海天考研英语内部讲义
2013考研海天名师讲解英语新增60个词汇
2013考研海天名师讲解英语新增60个词汇2013年考研的孩子们，你们好！2013年考研新大纲英语一和二今天（ 9月14日）和大家见面了，海天考研宫东风英语团队第一时间为学生就13考研英语大纲进行解析，新大纲删减许多词汇的同时新增60个词汇，新大纲应用文写作部分删除了摘要写作要求，大家不用准备摘要了。
英语二删除了阅读新题型中的判断正误题型。
别的方面没有改动。
这充分体现了教育部考试中心的维护安定团结以人为本的大方针。
近来，网上流传的新增700词，增加听力等新题型，阅读难度到专业八级都是没有根据的，扰乱人心的…海天考研希望同学们以后在考研政策上对政府要有信任，别信网上的谣传…考研的孩子，咱伤不起！目前，大家要认真反复精研真题，把真题读懂读透读熟读烂…孩子们，加油！Never say die!考试大纲新增的60个词汇详解1accustom使习惯于(to)：~ oneself to rising early使自己习惯于早起 / ~ sb. to sea life使某人习惯于海上生活 / ~ one’s ears to the di n使自己的耳朵适应喧闹声2alienatevt.1使疏远，使不友好；离间；The management must never become ~d from the employees.管理层决不能脱离员工。
2【律】转让，让渡（财产等）3使转移；使转向▷alienator n.3allegiancen.1（对国家、政府、事业、个人等的）忠诚；效忠，忠贞：give ~ to效忠于2（臣子对君主的）臣服义务3（侨民对所居国政府的）效忠义务4apen.1无尾猿；类人猿3粗野的大汉4模仿者，学样的人vt.模仿，学…的样adj.〈口〉疯狂的；狂热的◇go ~〈口〉发疯；变得狂热：go ~ over a girl为一个姑娘神魂颠倒▷apelike adj. / aper n.5archaeologyn.1考古学2（某民族的）文化遗迹，古迹▷archaeological adj. / archaeologically adv. / archaeologist n. / archaeologize vi.6bail1n.【律】保释金；保释人；保释；accept (或refuse) ~ 准许（不准许）保释vt.1保释（某人）；（法官）将（在押犯）交保释放2 托付（财务）~ out 1保释：~ sb. out保释某人 2帮助（某人）脱离困境；从困境中摆脱出来 / forfeit ~ 保释后不出庭候审 / go (stand) ~ for 做…的保释人；为…提供保释金/ hold sb. to ~ 拘留某人直至交保 / jump ~〈口〉=forfeit ~ / on ~ 交保后：be out on ~ 在保释中 / post ~ 缴纳保释金/ save (surrender to) one’s ~ 保释后如期到庭受审 bail2n.戽斗，桶（用来舀出船舱里的水）vt.舀（水）；从（船）中舀水(out)：~ (out) the boat （或~water out of a boat）舀出船舱里的水vi.舀出船舱里的水◇~ on〈美口〉让…失望 / ~ out 1（从飞机上）紧急跳伞2畏难而去▷bailer n. bail3n.1[~s]【史】（城堡的）外层防卫桩；栅栏2（厩内的）横栏3（板球的）三柱门上的横木4〈澳〉（挤乳时）扣住母牛头部的闸架◇~ up〈澳〉1（挤乳时）用闸架扣住（母牛）的头部 2拦路抢劫 3〈口〉（尤指为交谈而）拦住，强行留住（某人） bail4n.1(车棚等)半圆形棚架2（壶、桶等的）半圆形拎环3（打字机上的）压纸杆7blogn.博客，网络日志8botanyn.1植物学2[总称]（某地区的）植物9buzzn.1嗡嗡声，蜂音2嘁嘁喳喳，噪杂声3〈口〉流言谣言4（蜂鸣器等发出的）信号声5〈口〉电话：give sb. a ~ 给某人打电话6骚动7〈美口〉（吸毒或饮酒产生的）陶醉感；兴奋vi.1（蜂等）嗡嗡叫，（机器等）营营响2用蜂鸣器发出信号3忙碌，忙乱；急行：~ about (或around)到处奔忙/ ~ along匆忙走过4嘁嘁喳喳；说闲话；充满低沉嘈杂的声音vt.1使嗡嗡叫，使营营响2用蜂鸣器传呼；〈口〉给…打电话3私下说出（或传播）；嘁嘁喳喳地表示；私下告诉（某人）：~ a rumour 暗中散播谣言 / The committee ~ed its indignation. 委员们异口同声表示愤慨。
考研辅导讲义(1-2周) Microsoft Word 文档
TranslationLecturer: Gu Jimei第一章考研翻译简介一、题型与评分标准二、考题所涉及的内容三、考题的特点四、解题策略一、题型与评分标准•共五小题，每小题2分，共10分。
要求阅读一篇400词左右的文章，将其中五个划线部分（约150词）的句子翻译成准确、完整、通顺的汉语。
•如果译文明显扭曲原意，该句得分最多不超过0.5分。
•如果提供两个或两个以上的译法，若均正确，给分；若其中一个译法有误，按错误译法评分。
•中文错别字不个别扣分，按整篇累计扣分。
在不影响意思的前提下，满3个错别字扣0.5分，无0.25扣分。
Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed (0.5分) in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers (0.5分) rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person (1分). （2007）长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
二、考题所涉及的内容•大多涉及当前人们普遍关注的社会生活、政治、经济、历史、文化、哲学、心理和科普方面的题材。
•基本上是议论文体裁。
2008 达尔文2007 法律知识对记者工作的重要性2006 知识分子的定位2005 电视传媒2004 语言与思维的关系2003 社会科学2002 行为科学2001 未来社会的机器人2000 政府的经济调控政策1999 历史研究的方法论1998 天体物理学中的大爆炸理论1997 动物的权利1996 科学发展的差别和动力1995 标准化测试与评估1994 科学家、技术与科学发展的关系1993 科学研究的方法1992 智力评估的科学性1991 能源与农业1990 人的性格和行为分析三、考题的特点•1、句型结构较长，结构复杂，包含多个从句While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. （1999）几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
2013讲义007
2013武汉海天英语高辅课程讲义（7）Text 1Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. It does not do to live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead. One’s thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done. This is not always easy ; one’s own past is a gradually increasing weight.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor form its vitality. When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually callous. I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one’s interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not unduly emotional.I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities. It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and it is in this sphere that the wisdom born of experience can be exercised without being oppressive. It is not use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought of that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a river—small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. The man who in old age can see his life in this way will not suffer from the fear of death. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Text 2Aristotle wrote that men come together in cities to live, but stay in them to live the good life. It was the Greeks who invented the idea of the city, and urbanity continues as a thriving tradition. But in the first decade of the 21st century, urban life is changing. “Cities are now junctions in the flows of people, information, finance and freight,” says Nigel Harris, a professor of development planning. “They’re less and less places where people live and wo rk.”The enlargement of the European Union in December in 2002 has given residents of up to 13 new member nations freedom of movement within its borders. At the same time, an additional 13.5 million immigrants a year will be needed in the EU just to keep a stable ratio between workers and pensioners over the next half century. All this mobility will make Europe’s cities nodes of