gradually grow as the design matures. For instance, it does not make sense for an engineer to resolve specific details (should a grade 1020 or 1045 steel alloy be used? Are ball or roller bearings most appropriate? What must be the viscosity of the oil?) until the design＇s overall concept has taken firm shape. After all, at an early stage of the design cycle, the specifications for the product’s size, weight, power, or performance could still change. Design engineers are comfortablewith such ambiguity, and they are able to develop product even in the presence of requirements and constraints that can change.The formal procedure by which a marketing concept evolves into manufactured hardware is based upon many principles and attributes. Most engineers would probably agree that creativity, simplicity, and iteration are key factors in any successful endeavor. Innovation begins with a good idea, but also implies starting from a blank sheet of paper. Nevertheless, engineers must still take the first, perhaps uncertain, step for transforming that formative idea into concrete reality. Early design decisions are made by drawing upon a variety of source: personal experience, knowledge of mathematics and science, laboratory and field testing, and trial and error guided by good judgment. Generally speaking, simpler design concepts are better than complex ones, and the adage “keep it simple, stupid”has a well-deserved reputation among engineers for guiding decisions. Iteration is also important for improving a design and for refining hardware that works into hardware that works well. The first idea that you have, just like the first prototype that you construct, will probably not be the best ones that can be realized. With the gradual improvement of each iteration, however, the design will perform better, more efficiently, and more elegantly.From a macroscopic perspective, the mechanical design procedure can be broken down into four major steps, which are outlined with greater detail in Figure 8.1.1. Define and research objectives.Initially, a designer describes the new product’s requirements in terms of its function, weight, strength, cost, safety, reliability, and so forth. At this first stage, constraints that the design must satisfy are also established. Those constraints might be of a technical nature-say, a restriction on size or power consumption. Alternatively, the constraints could be related to business or marketing concerns, such as the product’s appearance, cost, or ease of use. When faced with a new technical challenge, engineers will conduct research and gather background information that is expected to be useful when concepts and details are later evaluated. Engineers read patents that have been issued for related technologies, consult with vendors of components or subsystems that might be used in the product, attend expositions and trade shows, and meet with potential customers to better understand the application. Early in the design process, engineers define the problem, set the objective, and gather pertinent information for the foundation of a good design.2. Generate concepts.In this stage, designers generally work in teams with the goal of devising a wide range of potential solutions to the problem at hand. This creative effort involves conceiving new ideas and combining previous ones to be greater than the sum of their parts. Hardware solutions are conceptualized and composed, and both good and not-so-good ideas are tossed about. Results from the brainstorming sessions are systematically recorded, the advantages and disadvantages of various solutions are identified, and trade-offs among the differing approaches are made. To document the suite of ideas that emerges from this synthesis stage, engineers sketch concepts, make notes, and prepare lists of “pros and cons”in their design notebooks. No particular idea is evaluated in depth, nor is any idea viewed with too critical an eye. Instead, you should focus on cataloging multiple approaches and devising a wide rang of design concepts, not necessarily all conventional ones. Even though a particular solution might not seem feasible at this early stage, should the product’s requirements or constraints change in the future (which is likely), the idea might in fact resurface as a leading contender.3. Narrow down the options.The design team further evaluates the concepts with a view toward reducing them to a promising few. For instance, engineers make preliminary calculations to compare strength, safety, cost, and reliability, and they will begin to discard the less feasible concepts. Sample hardware could also be produced at this stage. Just as a picture is worth a thousand words, a physical prototype is often useful for engineers to visualize complex machine components and to explain their assembly to others. The prototype can also be tested so that trade-off decisions are made based on the results of both measurements and analyses. One method for producing such components is called rapid prototyping, and its key capability is that complex, three-dimensional can be fabricated directly from is called fused deposition modeling, and it enables durables durable and fully functional prototypes to be fabricated from plastics and polycarbonates. As an example, Figure 8.2 depicts a computer-aided design drawing of an engine block and a physical prototype developed with the system show in Figure 8.34. Develop a detailed design.To reach this point of the high-level procedure, the design team will have brainstormed, tested, analyzed, and converged its way to what it perceives as the best concept. The implementation of the design, construction of a final prototype, and development of the manufacturing process each remain. Detailedtechnical issues are solved by applying mathematical, scientific, laboratory, and computer-aided engineering tools. Completed drawings and parts lists are prepared. The designers conduct engineering analysis and experiments to verify performance over a range of operating conditions. If necessary, changes to shape, dimensions, materials, and components will be made until all requirements and constraints are met. The design is documented through engineering drawings and written reports so that able to understand the reasons behind each of the many decisions that the designers made. Such documentation is also useful for future design teams to teams to learn from and build upon the present team’s experiences.At the most fundamental level, the final design must all of its requirements and constraints. You might thing that an engineer’s tasks are completed once the working prototype has been delivered or after the finishing touches have been applied to the drawings. However, mechanical engineers today work in a broader environment, and their hardware is viewed with a critical eye beyond the criterion of whether or not it functions as intended. For a product be successful, it must also be safe to use, reliable, environmentally sound in its use and disposal, and affordable to manufacture. After all, if the product is technically superb but it requires expensive materials and manufacturing operations, customers may avoid the product and select one that is more balanced in cost and performance. In the end, engineering is a business venture that must meet the needs of its customers.模具设计概况当我们在第1章讨论工程师,科学家和数学家之间不同的时候，我们看到工程学这个涉及到创意和设计两方面内容。

