专业英语复习资料第八、七单元.doc
高分子材料与工程专业英语
第二单元链式聚合反应Staudinger第一个发现一例现象，许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。
二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中的一个。
这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。
以同样的方式，借助于链式反应，单体分子一个接一个地被加成（每秒2000～20000个单体）直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终止。
聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。
链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。
链式反应可以概括为以下过程（R·相当与引发剂自由基）：略借助于聚合度估算的分子链长，在一个大范围内可以通过选择适宜的反应条件被改变。
通常，通过大量地制备和利用聚合物，聚合度在1000～5000范围内，但在许多情况下可低于500、高于10000。
这不应该把所有聚合物材料的分子量理解为由500，或1000，或5000个单体单元组成。
在几乎所有的事例中，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。
聚合反应，链式反应，依照与众所周知的氯（气）-氢（气）反应和光气的分解机理进行。
双键活化过程的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。
用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发链式反应可以很清楚地进行观察。
这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物（单体）并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。
对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应（即引发反应）即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。
因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料（1：1000～1：10000），从表面上看聚合反应很可能是催化反应。
由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂，但是，严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现。
会计专业英语复习资料.doc
会计专业英语复习资料.doc会计专业英语复习资料⼀、短语中英互译1、会计分录2、投资活动3、后进先出法4、客观性原则5、注册会计师6、权责发⽣制7、累计折旧8、资产负债表9、经营决策10、银⾏存款11、到期⽇12、历史成本13、source document14、nominal rate15、credit sale16、sum-of-years-digits method17、economic entity assumption18、financial position19、fixed assets20、public hearing21、income statement22、sales discount23、value added tax24、trade mark25、bank overdraft⼆、从下列选项中选出最佳答案1、Generally，revenue is recorded by a business enterprise at a point when ：( )A、Management decides it is appropriate to do soB、The product is available for sale to consumersC、An exchange has taken place and the earning process is virtually completeD、An order for merchandise has been received2、Why are certain costs capitalized when incurred and then depreciated or amortized over subsequent accounting periods？( )A、To reduce the income tax liabilityB、To aid management in making business decisionsC、To match the costs of production with revenue as earnedD、To adhere to the accounting concept of conservatism3、What accounting principle or concept justifies the use of accruals and deferrals？( )A、Going concernB、MaterialityC、ConsistencyD、Stable monetary unit4、An accrued expense can best be described as an amount ( )A、Paid and currently matched with revenueB、Paid and not currently matched with revenueC、Not paid and not currently matched with revenueD、Not paid and currently matched with revenue5、Continuation of a business enterprise in the absence of contrary evidence is an example of the principle or concept of ( )A、Business entityB、ConsistencyC、Going concernD、Substance over form6、In preparing a bank reconciliation，the amount of checks outstanding would be：( )A、added to the bank balance according to the bank statement.B、deducted from the bank balance according to the bank statement.C、added to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.D、deducted from the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.7、Journal entries based on the bank reconciliation are required for：( )A、additions to the cash balance according to the depositor’s records.B、deductions from the cash balance according to the depositor’srecords.C、Both A and BD、Neither A nor B8、A petty cash fund is ：( )A、used to pay relatively small amounts。
汽车专业英语术语汇总(复习资料)
UNIT 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICSBody：车身chassis：底盘stream-lined：流线wind resistance：风阻Frame：车架the power train：传动系统the drive train：驱动系a unitized body：承载式车身unibody：整体式汽车车身suspension system：悬架系统steering system：转向系统braking system（制动系统）suspension system：悬架系统shock absorber：减振器control arm：控制臂、导向机构steering gears：转向器steering wheel：转向盘idler arm：随动臂tie rods：横拉杆power steering：动力转向Power booster：助力器master cylinder：制动主缸Disc brake：盘式制动drum brake：鼓式制动Brake pedal：制动踏板brake system：制动系统stopping power：制动力Hydraulic brakes：液压制动brake pedal：制动踏板brake fluid：制动液brake lines：制动管路cylinders：轮缸brake shoes：制动蹄drum：制动鼓disc brake：盘式制动器pliers：老虎钳squeeze：挤进，握紧；夹紧rotating disc：旋转制动盘Drum brake：鼓式制动器gasoline-burning piston engine：活塞式汽油发动机Diesel-fuel burning engines：柴油发动机Fuel system：供给系统exhaust system：排气系统Cooling system：冷却系统lubrication system：润滑系统ignition system：点火系统electric spark：电火花air-fuel mixture：可燃混合气cylinder：汽缸ignition switch：点火开关current：电流storage battery：蓄电池ignition coil：点火线圈Distributor：分电器spark plug：火花塞compression ignition engines：压燃式发动机charging circuit：充电电路regulator：电压调节器alternator (or generator)：发电机mechanical energy：机械能electrical energy：电能maximum voltage：最大电压fuel system：燃料供给系统fuel pump：燃油泵Filter：滤清器carburetor：化油器fuel injection system：燃油喷射系统combustible mixture：可燃混合气manifold：进气管exhaust system：排气系统carbon monoxide：一氧化碳hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物）oxides of nitrogen：氮氧化合物emission control system：排放控制系统cooling system：冷却系统combustion chamber：燃烧室coolant：冷却液Radiator：散热器water pump：水泵hollow：空的、空洞的block：汽缸体head：汽缸盖Defroster：（除冰(或霜)装置）Lubrication system润滑系统lubricant：润滑剂piston rings：活塞环cylinder walls：汽缸壁oil filter：机油滤清器Transmission：变速器wheel bearings：车轮轴承differential：差速器steering linkage：转向链接机构power train：传动系统transmission：变速器shift lever：变速杆clutch：离合器Transmission：变速器torque：转矩Differential：差速器drive /propeller shaft：传动轴universal joints：万向节axle movement：轴向运动flexible universal joints：活动万向节Differential：差速器UNIT 2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEinternal combustion engine：内燃机liquefied petroleum gas（LPG）：液化石油气Compressed natural gas(CNG)：压缩天然气drive shaft：驱动轴rear-wheel-drive arrangement：后轮驱动布置形式front-wheel-drive arrangement：前轮驱动布置形式drive wheels：驱动轮mid-engine arrangement：发动机中置Pistons：活塞reciprocate：往复spark ignition engine：火花点燃式发动机compression ignition(CI) engine：压燃式发动机electric ignition system：电子点火系统spark plug：火花塞ignite：点燃cylinders：气缸combustion：燃烧compression-ignition engine：压燃式发动机diesel engine：柴油机Spray：喷入heavy-duty trucks：重型货车spark-ignition engine：火花点燃式发动机fuel system：燃料供给系统ignition system：点火系统lubricating system：润滑系统cooling system：冷却系统fuel system：燃料供给系统combustible mixture：可燃混合物air/fuel mixture：空气燃料混合气ignition system：点火系统spark plug：火花塞air/fuel mixture：可燃混合气lubricating oil：润滑油lubricating system：润滑系统oil pump：机油泵reservoir：贮存器; 油箱exhaust gas：排气cooling system：冷却系统exhaust system：排气系统emission-control system：排放控制系统starting system：启动系统Crank：转动曲柄starting motor：启动马达internal combustion engine：内燃机chemical energy：化学能heat energy：热能mechanical energy：机械能air/fuel ratio：空燃比Diesel engines：柴油机intake：进气connecting rod：连杆crankshaft：曲轴reciprocating movement/back and forth movement/up and down movement（往复运动）rotary motion/ turning motion：（旋转运动）crankshaft：曲轴Efficiency：效率potential energy：潜能mechanical energy：机械能overall efficiency：总效率compression ratio：压缩比air/fuel ratio：空燃比uppermost position/(TDC, top dead center：上止点lowest position/BDC, bottom dead center：下止点stroke：行程four stroke-cycle Gasoline Engine：intake stroke：进气行程compression stroke：压缩行程power stroke：作功行程exhaust stroke：排气行程revolution：转、圈connecting rod：连杆intake valve：进气门camshaft：凸轮轴pressure difference：压力差air/fuel mixture：空气/燃料混合气compression ratio：压缩比TDC：上止点exhaust valve：排气门exhaust gases：废气starter motor：启动马达ignition key：点火钥匙start position：启动位置Flywheel：飞轮UNIT 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM （汽车润滑系统）3.1 Lubrication Principles 润滑原理Friction：摩擦primary job：基本任务Residual oil：残留的机油Lubricant：滑润剂hydrodynamic：液力的oil adhesion：机油粘度sliding friction：滑动摩擦Pressure-Lubrication System压力润滑系统oil pan：油底壳block：汽缸体oil pump：油泵drain plug：放油螺塞oil-pan gasket：油底壳垫圈Passageway：油道oil filter：机油滤清器Crankcase：曲轴箱tube：管filter screen：滤网gear-type：齿轮泵rotor-type：转子泵full-flow filtering system：全流式滤清器pressure-relief valve：安全阀bypass valve：旁通阀camshaft（凸轮轴）main bearing：主轴承camshaft bearing：凸轮轴轴承Foam inhibitor：泡沫抑制剂UNIT 4 THE COOLING SYSTEM（冷却系统）exhaust system：排气系统cylinder wall：汽缸壁piston：活塞cylinder head：汽缸盖oil film：油膜fuel mileage：燃油经济性exhaust emissions：废气排放liquid cooling：水冷air cooling：风冷water jacket：水套thermostat：节温器water pump：水泵radiator：散热器radiator cap：散热器盖cooling fan：冷却风扇hoses：软管expansion tank：膨胀水箱overflow tank：溢流水箱4.1 Water Pump（水泵）centrifugal pump：离心泵centrifugal force：离心力4.2 Water Jacket（水套）hot spot：热点valve seat：气门座valve guide：气门导管cylinder wall：汽缸壁combustion chamber：燃烧室4.3 Radiator（散热器）heat