nomadism, linked to each other by high-speed trains and cheap airline flights. The bustle around airports and train stations wi ll make the crowds in Europe’s great piazza look thin by comparison. Urban designers, with a freshly pricked interest in transience rather than stasis, are even now dreaming up cityscapes that focus on flows of people and fungible uses for buildings.Pu blic spaces are due for a revamp. Earlier architects conceived of train stations as single buildings; today’s designers are thinking of them as transit zones that link to the city around them, pouring travelers into bus stations and surrounding shops, In Amsterdam, urban planner Ben van Berkel, co-director of the design firm of UN Studio, has developed what he calls Deep Planning Strategy, which inverts the traditional “top-down” approach: the creation of a space comes before the flow of people through it. With 3-D modeling and animation, he’s able to look at different population groups use public spaces at different times of the day. He uses the data to design spaces that accommodate mobs at rush hour and sparser crowds at other times.The growing mobili ty of Europe has inspired a debate about the look and feel of urban sprawl. “Up until now, all our cultural heritage has been concentrated in the city center,” notes Prof. Heinrich Moding of the German Institute of Urban Affairs. “But we’ve got to imagine how it’s possible to have joyful vibrancy in these outlying parts, so that they’re not just about garages, highways and gasoline tanks.” The designs of new building are also changing to anticipate the emerging city as a way station. Buildings have been seen as disconnecting, isolating, defining. But increasingly, the quality of space that’s in demand is movement.。
海天作文讲义
综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面：1．内容切题。
审题准、不跑题。
文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。
2．表达清楚。
语言要简洁、准确，条理清楚；主题明确。
3．意义连贯。
遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。
论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类，定义，列举，概括，详情，时间，空间，过程或综合等方法展开）。
4．句式有变化。
采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。
常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句；插入语；独立主格成分等。
5．用词有变化。
避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使表达富有动感。
同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的一个尺度。
6．语言规范。
符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。
妙笔生花：（一）与英语词语活用相关的写作技巧1、转换成动词汉语中经常出现动词，这是汉语的特征，但是在英语中，谓语动词出现的次数远远少于汉语。
例如：（1）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭己经用来探索宇宙。
(名词转换为动词)（2）The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint，but l had to be cautious.她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示，但是我必须小心谨慎。
(形容词转换为动词)（3）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
(形容词转换为动词)注意：英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转换成动词。
如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
海天考研英语写作词汇讲义(王军)
Run out of the Rainy Season of Your Life跑出人生的雨季王军老师2011年考研英语全国高校巡回讲座Life is like this: when you are in rainy days in your life, if you couldn’t find a way to prevent you from being drenched earlier, you would have been overwhelmed by it, but if you decide to get rid of it, you’ll discover that the rainy days last not so long as you imagined.Everything is so simple: to run without an umbrella! When you run out of the rainy season of your life, there will be bright sky ahead of you.生活就是这样：当你处在人生的雨季时，如果你无法尽快找到防止雨淋的方法，就要被雨水淋透，但如果你决定摆脱，你会发现，雨季并不像你原来想的那样长。
一切都是那么简单：没有伞，就跑！跑出人生的雨季，你前面就会是一片晴朗的天空。
☆ 王军老师相关链接☆海天教育集团资深教师，考研英语词汇、写作和完型翻译主讲；北京宫东风英语教学团队核心师资；高等教育出版社、西安交通大学出版社考研配套辅导教材撰稿人；拥有14年考研英语辅导经验。
王军老师因其准确的考点把握、严谨的教学态度、创新的课程设计、不断升级的课程内容倍受全国各地学子推崇，教学足迹遍及北京、上海、天津、西安等城市；他在全国首创的写作词汇课程已成为全国考研英语培训的品牌课程，赢得了全国考研学子的普遍认同；王军老师多次荣获高等院校个人优秀教学成果奖，他指导的学生在全国大学生英语写作大赛和CCTV杯演讲比赛中屡获殊荣；他编写的多本教材已由上海外语教育出版社、高等教育出版社、西安交通大学出版社等权威出版机构出版发行。
海天2009考研英语-宫东风词汇讲义（3月词汇测试）
海天2009考研英语-宫东风词汇讲义（3月词汇测试）2009宫东风老师陪你记单词（2008年3月词汇测试题）——坚持，拉近你和目标的距离！A（51个）1.abstract[反义词]2.access (to)3.accommodate[名词]4.accompany5.accumulate[名词]6.accuracy[形容词]7.achieve[名词]8.acknowledge[名词]9.acquire[名词]10.adapt (to)[名词]11.adequate[反义词]12.adjacent (to)13.adjustment[动词]14.administrative[动词]15.advocate16.affect [名词]17.aggregate [名词]18.aid[同义词]19.albeit [同义词]20.allocate [名词]21.alter[名词]22.alternative23.ambiguous [反义词]24.amend [名词]25.analogy [形容词]26.analytic [动词]27.annual [同义]28.anticipate [名词]29.apparent [副词]30.appendix31.appreciate32.approach33.appropriate [反义词]34.approximately [动词]35.arbitrary36.aspect37.assemble[反义词]38.assess[名词]39.assign[名词]40.assistance [动词]41.assume[名词]42.assure[形容词]43.attachment (to) [动词]44.attain[名词]45.attitude46.attribute (to)47.author48.authority49.automatic [反义词]50.available [名词]51.aware (of) [反义词]B（6个）1.behalf2.benefit (from)3.bias4.bond[同义词]5.brief[反义词]6.bulkC（77个）1.capable[反义词]2.capacity3.category [同义词]4.cease[反义词]5.challenge [形容词]6.channel7.chart8.chemical9.circumstance10.cite11.civil12.clarify13.classical[反义词]14.clause[同义词]15.code[动词]16.coherent[反义词]17.coincide (with)[名词]18.collapse[反义词]19.colleague[同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,mence[反义词]/doc/c616525754.html,mentary [动词]/doc/c616525754.html,mitted[动词]/doc/c616525754.html,modity[同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,patible (with) [反义词]/doc/c616525754.html,pensate (for) [名词]/doc/c616525754.html,pile[同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,plement/doc/c616525754.html,plex[同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,ponent [同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,pound /doc/c616525754.html,prehensive /doc/c616525754.html,prise[同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,pute[同义词]34.conceive[名词]35.concentration[动词]36.concept[同义词]37.conclude[名词]38.concurrent[同义词]39.conduct[反义词]40.confer (to)41.confine (to)42.confirm[名词]43.conflict (with)[形容词]44.conform (to)45.consent (to)[反义词]46.consequence[形容词]47.considerable[同义词]48.consist (of)49.consistent (with)50.constantly[形容词]51.constitute[名词]52.constraint[同义词]53.construct[名词]54.consultation[动词]55.consume[名词]56.contact[反义词]57.contemporary[同义词]58.context59.contradictory[名词]60.contract61.contrary 62.contrast63.contribute (to) [名词]64.controversial [名词]65.conventional [名词]66.conversely [形容词]67.convert[动词]68.convince[形容词]69.cooperate [名词]70.coordinate [名词]71.core[同义词]72.corporate [同义词]73.correspond (to)74.credit75.criteria[同义词]76.crucial[同义词]77.cycleD（36个）1.debate[反义词]2.decade3.decline[反义词]4.deduce[名词]5.definite[反义词]6.demonstrate [名词]7.denote[同义词]8.deny[反义词]9.depress[名词]10.derive (from)11.design[名词]12.despite13.detect[名词]14.deviation [动词]15.device[同义词]16.devote (to) [名词]17.differentiate [反义词]18.dimension19.diminish [反义词]20.discrete21.discriminate [名词]22.displace [名词]23.display [同义词]24.dispose25.distinction [形容词]26.distort [名词]27.distribute [名词]28.diverse [动词]29.document30.domain [同义词]31.domestic32.dominance [动词]33.draft34.drama [形容词]35.duration36.dynamics [同义词]E（35个）1.element[同义词]2.eliminate [名词]3.emerge[名词]4.emphasis [动词]5.empirical6.enable7.encounter8.enforce[同义词]9.enhance[名词]10.enormous [同义词]11.ensure12.environment13.equate (with) [名词]14.equipment [动词]15.equivalent16.erode[动词]17.establish [名词]18.estimate[名词]19.ethics20.ethnic21.evaluation[动词]22.eventually[形容词]23.evidence[形容词]24.evolve[名词] 25.exceed [形容词] 26.exclusion [形容词] 27.exhibition [动词] 28.expansion [动词]29.expert30.explicit[反义词] 31.exploit [名词] 32.export [反义词] 33.expose [名词] 34.external [反义词] 35.extract [名词]F（19个）1.facilitate [同义词] 2.factor [同义词] 3.feature [同义词]4.federal5.file6.financial[名词] 7.finite[反义词] 8.flexibility[形容词] 9.fluctuate[名词] 10.focus (on)[同义词] 11.format 12.formula 13.forthcoming[同义词]14.foundation[同义词]15.framework16.function[形容词]17.fundamental[同义词]18.funding[同义词]19.furthermore[同义词]G（8个）1.gender[同义词]2.generate[同义词]3.generation[动词]4.global[名词]gongdongfeng[同意词]5.grade6.grant [同义词]7.guarantee [同义词]8.guideline H（4个）1.hence2.hierarchy3.highlight [同义词]4.hypothesis [动词]I（53个）1.identical [同义词]2.ideology [形容词]3.ignorance [形容词]4.illustrate [名词]5.image6.immigrate [名词]7.impact [同义词]8.implement [同义词]9.implication [动词]10.implicit[同义词]11.imply[名词]12.impose (on)13.incentive [同义词]14.incidence [同义词]15.inclination [动词]16.incorporate [名词]17.index18.indication [动词]19.induce[名词]20.inevitable [反义词]21.infer[名词]22.infrastructure23.inherent24.inhibiting [反义词]25.initially[形容词]26.initiate[名词]27.injure[名词]28.innovation [动词]29.input[反义词]30.insert[反义词]31.insight [同义词]32.inspect [名词]33.instance [同义词]34.institute35.integral [动词]36.integration [动词]37.integrity [同义词]38.intelligence [形容词]39.intensity [动词]40.interact [名词]41.internal [反义词]42.interpret[名词]43.interval44.intervene45.intrinsic46.investigation[动词]47.investment[动词]48.invoke[同义词]49.involve[名词]50.irrelevant[反义词] 51.isolation[动词]52.issue53.itemJ（2个）1.journal2.justify[名词]L（10个）/doc/c616525754.html,bel[同义词] /doc/c616525754.html,bor [同义词]/doc/c616525754.html,yer4.legislation[形容词] 5.levy[同义词]6.liberal7.license[同义词]8.likewise9.locate[名词] 10.logical[反义词]M（22个）1.maintain[同义词] 2.manipulate[名词]3.margin[形容词] 4.mature[反义词] 5.maximum[反义词]6.mechanism7.media[同义词] 8.mediate[名词]9.medicine[同义词]10.mental[反义词]11.method[同义词]12.migrate[名词]/doc/c616525754.html,itary [反义词]14.minimal[反义词]15.minimize[反义词]16.ministry17.minority[反义词]18.mode[同义词]19.modify[名词]20.monitor21.motivate[名词]22.mutually[形容词]N（9个）1.negative[反义词]/doc/c616525754.html,work3.neutral4.nevertheless[同义词]5.nonetheless[同义词]6.norm[同义词]7.notion[同义词]8.notwithstanding9.nuclearO（14个）1.objective [反义词]2.obtain [同义词]3.obviously [形容词]4.occupation [同义词]5.occur [名词]6.oddness [形容词]7.offset [同义词]8.ongoing [同义词]9.option [动词]10.orient11.outcome [名词]12.output [同义词] 13.overall [同义词] 14.overlap P（43个）1.paradigm2.parallel [同义词]3.parameter4.participant [动词]5.passive[反义词]6.perceive[名词]7.percent8.period[同义词]9.persist[形容词]10.perspective [同义词]11.phase[同义词]12.phenomenon13.philosophy [形容词]14.physical [反义词]15.policy16.portion[同义词]17.pose18.positive [反义词]19.potential [同义词]20.practitioner[动词]21.preceding22.precise[同义词]23.predict[同义词]24.predominate25.preliminary26.presumably [动词]27.previously[形容词]28.primary29.prime30.principal[同义词]31.principle[同义词]32.prior (to)33.prioritize[名词]34.process35.prohibitive[动词]36.promote[名词]37.proportion[同义词] 38.prospect [同义词] 39.protocol [同义词]40.psychologist41.publish[名词]42.purchase43.pursue[名词]Q（2个）1.qualitatively2.quote[名词]R（31个）1.radical[反义词]2.random3.range (from…to…)4.ratio[同义词]5.rational[反义词]6.react (to)[名词]7.recovery[动词]8.refine[名词]9.region[形容词] 10.registration [动词]11.regulate12.reinforce[同义词] 13.rejection [动词]14.release[反义词]15.reluctance[形容词]16.rely (on)[同义词]17.residential[动词]18.resolution[动词]19.resource20.response (to)21.restore22.restrain[同义词]23.restrict[同义词]24.retain[同义词]25.reveal[同义词]26.revenue[同义词]27.reverse[名词]28.revise29.revolution [形容词] 30.rigid [名词]31.route [同义词]S（40个）1.scenario2.scheme [同义词]3.scope [同义词]4.sector [同义词]5.secure [名词]6.seek[同义词]7.selection [形容词]8.sequence [同义词]9.series [同义词] 10.shift[同义词] 11.significant [名词]12.simulate13.site[同义词]14.sole[同义词]15.somewhat16.source17.specify[形容词]18.spherical[名词]19.stability[形容词]20.statistics21.status22.straightforward [反义词]23.strategy[同义词]24.stressful[名词]25.structure26.style27.submit[动词]28.subordinate29.subsequent30.subsidy[同义词]31.substitute32.successive [同义词]33.sufficient [同义词]34.summarize [名词]35.supplement [同义词]36.survey [同义词]37.survive [名词]38.suspend [名词]39.sustain [形容词]40.symbol [动词]T（16个）1.technical [名词]2.temporarily [形容词]3.tense[反义词]4.terminate [名词]5.theme6.theory7.thereby8.trace9.traditional[名词]10.transfer[同义词]11.transform[名词]12.transition13.transmit[名词]14.transport[名词] 15.trend[同义词] 16.trigger [同义词]U（8个）1.ultimate[反义词] 2.undergo [同义词] 3.underlying [同义词] 4.undertake [同义词]5.unified[动词]6.uniformity[形容词]7.unique[反义词]8.utilize[名词]V（12个）1.validity[形容词]2.vary[同义词]3.vehicle[同义词]4.version5.via[同义词]6.violation[动词]7.virtually[同义词]8.visible[反义词]9.vision[同义词]10.visualize11.volume12.volunteerW（4个）1.welfare2.whereas[同义词]3.whereby4.widespread[同义词]下一个目标，2008年4月！Next goal, April, 2008!。
考研英语真题初体验
考研英语阅读YY8622讲义海天教育·王素丽第一章：考试形式和内容该部分（共20小题，40分）要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题1上作答。
考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%），还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。
对所读材料，考生应能：1）理解主旨要义；段落主旨；全文主旨2）理解文中的具体信息；（事实细节题；因果细节题；）3）理解文中的概念性含义；4）进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5）根据上下文推测生词（包括熟词生义）的词义；6）理解文章的总体结构及上下文之间的关系；针对主旨题和新题型比较多7）理解作者的意图、观点和态度；8）区分论点和论据。
第二章：解题步骤1. 阅读题干：抓关键词，粗略定位2. 文章定位：明确定位，抓住中心3. 答案选择：找到答案，逐一核对第三章：考研英语阅读真题Text 1The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radically higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recession and Japan at its pre-bubble peak, The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of the primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda, Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese counterparts –– a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential increased as well. W hen the competitive environment pushed our ancestors to achieve that potential, they could in turn affordmore education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the abil ity of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the foreseeable future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.1. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the importance of education in poor countries___________.[A] is subject to groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated2. It is stated in Paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A] challenges economists and politicians[B] takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force3. A major difference between the Japanese and U.S. workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C] the U.S. workforce has a better education[D] the U.S. workforce is more organized4. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people no longer went hungry[D] as a result of pressure on government5. According to the last paragraph, development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesA ofB ：B的A；A的B（表量的概念，如a serious of或表时间段等）Text 2Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide hertoken in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.6. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon7. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairne ss is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions8. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions9. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others10. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.。
2014考研英语辅导语法基础讲义(海天屠浩明)
考研英语语法基础讲义一、考研语法考什么？二、定语从句1．关系词的产生练习一Model: The boy is my brother. He helped me. The boy that (who) helped me is mybrother.1．I have the watch. The watch was given by my girlfriend. 2． The UFO is 50 years old. The UFO is working in that school.3． He enjoys watching newspapers. Newspapers can tell him a lot of knowledge. 4．The boys wanted to play football. They were disappointed when it rained.5．We are shown pictures about a region. The region was threatened by growing poverty. 练习二1. All those____________ (想去长城的) will get together at the bus—stop at six tomorrowmorning ．2. The building ________________________ (座落于我们学校附近的) is a hospital.3. Tom is really the bravest boy _________________________ (我所认识的)。