模具毕业设计英译汉（Injection_molding）

模具毕业设计英译汉（Injection_molding）Injection moldingInjection molding (British English: moulding) is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity.After a product is designed, usually by an industrial designer or an engineer, molds are made by a moldmaker (or toolmaker) from metal, usually either steel or aluminum, and precision-machined to form the features of the desired part. Injection molding is widely used for manufacturing a variety of parts, from the smallest component to entire body panels of cars.ApplicationsInjection molding is used to create many things such as wire spools, packaging, bottle caps, automotive dashboards, pocket combs, and most other plastic products available today. Injection molding is the most common method of part manufacturing. It is ideal for producing high volumes of the same object.Some advantages of injection molding are high production rates, repeatable high tolerances, the ability to use a wide range of materials, low labor cost, minimal scrap losses, and little need to finish parts after molding. Some disadvantages of this process are expensive equipment investment, potentially high running costs, and the need to design moldable parts.EquipmentPaper clip mold opened in molding machine; the nozzle is visible at rightMain article: Injection molding machineInjection molding machines consist of a material hopper, an injection ram or screw-type plunger, and a heating unit. They are also known as presses, they hold the molds in which the components are shaped. Presses are rated by tonnage, which expresses the amount of clamping force that the machine can exert. This force keeps the mold closed during the injection process. Tonnage can vary from less than 5 tons to 6000 tons, with the higher figures used in comparatively few manufacturing operations. The total clamp force needed is determined by the projected area of the part being molded. This projected area is multiplied by a clamp force of from 2 to 8 tons for each square inch of the projected areas. As a rule of thumb, 4 or 5 tons/in2 can be used for most products. If the plastic material is very stiff, it will require more injection pressure to fill the mold, thus more clamp tonnage to hold the mold closed. The required force can also be determined by the material used and the size of the part, larger parts require higher clamping force.MoldMold or die are the common terms used to describe the tooling used to produce plastic parts in molding.Since molds have been expensive to manufacture, they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts were being produced. Typical molds are constructed from hardened steel, pre-hardened steel, aluminum, and/or beryllium-copper alloy. The choice of material to build a mold from is primarily one of economics; in general, steel molds cost more to construct, but their longer lifespan will offset the higher initial cost over a higher number of parts made before wearing out. Pre-hardened steel molds are less wear-resistant and are used for lower volume requirements or larger components. The typicalsteel hardness is 38-45 on the Rockwell-C scale. Hardened steel molds are heat treated after machining. These are by far the superior in terms of wear resistance and lifespan. Typical hardness ranges between 50 and 60 Rockwell-C (HRC). Aluminum molds can cost substantially less, and, when designed and machined with modern computerized equipment, can be economical for molding tens or even hundreds of thousands of parts. Beryllium copper is used in areas of the mold that require fast heat removal or areas that see the most shear heat generated. The molds can be manufactured either by CNC machining or by using Electrical Discharge Machining processes.Mold DesignStandard two plates tooling –core and cavity are inserts in a mold base – "Family mold" of 5 different partsThe mold consists of two primary components, the injection mold (A plate) and the ejector mold (B plate). Plastic resin enters the mold through a sprue in the injection mold, the sprue bushing is to seal tightly against the nozzle of the injection barrel of the molding machine and to allow molten plastic to flow from the barrel into the mold, also known as cavity The sprue bushing directs the molten plastic to the cavity images through channels that are machined into the faces of the A and B plates. These channels allow plastic to run along them, so they are referred to as runners.The molten plastic flows through the runner and enters one or more specialized gates and into the cavity geometry to form the desired part.The amount of resin required to fill the sprue, runner and cavities of a mold is a shot. Trapped air in the mold can escape through air vents that are ground into the parting line of the mold. If the trapped air is not allowed to escape, it is compressedby the pressure of the incoming material and is squeezed into the corners of the cavity, where it prevents filling and causes other defects as well. The air can become so compressed that it ignites and burns the surrounding plastic material. To allow for removal of the molded part from the mold, the mold features must not overhang one another in the direction that the mold opens, unless parts of the mold are designed to move from between such overhangs when the mold opens (utilizing components called Lifters).Sides of the part that appear parallel with the direction of draw (The axis of the cored position (hole) or insert is parallel to the up and down movement of the mold as it opens and closes)are typically angled slightly with (draft) to ease release of the part from the mold. Insufficient draft can cause deformation or damage. The draft required for mold release is primarily dependent on the depth