exchanger：热交换器4.4 Pressure Cap（散热器盖）boiling point：沸点pressure release valve：减压阀, 安全阀overflow tube：溢流管overflow tank：溢流箱4.5 Thermostat（节温器）4.6 Fancooling fan：冷却风扇constant temperature：常温thermostatic switch：温控开关UNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMFuel injection system：燃油喷射系统purely mechanical：纯机械的electronic fuel injection system：电子燃油喷射系统feedback control：反馈控制emission：排放solenoid valve：电磁阀injector：喷油器best power：最佳动力性best emission：最佳排放性best economy：最佳经济性rich condition：浓（混合气）工况lean condition：稀（混合气）工况5.3 Fuel System（燃油系统）fuel rail：油轨regulator：压力调节器return line：回油管fuel manifold：燃油歧管intake manifold：进气歧管5.4 Air Metering and Measurement 空气计量butterfly valve：传统碟形阀throttle body assembly：节气门体总成Mass Airflow：质量流量Speed Density：速度密度spring loaded flap：翼片potentiometer：电位计heated wire：加热电阻丝voltage signal：电压信号5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 input大多数EFI系统检测6个基本输入（信号）RPM(转速)ignition coil：点火线圈magnetic sensor：磁脉冲传感器Hall effect sensor：霍尔效应传感器Manifold Pressure (进气歧管压力)Throttle Position （节气门位置）Water Temperatureinjector pulse width：喷油器脉冲宽度Air Temperature5.6 Oxygen Sensor（氧传感器）closed loop systems：闭环系统oxygen content：氧含量air/fuel ratio：空燃比open loop mode：开环模式UNIT 6 EXHAUST SYSTEMexhaust system：排气系统Exhaust gas：废气combustion chamber：燃烧室muffler：消声器catalytic converter：催化转换器6.2 The Muffler(消声器)backpressure：背压exhaust valve：排气门6.3 The Exhaust Manifold and Headerexhaust manifold：排气歧管cylinder head：气缸盖intake manifold：进气歧管UNIT 7 THE IGNITION SYSTEM(点火系统) breaker point type ignition system：触点型点火系统electronic ignition system：电子点火系统distributorless ignition system：无分电器点火系统）timing of the spark plug firing：火花塞点火次序spark plug gap：火花塞间隙7.1 Point-Type Ignition System（触点型点火系统）electrical circuit：电路primary circuit：初级回路secondary circuit：次级回路breaker point：触点ignition switch：点火开关secondary winding：次级线圈high-tension lead：高压导线distributor：分电器coil：点火线圈distributor cap：分电器盖distributor rotor：分火头controlling element：控制元件primary current：初级电流Distributor：配电器7.2 Electronic Ignition Systems（电子点火系统）electronic control module：电子控制模块7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS) （无分电器点火系统）spark timing：点火正时Ignition Control Unit (ICU)：点火控制单元Engine Control Unit (ECU)：发动机控制单元firing order：点火顺序Top Dead Center (TDC)：上止点UNIT 8 CLUTCHdrive line/drive train：传动系统Clutch：离合器transmission：变速器drive shaft：传动轴final drive assembly：主减速器总成clutch disc：离合器片pressure plate：压盘pressure plate cover：离合器盖friction mechanism：摩擦机构engine torque：发动机扭矩gear ratio：传动比clutch pedal：离合器踏板driven member：从动件transmission input shaft：变速器输入轴driving members：主动件crankshaft：曲轴torsional shock：扭转振动starter motor：启动马达splined hub：花键毂spline：花键diaphragm spring：膜片弹簧centrifugal force：离心力release bearing：分离轴承disengagement mechanism：分离机构hydraulic system：液压系统hydraulic mechanism：液压机构clutch master cylinder：离合器主缸hydraulic fluid：制动液clutch release cylinder：离合器分离缸UNIT 9 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION（自动变速器）fluid coupling（液力偶合器）torque converter（变矩器rear wheel drive（后轮驱动）front wheel drive（前轮驱动）.drive shaft（驱动轴）final drive（主减速器）rear axle（后轴）rear wheels（后轮）transaxle（驱动桥）Front axles（前桥）planetary gear sets（行星齿轮组）9.1hydraulic system（液力系统）9.2Planetary gear sets（行星齿轮组）sun gear（太阳轮）ring gear（齿圈）planet gears（行星轮）constant mesh（常啮合common carrier（行星架）input shaft（输入轴）output shaft（输出轴）9.2 Clutch pack（离合器组）clutch drum（离合器鼓）friction material(摩擦材料)9.3 One-Way Clutch（单向离合器）"sprag" clutch（超越离合器）neutral（空挡）9.4 Bands（制动带）9.5 Torque Converter（液力变矩器）（见阅读材料）Torque Converter（液力变矩器）manual transmission：自动变速器automatic transmission：自动变速器brake pedal：制动踏板gas pedal：加速踏板1. Pump（泵轮）.2. Turbine（涡轮）.3. Stator（导轮）.4. Transmission fluid（传动液）. Freewheel：自由轮lockup clutch：锁止离合器UNIT 10 THE DIFFERENTIAL（差速器）unlimited-slip, differential：不防滑差速器10.1 The Main Gears(主减速器)bevel gear：锥齿轮axle shaft：半轴final drive assembly：主减速器总成gear reduction：减速drive wheel：驱动轮drive shaft：传动轴spiral bevel gear：螺旋锥齿轮center line（centerline）：中心线10.2 The Differential System(差速系统) axle shaft：半轴side gear：半轴齿轮UNIT 11 BRAKE SYSTEM（制动系统）kinetic energy：惯性能量momentum：动量thermal energy (heat)：热能master cylinder：主缸brake pedal：制动踏板mechanical pressure：机械压力hydraulic pressure：液体压力brake line：制动管brake hose：制动软管slave cylinder：轮缸Brake fluid：制动液Shoe：制动蹄pad：制动块drums：制动鼓rotor：制动盘disk brake：盘式制动器drum brakes：鼓式制动器caliper：制动嵌brake shoe：制动蹄friction lining：摩擦衬片friction surface：摩擦表面emergency brake：紧急制动Power brake booster：动力制动助力器master cylinder：制动主缸brake pedal：制动踏板hydraulic actuator：液压传动机构wheel speed sensor：车轮速度传感器UNIT 14 ABS AND TCS14.1 Braking System Fundamentals, master cylinder：主缸wheel cylinders：轮缸caliper pistons：制动钳活塞rolling energy：旋转能量14.2 Antilock Braking Systems(防抱死制动系统)retarding force：制动力percent slip滑移率braking effectiveness：制动效能wheel speed sensors (WSS)：车轮速度传感器。
环境工程专业英语第二版重点课文翻译及复习
life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer 有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe 衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking 稀释—dilution添加剂—additive 合成塑料—synthetic plastic 再生—regenerationUnit 4Precision and accuracy 精确度和准确度bulk collection 大量的搜集matric material 基体材料ananlytical sequence 分析结果Multivariate statistics 多变量的统计interactive effect 相互间的影响insofar 在...的范围overall analytical scheme 整体分析计划灵敏度sensitivity 采样sample collection 真实时间real time样品欲处理pretreatment of the sample 稳定性stability曲线拟合curve-fitting 吸附adsorb adsorption 累积accumulate accumulation 分析评价analytical evaluation 物理分离physical separation因次图dimension graph 标准方差standard varianceUnit 5primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO) nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot 煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素determining factor 光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion含硫的sulfur-containing 风化wind erosion / weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fabric 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing 压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator 气体离子gas ion捕集板collection surface 碳黑carbon black尾气off-gas 可应用性applicability 工业规模full-scale 土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter 固定资本fixed capital 易生物降解的easily biodegraded VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物Unit 10treatment facilities 处理设备municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水per capita per day 每人每天runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类Unit 12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期Unit 13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化minimize the effects微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter 水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 1 环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。
英语专八复习资料
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Unit7单元知识点归纳人教版八年级英语上册
人教版英语八年级上册第七单元语法与知识点归纳（跟随课本）Unit 7 Will people have robots ?一、短语突破：1、there will be将会有2、in people's homes在人们的家里3、study at home on computers在家里的电脑上学习4、be free免费5、free time空余时间6、more pollution更多的污染7、use the subway使用地铁8、be like 像9、be in great danger处于极大危险中10、move to+地点名词搬到某地11、leave on the earth住在地球上12、plant trees种树13、play a part in…在某方面起作用14、save the earth 拯救地球15、In 100 years 100年以后16、use money用钱17、World peace世界和平18、hope so希望如此19、in the future在未来20、fresh water淡水21、in the cities在城里22、the same as…与什么一样23、in the country在农村24、see sth.看见某物25、spend time together 花时间在一起26、space station太空站27、live in an apartment住在一个公寓28、across from…在…对面29、near here在这附近30、fly rockets to the moon乘火箭到月球31、in movies在影片中32、one’s own某人自己的33、help with the housework帮忙做家务34、dangerous places危险的地方35、help sb.( to做某事36、over and over again一次又一次37、get bored感到厌烦38、try to do sth. 尽力做某事39、look like看起来像40、for example例如41、be able to能够42、wake up醒来43、disagree with sb. 不同意某人44、in 25 to 50 years 在25到50年以后45、hundreds of years数百年46、many different shapes 许多不同的形状47、fall down 倒下48、look for寻找49、under the buildings在建筑物的下面50、a newspaper reporter一个新闻者51、live in+地点名词在某地居住52、in that city在那个城市53、as a reporter作为一名记者54、have a pet 养宠物55、keep a bird养一只鸟儿56、During the week在一个周期间57、wear smart clothes穿舒适的衣服58、on the weekend在周末=on weekends 59、take a holiday去度假60、one day有一天61、free time activities空余时间活动62、in the neighborhood在附近地区63、the meaning of……的意思64、no one knows没有人知道65、fly up into the sky飞向天空66、study harder学习更努力67、both… and…两者都68、be scared害怕二、容易混淆的知识点、短语等突破。
专业英语八级复习资料
八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。
英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。