4. Have you received the letter ___________________________ (我上星期六写的)?课程内容 一、 考研语法考什么？二、 考研语法巅峰考点——定语从句、名词性从句 三、 考研语法重点考点——状语从句 四、 考研语法特殊考点——倒装结构 五、 长难句四步拆分—— 选自《考研工具书之语法长难句》（屠皓民编）5. Can you help me find the person ________________________（救我女儿命的）6. This is the one hundredth letter_________________________ (我上个月收到的)。
海天名师丁雪明翻译方法与技巧(句法)讲义
海天名师丁雪明翻译方法与技巧(句法)讲义2010年06月08日海天考研第一节分句法与合句法翻译英语句子时，有时我们可将原文的句子结构整个保存下来或只稍加改变；但是不少情况则必须将原来的句子的结构作较大的改变。
分句法是指将原文的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子；合句法则是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。
一．分句法1.将原文中的一个单词译成句子They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。
(将一个副词译为一个句子)That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家最容易看得出的。
(将一个形容词译为一句子)2．将原文中一个短语译成句子Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness, and choking the shadows.阳光射入了它能透过的几乎所有地方，赶走了黑暗，驱散了阴影。
(将一个分词短语译为句子)Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭。
这是一条普遍公认的规律。
(将一个名词语译为一个句子)3．将一个句子拆开译成两个或两个以上句子His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。
(将一个句子译为一个主句和一个从句)二、合句法1．将原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句His father had a small .business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north and lately nearthe sea.他的父亲在意大利北部近海的比萨做小生意(将两个单句译为一个单句)2．将原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I get nervous, I eat.我在谈判时总是有些紧张。
深度剖析09考研大纲 详尽指导英语备考
深度剖析09考研大纲详尽指导英语备考
——海天英语名师任丽卿
主持人：大家好，2009考研英语大纲刚刚发布，同学们都有很多的疑问，今天我们邀请到海天学校考研英语辅导专家任丽卿老师来为大家作详细的解析，任老师您好！
任丽卿：大家好。
主持人：今的大纲我们知道在形式上没有变化，在内容上有没有细节需要大家注意呢？
任丽卿：考研大纲没有形式上的变化，依然维持了原来大纲的考题题型、考试模式、测试的知识。
但是从近几的考题来看，细节内容还是有一定变化的，这些变化说明在大纲日趋成熟、渐渐稳定的同时，考题难度稳中有升。
考生备考时不必害怕难度的提高，它是循序渐进的，不会对考生产生太大的影响。
但是考生应该有一定的准备，对词汇的掌握要力求做到更加精细、。
2012海天考研(常用翻译技巧总结)
常用翻译技巧总结个人认为，翻译题很重要！考研是个充实自己的过程，只要你还需要英语，就离不开翻译，所以大家应该引起足够重视。
首先个人推荐一本书，XDF唐静老师的《拆分与组合翻译法》，我听过他的课，他的方法很实用，感觉很象下面介绍的第四种方法。
翻译题里考察三方面内容：1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义)2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等)其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。
可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解)一、常用方法英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。
1．增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
屠皓民-英语大纲解析文字版 (1)
大纲无变化，考试时间提前，不影响复习安排——海天考研屠屠老师解说考研英语大纲屠皓民：各位同学大家好，我是海天考研的英语主讲教师屠皓民，2015的考研大纲已经出来了，我手上已经拿到最新的版本，首先我们先来说一下考研大纲的变化情况，我想告诉大家一个特别搞笑的事情，今年的变化你们可以看一下，这是英语一，这是英语二，大家发现英语一只是从黄色变成了黄色，英语二从蓝色变成了全蓝，整个大纲唯一的变化是在大纲后方加了一下答题卡，这是我在课上一直给你们展示的答题卡。
因此通过这个变化可以看出来，考研英语遵循着前几年出题思路和整个解题的一个方略。
下面说一下，面对这样一个小小的微调，我们应该如何准备后面的学习，以及后面整个复习的安排，从现在开始到整个考试之前，大家做的是三个阶段。
因为今年的考研时间，从元旦调到了2014年12月27号、28号，提前一个星期，对于很多同学来说一定会有心态上的影响，说提前一个星期怎么办，只要参加过考研的同学都会发现最后一周带来的影响是很小的，因为最后一周只是在不断的什么呢，调整心态参加考试，所以请大家不要过度担心。
从现在开始到12月27号之前分成三部分，第一部分从现在开始到10月中旬，或者中下旬之前，仍然将你手头上没有做完的真题进行全面分析。
所谓全面分析是什么概念，对完型、阅读、翻译、新题型和写作来进行不同题型的不同复习方法。
下面说一下，完型填空把所有的题目弄懂，怎么选的，为什么选这个，以及四个选项的单词怎么记住，这个很关键，这个不做过多精细的分析。
阅读理解是大家每天复习的一个大量，需要将文章从头到尾进行做题，控制时间20分钟左右，做完从头到尾做全部的翻译，这个翻译过程中既可以积累词汇和分析长难句，同时还弄懂这个题目的出题思路、解题方法等等，我们后面的翻译题的话，对于我们英语一的同学来说，如果不考数学，可以把全篇文章做一个整体的翻译，考数学的同学，由于时间不够，只需要把我们的五句话弄透就可以了，新题型只需要把真题做完，不需要做大量的模拟，写作是复习的大头，建议大家每个星期背三篇大作文，两篇小作文，这个阶段主要分析真题和分析高分范文，进行背诵和默写，这个过程就可以了。
海天四级作文讲义
Part I Writing(30 minutes)Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a green campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 建设绿色校园十分重要2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3. 为了建设绿色校园我们应该……Creating a Green Campus____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________[参考范文]Creating a Green CampusDuring recent years, the topic of a green campus, which has aroused wide public attention, is becoming increasingly popular. Undoubtedly, a green campus, the indispensable part for the development of college students, has profound impact on both individuals and society.A green campus means more than planting trees, flowers or grass on the campus, or having indoor plants in the school buildings. It also means that we should have a mentally-healthy environment. Without green surrounding, the soul of students would be not as pure as we wish. In that case, in no place other than campus should we attempt to make a green atmosphere.To bring green campus to its full play, effective measures should be taken. First, school authorities should bring the theory of sustainable development into classrooms, set environmental management rules and conduct environmental education activities. Second, we, college students, should have the green concept in mind. Only by the co-efforts of the whole society could “green campus” work smoothly and bring benefit to people’s well-beings. [译文]创建绿色校园近些年来，绿色校园的话题引起了广泛的社会关注。
2019考研英语新增词汇详解海天版14页word文档
1（道路、车辆、人群等）会合，集中
2为共同利益（或目的等）会聚；趋同
3【数】收敛
vt.