of the cavity: the deeper the cavity, the more draft necessary. Shrinkage must also be taken into account when determining the draft required.If the skin is too thin, then the molded part will tend to shrink onto the cores that form them while cooling, and cling to those cores or part may warp, twist, blister or crack when the cavity is pulled away. The mold is usually designed so that the moldedpart reliably remains on the ejector (B) side of the mold when it opens, and draws the runner and the sprue out of the (A) side along with the parts. The part then falls freely when ejected from the (B) side. Tunnel gates, also known as submarine or mold gate, is located below the parting line or mold surface. The opening is machined into the surface of the mold on the parting line. The molded part is cut (by the mold) from the runner system on ejection from the mold. Ejector pins, also known as knockout pin,is a circular pin placed in either half of the mold (usually the ejector half), which pushes the finished molded product, or runner system out of a mold.The standard method of cooling is passing a coolant (usually water) through a series of holes drilled through the mold plates and connected by hoses to form a continueous pathway. The coolant absorbs heat from the mold (which has absorbed heat from the hot plastic) and keeps the mold at a proper temperature to solidify the plastic at the most efficient rate.To ease maintenance and venting, cavities and cores are divided into pieces, called inserts, and sub-assemblies, also called inserts, blocks, or chase blocks. By substituting interchangeable inserts, one mold may make several variations of the same part.More complex parts are formed using more complex molds. These may have sections called slides, that move into a cavity perpendicular to the draw direction, to form overhanging part features. When the mold is opened, the slides are pulled away from the plastic part by using st ationary “angle pins” on the stationary mold half. These pins enter a slot in the slides and cause the slides to move backward when the moving half of the mold opens. The part is then ejected and the mold closes. The closing action of the mold causes the slides to move forward along the angle pins.Some molds allow previously molded parts to be reinserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part. This is often referred to as overmolding. This system can allow for production of one-piece tires and wheels.2-shot or multi-shot molds are designed to "overmold" within a single molding cycle and must be processed on specialized injection molding machines with two or moreinjection units. This process is actually an injection molding process performed twice. In the first step, the base color material is molded into a basic shape. Then the second material is injection-molded into the remaining open spaces. That space is then filled during the second injection step with a material of a different color.A mold can produce several copies of the same parts in a single "shot". The number of "impressions" in the mold of that part is often incorrectly referred to as cavitation. A tool with one impression will often be called a single impression(cavity) mold.A mold with 2 or more cavities of the same parts will likely be referred to as multiple impression (cavity) mold.Some extremely high production volume molds (like those for bottle caps) can have over 128 cavities.In some cases multiple cavity tooling will mold a series of different parts in the same tool. Some toolmakers call these molds family molds as all the parts are related.Effects on the material propertiesThe mechanical properties of a part are usually little affected. Some parts can have internal stresses in them. This is one of the reasons why it's good to have uniform wall thickness when molding. One of the physical property changes is shrinkage. A permanent chemical property change is the material thermoset, which can't be remelted to be injected again.Tool MaterialsTool steel or beryllium-copper are often used. Mild steel, aluminum, nickel or epoxy are suitable only for prototype or very short production runs.Modern hard aluminum (7075 and 2024 alloys) with proper mold design, can easily make molds capable of 100,000 or more part life.Geometrical PossibilitiesThe most commonly used plastic molding process, injection molding, is used to create a large variety of products with different shapes and sizes. Most importantly, they can create products with complex geometry that many other processes cannot. There are a few precautions when designing something that willbe made using this process to reduce the risk of weak spots. First, streamline your product or keep the thickness relatively uniform. Second, try and keep your product between 2 to20 inches.The size of a part will depend on a number of factors (material, wall thickness, shape,process etc.). The initial raw material required may be measured in the form of granules, pellets or powders. Here are some ranges of the sizes.MachiningMolds are built through two main methods: standard machining and EDM. Standard Machining, in its conventional form, has historically been the method of building injection molds. With technological development, CNC machining became the predominant means of making more complex molds with more accurate mold details in less time than traditional methods.The electrical discharge machining (EDM) or spark erosion process has become widely used in mold making. As well as allowing the formation of shapes that are difficult to machine, the process allows pre-hardened molds to be shaped so that no heat treatment is required. Changes to a hardened mold by conventional drilling and milling normally require annealing to soften