接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。
美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。
英语函电复习资料
第二题：选词填空：四单元：1. This is to introduce ourselves as one of the leading exporters (n.出口商)of garments (n. [服装] 服装)in China.2. We take the liberty of (冒昧的；擅自)introducing ourselves.3. Through the courtesy of (承蒙介绍)Mr. Hughs, we have your name as a firm (作为一个公司)who is interested in our tapes.(n. 录音带)4. We have seen your advertisement in the Textile Journal(纺织品杂志)and should be glad you would send us by return patterns (n. 模式)and prices of good and medium (中等的)quality cotton available from stock.(仓库中有现货)5. Several of my customers have recently expressed interest in your waterproof (仓库中有现货)garments (外衣服装)and enquired about their quality. We should be glad if you could send us samples and quotations.(样品和报价)6. In reply to (为答复…)your letter of 8 July, we are sending you separately (分别地；分离地)ourillustrated catalogue (图解目录)and latest price list (最新价目表)for Chinese sundry (n. 杂货)goods.7. As for the samples(至于样本), we shall be pleased to send you on request.(n. 请求；需要)8. Your early reply would be appreciated.(vt. 欣赏；感激)9. We enclose (围绕；装入)a price list (价目表)for our export items.10. We shall ship the goods upon receipt of your L/C. 五单元：1. Please let us know if you can supply us with 200 cases (箱)of Luncheon Meat (午餐肉)for prompt shipment.(即期装船)2. We have sent an enquiry (询盘)to your Shanghai Branch (上海分行)for the supply of 10 metric tons of Frozen Rabbit Meat.(冻兔肉)3. We are interested in the captioned (adj. 标题下的)goods, and shall be obliged (感激的)if you will send us quotations (报价价目)on C.I.F. Liverpool basis, including 3% commission (佣金)for us.4. When airmailing (n. 航空邮件)the samples(n. 样品), please indicate (vt. 表明；指出)the reference number (参考号)of this letter on the package.5. We require the goods to be packed in gunny bags (n. 麻布袋)of about 50 kilos net each.6. If the following items are available in your current stock(当前库存), please quote （报价）your lowest price with full details （详细细节）of specifications （n. 规格）and origin.（起源；来源）7. We wish to refer to our quotation （报价单）Sheet No.kv234 dated March 14 for walnutmeat .(胡桃肉) 8. Your early reply will enable (vt. 使能够)us to arrange (vi. 安排)supply from stock.9. We hope to conclude the business (成交)to our mutual benefit.(互惠互利)10. We assure you of our readiness (准备就绪；愿意)toserve you in this and all future business.七单元：1. Your price is found to be on the high side.(偏高)2. We shall try our best to satisfy (令人满意)your requirements.3. Please keep our posted of the demand and supply position (供货情况)on your market.4. I’m glad we’ve come to business(成交) on price.5. There is no possibility (可能性)of doing businessat this price.6. If your order is large enough, we be ready to reduce our price by 2 percent.7. I understand some countries are actually lowering their prices.8. We cannot see our way clear to accept your proposal(n. 提议，建议) for May shipment.9. Considering the quality, I should say the price is reasonable. (合理的)10. No doubt yours is of a high quality(高质量), but still, there is keen competition (剧烈竞争)in the market.九单元：1. We assure (vt. 保证；担保)you that due care (应有关注)will be given to the packing of these goods.2. We enclose our Sales Confirmation (附上我方销售确认书)No. km-9432 in duplicate(一式两份), one copy of which is to be completed (adj. 完整的；完全的)with your signature (签名署名)and returned to us for our records.3. Since our prices are quoted （报价）on the basis of C&FC3%, it is understood that insurance has to be effected by yourselves. But we shall be glad to effectinsurance for your account （您的帐号）at your request.（n.请求；需要）4. Please note that our packing has been greatly improved with the result that our recent shipments have turned out to the satisfaction （n.满意，满足）of our clients.（n.顾客）5. We are glad to attach hereto （附去）our Proforma Invoice （形式发票）No. PI- 9435 in duplicate（n. 副本；复制品） for your application （n. 应用；申请）for an import license（[贸易] 进口许可证）.6. Although your counter-offer（还盘）is below the current（当前的） market level（n. 水平；标准）, we exceptionally（例外地特别地） accept your order, with a view to（为了目的在于） encouraging （v. 鼓励，支持）business.7. As there is an upward（向上的；上升的） tendency （n. 倾向，趋势） in the price of dried chillis（干辣椒辣椒干）, we hope that you will place an order with （订购）us as soon as possible.8. With reference to （关于）our Proforma Invoice （形式发票）No. 9456 covering 1 000 pcs. “Diamond” brand （n. 商标，牌子）Electric Desk （电动办公桌）Fans, we have not received any news from you so far(到目前为止).9. We are confident that your efforts (n. 努力)will result in fruitful (富有成效的；多产的) business.10. The manager himself will attend to (注意；照料)this matter (物质事情)and have a talk with a view(n. 观察；视野) to settling it amicably.(友好地解决它)11. We look forward to receiving (n. 接受)your faxorder (传真订单)at an early date.(早期)12. We hope that you will take good note of (好好注意的)the design (n. 设计；图案)of your canned meat (肉罐头)containers(n. 容器；集装箱), lest (唯恐，以免)they should not be accepted by the consumers at our end.(在我方)1. The packages should be marked with (标有)the lot number (批号的)as given in the order sheet.2. The goods must be packed in 5-ply (5层)strong paper bags as stipulated (规定的)in the contract.3. We agree to packing in cartons(纸箱), provided (倘若假如)the flaps are glued down (盒盖能粘牢)and thecartons secured by metal bands.(纸箱用金属带绑)4. Please make the shipment as soon as our L/C is on hand.（信用证一到手就请立即装运）5. We assure you of our close cooperation.（我们保证与你方通力合作）6. Normally, they have three types of packing（通常,他们有三种类型的包装）: skin packing, hanging packing, and blister packing.（薄膜包装。
环境工程专业英语复习总结
汉译英&英译汉（Note Book）Unit1life expectancy(预期寿命) poverty-stricken(极其贫困，贫困不堪的) smog-laden air(充满烟雾的空气) 补：panic-stricken（极其恐慌的）global conditions(全球状况) haves and have-nots(富人和穷人) underprivileged（贫困的，社会地位低下的）savanna（热带草原，热带的稀树大草原）predator（捕食者，食肉动物）environmental disruptions（环境破坏）Unit5primary pollutant 一次污染物secondary pollutant 二次污染物air stagnation 空气停滞nitrous oxide 氧化亚氮nitric oxide 一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮soot 烟尘dust 粉尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 除虫剂Unit10treatment facilities: 处理设备，净化结构municipality: 市政当局，自治市population equivalent: 人口当量basement flooding: 地下室浸水per capital per day: 每人每天runoff: 排水，径流，溢出domestic sewage: 生活污水the type of terrain: 地形种类Unit12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 类大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 现实出路aquatic life 水生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源生长期Unit13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线监测Unit14biological degradation 生物降解equalization basin（pond）均质池（塘）aeration basin（tank）曝气池（槽）sludge flocs 污泥絮凝体settling tank 沉降槽dissolved oxygen 溶解氧biofilm 生物膜suspended-growth 悬浮生长Unit21well-compacted landfill 夯实良好的填埋场pulverized refuse 磨（研）碎的垃圾fluidized bed incineration 流化床焚烧wet oxidation 湿式氧化anaerobic digestion 厌氧硝化/过程nutrient source 营养源soil conditioners 土壤改良剂mass-burning 大量燃烧municipal waste 城市垃圾Unit26action 行为biogeophysical environment 地球环境surperficial analyses 肤浅（表面）分析an identification of human concerns 个人的担忧remedial action 补救行动，纠正措施relevant physical and biological factors 有关物质因素和生物因素 a spatial 无空间的frame of reference 参照系（标准）Unit 1农药（pesticide）化肥（chemical fertilizer）有机废物（organic wastes）微生物（organism）衰减（reduction）阻滞的（retardant）稀释（dilute）添加剂（additives）合成塑料（synthetic plastic）再生（regeneration/recovery）Unit 5正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的heavily polluted决定因素determing factors 光化学氧化物photochemical oxide 液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidation 含硫的sulfuric（sulfur content）风化weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fibre 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing（washing）压力降pressure drop焚化炉inciner furnace 气体离子gas ions捕集板collection board 炭黑carbon-blackUnit 9肺囊lung pocket （lung-sac）氟中毒fluorosis 煤烟soot呼吸系统respiratory system 过滤filter 吸附adsorb浓度concentration 硫化氢hydrogen sulfide 硫化铅lead sulfide Unit 13手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化the most optimization微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 25温度每升高10℃every rise in temperature of 10℃内部调节机制internal regulatory mechanisms一百万千瓦one-million-kilowatt 热血动物warm-blooded animals 神经系统nervous system 食物链food chain非哺乳动物non-mammalian 冷却系统cooling system热力学第二定律the Second Law of ThermodynamicsUnit 26地理环境geographic environment影响评价方法methodologies for impact assessment替代方案的研究study of alternatives有关环境质量的各组分相对值the relative worth of various components of environmental quality 环境质量标准criteria for environmental quality模型技术modeling techniques基础数据the data baseUnit71.The spiral motion produces the centrifugal forces that cause the particulate matter to move toward the periphery of the vessel and collect on the walls and fall to the bottom of the vessel.旋转运动产生的离心力使颗粒物移向锥体的外围然后沿外壁落入容器的底部（灰斗）。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane —— now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology – technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words – are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky 第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph——A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root —— A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语复习资料