使会合罪犯
2导致过错的人；事故的起因；问题的根源：The real ~ is the greenhouse gases.问题的真正原因就是温室气体。
15
daunt
4【计】默认(to)：The program will ~ to its own style.程序将默认选用自身风格。
2【律】转让，让渡（财产等）3使转移；使转向
?alienator n.
3
allegiance
n.
1（对国家、政府、事业、个人等的）忠诚；效忠，忠贞：give ~ to效忠于
2（臣子对君主的）臣服义务
3（侨民对所居国政府的）效忠义务
4
ape
n.
1无尾猿；类人猿
2猴
3粗野的大汉
4模仿者，学样的人
vt.
模仿，学…的样
adj.
〈口〉疯狂的；狂热的◇go~〈口〉发疯；变得狂热：go ~ over a girl为一个姑娘神魂颠倒
?apelike adj./aper n.
5
archaeology
n.
1考古学
2（某民族的）文化遗迹，古迹
?archaeologicaladj./archaeologicallyadv./archaeologist n./archaeologize vi.
7
blog
n.
博客，网络日志
8
botany
n.
1植物学
2[总称]（某地区的）植物
9
buzz
n.
1嗡嗡声，蜂音
2嘁嘁喳喳，噪杂声
海天四六级写作讲义(张培 最新版)笔记
2015年大学英语四六级写作精讲班内部讲义编讲：张培（新浪微博：@张培老师）\六级作文高分必须知道的四大核心问题Q1：字数与段落要求：_________Q2：评分具体细则：_____________Q3：高分作文的标志：____________Q4：临考前如何准备：____________Part One：必背高分闪光表达1、解决问题_______________2、对某事产生影响______________3、在某事上起作用______________4、关注（重视）某事____________5、付出努力做某事______________6、采取措施做某事______________7、阐述原因（导致这个趋势/现象的原因有很多）8、对于某个现象/问题观点不同9、阐述重要性10、描述一种现象11、表达观点12、环境类表达总结13、文化教育类表达总结14、社会现象类表达总结15、现代科技类表达总结Part Two：高分写作手法特训----模仿1、It is undeniable that shopping on the Internet has become an irresistible trend in modern society.2、A host of individuals deem that a test of spoken English will do more good than harm.3、The next sight to visit is the Ming Tombs, which is one of the best-preserved tombs for 13 emperors in Ming Dynasty built more than one thousand years ago.4、although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society.5、It is widely accepted , indeed, that they have gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life.Part Three：经典范文精读精讲-------学以致用（input-----output）Food Safety（描述现象）Over the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media. The problem of food security has become a hot button across society. The prevalence of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health,（※非限制性定语从句）which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the People Daily.（阐述原因）（原因段落的首句或主题句概括句）There are a couple of driving forces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide. First,in the course of （在什么的过程中）the rapid economic evolution（经济发展=economic growth）,(万能原因) we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem. More importantly, the lack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.（措施段落正面弘扬、负面抵制）As Confucius instructed（引用名言，增强文章说服力）, it is better late than never. （措施的主题句）Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend（被动，在写作中可以使用主动和被动相结合）. The government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on打击those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again.展望I am firmly convinced that through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead.Uncivilized BehaviorsWe cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth. All these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of. As an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, China is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every Chinese citizen should feel ashamed of. Uncivilized behaviors by a host of Chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affected China’s image, according to an editorial posted on People Daily’s official website.As Chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves. We should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them. There are a host of causes, I would argue, behind this trend. To name only one: the lack of moral education. The government should wage a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives. As college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.Digital AgeAs scientific technology becomes increasingly mature, a host of digital products have been incorporated into our day-to-day life, steering our way of life onto a brand-new path. Among various digitalized items, cell phones , laptop computers and the like are those that we are familiar with.It is beyond question that electronic gadgets , like everything in this world , emerge wrapped with bright and dark sides. On one hand , digital devices have hugely bettered our life in many fronts. Take a concrete example. With the help of computers, we can acquire a wealth of useful materials, enormously facilitating our studies, a scenario unimaginable in the pre-Internet days. On the other hand, they also yield adverse impacts. A growing number of young adults are hooked on online games, feeding negatively into their academic performance.A sweeping digital revolution is well under way, an irresistible trend which is supposed to be reckoned with. From my own perspective, the benefits of digital stuff outweigh their inadequacies. We are supposed to make full use of it to serve our multiple purposes and strive to minimize its unfavorable impacts on us. To put it simply , I firmly believe that if handled properly, we are bound to profit immensely from digital products.类型1：现象解释类【典例1】2011年6月四级Online Shopping1．现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2．网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3．我的建议Giant leaps of the Internet industry have set the stage for the mushrooming of online shopping, which is gaining growing popularity for the past year or two. According to one recent survey conducted by Sina Weibo, an immensely popular microblogging service in the Middle Kingdom , close to 90 percent of respondents have once done web shopping.Undoubtedly, virtual shopping cuts both ways. To be more concrete, Internet shopping enjoys a host of benefits. To name only one: the prices of the commodities and services you desire to purchase are typically lower in online shops than that in physical ones. For all the various strengths of Internet-based shopping, the dark sides of it also exist, however. Take a concrete example. A tiny minority of merchants with evil motives use the false information to trick people into parting with credit cards and other important personal details, which cost consumers dear.From my own perspective, the rewards of Internet-based shopping outweigh its risks. Simply stated, we are supposed to make full use of its virtues to serve our purposes and do all in our power to minimize its adverse impacts on us meanwhile.