the mold, followed by heat treatment to harden it again. EDM is a simple process in which a shaped electrode, usuallymade of copper or graphite, is very slowly lowered onto the mold surface (over a period of many hours), which is immersed in paraffin oil. A voltage applied between tool and mold causes spark erosion of the mold surface in the inverse shape of the electrode.CostThe cost of manufacturing molds depends on a very large set of factors ranging from number of cavities, size of the parts (and therefore the mold), complexity of the pieces, expected tool longevity, surface finishes and many others. The initial cost is great, however the piece part cost is low, so with greater quantities the overall price decreases.Injection processSmall injection molder showing hopper, nozzle and die area With Injection Molding, granular plastic is fed by gravity from a hopper into a heated barrel. As the granules are slowly moved forward by a screw-type plunger, the plastic is forced into a heated chamber, where it is melted. As the plunger advances, the melted plastic is forced through a nozzle that rests against the mold, allowing it to enter the mold cavity through a gate and runner system. The mold remains cold so the plastic solidifies almost as soon as the mold is filled.Injection Molding CycleThe sequence of events during the injection mold of a plastic part is called the injection molding cycle. The cycle begins when the mold closes, followed by the injection of the polymer into the mold cavity. Once the cavity is filled, a holding pressure is maintained to compensate for material shrinkage. In the next step, the screw turns, feeding the next shot to the front screw.This causes the screw to retract as the next shot is prepared. Once thepart is sufficiently cool, the mold opens and the part is ejected.Molding trialWhen filling a new or unfamiliar mold for the first time, where shot size for that mold is unknown, a technician/tool setter usually starts with a small shot weight and fills gradually until the mold is 95 to 99% full. Once this is achieved a small amount of holding pressure will be applied and holding time increased until gate freeze off (solidification time) has occurred. Gate solidification time is an important as it determines cycle time, which itself is an important issue in the economics of the production process. Holding pressure is increased until the parts are free of sinks and part weight has been achieved. Once the parts are good enough and have passed any specific criteria, a setting sheet is produced for people to follow in the future. The method to setup an unknown mold the first time can be supported by installing cavity pressure sensors. Measuring the cavity pressure as a function of time can provide a good indication of the filling profile of the cavity. Once the equipment is set to successfully create the molded part, modern monitoring systems can save a reference curve of the cavity pressure. With that it is possible toreproduce the same part quality on another molding machine within a short setup time.Tolerances and SurfacesMolding tolerance is a specified allowance on the deviation in parameters such as dimensions, weights, shapes, or angles, etc. To maximize control in setting tolerances there is usually a minimum and maximum limit on thickness, based on the process used.Injection molding typically is capable of tolerances equivalent to an IT Grade of about 9–14. The possible toleranceof a thermoplastic or a thermoset is ±0.008 to ±0.002 inches. Surface finishes of two to four microinches or better are can be obtained. Rough or pebbled surfaces are also possible.Lubrication and CoolingObviously, the mold must be cooled in order for the production to take place. Because of the heat capacity, inexpensiveness, and availability of water, water is used as the primary cooling agent. To cool the mold, water can be channeled through the mold to account for quick cooling times. Usually a colder mold is more efficient because this allows for faster cycle times. However, this is not always true because crystalline materials require the opposite: a warmer mold and lengthier cycle time.InsertsMetal inserts can be also be injection molded into the workpiece. For large volume parts the inserts are placed in the mold using automated machinery. An advantage of using automated components is that the smaller size of parts allows a mobile inspection system that can be used to examine multiple parts in a decreased amount of time. In addition to mounting inspection systems on automated components, multiple axial robots are also capable of removing parts from the mold and place them in latter systems that can be used to ensure quality of multiple parameters. The ability of automated components to decrease the cycle time of the processes allows for a greater output of quality parts.Specific instances of this increased efficiency include the removal of parts from the mold immediately after the parts are created and use in conjunction with vision systems. The removal of parts is achieved by using robots to grip the partonce it has become free from the mold after in ejector pins have been raised. The robot then moves these parts into either a holding location or directly onto an inspection system, depending on the type of product and the general layout of the rest of the manufacturer's production facility. Visions systems mounted on robots are also an advancement that has greatly changed the way that quality control is performed in insert molded parts. A mobile robot is able to more precisely determine the accuracy of the metal component and inspect more locations in the same amount of time as a human inspector.注塑成型注射制模（Injection moldin）是一种生产由热塑性塑料或热固性塑料所构成的部件的过程。