电气工程及其自动化专业英语复习资料————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：1.目前，煤仍然是凝汽式电厂最长用的能源。
At present coal is the most common food of a steam power plant.2.为防止人畜触电，高压电一般采用架空线输送。
High voltage current is usually carried by overhead wire system so as to prevent living things being electrocuted.3.这座由电子计算机控制的核电站将向全市供电。
This nuclear power plant which is computer-controlled will serve the entire city.4.电学与电子学实际上是唯一难以分开的，二者相互渗透，相互联系。
Electricity and electronics are really indivisible, each forming part of the other.5.元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。
The major contributors in component technology have been in the sosemiconductor components.6.电压，电流和电阻这三个因素是相互关联的。
The factors, voltage, current and resistance , are related to each other .7.电动机与发电机就是以磁和电这二者之间的关系为基础的Based upon the relationship between magnetism and electricity are motors and generators8，随着电气工程学的发展，电力能被输送到非常遥远的地方去。
英语专业语言学复习资料.doc
1Arbitrariness: Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the f act that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. For example, f or the same animal dog, in English we call it /d0g/, inCh inese as “gou”, but “yilu” in Japanese.2Duality:To human language, the way meaningless elements of language at one level (sounds and letters) combine to f orm meaningf ul units (words) at anotherlevel.3A descriptive linguisticsattempts to tell what is in the language, it attempts to describe the regular structures of the language as they are used, not according to some view of how they should be used. While the prescriptive linguistics tells people what should be in the language and tries to lay down rules to tell people how to use a language. Most modern linguistics is descriptive, whereas traditional grammars are prescriptive.4Immediate constituent analysis: The approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents is called immediate constituent analysis. IC analysis is a hierarchical analysis showing the dif ferent constituents at dif ferent structural levels based on the distribution of linguistic f orms. The best way to show IC structure is to use a tree diagram. The f irst divisions or cuts are known as the immediate constituents(ICs), and the f inal cuts as the ultimate constituents(UCs).5Assimilation:Sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds belonging to neighboring words or syllables. As the f ollowing sounds bring about the change, this process is called regressive assimilation.e.g. a vowel becomes [+nasal] when f ollowed by a [+nasal] consonant.6Phonetics: The study of linguistic speech sounds that occur in all human languages , how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties, is called phonetics. The task of phonetics is to identif y what are speech sounds in a language, and then to study their characteristics. It includes three main areas: articul atory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics.7 Phonology: It is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. It is based on a theory of what every speaker of a language unconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. 8 Allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.9Recursiveness：It refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any def inite limit. The rules introducing prepositional phrases also introduce the important concept of recursion.10 Stress: The prominence given to certain sounds in speech. When a word has more than one syllables, one of them will be pronounced with more prominence than others. This brings us to another speech sound phenomenon, that of stress. When a word belongs to dif ferent word classes, the stress of the word will be sometimes placed on diff erent syllables. When all the words above are stressed on thefirst syllables, they are nouns, but if they have the second syllables stressed, the words become verb s. Stress may also have af unction at the sentence level. In this case, the phonetic f orm of word stress may be show which part of sentence is in f ocus.11Morphology: is thus the study of the internal structure, f orms and classes of words, intended structure relevant rule f or word f ormation.12Allomorph: An allomorph is a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme. Allophones are in complementary distribution, allomorphs are also in complementary distribution, that is to say, they cannot occur in the same environment. e.g. -s, -es, and -en are all allomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.13Derivation: the f ormation of new words by adding aff ixes to other words or morphemes in morphology and word f ormation.14Acronym: words which are composed of the first letter of a series of words and are pronounced as single words. Exmples: NATO, radar and yuppy.15blending: A single new word can be f ormed by combining two separate f orms. Typically, blending is finished by taking only the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of another word. For example, brunch is f ormed by the shortened f orms of breakfast and lunch.16Compounding:is the f ormation of new words by joining two or more stems. We have three types of compounds: 1, noun compounds:noun+noun: armchair, rainbow; 2, verb compounds: verb+verb: to sleep-walk; 3, adjective compounds: verb+adjectives: stir-crazy17Root: Some morphemes like car, talk, f riend and tour can stand alone as words. Such morphemes are called f ree morphem es. A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. remains when all aff ixes are stripped from a complex word, e.g. system f rom un- + system + atic + ally. 18Minimal pairs and sets: The phonologist is concerned with what differences are signif icant, or technically speaking, distinctive. A distinctive diff erence is one that brings about the change of meaning. In order to determine which are distinctive sounds, the customary practice is to set up minimal pairs-pairs of words which differ from each other only by one sound.19Stem: A “stem” is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an aff ix can be added. It may be the same as , and in other cases, dif ferent from, a root. For example, in the w ord “f riends” , “f riend” is both the root and the stem, but in the word “f riendships”, “f riendships” is its stem, “f riend” is its root. Some words (i. e., compounds ) have more than one root ,e.g., “mailman” , “girlf riend” ,ect.20Suffix: Af f ixes can be joined to the end of the root or stem, in which case they are called suff ixes.An “affix” is the collective term f or the type of f ormative that can be used, only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem). Aff ixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classif i ed into three subtypes: pref ix, suff ix and inf ix, e. g. , “mini-”, “un-”, ect.(pref ix); “-ise”, “-tion”, ect.(suff ix).21Syntax: the term used to ref er to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence structure.22IC analysis: the approach to divide the sentence up into its immediate constituents byusing binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate constituents. 23Semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.24Sense: the inherent part of an expression’s meaning, to gether with the context, determines its ref erent. 