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科技说明文《无人机,有前途(原创题)》阅读答案

科技说明文《无人机,有前途(原创题)》阅读答案

无人机,有前途(原创题)①在旅游景区、影视拍摄基地,或是重大新闻现场,我们经常能看到无人机在空中忙碌地穿梭。

那么到底什么是无人机呢?②“无人机”英文缩写为“UAV”,是“无人驾驶飞机”的简称,是利用无线电遥控设备和自备程序控制装置操纵,或有车载计算机完全和间歇地自主操作的不载人飞机。

我们熟悉的无人机,通常指的是携带载荷飞行的无人机机身,完全意义上的无人机,指的是有无人机平台、任务载荷、起降系统、测控与信息传输系统、操作手等组成的“无人机系统”。

③常见的无人机有三种类型,第一种是固定翼,顾名思义就是翅膀形状固定,靠通过机翼的风提供升力;第二种是直升机,特点是靠一个或两个主旋翼提供升力;第三种是多旋翼,就是具有四个或者更多旋翼的直升机。

不同类型的无人机具有不同的优势。

固定翼机飞行速度快、高度高,飞行覆盖面积大,抗风能力强,比较适合全管段巡航、通讯巡航、航拍等工作。

直升机飞行高度低、速度慢,比较适合短距离巡航、高清摄影和对地目标监控与跟踪,还可以定点悬停,在各种情况下均可起降。

④无人机具有成本低、零伤亡、生存能力强、机动性能好、使用方便等优点,可以代替传统的有人驾驶飞机执行“3D”的任务——即“Dull”(枯燥)“Dirt”(脏)“Dangerous”(危险)的任务。

无人机用途广泛,被业界宠爱有加。

军事上,可用于侦察监视,对地攻击,通讯中继、靶标模拟等,是“得力好伙伴”;民用上,可用于科学研究、气象观测、货物配送、娱乐体验等,是“百变小能手”。

⑤无人机市场前景广阔。

目前,我国约有150家无人机生产企业,产品达1000多种,基于预测的国际数据以及对我国市场的乐观预判,到2020年,美国小型无人机总销量将从2016年的250万架飙升到700万架,其中消费级无人机有430万架,另有270万架用于商业目的,2025年,我国无人机市场规模将达到750亿元。

其中军用无人机市场约占7%,民用无人机市场约占93%。

⑥无人机毕竟是机器,其可靠性还取决于系统复杂程度和外部使用环境,无人机系统中任意设备的故障都将影响任务执行,无人机使用的任意环节出现差错都将影响飞行安全,这需要制造商和消费者共同努力。