模具设计专业毕设外文翻译译文(DOC)

模具设计专业毕设外文翻译译文(DOC)本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（附外文原文）学院：机械与控制工程学院课题名称：复杂阶梯形圆筒件拉深有限元分析专业(方向)：机械设计制造及其自动化（模具设计与制造）班级：学生：指导教师：日期：拉伸模设计中拉伸壁起皱的分析摘要本文研究带有斜度的方形盒和带有阶梯的方形盒的拉深中发生的起皱现象。

这两种类型的起皱现象有一个共同的特征：全都发生在相对无支撑、无压边的拉深壁处。

在带有斜度的方形盒的拉深中，常受到工序参数的影响，例如：模具的间隙值和压边力等，所以常用有限元模拟的方法来研究分析起皱的发生。

模拟的结果表明模具的间隙值越大，起皱现象就越严重，而且增加压边力也不能抑制和消除起皱现象的发生。

在带有阶梯的方形盒拉深的起皱现象分析中，常通过实际生产中一种近似的几何结构来研究、试验。

当凸模与阶梯边缘之间的金属板料在拉深时分布并不均衡，就会在侧壁发生起皱现象。

为了消除起皱现象的发生，一个最优的模具设计常采用有限元的方法进行分析。

模拟的结果和起皱试验论证了有限元分析的准确性，并且表明了在拉深模具设计中使用有限元方法分析的优越性。

关键词:侧壁起皱；拉深模；带有阶梯的方形盒；带有斜度的方形盒1 引言起皱是金属板料成形中常见的失效形式之一。

由于功能和视觉效果的原因，起皱通常是不能为零件制品所能接受的。

在金属板料成形加工中通常存在三种类型的起皱现象：法兰起皱；侧壁起皱和由于残余压应力在未变形区产生的弹性变形。

在冲压复杂形状的时候，拉深壁起皱就是在模具型腔中形成的褶皱。

由于金属板料在拉深壁区域内相对无支撑，因此，消除拉深壁起皱比抑制法兰起皱要难得多。

我们知道在不被支撑的拉深壁区域中材料的外力拉深可以防止起皱，这可以在实践中通过增加压边力而实现，但是运用过大的拉深力会引起破裂失效。

因此，压边力必须控制在一定的范围内，一方面可以抑制起皱，另一方面也可以防止破裂失效。

合适的压边力范围是很难确定的，因为起皱在拉深零件的中心区域以一个复杂的形状形成，甚至根本不存在一个合适的压边力范围。

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本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（附外文原文）学院：机械与控制工程学院课题名称：复杂阶梯形圆筒件拉深有限元分析专业(方向)：机械设计制造及其自动化（模具设计与制造）班级：学生：指导教师：日期：拉伸模设计中拉伸壁起皱的分析摘要本文研究带有斜度的方形盒和带有阶梯的方形盒的拉深中发生的起皱现象。