25Reference: (in semantics) the relationship between words and \ the things, actions, events and qualities they stand f or. An example in English is the relationship between the word tree and the object “tree” (ref erent) in the real world.26Seven types of meaning: Conceptual meaning; thematic meaning ; connotative meaning; social meaning; affective meaning；ref l ective meaning; collocative meaning;后5种称associ ative meaning27Lexical gap: the absence of a word in a particular place in a semantic field of a language. For instance, in English we have brother versus sister, son versus daughter, but no separate lexemes f or “male” and“f emale” cousin.28Pragmati cs: can be def ined as the study of languages in use. It deals with how speakers use languages in ways which cannot be predicted f rom linguistic knowledge alone, and how hearers arrive at the intended meaning of speakers. In a broad sense, pragmatics studies the principles observed by human beings when communicate with each other. We can roughly say that pragmatics takes care of meaning that is not covered by semantics. So people use the f ormula as itsdef inition:PRAGMATICS=MEANING-SEMANTICS. 29Anaphora: a process where a word or phrase (anaphor) refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation.30Cohesion: the grammatical and/or lexical relationships between the different elem ents of a text. This may be the relationship between di ff erent sentences or different parts of a sentence.31Coherence: the relationship that links the meanings of utterances in a discourse or of the sentences in a text.32Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, e.g. f or some English speakers “cabbage” (rather than, say, “carrot”) might be the prototypical vegetable. 33 Prototype theory: a theory of human categorization that was posited by Eleanor Rosch. Following this theory, natural categories are organized according to prototypes which are considered as the most typical or representative of the category. A robin or sparrow is regarded as a prototype of the category of “bird”. People decide whether an entity belongs to a category by comparing that entity with a prototype.34iconicity: a feature of a language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker. Caesar’s historic words “Veni, vidi, vici (I ca me, I saw, I conquered)” is a good case to prove the iconicity of order(the similarity between temporal events and the linear arrangement of elements in a linguistic construction). Iconicity of distance a ccounts f or the fact that things which belong together conceptually tend to be put together linguistically, and things that do not belong together are put at a distance. This entails that conceptual distance corresponds to linguistic distance not merely physical distance. eg: a, I killed the chicken. b, I caused the chicken to die. Iconicity of complexity: The phenomenon that linguistic complexity ref lects conceptual complexity is usually called iconicity of complexity.35Reflective meaning: is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word f orms part of our response to another sense. Ref lective meaning is the product of people’s recognition and imagination.36Ambiguity: It refers to the phenomenon that an expression has more than one meaning. Two diff erent types of ambiguity can be distinguished on the basis of what is causing it: lexical ambiguity (more than one word meaning) and structural ambiguity (more than one synt actic structure) 37The diacritics: are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in theirpronunciation38Complementary distribution: [p.pH] are two different phones and are varivants of the phoneme /p/such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution, because they never occur in the same context. [p] occurred af ter [s] while [ph] occurs in other places.39syllable: A unit in speech which isof t en longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word.41 the difference between derivational affix and inflectional affix (1)Inf lectional aff ixes very of t en add a minute or delicate grammatical meaning to the stem. E.g. toys, walks, John’s, etc. In contrast, derivational aff ixes of ten change the lexical meaning.E.g. cite, citation, etc.(2)Inf lectional aff ixes don’t change the word class of the word they attach to, such as flower, flowers, whereas derivational aff ixes might or might not, such as the relation between small and smallness f or the f ormer, and that between brother and brotherhood f or the latter. (3)In English, inf lectionalaff ixes are mostly suffixes, which are always wordf inal. E.g. drums, walks, etc. But derivational aff ixes can be prefixes or suffixes. E.g. depart, teacher, etc.定义：Derivational morphemes which are used to make new words in the language and are of ten used to make words of a di ff erent grammatical category from the stem Inflectional morphemes, which are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical f unction of a word.。
新冀教版 八年级英语 上册 第七单元 Unit7 知识点总结 复习资料资料
冀教版八年级英语上册Unit7一、短语1.in one ’s free time/spare time 在某人空闲时间2.add...to... 把...添加到...3.trade sth with sb 与某人交换某物4.ask sb to do sth 要求某人做某事Ask sb not to do sth 要求某人别做某事 5.be interested in sth 对某事感兴趣 6.look for 寻找（强调过程） Find 找到（强调结果） 7.watch movies 看电影 8.surf the Internet 上网9.not only...but also 不但...而且... 10.build one ’s confidence 树立自信 Have confidence in... 对...有信心 11.take up 开始从事；占据 13.too...to... 太..而不能... 14. feel proud of...Be proud of...15.one of ＋形容词最高级＋名词复数 ...之一16.need to do 需要做某事二、句型17.be made of... 由...制成（能看出原料）Be made from 由...制成（不能看出原料） 18.on weekends 在周末19.the best-built rocket 制作最好的火箭 20.up and down 上上下下 21.be full of... Be filled with...22.clap for sb 为某人鼓掌 23.parking lot 停车场24.put...on its side 把...沿侧面放 25.take...out of... 把...从...拿出 26.know/learn about 了解/知道 27.take part in 参加活动Join in the club 加入俱乐部 28.take care ofLook after29.so many ＋可数名词 So much ＋不可数名词以...感到自豪 装满/充满 照顾/照料。
化工专业英语复习资料
Lesson 1Chemical Engineering1、What is chemical engineering and its content?The Institution of Chemical Engineers defines chemical engineering as “that branch of engineering which is concerned with processes in which materials undergo a required change in composition, energy content or physical state: with the means of processing; with the resulting products, and with their application to useful ends”.2、What concept is the landmark in the development of chemical engineering?Unit operations3、What are the basic laws of chemical engineering science?The principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics.The laws of physical chemical and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations. Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamics consideration, are particularly important. Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling.4、Name the functions and branches of chemical engineering you know.Chemical Engineering Functions: The design and development of both processes and plant items.Branches of Chemical Engineering: Plastics, polymers, synthetic fibers, dyeing, pulp and paper manufactures, pharmaceutical industry, and separation of rare metals.Lesson 2 Chemical Equilibrium and Kinetics1、Which factors influence the reaction rates?a)Temperatureb)concentrations of reactants (or partial pressure of gaseous reactants)c)presence of a catalyst.2、How to determine the reaction equilibrium constants?For a reversible reaction：aA + bB = cC +dDthe equilibrium constant expression is written as follows:K = C c D d / A a B bLesson 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics1、What are the applications of chemical thermodynamics?There is two major applications of thermodynamics:( i ) The calculation of heat and work effect associated with processes as well as the calculation of the maximum work obtainable from a process or the minimum work required to drive a process.