科技说明文高三语文阅读训练含答案详析

科技说明文高三语文阅读训练含答案详析

科技说明文-高三语文阅读训练含答案详析一、阅读下面的文字,完成1-3题;航天飞机在布放卫星、发射航天器、观天测地、进行材料科学和生命科学的实验等方面,发挥了重要作用,但它有不尽如人意的地方;航天飞机是由轨道器、固体火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱三大部分组成的;由于航天飞机是以发射火箭的方式发射,又以轨道器绕轨道运行的方式在空间执行任务,再以飞机的方式降落的,因此航天飞机不仅需要大型的设施,还需要有约4000—5000个工作人员来为其服务;当航天飞机进入轨道之前,必须把火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱抛掉,抛掉的费用约占发射费用的42%,而且,它的发射准备工作时间长,每月最多只能发射两次;由此可见,要大幅降低发射成本和使用费用,就必须研制性能更加理想的航天运输工具;人们从普通的航空飞机那里得到了启示:在大气层中飞行时,飞机不携带氧化剂,充分利用空气中的氧,这样可以大大减轻飞机重量;能不能把航天飞机与航空飞机结合在一起呢于是一种新的设想即航空航天飞机简称空天飞机出现了:它既能在大气层中像航空飞机那样利用大气层中的氧飞行,又能像航天飞机那样在大气层外利用自行携带的氧化剂飞行;空天飞机是一种可以在普通机场水平起降、可以重复太空与地面之间往返的飞行器;这是一种将航空航天技术有机结合在一起的新型飞行器;它能像普通飞机那样从地面起飞,以高超音速在大气层内飞行,在30—1300千米高空飞行速度可达12—25倍音速,并直接加速进入地球轨道,成为航天器;它可以完全重复使用,大幅度降低费用;据估计,其费用可能降到目前航天飞机的十分之一;现在,美、英、德、法、日等国投入了大量的人力财力研制空天飞机;英国航空及航天公司与着名的罗依斯——罗尔斯公司正在加紧研制一种名为“霍托尔”的空天飞机;目前已进入包括风洞试验和发动机鉴定在内的概念论证阶段;按设想,“霍托尔”起飞后靠吸气发动机加速至5倍音速,升至2.6万米高空时,开动火箭发动机,将其推入地球轨道作太空飞行;“霍托尔”的研究费用预计达50亿美元;1.下列对航天飞机“不尽如人意”的表述,最准确的一项是A.需要大型的设施和大量的工作人员为其发射服务;B.发射的费用高,准备时间长;C.进入轨道前抛掉火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱;D.抛掉部分的费用占去了整个发射费用的42%,增加了发射成本;2.下列对空天飞机特点的理解,错误的一项是A.空天飞机在大气层中飞行时,不消耗氧化剂,所以可以轻装上阵;B.空天飞机可以在普通机场上起降,这就降低了其发射成本;C.空天飞机可以利用大气层中的氧气飞行,并利用吸气发动机直接加速进入地球轨道; D.空天飞机可以整体重复使用,大幅度降低了费用;3.下列对航天飞机与空天飞机的比较,不正确的一项是A.空天飞机也像航天飞机一样,以轨道器绕道运行方式在空间执行任务;B.航天飞机与空天飞机的发射方式不同,降落方式也不同;C.空天飞机也像航天飞机一样,在大气层外要使用自行携带的氧化剂;D.发射一架空天飞机的费用可能只是发射一架航天飞机费用的十分之一;二、阅读下面的文字,完成4-6题;依托于信息技术革命的网络社会改变了人们传统的空间和时间感受;空间和时间都不再是固定的,成为了“流动的空间”和“压缩的时间”;利用高速传播的音像信息,人们可以立刻进入到一个不同的空间,并参与其中;凭借强大的信息存储能力,不同时间发生的事情都能集中为同一个瞬间;这种变化导致了更为高速有效的经济活动,同时也使得经济组织彻底国际化人们的交往活动进一步加速,满足生活需要的各种活动更为方便快捷;由于减少了面对面的接触,人们也就变得更为独立自由,产生了一种普遍的解放感;新的时空感受给很多人带来了解放和自由的感觉,却也潜移默化地使人丧失了历史深度和特殊的地区认同,使人们在虚拟的数码文化中漂泊无依;这样一种虚拟文化严重挑战传统的男女性别关系、家庭亲情关系;表面上看,信息技术使得社会的组织和结合