这两种类型的起皱现象有一个共同的特征：全都发生在相对无支撑、无压边的拉深壁处。

在带有斜度的方形盒的拉深中，常受到工序参数的影响，例如：模具的间隙值和压边力等，所以常用有限元模拟的方法来研究分析起皱的发生。

模拟的结果表明模具的间隙值越大，起皱现象就越严重，而且增加压边力也不能抑制和消除起皱现象的发生。

在带有阶梯的方形盒拉深的起皱现象分析中，常通过实际生产中一种近似的几何结构来研究、试验。

当凸模与阶梯边缘之间的金属板料在拉深时分布并不均衡，就会在侧壁发生起皱现象。

为了消除起皱现象的发生，一个最优的模具设计常采用有限元的方法进行分析。

模拟的结果和起皱试验论证了有限元分析的准确性，并且表明了在拉深模具设计中使用有限元方法分析的优越性。

关键词:侧壁起皱；拉深模；带有阶梯的方形盒；带有斜度的方形盒1 引言起皱是金属板料成形中常见的失效形式之一。

由于功能和视觉效果的原因，起皱通常是不能为零件制品所能接受的。

在金属板料成形加工中通常存在三种类型的起皱现象：法兰起皱；侧壁起皱和由于残余压应力在未变形区产生的弹性变形。

在冲压复杂形状的时候，拉深壁起皱就是在模具型腔中形成的褶皱。

由于金属板料在拉深壁区域内相对无支撑，因此，消除拉深壁起皱比抑制法兰起皱要难得多。

我们知道在不被支撑的拉深壁区域中材料的外力拉深可以防止起皱，这可以在实践中通过增加压边力而实现，但是运用过大的拉深力会引起破裂失效。

因此，压边力必须控制在一定的范围内，一方面可以抑制起皱，另一方面也可以防止破裂失效。

合适的压边力范围是很难确定的，因为起皱在拉深零件的中心区域以一个复杂的形状形成，甚至根本不存在一个合适的压边力范围。

为了研究起皱的原因，Yoshida et al发明了一个试验，即：一张薄板延着对角的一个方向进行不均匀拉深。

他们还提出了一个近似的理论模型，起皱的初始是由于弹性变形导致横向压力发展成为不均匀的压力场。

Yu et al用试验和理论分析的方法来研究起皱问题。

他们发现根据他们的理论分析，起皱发生在两个环形的起伏处，而且试验结果指出了4—6处起皱。

Narayanasamy和Sowerby通过圆锥形凸模和半球形凸模的拉深来研究金属板料的起皱。

同时，他们也试图整理防止发生起皱的特性参数。

这些试验都仅仅围绕在与简单形状成形有关的起皱问题上，例如：一个圆形的盒件等等。

在20世纪90年代初期，3D动态有限元方法的应用成功，使得解决金属板料成形复杂形状的起皱现象的分析变成了可能。

目前，研究人员都使用3D有限元方法来分析带有斜度的方形盒和带有阶梯的方形盒零件拉深时在拉深壁处由于金属板料流动引起的褶皱以及在成形过程中的参数的影响因素。

一个有斜度的方形盒，如图1（a）所示，盒形件的每一个倾斜的拉深壁都与圆锥盒形件相似。

拉深成形过程中，在拉深壁处的金属板料是相对无支撑的，因此，褶皱是倾斜的。

在目前的研究中，各种关于起皱的成型过程参数都被研究。

在带有阶梯的方形盒件的研究中，如图1（b）所示，观察到了另一种类型的起皱。

在当前的研究中，为了得出分析的效果，实际生产用阶梯形结构的零件来研究。

使用有限元方法可以分析出起皱的原因，并且可以使一个最优的模具设计消除起皱现象。

有限元分析使得模具设计在实际生产中更为合理化。

（a）带有斜度的方形盒件（b）带有阶梯的方形盒件图12 有限元模型模具的几何结构（包括凸模、凹模、压边装置等等），通过使用CAD和PRO/ENGINEER来设计。