( ii ) The establishment of relationship among the variables describing systems at equilibrium.Lesson 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering1、Homogeneous Reactions vs. Heterogeneous ReactionsHomogeneous reactions are those in which the reactants, products, and any catalyst used form one continuous phase; gaseous and liquid.Heterogeneous reactions are those in which two or more phases exist, and the overriding problem in the reactor design is to promote mass transfer between the phases. The possible combinations of phase are:( i ) Liquid-liquid ( ii ) Liquid-solid ( iii ) Liquid-solid-gas( iv ) Gas-solid ( v ) Gas-liquid2、Reactor Geometry(type)Stirred Tank ReactorsTubular ReactorsPacked Bed ReactorsFluidized Bed ReactorsLesson 5 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1、What are the mechanisms of chlor-alkali process?The reaction are based on the idea of using electrons as a reagent in chemical reactions. The basic reactions of brine electrolysis can be written as follows:Anode 2Cl- - 2e-—> Cl2Cathode 2H2O + 2e-—> H2 + 2OH-The overall reaction is: 2Na+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O —> NaOH + Cl2 + H2Lesson 7 Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer1、In some cases, momentum , heat and mass transfer all occurs simultaneously, explain with examples.In a water-cooling tower, where transfer of sensible heat (heat transfer) and evaporation (mass transfer) both take place from the surface of the water droplets. Momentum transfer take place between the water droplets and air.2、What will happen for two adjacent layers of fluid with different moving velocities?There will be a tendency for the faster moving layer to be retarded and the slower moving layer to be accelerated by virtue of the continuous passage of molecules in each direction. There will be a net transfer of momentum from the fast to the slow moving stream.Lesson 10 Gas Absorption1、There are three ways in which a large contact area can be established:1. The liquid is brought in contact with the gas in the form of thin films ( film scrubbers).2. The liquid is dispersed in the gas in the form of minute drops (spray scrubbers).3. The gas is dispersed in the liquid in the form of small bubbles (bubble scrubbers). All apparatus applied in gas absorption practice is based on one of these three principles or on a combination of them.Lesson 13 Filtration1、Which factors should be considered in the operation of filtration?a)The properties of the liquid , particularly its viscosity, density and corrosive properties.b)The nature of the solid - its particle size and shape, size distribution, and packing characteristics.c)The concentration of solids in suspension.d)The quality of material to be handled, and its value.e)Whether the valuable product is the solid, the fluid, or both.f)Whether it is necessary to wash the filtered solids.g)Whether very slight contamination caused by contact of the suspension or filtrate with the various components of the equipment is detrimental to the product.h)Whether the feed liquor may be heated.i)Whether any form of pretreatment would be helpful.2、Which factors will have a close relation with the rate of filtration?a) The drop in pressure from the feed to the far side of the filter medium.b) The area of the filtering surface.c) The viscosity of the filtrate,d) The resistance of the filter cake.e) The resistance of the filter medium and initial layers of cake.Lesson 15 Computer-Assisted Design of New Process1、Design for new processed proceed through at least three stagesConceptual Design: the generation of ideas for new processes (processed synthesis) and their translation into an initial design. This stage includes preliminary cost estimates to asses the potential profitability of the process, as well as analyses of process safety andenvironmental considerations.Final Design: a rigorous set of design calculations to specify all the significance details of a process,Detailed Design: preparation of engineering drawing and equipment lists needed for construction.TBC ...Lesson 16 Catalysis1、Catalytic reactions can be classified into three types:The most common is heterogeneous catalysis, in which the catalyst is a solid and the reactants and products are either gases or liquids. The second type is homogeneous catalysis, in which the reactants, products and catalyst are molecularly dispersed in a single phase, usually the liquid phase. The third type is enzyme catalysis.Lesson 18 Polymers and Polymerization Techniques1、There are five general methods of polymerization:( i ) Bulk (or mass) ( ii ) Solution ( iii ) Slurry (or precipitation)( iv ) Suspension(or dispersion) ( v) EmulsionFurther lesser-used methods include:( vi ) Interfacial ( vii ) Reaction injection moulding (RIM)( viii ) Reactive processing of molten polymers2、A polymerization process consists of three stages:( i ) Monomer preparation ( ii ) Polymerization ( iii ) Polymer recover。
制药工程专业英语第七单元
7传统植物药物的发展第一段Over大约超过1/4个世纪各大陆上的大多数人依靠植物药物来解决健康问题。
在美洲大陆近乎1/3的药物处方源自植物药，超过120个处方药来自植物。
大多数药物从传统药物发展而来。
从经济上讲，意味着人们每年的这项开销达8000~10,000M美元。
最近，世界卫生组织研究数据表明超过30%的植物曾所谓源药资源，250,000种高科植物中，超过8000种可入药。
虽然传统药物应用广泛，一个民族不可或缺的文化。
它经过了成百上千年一代传一代人的亲手实践总结。
不幸的是很多古老的药物知识已失传和失误濒临灭绝。
因此，对传统药方的科研和传统药物的保存变得尤为重要。
第二段For在一段相当长的时期，植物药材的唯一应用方法是直接粗制利用。
随着本世纪有机化学的兴起，提取和分馏技术显著提高。
分离鉴定植物中的有效成分成为可能。
1940年，合成技术的进步合成很多植物成分及其衍生物。
在西方国家，通过合成药物有效成分比使用粗药来得更有效更经济。
近年表现尤其明显，然而有时候合成的类似物不如天然成分的效果。
而且，合成药物话费更多的时间金钱。
尤混合作用的灵感，加上一个事实，即许多药物具有复杂的结构可能是完全不可能的合成，现在有死灰复燃的趋势，返回自然药物开发第三段Ephedrine麻黄素是最传统最典型的从植物药物发展来的药物。
它提取自麻黄的叶子，5000年前在中国就被用于治疗哮喘和花粉过敏，在1942年才被陈和私密迪特合成出来。
麻黄素是一种十分贴近肾上腺素的生物碱，从药理应用来说，麻黄素管饭用于刺激交感神经类疾病。
它对治疗高血压有突出表现，对鼻充血也有缓解作用。
是基于这种药的药物作用及其对a和B肾上腺素受体的直接影响和内源性去甲肾上腺素的释放。
第四段Digitalis is one of洋地黄是常用于心脏衰竭心律不齐的药物。
它通过作用于心肌收缩和改善心血管阻力来达目的。
它也缓慢的传导通过心室和心房调节心房纤维颤动和心率节奏。
历史专业英语
CONTENTS目录Unit One Greco-Roman Civilization第一单元希腊-罗马文明Part One General History : Ancient Times : Greece and Rome第一部分通史：古代：希腊和罗马Part Two Article : On Spartan Strategy第二部分论文：斯巴达人的战略Part Three Original Record : From Augustus to Tiberius第三部分原始文献：从奥古斯都到提比略Unit Two Classical Civilization of China第二单元中国古典文明Part One General History : Classics and Ch'in Empire第一部分通史：经和秦帝国Part Two Article : State Control of Bureaucrats第二部分论文：官僚控制的国家Part Three Original Record : Classics from Lun Y u , Mencius , and Y ao Tien 第三部分原始文献：《论语》《孟子》和《尧典》中的经Unit Three Great Three Religions第三单元三大宗教Part One General History : The Rise of Islam第一部分通史：伊斯兰教的兴起Part Two Article : The Sinicization of Buddhism第二部分论文：佛教的汉化Part Three Original Record : Sentences from the Holy Bible第三部分原始文献：《圣经》中的句子Unit Four The Chinese Empire Opening to the W orld第四单元向世界开放的中华帝国Part One General History : The Growth of Han Empire第一部分通史：汉帝国的发展Part Two Article : Sale of Office in the Later Han第二部分论文：汉后期的官职买卖Part Three Original Record : The Selections from New Discourses第三部分原始文献：《新语》选文Unit Five The Flow ering of Traditional China第五单元传统中国的盛世Part One General History : The Sui ,Tang , and Song Dynasties第一部分通史：隋、唐和宋王朝Part Two Article : Military Families and the Southern Song第二部分论文：军户和南宋Part Three Original Record : The Turpan Documents第三部分原始文献：吐鲁番文献Unit Six Italian Renaissance第六单元意大利文艺复兴Part One General History : Origins & Art第一部分通史：古代：起源和艺术Part Two Article : The Discovery of the Individual in Renaissance第二部分论文：文艺复兴中“人”的发现Part Three Original Record : The Prince第三部分原始文献：《君主论》Unit Seven Absorption of Nomadic Civilization into Agricultural Civilization第七单元游牧文明与农耕文明的融合Part One General History : China in the Mongol Empire第一部分通史：蒙古帝国时代的中国Part Two Article : What Set the Mongols in Motion ?第二部分论文：什么使蒙古人动起来？Part Three Original Record : Kublai Khan's Life in Shangdu第三部分原始文献：忽必烈大汗在上都的生活Unit Eight The Empire Trying to Be " Blue China "第八单元试图成为“蓝色中国”的帝国Part One General History : The Maritime Expedition of Zheng He第一部分通史：郑和的海洋探险Part Two Article : From Rebel Base to Imperial Capital第二部分论文：从反叛基地到帝国都城Part Three Original Record : Stone Record of the Pacification of the Pirates第三部分原始文献：《平寇碑记》Unit Nine Religious Reform第九单元宗教改革Part One General History : Luther and Lutheranism第一部分通史：路德和路德教Part Two Article : The Diversity of Revelation第二部分论文：启示录的差异Part Three Original Record : Institutes of the Christian Religion第三部分原始文献：《基督教原理》Unit T en Iberian Expansion第十单元伊比利亚的扩张Part One General History : Portugal's and Spain's Colonial Conquest第一部分通史：葡萄牙和西班牙的殖民征服Part Two Article : The Theory of Natural Slavery第二部分论文：天生奴隶说Part Three Original Record : The Documents of Iberian Expansion第三部分原始文献：伊比利亚扩张的文献Unit Eleven The Last Dynasty of China's Dynastic Circle第十一单元中国朝代循环的末代王朝Part One General History : The Qing Dynasty Before 1800第一部分通史：1800年以前的清王朝Part Two Article : Social Discrimination in Traditional China第二部分论文：传统中国的社会歧视Part Three Original Record : A Bridge and Its Man第三部分原始文献：一座桥及其观光者Unit Tw elve Three Bourgeois Revolutions第十二单元三大资产阶级革命Part One General History : The English Revolution第一部分通史：英国革命Part Two Article : The Central Themes of the American Revolution第二部分论文：美国革命的核心主题Part Three Original Record : The