【典例2】2011.06六级真题Certificate Craze范文：Certificate CrazeCurrently, it is fairly commonplace to hear news about growing interest in sitting for various certificate tests among people at all levels. Indeed, obtaining a glittering array of certifications has emerged as a golden rush. According to one recent report conducted by Sina Weibo, one of China's leading Twitter-like services, up to 70 percent of respondents are keen on acquiring certificates.People's intentions are sharply different when striving to get certificates. As far as the college students are concerned, a wealth of graduates-to-be argue that a wide variety of certifications, especially those highly recognized ones by the whole society, will enormously sharpen their competitive edge compared with their peers in the talent market. From the perspective of white-collar employees, many professional certificates will weigh heavily against the chances of getting promoted. To put it in another way, certifications are playing an increasingly prominent part when moving up the rigid social ladder.Admittedly, whether a simple certificate can truly reflect one's real capabilities is widely questionable. Simply stated, we should keep a clear head when it comes to the certificate craze. Most importantly, in my eyes, doing all in our power to hone the abilities and skills ought to be high on our agenda. Only by doing so can we stand a much better chance of staying ahead in this brutally competitive society.类型2：现象+观点论证类Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of My View on University Ranking. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 目前高校排名相当盛行2. 对于这种做法，人们看法不一3. 我认为……My View on University Ranking____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________【参考范文】My View on University RankingFor the past year or two, college ranking has become immensely prevalent across the Chinese landscape. A bewildering array of university ranking frequently emerge in various media, ranging from newspapers to magazines to educational sites. It is no exaggeration to say that college ranking has gained considerable public concern currently.This topic is on the lips of everyone, but their views are far from being equal. A host of individuals supportive of university ranking argue that it can function as an effective channel through which low-ranking universities are able to be well aware of the gap between them and first-class ones. In this case, those middle orlow-ranking institutions will strive to progress up the ranking and the overall academic level is bound to be enhanced. Plus, many college-students-would-be are capable of acquiring more useful information about their desired schools. However, other people taking a dim view of university ranking deem that restricted by a wealth of conditions, many college rankings are not objective and even positively misleading. Additionally, a handful of schools with evil intentions fabricate college ranking in efforts to lure high school graduates.To my way of thinking, we should not overrate this kind of ranking because it cannot serve as the sole criterion to appraise a certain campus. As far as the colleges and universities are concerned, they are supposed to put boosting comprehensive capabilities at the top of the agenda, say, academic fruits and teaching equipments and faculty. Only by doing so can we build first-rated universities progressively.类型:3：引言类Directions:For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Way to Success by commenting on Abraham Lincoln's famous remark, "Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four hours sharpening the axe." You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Way to Success________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________【参考范文】The Way to SuccessTo paraphrase the US former president Abraham Lincoln, a household name across the whole planet, "I will devote the first four hours to honing the axe if I am assigned a task to cut down a tree within six hours." This prominent comment, in my eyes, ought to trigger rounds of soul-searching over the long-standing issue on the way to success.Undoubtedly, each individual aspires to taste success in their life. As a matter of fact, we will encounter a wealth of top-performers as well as low-achievers. What is the fundamental difference between them? Digging into this phenomenon, we may identify that those high-achievers have made adequate preparations before embarking upon new tasks. Take Steve Jobs, a great innovator who came up with a string of products having immeasurably transformed our life. We must be acutely aware that he has dedicated a considerable amount of time and effort to preparing for the launch of new items. Therefore, the past decade has witnessed his unprecedented success that no one else can rival.From my own perspective, in an effort to get ahead, setting a well-defined objective is of crucial significance. More importantly, however, we are supposed to gear up for it sufficiently, both psychologically and physically, which can help us achieve our desired success smoothly.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a campus activity that has benefited you most. You should state the reasons and write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. ( 2014年12月四级真题)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit your campus, what is the most interesting place you would like to take him/her to see and why? （2014年6月四级真题）类型4：图画图表类Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal Communication____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________【参考范文】The Impact of the Internet on Interpersonal CommunicationThe advent of the Internet ushers in a new era of interpersonal communication. The picture features a compelling scene: a lovely little girl tells her father that he can gain a glimpse of what has happened at school today through her weblog. Along with the emergence of the web and a host of post-Internet products such as blogs, we are supposed to ponder the impacts they yield on interpersonal communication.Few if any would deny this most transformative invention of the 20th century has hugely boosted interpersonal interaction. To name only one: thanks to the Internet, we now can keep in touch with each other through delivering emails or sending text messages instead of posting lengthy letters in the old days, enormously enhancing the efficiency and cementing the intimate ties among people. However, we should not turn a blind eye to the adverse effects. Currently, growing numbers of folks get hooked on the web and ultimately become socially isolated. Poor social life and feeling of loneliness are not uncommon for a wealth of heavy Internet users.Admittedly, the net has fed immensely into interpersonal communication, both positively and negatively. Simply stated, what really needs to occur is to make full use of this extremely