使用CAD将3个节点或4个节点形成壳形的单体，进而在模型上形成网格体系。

使用有限元模拟，模型被视为是刚性的，并且相对应的网格仅仅可以定义模型的几何形状，不能对压力进行分析。

使用CAD所建立的4个节点的壳形单体可以为板料创建网格体系。

图2给出了模型完全建立时的网格体系和用以成形带有斜度的方形盒件的金属板料。

由于对称的原因，仅仅分析了零件的1/4。

在模拟过程中，金属板料放在压边装置上，凹模向下移动，夹紧板料。

凸模向上移动，拉深板料至模具型腔。

为了精确的完成有限元分析，金属板料的实际压力——拉力的关系需要输入相关的数据。

从目前的研究来看，金属板料的深拉深的特性参数已经用于模拟。

一个拉深的实验已经用于样品的生产，并且沿着压延方向和与压延方向成45°和90°的方向切断。

平均的流动压力σ可以通过公式σ=（σ0+2σ45+σ90）/4，计算出来，进而准确测量出实际拉力，如图3所示，以用于带有斜度的方形盒件和带有阶梯的方形盒件的拉深。

目前研究中的所有模拟都在SGI Indigo2工作站使用有限元可调拉深程序完成。

完成了用于模拟所需数据的输入（假定凹模速度为10m /s，并且平均摩擦系数为0.1）。

图2 有限元模拟的网格体系实际压力（GPa）实际拉力（mm/mm）图3 金属板料的实际压力——拉力的关系3 带有斜度的方形盒件的起皱一个带有斜度的方形盒可以给出草图的相关尺寸，如图1（a）所示。