Documents of French Bourgeois Revolution第三部分原始文献：法国资产阶级革命的文献Unit Thirteen Industrial Revolution第十三单元工业革命Part One General History : The Age of Machines第一部分通史：机器时代Part Two Article : The Industrial Revolution—— an Overview第二部分论文：工业革命——概观Part Three Original Record : Reminiscences of the First Railroad Over the Allegheny Mountain第三部分原始文献：追忆通过阿勒格尼山的第一条铁路（1879）Unit Fourteen The Semi-Colonial and Semi-Feudalist China第十四单元半殖民地半封建社会的中国Part One General History : The Opium War第一部分通史：鸦片战争Part Two Article : The Great Policy Debate in China ,1874: Maritime Defense vs. Frontier Defense第二部分论文：中国1874年政策大讨论：海防对陆防Part Three Original Record : Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) ,1842第三部分原始文献：《南京条约》，1842Unit Fifteen The Meiji Restoration of Japan第十五单元日本明治维新Part One General History : The Establishment of the New Government The First World War第一部分通史：新政府的成立Part Two Article : The Military第二部分论文：军队Part Three Original Record : Thoughts on the Political Economy第三部分原始文献：政治经济学上的思考Unit Sixteen Tw o W orld W ars第十六单元希腊-罗马文明Part One General History : The First World War第一部分通史：第一次世界大战Part Two Article : Nazi Foreign Policy第二部分论文：纳粹的对外政策Part Three Original Record : The Documents of WW II第三部分原始文献：第二次世界大战的文献Unit Seventeen Russian Revolution of 1917第十七单元俄国1917年革命Part One General History : The Revolution of 1917第一部分通史：1917年革命Part Two Article : The Sources of Soviet Conduct第二部分论文：苏维埃现象的根源Part Three Original Record : The October Revolution第三部分原始文献：十月革命Unit Eighteen The Rise of Modern China第十八单元中国的兴起Part One General History : The Birth of the People's Republic第一部分通史：人民共和国的诞生Part Two Article : To Reform a Revolution : Under the Righteous Mandate 第二部分论文：改良革命：按照正义的指令Part Three Original Record : The War of Resistance Against Japan第三部分原始文献：抗日战争Unit Nineteen The Cold W ar第十九单元冷战Part One General History : The Beginning of the Cold War第一部分通史：冷战的开始Part Two Article : US Foreign Policy and Origins of the Cold War第二部分论文：美国对外政策和冷战的形成Part Three Original Record : The Iron Curtain第三部分原始文献：铁幕演说Unit Tw enty China on the W ay to a Rich Pow er第二十单元走在富强之路上的中国Part One General History : Economic Reform and the Open Door Policy 第一部分通史：经济改革和对外开放政策Part Two Article : The Rise of China第二部分论文：中国的崛起Part Three Original Record : Deng Xiaoping's Speech第三部分原始文献：邓小平的演说。
机电工程专业英语(期末考试复习资料)
一、Place a “T” before sentences that are true and an “F” before those that are false ( T )1、A worm gear is sometimes used in machines, it has low friction that can save considerable power.蜗轮有时用在机器上，具有低的摩擦，可节省相当大的力。
( T )2、In a cam mechanism, when the cam turns through one motion cycle, the follower executes a series of event consisting of rises, dwells and returns.在一个凸轮机构中，当凸轮转过一个运动周期时，从动件执行一系列由上升、停留和返回的动作。
( T )3、Integrated circuit is built on a semiconductor substrate, usually one of multi-crystal silicon.集成电路是建立在一个半导体衬底，通常是多晶硅。
( T )4、Krichhoff’s voltage law states that the sum of the potential drops around a loop in a circuit must be zero.Krichhoff电压定律指出，在电路中的回路的电位下降的总和必须为零。
( F )5、Electrons and protons are said to have the same positive charges.电子和质子具有相反的电荷。
( T )6、If a sinusoidally varying voltage source is connected across the capacitor, it can be shown that the voltage across the capacitor lags the current by in phase, meaning that the voltage peaks occur 1/4 of an oscillation period later in time relative to the current peaks.如果一个以正弦波形式随时间正负变化的电压源加在电容上，将会使电容电压在相位上滞后于电流，即该电压的峰值会比电流的峰值晚出现四分之一个周期的时间。
汽车专业英语术语汇总(复习资料)
UNIT 1 AUTOMOTIVE BASICS Body:车身chassis:底盘stream-lined:流线wind resistance:风阻Frame:车架the power train:传动系统the drive train:驱动系a unitized body:承载式车身unibody:整体式汽车车身suspension system:悬架系统steering system:转向系统braking system(制动系统) suspension system:悬架系统shock absorber:减振器control arm:控制臂、导向机构steering gears:转向器steering wheel:转向盘idler arm:随动臂tie rods:横拉杆power steering:动力转向Power booster:助力器master cylinder:制动主缸Disc brake:盘式制动drum brake:鼓式制动Brake pedal:制动踏板brake system:制动系统stopping power:制动力Hydraulic brakes:液压制动brake pedal:制动踏板brake fluid:制动液brake lines:制动管路cylinders:轮缸brake shoes:制动蹄drum:制动鼓disc brake:盘式制动器pliers:老虎钳squeeze:挤进,握紧;夹紧rotating disc:旋转制动盘Drum brake:鼓式制动器gasoline-burning piston engine:活塞式汽油发动机Diesel-fuel burning engines:柴油发动机Fuel system:供给系统exhaust system:排气系统Cooling system:冷却系统lubrication system:润滑系统ignition system:点火系统electric spark:电火花air-fuel mixture:可燃混合气cylinder:汽缸ignition switch:点火开关current:电流storage battery:蓄电池ignition coil:点火线圈Distributor:分电器spark plug:火花塞compression ignition engines:压燃式发动机charging circuit:充电电路regulator:电压调节器alternator (or generator):发电机mechanical energy:机械能electrical energy:电能maximum voltage:最大电压fuel system:燃料供给系统fuel pump:燃油泵Filter:滤清器carburetor:化油器fuel injection system:燃油喷射系统combustible mixture:可燃混合气manifold:进气管exhaust system:排气系统carbon monoxide:一氧化碳hydrocarbons(碳氢化合物)oxides of nitrogen:氮氧化合物emission control system:排放控制系统cooling system:冷却系统combustion chamber:燃烧室coolant:冷却液Radiator:散热器water pump:水泵hollow:空的、空洞的block:汽缸体head:汽缸盖Defroster:(除冰(或霜)装置) Lubrication system润滑系统lubricant:润滑剂piston rings:活塞环cylinder walls:汽缸壁oil filter:机油滤清器Transmission:变速器wheel bearings:车轮轴承differential:差速器steering linkage:转向链接机构power train:传动系统transmission:变速器shift lever:变速杆clutch:离合器Transmission:变速器torque:转矩Differential:差速器drive /propeller shaft:传动轴universal joints:万向节axle movement:轴向运动flexible universal joints:活动万向节Differential:差速器UNIT 2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEinternal combustion engine:内燃机liquefied petroleum gas(LPG):液化石油气Compressed natural gas(CNG):压缩天然气drive shaft:驱动轴rear-wheel-drive arrangement:后轮驱动布置形式front-wheel-drive arrangement:前轮驱动布置形式drive wheels:驱动轮mid-engine arrangement:发动机中置Pistons:活塞reciprocate:往复spark ignition engine:火花点燃式发动机compression ignition(CI) engine:压燃式发动机electric ignition system:电子点火系统spark plug:火花塞ignite:点燃cylinders:气缸combustion:燃烧compression-ignition engine:压燃式发动机diesel engine:柴油机Spray:喷入heavy-duty trucks:重型货车spark-ignition engine:火花点燃式发动机fuel system:燃料供给系统ignition system:点火系统lubricating system:润滑系统cooling system:冷却系统fuel system:燃料供给系统combustible mixture:可燃混合物air/fuel mixture:空气燃料混合气ignition system:点火系统spark plug:火花塞air/fuel mixture:可燃混合气lubricating oil:润滑油lubricating system:润滑系统oil pump:机油泵reservoir:贮存器; 油箱exhaust gas:排气cooling system:冷却系统exhaust system:排气系统emission-control system:排放控制系统starting system:启动系统Crank:转动曲柄starting motor:启动马达internal combustion engine:内燃机chemical energy:化学能heat energy:热能mechanical energy:机械能air/fuel ratio:空燃比Diesel engines:柴油机intake:进气connecting rod:连杆crankshaft:曲轴reciprocating movement/back and forth movement/up and down movement(往复运动) rotary motion/ turning motion:(旋转运动) crankshaft:曲轴Efficiency:效率potential energy:潜能mechanical energy:机械能overall efficiency:总效率compression ratio:压缩比air/fuel ratio:空燃比uppermost position/(TDC, top dead center:上止点lowest position/BDC, bottom dead center:下止点stroke:行程four stroke-cycle Gasoline Engine: intake stroke:进气行程compression stroke:压缩行程power stroke:作功行程exhaust stroke:排气行程revolution:转、圈connecting rod:连杆intake valve:进气门camshaft:凸轮轴pressure difference:压力差air/fuel mixture:空气/燃料混合气compression ratio:压缩比TDC:上止点exhaust valve:排气门exhaust gases:废气starter motor:启动马达ignition key:点火钥匙start position:启动位置Flywheel:飞轮UNIT 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM (汽车润滑系统) 3.1 Lubrication Principles 润滑原理Friction:摩擦primary job:基本任务Residual oil:残留的机油Lubricant:滑润剂hydrodynamic:液力的oil adhesion:机油粘度sliding friction:滑动摩擦Pressure-Lubrication System压力润滑系统oil pan:油底壳block:汽缸体oil pump:油泵drain plug:放油螺塞oil-pan gasket:油底壳垫圈Passageway:油道oil filter:机油滤清器Crankcase:曲轴箱tube:管filter screen:滤网gear-type:齿轮泵rotor-type:转子泵full-flow filtering system:全流式滤清器pressure-relief valve:安全阀bypass valve:旁通阀camshaft(凸轮轴)main bearing:主轴承camshaft bearing:凸轮轴轴承Foam inhibitor:泡沫抑制剂UNIT 4 THE COOLING SYSTEM(冷却系统) exhaust system:排气系统cylinder wall:汽缸壁piston:活塞cylinder head:汽缸盖oil film:油膜fuel mileage:燃油经济性exhaust emissions:废气排放liquid cooling:水冷air cooling:风冷water jacket:水套thermostat:节温器water pump:水泵radiator:散热器radiator cap:散热器盖cooling fan:冷却风扇hoses:软管expansion tank:膨胀水箱overflow tank:溢流水箱4.1 Water Pump(水泵)centrifugal pump:离心泵centrifugal force:离心力4.2 Water Jacket(水套)hot spot:热点valve seat:气门座valve guide:气门导管cylinder wall:汽缸壁combustion chamber:燃烧室4.3 Radiator(散热器)heat exchanger:热交换器4.4 Pressure Cap(散热器盖)boiling point:沸点pressure release valve:减压阀, 安全阀overflow tube:溢流管overflow tank:溢流箱4.5 Thermostat(节温器)4.6 Fancooling fan:冷却风扇constant temperature:常温thermostatic