powerful tool to promote interpersonal communication and strive to reduce the unfavorable influences on us meanwhile. And I firmly believe that desirable interpersonal relationship is exceedingly rewarding for the on-going drive to build a highly civilized and more harmonious society.2012年12月四级作文Education paysA recent investigation shows the weekly earnings of people with different levels of education. Graduates with a doctoral degree receive the highest weekly wage, which is $ 1551, followed by the ones with master’s and bachelor’s degrees, whose weekly earnings are $ 1272 and $ 1038.On the other hand, graduates with no college degree, or with high school diploma or with less than high school diploma earn $712, $ 626 and $ 444 per week respectively.As we can see, graduates with higher degrees usually receive higher weekly pay. There are several factors contributing to this phenomenon.Firstly, graduates with higher degrees have acquired more knowledge and skills so that they can deal with tough tasks. What’s more, those people are better in resolving difficult problems. As a result, they are more likely to be employed by major companies when competing with their peers.Nowadays, our society is more and more in need of people with rich knowledge and strong ability. While it costs a lot to get higher degrees, education is evidently a worthy investment.。
基础语法讲义(学生)
2010年海天英语基础语法（内部讲义）海天高级辅导英语教研中心主讲：张琦考研英语基础语法扎实的语法功底对于考研解题是很重要的。
据总结，最令大多数考研学生头疼的基础语法现象主要有以下几项：英语的基本句式、形容词性（定语）从句、名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）、副词性（状语）从句、As 的用法。
下面将对以上语法点详解，并通过练习进一步强化对它们的掌握。
一、英语的基本句式（一）英语句子的主要成分英语句子主要由主语，谓语，宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语），定语，状语，补语（主语补语和宾语补语），表语（主语补语的一种），同位语，感叹语，插入语等构成。
（二）英语的五大句式一)主 + 系 + 表语例如：You are a baby.系动词：联系动词（Link Verb）是一种表示谓语关系的动词，作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语，构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
系动词可以是be动词，也可以是某些实义动词。
例如：The dog looks dangerous.五大类常见系动词：1）be动词--用来表示主语状态。
例如：He is a teacher.2）“持续类”--用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度。
这类系动词主要有：例如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.This matter rests a mystery.3）“表象类”--用来表示"看起来像"这一概念这类系动词主要有：例如：He seems （to be）very sad.4）“感官类”--用来表示“感觉”“触觉”等这类系动词主要有：例1：It sounds reasonable.例2：-Do you like this sweater?-Yes, it __________ very soft.A. is feelingB. feltC. feelsD. is felt5）“变化类”--这些系动词表示主语变成什么样这类系动词主要有：例如：It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.二) 主语+不及物动词+（状语）例如：He changed a lot.You cried loudly.注意：该句型可接状语。
2012考研英语小作文范文海天版课件
科学技术会议录索引 (ISTP) ：Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings。
国际五大文摘：科学文摘、数学评论、化学文摘、生物学文摘、工程材 料文摘 ，均为美国机构所办。
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重点：计算机检索
包括联机检索、光盘检索、国际互联网检索 主要资源 中国学术期刊全文数据库(cnki) 中国重要会议论文集全文数据库(cnki) 中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库（cnki） 万方数据库 维普中刊数据库 全国报刊索引数据库 中国国家标准总库 /cs或 Springer LINK数据库 WorldSciNet数据库 万方外文数检索工具类型
2. 题录 ( bibliography 、bibliographic、citation ) 题录是对某一文献外部特征的描述，由一组著录项目构成一 条文献记录。 题录的著录项目一般有著者，篇名及出处等，常以一个内容 上独立的文献单元（如一篇文章，图书中的一部分，有时也 可以是整本出版物）为基本著录单位。 题录在揭示文献内容的深度方面，比目录深入，但又比文摘 简单。
直接法（工具法） 循环法（综合法）
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追溯法示例
通过文后参考文献查找
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文献检索方法
直接法（工具法）：利用文摘或题录等各种文献检索工具
查找文献的方法。
顺查法。以所查课题起始年代为起点由远而近地按时间顺 序的查找方法。查找前要确定该课题研究的历史背景，从 研究开始的年代查起。比较费时，但查得的文献比较齐全。 倒查法。由近而远逆时间顺序的查找，一般将注意力放在 查找近期文献上。近期文献不仅反映了现在的研究水平， 而且一般都引用、论证和概述了早期的文献资料。倒查法 比较省时省力，但有可能漏查一些有用的文献。 抽查法。抓住该课题研究发展迅速，出版文献较多的年代， 抽取一段时间查找。检索时间较少，查得文献较多，但也 有漏检文献的可能，并要求检索者对课题研究的历史情况 有较多的了解和掌握。
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海天考研英语内部讲义
考研作文必备名言佳句欣赏
海天考研英语内部讲义
You don't marry someone you can live with, you marry the person you cannot live without. Grow old along with me, the best is yet to be. Browing
When you were born, you were crying and everyone around you was smiling. Live your life so that when you die, you're the one who is smiling and everyone around you is crying.
To enjoy yourself and make others enjoy themselves, without harming yourself or any other; that is the whole of ethics.
I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. (Franklin Roosevet)
There is a great man who makes every man feel small. But the real great man is the man who makes every man feel great.
To profit from good advice requires more wisdom than to give it.
There are two reasons why people fail. One is irresponsibility, the other is fear.
Expect learning to take time. Be patient with yourself and persevere.
In dreams and in love there are no impossibilities.— Janos Arnay
One always speaks badly when one has nothing to say.
Everything that is done naturally remains mysterious.
You can fool all the people some of time; you can fool some people all the time; but you can’t fool all the people all the time.
Wisdom is, and starts with, the humility to accept the fact that you don't have all the right answers, and the courage to learn to ask the right questions.
Never let an opportunity slide that may give you inspiration, for it’s the key to your success.
Good temper is like a sunny day; it sheds its brightness.
Happiness grows at our own firesides, and is not to be picked in strangers’ garden.
He must be very ignorant for he answers every question he is asked. Voltaire伏尔泰
I never resist temptation, because I have found that things that are bad for me do not tempt me. George Benard Shaw
I succeed because I willed it; I never hesitated.拿破仑
If you want people to think well of you, do not speak well of yourself.
It is to books that owe everything that is good in me. Gorky
It’s great to be great, but it’s greater to be human.
Make yourself necessary to someone. Emerson
No man is the whole of himself; his friends are the rest of him.
One is never as unhappy as one thinks, nor as happy as one hopes.
One should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of man.
Our mightiest feelings are always those which remain most unspoken.
Poetry is a speaking picture; painting is a silent poetry. 诗是有声之画，画是无言之诗。
The greatest lesson in life is to know that even fools are right sometimes.
The pursuit of perfection is the pursuit of sweetness and light.
The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.
The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer, but what they miss.
The world is a book, and those who do not travel read only a page.
There are charms made only for distance admiration.
There are 3 classes of men – lovers of wisdom, lovers of honor, lovers of gain. Plato。