更为紧密有效,个人自由大幅度增加,个人能力也大幅度增强,但个人责任感和义务感却日益淡薄,自我意识日益脱离群体意识,传统的权威、人与人之间的沟通关系被无情地消解掉,导致了广泛而严重的自恋、孤独和原子化的个人主义,社会面临着解体的危险;简而言之,网络社会深刻地改变了我们所处世界的面貌,它提升了生产力、文化创造力和传播的潜能,但同时也削弱了社会组织的权威和人际关系纽带;在这样一种“流动的空间、压缩的时间”里,时间节奏突然加快、人际交往抽象化带来了社会普遍失去控制的焦虑和无力感,人们迫切地希望找到一种凝聚的力量,来对抗信息时代所产生的高度风险、无限分散、日益抽象化的总体趋势;应对网络社会的挑战,新的社会运动、国家和文明共同体理应发挥驾御和控制作用;各种新兴社会运动,如环境生态保护运动、女性运动等等,其实都是一种对抗网络社会的方式;这些运动和社会组织使人们重新认识并加强了自身的责任感、义务感以及性别认同和家庭纽带;在新形势下,我们应该重新审视国家的作用;在充满风险的、高度抽象化、分散化的网络时代,国家权威是抵制风险、保障社会生活、维护个人权利和尊严的有效力量;在传统家庭解体、各种社会团体日益消解、文化与信仰遭受冲击的情况下,建立起恰当的国家认同感,就有可能驱除人们普遍存在的无力感,使得每一个体重新焕发出自身的创造力;选自环球时报2003年7月7日,有删改4. 下面对“网络社会”的理解,不正确的一项是A. 网络社会依托于信息技术革命,即信息实观大量储存和高速传播;B. 网络社会的时间和空间都不是固定的,人们感受到的是“流动的空间”和“压缩的时间”;C. 网络社会改变了人们传统的时间感受,不同时间发生的事情可以在同一个瞬间展开;D. 网络社会改变了人们传统的空间感受,人们在同一时间里,既可以在这个空间,又可以在另一个空间;5. 对“网络社会深刻地改变了我们所处世界的面貌”一句,理解不正确的一项是A. 网络社会的经济活动和人际交往速度更快,更方便:人们更加独立自由,个人能力得到更大发挥;B. 网络社会提升了生产力和文化创造力,并使信息的传播更快捷、更广泛;C. 网络社会使人与人之间的沟通更方便快捷,加强了人际关系纽带;D. 网络社会使人丧失了历史的深度和地区认同,个人责任感和义务感日益淡薄;6. 下面不属于应对网络社会挑战措施的—项是A. 突破时空限制,发挥家庭的纽带作用,使人际交往更具体;B. 开展新的社会运动,加强社会成员自身的责任感和义务感;C. 建立恰当的国家认同感,使每一个体重新焕发出自身的创造力;D. 发挥文明共同体的驾御和控制作用,强化文化认同和信仰;三、阅读下面一段文字,完成7—9题神奇的基因疗法:人类健康长寿的希望随着人类遗传学的发展,研究人员认识到,人类最基本的遗传单位是染色体上的基因,基因是“制造”和“操纵”人类机体的蓝图,它指挥着细胞合成人类生命的基础——蛋白质;但是,当基因发生变化时,其编码的蛋白质不能履行自己正常的功能,这种情况下可能会出现疾病;经过多年的研究,研究人员寻找到了多种纠正缺陷基因的方法,其中最普遍的方法是将正常的基因插入基因组非特定的位置以取代有缺陷也称为失效或致病的基因;在这种方法中,研究人员通常会利用被称作传病媒介的载体将正常或治疗基因递送到病人的目标细胞中;目前,最常见的传痛媒介是已被人为改变携带了人体正常DNA的病毒;病毒在漫长的进化过程中,形成了一套独特的方式将白已的基因递送到人体细胞中,致使人体发病;研究人员试图除去病毒基因组中导致人体患病的基因,并加入治疗基因,然后利用病毒递送基因的特殊能力医治人类疾病;当病毒性传病媒介在抵达目标细胞如肝或肺细胞后,它便将携带的治疗人类基因的遗传物质“卸下”留在目标细胞中;在治疗基因给出的遗传指令下,细胞开始产生具有相应功能的蛋白质,从而恢复目标细胞的正常功能;通常,用于基因疗法传病媒介的病毒类型包括:逆转录病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒AAV和疱疹单式病毒;不同的病毒在人体中攻击的目标各不相同,因此它们在作为传病媒介时,携带的治疗基因和目标细胞也不尽相同;当然,除利用传病媒介递送治疗基因治疗疾病的方法外,还有其他几种非病毒递送基因的方法供研究人员