switch:温控开关UNIT 5 FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMFuel injection system:燃油喷射系统purely mechanical:纯机械的electronic fuel injection system:电子燃油喷射系统feedback control:反馈控制emission:排放solenoid valve:电磁阀injector:喷油器best power:最佳动力性best emission:最佳排放性best economy:最佳经济性rich condition:浓(混合气)工况lean condition:稀(混合气)工况5.3 Fuel System(燃油系统)fuel rail:油轨regulator:压力调节器return line:回油管fuel manifold:燃油歧管intake manifold:进气歧管5.4 Air Metering and Measurement 空气计量butterfly valve:传统碟形阀throttle body assembly:节气门体总成Mass Airflow:质量流量Speed Density:速度密度spring loaded flap:翼片potentiometer:电位计heated wire:加热电阻丝voltage signal:电压信号5.5 Most EFI systems measure the same basic 6 input 大多数EFI系统检测6个基本输入(信号)RPM(转速)ignition coil:点火线圈magnetic sensor:磁脉冲传感器Hall effect sensor:霍尔效应传感器Manifold Pressure (进气歧管压力)Throttle Position (节气门位置)Water Temperatureinjector pulse width:喷油器脉冲宽度Air Temperature5.6 Oxygen Sensor(氧传感器)closed loop systems:闭环系统oxygen content:氧含量air/fuel ratio:空燃比open loop mode:开环模式UNIT 6 EXHAUST SYSTEMexhaust system:排气系统Exhaust gas:废气combustion chamber:燃烧室muffler:消声器catalytic converter:催化转换器6.2 The Muffler(消声器)backpressure:背压exhaust valve:排气门6.3 The Exhaust Manifold and Headerexhaust manifold:排气歧管cylinder head:气缸盖intake manifold:进气歧管UNIT 7 THE IGNITION SYSTEM(点火系统) breaker point type ignition system:触点型点火系统electronic ignition system:电子点火系统distributorless ignition system: 无分电器点火系统)timing of the spark plug firing: 火花塞点火次序spark plug gap:火花塞间隙7.1 Point-Type Ignition System (触点型点火系统)electrical circuit:电路primary circuit:初级回路secondary circuit:次级回路breaker point:触点ignition switch:点火开关secondary winding:次级线圈high-tension lead:高压导线distributor:分电器coil:点火线圈distributor cap:分电器盖distributor rotor:分火头controlling element:控制元件primary current:初级电流Distributor:配电器7.2 Electronic Ignition Systems(电子点火系统)electronic control module:电子控制模块7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS) (无分电器点火系统)spark timing:点火正时Ignition Control Unit (ICU):点火控制单元Engine Control Unit (ECU):发动机控制单元firing order:点火顺序Top Dead Center (TDC):上止点UNIT 8 CLUTCHdrive line/drive train:传动系统Clutch:离合器transmission:变速器drive shaft:传动轴final drive assembly:主减速器总成clutch disc:离合器片pressure plate:压盘pressure plate cover:离合器盖friction mechanism:摩擦机构engine torque:发动机扭矩gear ratio:传动比clutch pedal:离合器踏板driven member:从动件transmission input shaft:变速器输入轴driving members:主动件crankshaft:曲轴torsional shock:扭转振动starter motor:启动马达splined hub:花键毂spline:花键diaphragm spring:膜片弹簧centrifugal force:离心力release bearing:分离轴承disengagement mechanism:分离机构hydraulic system:液压系统hydraulic mechanism:液压机构clutch master cylinder:离合器主缸hydraulic fluid:制动液clutch release cylinder:离合器分离缸UNIT 9 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION(自动变速器)fluid coupling(液力偶合器)torque converter(变矩器rear wheel drive(后轮驱动)front wheel drive(前轮驱动).drive shaft(驱动轴)final drive(主减速器)rear axle(后轴)rear wheels(后轮)transaxle(驱动桥)Front axles(前桥)planetary gear sets(行星齿轮组) 9.1hydraulic system(液力系统)9.2Planetary gear sets(行星齿轮组)sun gear(太阳轮)ring gear(齿圈)planet gears(行星轮)constant mesh(常啮合common carrier(行星架)input shaft(输入轴)output shaft(输出轴)9.2 Clutch pack(离合器组)clutch drum(离合器鼓)friction material(摩擦材料)9.3 One-Way Clutch(单向离合器)"sprag" clutch(超越离合器)neutral(空挡)9.4 Bands(制动带)9.5 Torque Converter(液力变矩器)(见阅读材料)Torque Converter(液力变矩器)manual transmission:自动变速器automatic transmission:自动变速器brake pedal:制动踏板gas pedal:加速踏板1. Pump(泵轮).2. Turbine(涡轮).3. Stator(导轮).4. Transmission fluid(传动液). Freewheel:自由轮lockup clutch:锁止离合器UNIT 10 THE DIFFERENTIAL(差速器) unlimited-slip, differential:不防滑差速器10.1 The Main Gears(主减速器)bevel gear:锥齿轮axle shaft:半轴final drive assembly:主减速器总成gear reduction:减速drive wheel:驱动轮drive shaft:传动轴spiral bevel gear:螺旋锥齿轮center line(centerline):中心线10.2 The Differential System(差速系统) axle shaft:半轴side gear:半轴齿轮UNIT 11 BRAKE SYSTEM(制动系统) kinetic energy:惯性能量momentum:动量thermal energy (heat):热能master cylinder:主缸brake pedal:制动踏板mechanical pressure:机械压力hydraulic pressure:液体压力brake line:制动管brake hose:制动软管slave cylinder:轮缸Brake fluid:制动液Shoe:制动蹄pad:制动块drums:制动鼓rotor:制动盘disk brake:盘式制动器drum brakes:鼓式制动器caliper:制动嵌brake shoe:制动蹄friction lining:摩擦衬片friction surface:摩擦表面emergency brake:紧急制动Power brake booster:动力制动助力器master cylinder:制动主缸brake pedal:制动踏板hydraulic actuator:液压传动机构wheel speed sensor:车轮速度传感器UNIT 14 ABS AND TCS14.1 Braking System Fundamentals, master cylinder:主缸wheel cylinders:轮缸caliper pistons:制动钳活塞rolling energy:旋转能量14.2 Antilock Braking Systems(防抱死制动系统)retarding force:制动力percent slip滑移率braking effectiveness:制动效能wheel speed sensors (WSS):车轮速度传感器。
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料
应用技术学院-计算机专业英语复习资料专业英语复习资料一、请写出以下单词的中文意思。
1、floppy disk软盘2、printer打印机3、optical disk光盘4、formatting toolbar 格式工具条5、formula方程式6、relational database关系数据库7、antivirus program抗病毒程序8、fragmented破碎9、user interface用户界面10、bus line总线11、smart card智能卡12、motherboard主板13、digital camera数码相机14、fax machine传真机15、ink-jet printer喷墨打印机16、access time访问时间17、direct access直接存取18、Bluetooth蓝牙19、digital signal数字签名20、protocols协议21、operating system 操作系统22．requirements analysis 需求分析23．network security 网络安全24．data structure 数据结构25．decision support system 决策支持系统26．software crisis 软件危机27．computer virus 电脑病毒28．email attachment 电邮附件29．central processing unit ( CPU )中央处理单元30．ink-jet printer 喷墨打印机31. multimedia 多媒体32. software life cycle软件生命周期33. structured programming 结构化程序34. functional testing 功能测试35. word processor 文字处理36. code windows 代码窗口37. firewall 防火墙38. LAN local area network局域网39. hacker 黑客40. switch 开关41．数据库管理系统database management system42．传输控制协议transmission control protocol43．多文档界面multiple document interface 44．面向对象编程Object-oriented programming 45．只读存储器read-only memory46．数字视频光盘Digital Video Disc47．计算机辅助设计computer aided design48．结构化查询语言Structured Query Language49．通用串行总线Universal Serial Bus50．企业之间的电子商务交易方式EDi二、单项选择题。
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Density
密度
How tightly the bits (electromagnetic charges) can be packed next to one another on a diskette.如何严格位(电磁指控)可以装下另一个磁盘。
disk cachi ng
磁盘缓存
A hard disk performance enhancement that improves processing by acting as a temporary high-speed holding area between a secondary storage device and the CPU.®!盘性能增强，提高了处理作为一个临时的厂级存储设备之间的高速等候 区和CPU。
CD (compact disc) CD(光盘)
One of the most widely used optical formats.使用最广泛的光学格式之一。
CD-R (CD-recordable)
A CD that can be written to only once.—个只能写入一次的CD。
DVD player
DVD ROM drive.
DVD -R (DVD recordable)
A type of DVD write-once format.—种DVD格式写一次。
DVD +R (DVD recordable)
A type of DVD write-once format・
DVD-RAM (DVD random-access memory)
The next generation of optical format (high definition) that has a capacity of
25 to 100 gigabytes・
下一代光学格式(高清晰度),25- 100gb的容量。
Capacity
能力
How much a particular storage medium can hold・特定的存储介质可以容纳多少。
第八单元
Key Term
Definition
access speed访问速度
Measures the amount of time required by the storage device to retrieve data and programs.
存储设备所盂的光光盘(BD)
DVD (digital versatile disc or digital video disc)
DVD(数字多功能光盘或数字视频光盘)
A newer optical format that has replaced CDs as the standard; similar to CDs except that more data can be packed into the same amount of space•新光学格 式己经取代cd标准;类似于cd除了更多的数据可以挤进相同数量的空间。
A type of DVD rewriteable format.—种DVD光盘格式。
DVD-ROM (DVD-read only memory)
A DVD format that the user cannot write (o.用户不能写入DVD格式。
DVD -RW (DVD rewritable!：^)
erasable optical disc可擦写光盘
A CD that can be written to many times・(See also CD-RW compact disc rewritable)一张CD,可以写很多次。(参阅rw光盘可重写光盘)
external hard drive
外部硬盘
A CD that can be written too many times・(See also erasable optical disc)CD,也可以写很多次。(见也可擦写光盘)
cloud computing云计算
Service where the Internet acts as a “cloud" of servers that supply application services
A type of DVD rewriteable format・
DVD +RW (DVD rewritoble)
A type of DVD rewriteable format・
enterprise storage system企业存储系统
A type of system that large organizations use to promote efficient and safe use of data across the networks within their organizations・一种系统，大型组织使用促进髙效和安全使用的数据在网络组织。
服务，互联网作为一个服务器提供应用程序服务的"云”
cloud storage云存储
Internet servers that supply applications as a service for online storage.网络服 务器提供应用程序作为在线存储服务。
Cylinder
油缸
A part of a hard disk that runs through each track of a stack of platters.硬盘的 一部分，贯穿每个跟踪盘片的堆栈。
CD-ROM (compact disc-read only memory)光盘(紧凑disc-read只有内存)
A CD that cannot be written on or erased by the user. CD不能写或删除的用户。
CD-RW (compact disc rewritable)rw( u］「重写光盘光盘)