从图1（a）可以看出方形凸模顶部每边的长度为2Wp，凹模口部长度为2Wd以及拉深高度H——影响起皱所考虑的关键性尺寸。

凹模的口部尺寸与凸模顶部尺寸差值的一半为凸模的间隙，即：G=Wd－Wp。

拉深壁处金属板料相对无支撑的程度可能取决于凸模的间隙，并且增加压边力也有可能抑制起皱现象的发生。

在有斜度的方形盒拉深中，与发生起皱有关系的两个参数——凸模间隙和压边力，他们对起皱的影响也正在研究之中。

1.凸模间隙的影响为了研究凸模间隙对起皱的影响，现在分别用凸模间隙为20mm，30mm和50mm 的带有斜度的方形盒进行拉深模拟。

在每次模拟拉深中，凹模口部尺寸为200mm固定不变，并且拉深高度均为100mm。

在3次模拟中，均使用尺寸为380mm×380mm 的方形板料，且板料厚度均为0.7mm，凹模对板料的压力——拉力关系，如图3所示。

图4 带有斜度的方形盒件的褶皱模拟图（G=50mm）模拟结果表明：三个有斜度的方形盒均发生了起皱现象，图4给出了凸模间隙为50mm的方形盒的形状。

从图4可以看出，起皱分布在拉深壁处，并且拉深壁邻近的拐角处起皱现象尤为严重。

经分析，在拉深过程中，起皱是由于拉深壁处存在过大的无支撑区域，而且凸模顶部和凹模口部长度的不同是由于凸模间隙的存在。

在凸模顶部与凹模之间的金属板料的延伸变得不稳定，是由于断面压力的存在。

在压力作用下，金属板料的无约束拉深是在拉深壁处形成褶皱的主要原因。

为了比较三个不同凸模间隙的试验结果，需要引入两个主应力的比值β，β为εmin/εmax, εmin/εmax 是主应力相对的最小值和最大值。

Hosford和Caddell指出，β值比临界值更重要，如果起皱发生，那么β值越大，起皱现象就可能越严重。

如图4和图5的曲线所示，三次不同凸模间隙的拉深模拟，沿M——N截面的相同拉深高度处的β值。

从图5可以看出，在3次模拟中位于拉深壁的拐角处起皱比较严重，在拉深壁的中间起皱比较弱。

还可以看出，凸模间隙越大，比值β就越大。

因此，增加凸模间隙将可能增加带有斜度的方形盒件在拉深壁处起皱的可能性。

2.压边力的影响众所周知，增加压边力可以帮助削弱拉深过程中发生的褶皱。

为了研究增加压边力的影响，采用凸模间隙为50mm，不同的压边力数值来对有斜度的方形盒进行拉深起皱的模拟。

压边力从100KN增加到600KN，以提供压边力0.33Mpa到1.98Mpa。

其他模拟条件和先前的规定保持一致（在模拟当中采用了300KN的压边力）。

模拟结果表明：增加压边力并不能消除拉深壁处起皱现象的发生。

如图4所示，在M——N 截面处的β值，和压边力分别为100KN、600KN的拉深相比较，模拟结果指出，在M——N截面处的β值都是相同的。

为了分析两次不同压边力时出现起皱的不同，从拉深壁顶部到直线M——N处，对5处不同高度截面进行了分析，如图4所示，图6给出了所有情况的曲线。

从图6可以看出，几种情况截面处的波度是相似的。

这就证明压边力与有斜度的方形盒件拉深中的起皱现象无关，因为褶皱的形成主要是由于拉深壁处大面积无支撑区域存在较大的横断面压力，所以压边力并不影响凸模顶部与凹模肩部之间的制件形状的不稳定状况。

距离（mm ）图5 对于不同凸模间隙在M——N截面处的β值图6 在不同的压边力状态下，拉深壁不同高度处的横断面线。

(a)100KN.(b)600KN.4 带有阶梯的方形盒件在带有阶梯的方形盒件的拉深中，即使凸模间隙不是这样重要，而在拉深壁处仍然会发生起皱。

图1（b）所示为带有阶梯的方形盒件拉深用的凸模，图1（b）给出了拉深壁C和阶梯处D、E。

目前，实际生产中一直在研究这种类型的几何结构。

生产中，板料的厚度为0.7mm，压力——拉力关系从应力试验中获得，如图3所示。

这种拉深件的生产是通过深拉深和整形两个工序组成的。

由于凸模拐角处的小圆角半径和复杂的几何结构，导致在盒形件的顶部边缘发生破裂，在盒形件的拉深壁处发生褶皱，如图7所示。

从图7中可以看出，褶皱分布在拉深壁处，尤其在阶梯边缘的拐角处更为严重，如图1（b）所示的A——D和B——E处。

金属板料在凸模顶部的边缘开裂，进而形成破裂，如图7所示。

图7 产品上的褶皱和破裂情况图8 模拟产品起皱和破裂的盒形件外形图为了对拉深过程中金属板料出现的变形现象有更进一步的了解，生产中仍然采用了有限元分析方法。

最初的设计已经用有限元模拟完成。

模拟的盒形件外形如图8所示。

从图8可以看出，盒形件顶部边缘的网络拉深比较严重，褶皱分布在拉深壁处，这与实际生产中的状况是一致的。

小的凸模圆角，例如A——B边缘的圆角和凸模拐角A处的圆角，如图1（b）所示，是拉深壁处破裂的主要原因。

然而，根据有限元分析的结果，通过加大上述两处圆角可以避免破裂的产生。

较大的拐角圆角这种想法通过实际生产加工被验证是可行的。

还有一些试验也是模拟褶皱的。

最初时将压边力增加到初始值的2倍。

然而，正如和有斜度的方形盒件拉深时获得的结论是一样的，压边力对起皱的影响并不是最主要的。

相同的结论是增大摩擦或者增加坯料的尺寸。

因此我们得出的结论是：通过增加压边力是不能抑制起皱现象的发生的。

起皱的形成是由于在某些区域发生多余的金属板料流动，所以应在起皱的区域增加压杆装置来控制多余的金属料流。

压杆应加到平行于起皱的方向，以便能有效的控制多余的金属料流。

在这种理论分析下，两个压杆应加到拉深壁的临近处，如图9所示以便能控制多余的金属料流。

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