选择;其中最简单的方法是直接向目标细胞“注入”治疗性DNA,然而这种方法应用范围十分有限,原因是它只适用于少数人体组织,却需要大量的DNA;现在,研究人员在实验将一条人造染色体或者称第47条染色体注入目标细胞中,这条人造染色体将与人体细胞中的23对46条染色体并存,不影响它们的工作或引起它们发生突变,同时也不会受人体免疫系统攻击;研究人员希望能将人造染色体作为一个大的传病媒介,携带大量的遗传密码;这种方法目前存在的问题是,将如此之大的分子递送到目标细胞的核内十分困难;尽管基因疗法从理论上讲具有很强的可行性,但在实践中却遇到了不少的困难;美国首例基因疗法临床试验开始于1990年,至今没有取得明显的效果;1999年,18岁的杰斯·格尔辛格接受试验性基因疗法治疗鸟氨酸转羧酶缺乏症时,在治疗的第4天由于多器官停止工作而去世;据认为,用作传病媒介的腺痛毒引起人体免疫系统强烈反应是导致杰斯死亡的原因;研究人员发现,有不少因素影响了基因疗法治疗遗传疾病的效果,其中包括基因疗法自然生命短、人体免疫系统反应强烈、病毒传病媒介存在的问题和多基因疾病;具体来说,治疗性DNA不易“融入”基因组以及许多细胞的快速分裂这两方面的问题,导致基因疗法无法取得长久的治疗效果,病人不得不多次接受治疗;人体免疫系统对“入侵者”的强烈反应影响了基因疗法的有效性,同时免疫系统产生的免疫反应导致病人重复接受基因疗法的难度加大;病毒传病媒介会给病人带来潜在的危害,如毒性、免疫及炎症反应;此外,人们担心传病媒介在进入人体后也许会重新恢复致病的活力;对单基因变异引起的疾病来说,基因疗法是最有效的方法;但是实际上,人体许多疾病是由多基因变异引起的,因此单基因疗法难以奏效;选自科技日报>,有删节7.以下对“基因”这一概念的说明,正确的一项是A.基因是人类最基本的遗传单位;B.基因是“制造”和“操纵”生物机体的蓝图;C.基因指挥着细胞合成人类生命的基础——蛋白质;D.当基因发生变化且不能履行自己正常的功能时,人类就会出现疾病;8.以下对“纠正缺陷基因最普遍的方法”的陈述,不正确的一项是A.将正常的基因插入基因组非特定的位置以取代有缺陷也称为失效或致病的基因;B.研究人员通常会利用被称作传病媒介的载体将正常或治疗基因递送到病人的目标细胞中;C.直接向目标细胞“注入”治疗性DNA;D.研究人员试图除去病毒基因组中导致人体患病的基因,并加入治疗基因,然后利用病毒递送基因的特殊能力医治人类疾病;9.下列表述,不符合原文意思的一项是A.目前,最常见的传病媒介是已被人为改变携带了人体正常DNA的病毒;病毒在漫长的进化过程中,形成了—套独特的方式将自己的基因递送到人体细胞中,致使人体发病;B.不同的病毒在人体中攻击的目标各不相同,但它们在作为传病媒介时,携带的治疗基因和目标细胞却是相同的;C.研究人员希望能将人造染色体作为一个大的传病媒介,使之携带大量的遗传密码,尽管将如此之大的分子递送到目标细胞的核内十分困难;D.尽管基因疗法从理论上讲具有很强的可行性,但在实践中却遇到了不少的困难;四、阅读下面短文,回答10-12题;中国的水资源总储量居世界第五,不少江河上已经建造了大型水坝;传统上,修建大坝的原因是变水为宝,不让水白白流掉;修建大坝的地方往往风景很美,而人民很穷;今天的西部大开发中,怒江上将修建13级大型水坝;大渡河主流和支流加在一起,将修建大小水坝356座;在河流上建坝,阻断了天然河道,导致河流的流态发生变化,进而引发整条河流上下游和河口的水文特征发生改变,这是建坝带来的最大生态问题,也是最令人担忧的问题;比如三门峡水利枢纽,就是因为改变了河道的流态,导致坝址上游泥沙淤积;另一方面,施工过程中也可能破坏山坡的平衡而引起滑坡;水坝常常选择在峡谷区,它的谷坡一般说来是不稳定的;例如金沙江虎跳峡,两岸山顶高出江面2500—3000米,江面宽度30—60米,这对于筑坝是有利的一面,但崖高坡陡,容易发生滑坡,虎跳峡就曾因山坡崩坍而引起断流;如果坝址的岩层疏松易坍,施工过程中就必须改变坝的位置,造成一定的经济损失;一旦洪水袭来,还易酿成垮坝灾难;1975年,中国河南驻马店地区在一次猝不及防的特大暴雨中就曾出现严重垮坝事件;修建大坝还会人为诱发地震;至今为止,全世界共有一百多座水库诱发过地震;川西、怒江、金沙江虎跳峡地区本就是地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃的地区,这些都是加剧诱发水库地震的高概率因素;近年来中国的天灾人祸,特别是渭河连年不断的水灾,使得五十年代中国三门峡水库的积极倡导者们终于在2003年10月开始承认:三门峡水患;针对2004年洪水并不是太大,泥石流、滑坡、地震却给人民的生命财产造成了极大威胁的状况,国家防总指挥部明确提出:给洪水以出路;这就是一方面要保证河道的畅通,让洪水能够比较顺利地下泻,同时要保证可以调蓄洪水的湖泊、洼地,尽量避免因我们的经济发展去侵占它;这种思路与目前国际上很多国家的想法和做法是一致的;10.下列不属于对于修建峡谷大坝意义的传统认识的一项是A.不让江河之水白白流掉,充分利用水资源发电;B.开发水资源丰富地区,推动当地经济发展;C.就着峡谷地形建造大坝,可以节省建坝投资;D.保证湖泊、洼地可以调蓄洪水,而不去侵占;11.对本文所说修建大坝的危害理解错误的一项是A.影响了河水的天然流向,使河流的流态发生变化,改变水文特征;B.建坝过程会导致峡谷山坡崩坍,建成后会使上游泥沙淤积,影响生态;C.由于岩层土石疏松,大坝建成后可能移位,加剧岩石崩坍;D.诱发地震,洪水之时可能垮坝,给人民的生命财产造成严重损失;12.下列解说,符合原文意思的一项是A.修建大型水坝不是仅仅为了利用水流发电,还应从其他方面认识修建大坝的意义; B.国际上防治洪水的观点和做法,就是要让洪水能够顺利下泻,并有地方调蓄;C.大坝和水库诱发地震要以该地区地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃为前提;D.在严酷的现实面前,三门峡水库的积极倡导者们率先认识到水库大坝的危害;参考答案1.B A项,“需要有约4000—5000个工作人员来为其服务”并非说为其“发射”服务;C项文中说“当航天飞机进入轨道之前,必须把火箭助推器和外贮燃料箱抛掉,抛掉的费用约占发射费用的42%”强调的是“费用”;D项“抛掉的费用”不等于“抛掉部分的费用”“增加了”没有比较,可以说成本高但不能说“增加了”,且与B项比较不够全面;2.C “它既能在大气层中像航空飞机那样利用大气层中的氧飞行”说明“利用大气层中的氧飞行”条件是“在大气层中飞行”时,“吸气发动机”是一种名为“霍托尔”的空天飞机这个个体使用的发动机并不能说明所有的空天飞机都使用这种发动机,此外靠“吸气发动机”的“霍托尔”空天飞机上升到万米高空时还要借助火箭发动机的推力才将空天飞机送进地球轨道;A项相关信息“飞机不携带氧化剂,充分利用空气中的氧,这样可以大大减轻飞机重量;”B项,因为它不以发射火箭的方式发射,所以费用就降低了;D项相关信息“它可以完全重复使用,大幅度降低费用;”3.A “轨道器”是原航天飞机的组成部分,空天飞机是完整地进入轨道;4. D;根据第一段“人们可以立刻进入到一个不同的空间”一句可看出“人们在同一时间里,既可以在这个空间,又可以在另一个空间”不合文意;5. C;“加强;人际关系纽带”错;第二段虽然讲人们的“交际活动”进一步加速,但第三段中讲人与人之间的“沟通关系”被无情地消解掉;第四段又说“削弱了”“人际关系纽带”;6. A;第五段谈应对挑战的办法,没有“突破时空限制”的意思;A句应是“染色体上的基因”;B句中的“生物”应为“人类”;D句“不能履行自己正常的功能”说的是基因“编码的蛋白质”;该项所陈述的是非病毒递送基因的一种方法;应是“不尽相同的”;第 10 题:D这是与目前国际上很多国家的想法和做法一致的思路,不属于传统认识; 第 11 题:C该项误解了“施工过程中就必须改变坝的位置”一句,施工过程中改变位置不等于大坝建成后移位;第 12 题:B本文意在指出一味修建水坝的弊端,提出应更换思路,全方位考虑水利建设,而不是说建大坝的意义,故A项错误;修建大坝会人为诱发地震,不以原地质构造为前提,“地震活动性很高、地质构造运动活跃”是加剧诱发水库地震的因素,故C项错误;从“终于……开始承认”来看,“五十年代三门峡水库的积极倡导者们”很迟才认识到水库大坝的危害,故D项错误;。

科技说明文阅读理解分析

科技说明文阅读理解分析
【试题】下列说法不符合文凭空意捏的一项是( )

A.不久前《参考消息》等3份中国报纸以其发行量 巨大、国际影响深远而在全球日报发行量统计中 名列前茅。
雷区十 一 有据与凭空(无中生有)
指干扰项的内容在原文中根本找不到根据, 纯属命题者故意提出来迷惑考生的。
解题要点:从原文找依据、找推断
其他雷区
答非所问(选项与题干在关系上并不相干) 偷换概念(选项中的词语同原文的词语不是
关键句主要包括表明文章主要 信息的中心句、要点句,表明结 构层次关系的过渡句以及使用双 重否定、疑问语气的句子,这既 是命题者常做“手脚”之处,也 是解题突破口。
2、审读选项 圈定文段
先仔细阅读题目中四个选项, 然后再次阅读原文,弄清楚各个 选项内容都涉及到文中哪些段落 或区域,准确圈定出答题所需信 息的范围。
3、找准原句 提取信息
围绕每一个选项内容查找出文中相对应 的语句,然后筛选出与选项相关的有效信 息,并在筛选出的信息前标明题号及选项 号,例如与7题A项对应的原文就在该原 文前加上“7A”,依此类推,这样标记 筛选出的原文,在将选项与原文信息进行 比 较时就可以快捷地寻找到原文信息, 节省了答题时间,提高了解题速度。
【试题】下列关于“茶马古道”的表述,错 误的一项是( )(全国卷第7题) B.在宋代,“茶马古道”上的巨额茶利 收入是当时全国军费的主要来源。
雷区四 主要和次要(主次不分)
解题要点:分清主次,仔细对比原文
真题探究5:
• 【对应文段】为了防止减压病,必须在出舱前 吸纯氧,使体内的氮气逐渐排出。吸纯氧的时 间长短,根据密封座舱中氮的含量多少而 定……如果将舱外活动航天服的压力提高到 380毫米汞柱以上,穿上它出舱行走,也不会 产生减压病……

高考英语阅读理解复习-科技类20篇(含解析)

高考英语阅读理解复习-科技类20篇(含解析)

科技类词汇对应阅读passage1A snake﹣robot designer,a technologist,an extradimensional physicist and a journalist walk into a room.The journalist turns to the crowd and asks:Should we build houses on the ocean?Like a think﹣tank panel,members of the team dream up far﹣out answers to the crucial problem,such as self﹣driving housing units that could park on top of one another in the coastal city center.The setting is X,the enterprise which considers more than100ideas each year,in areas ranging from clean energy to artificial intelligence.Although only a tiny percentage become"projects"with far﹣reaching creativity,these projects exist,ultimately,to change the world,like Waymo,the biggest self﹣driving﹣car company.In the past60years,something strange has happened.As the academic study of creativity has thrived (蓬勃发展),the label innovation may have covered every tiny change of a soda can or a toothpaste flavor,but the rate of productivity growth has been mostly declining since the1970s.John Fernald,an economist,points out that the notable exception to the post﹣1970decline in productivity occurred when businesses throughout the economy finally figured out the breakthrough technology﹣information technology.John Fernald says,"It's possible that productivity took off,because we picked all the low﹣hanging fruit from the IT wave."Actually,the world economy continues to harvest the benefits of IT.But where will the next technology shock come from?Breakthrough technology results from two distinct activities﹣invention and innovation.Invention is typically the work of scientists and researchers in labs,while innovation is an invention put to commercial use.Seldom do the two activities occur successfully under the same roof.They tend to thrive in opposite conditions;while competition and consumer choice encourage innovation,invention has historically progressed in labs that are protected from the pressure to generate profit.Allowing well﹣funded and diverse teams to try to solve big problems is what gave us the computer and the Internet.Today,we fail to give attention to planting the seeds of this kind of ambitious research,while complaining about the harvest."Companies are really good at combining existing breakthroughs in ways that consumers like.But the breakthroughs come from patient and curious scientists,not the rush to market,"says Jon Gertner,the author of The Idea Factory."Technology is a tall tree,"John Fernald said."But planting the seeds of invention and harvesting the fruit of innovation are entirely distinct skills,often mastered by different organizations and separated by manyyears."As for me,both of them are essential for technology,although they are relatively independent.I don't think X is a planter or a harvester,actually.It is like building taller ladders.Nobody knows for sure what,if anything,the employees at such enterprises are going to find up on those ladders.But they're reaching.At least someone is.(1)What is the main purpose of the first two paragraphs?A.To present the process of group discussion.B.To illustrate X's worry about big problems.C.To reveal the importance of the crazy ideas.D.To stress the varied backgrounds of the team.(2)What can we learn from the passage?A.Breakthroughs must stand the test of the market.B.Innovation on necessities can promote productivity.C.Invention develops slowly under the pressure of profit.D.The harvest of innovation lies in some ambitious research.(3)Regarding John Fernald's view on technology,the author is.A.supportiveB.cautiousC.uncertainD.critical(4)What can be inferred about X from the passage?A.It will focus on innovation.B.It will have its outcome soon.C.It may give in to its fruitless reality.D.It may bring an encouraging outlook.【分析】这是一篇说明文。

高考英语真题科技说明文阅读理解精选训练(含答案)

高考英语真题科技说明文阅读理解精选训练(含答案)

高考真题阅读理解科技说明文汇编(科技类说明文是阅读中的难点,学生容易失分,有很大的区分度。

因此,开展有针对性的训练很有必要,本汇编精选近年高考真题,以求把握难度,总结规律,达到事半功倍的效果,)(2020全国卷I )话题:植物新科技DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show whe n they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,"explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team found that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off"switch"where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?(2019全国卷I )话题:利用生物信息进行身份识别CAs data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量)technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置)that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏)with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard couldoffer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word "touch"four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.28. Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?A. To reduce pressure on keys.B. To improve accuracy in typingC. To replace the password system.D. To cut the cost of e-space protection.29. What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?A. Computers are much easier to operate.B. Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.C. Typing patterns vary from person to person.D. Data security measures are guaranteed.30. What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?A. It’ll be environment-friendly.B. It’ll reach consumers soon.C. It’ll be made of plastics.D. It’ll help speed up typing.31. Where is this text most likely from?A. A diary.B. A guidebookC. A novel.D. A magazine.(2018全国卷I)话题:不同电器设备耗电研究DWe may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. That’s bad news for the environment – and our wallets – as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life – from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices – we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt’s team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what’s the solution (解决方案)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.(2020全国卷II) 话题:海狸鼠毛皮的利用问题CWhen you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didn’t cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)enthusiasts are tryingto bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠).Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have(showcased)nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. “It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur-unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year”,says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur.Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month.Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and let go into the wild. “The ecosystem down there can’t handle this non-native species(物种).It’s destroying the environment. It’s them or us." says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field.The fur trade kept nutria check for decades,but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s,the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He s ays it’s not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Mouton’s job these days is trying to promote fur.Then there’s Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Morgan says,“To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them—1 think that’s going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York.” Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took her a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. She trying to come up with a lable to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.28. What is the purpose of the fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn?A. To promote guilt-free fur.B. To expand the fashion market.C. To introduce a new brand.D. To celebrate a winter holiday.29. Why are scientists concerned about nutria?A. Nutria damage the ecosystem seriously.B. Nutria are an endangered species.C. Nutria hurt local cat-sized animals.D. Nutria are illegally hunted.30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?A. Boomed.B. Became mature.C. Remained stable.D. Crashed.31. What can we infer abouf wearing fur in New York according to Morgan?A. It’s formal.B. It’s risky.C. It’s harmful.D. It’s traditional.(2017全国卷I)话题:户外自制蒸馏器DA buld-it-yourself solar still(蒸馏器)is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5' 5'sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup —to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up —and out —the side of the hole.Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup.The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment zxxk out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink.32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?A. It’s delicate.B. It’s expensive.C. It’s complex.D. It’s portable.33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. The tube.B. The still.C. The hole.D. The cup.34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?A. Dig a hole of a certain size.B. Put the cup in place.C. Weight the sheet’s center down.D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form .A. the plastic tubeB. outside the holeC. the open airD. beneath the sheet(2016全国卷I)话题: 不同文化背景下的沉默内涵The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful, or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness, or worry. Silen ce may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable; therefore attempts may be made to fill every gapwith conversation. Persons in other cultural groups value silence and vie w it as necessary for understanding a person's needs.Many Native Americans value silence and feel it is a basic part of co mmunicating among people, just as some traditional Chinese and Thai persons do. Therefore, when a person from one of these cultures is spea king and suddenly stops, what maybe implied(暗示) is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing. In these cultures, silence is a call for reflection.Other cultures may use silence in other ways, particularly when dealing with conflicts among people or in relationships of people with different amounts of power. For example, Russian, French, and Spanish persons may use silence to show agreement between parties about the topic under discussion. However, Mexicans may use silence when instructions are given by a person inauthority rather than be rude to that person by arguing with him or her. In still another use, persons in Asian cultures may view silence as a sign of respect, particularly to an elder or a person in authority.Nurses and other care-givers need to be aware of the possible meanings of silence when they come across the personal anxiety their patients may be experiencing. Nurses should recognize their own personal and cultural construction of silence so that a patient’s silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to go on unnecessarily. A nurse who understands the healing(治愈) value of silence can use this understanding to assist in the care of patients from their own and from other cultures.32.What does the author say about silence in conversations?A.It implies anger.B.It promotes friendship.C.It is culture-specific.D.It is content-based.33.Which of the following people might regard silence as a call for careful thought?A.The Chinese.B.The French.C.The Mexicans.D.The Russians.34.What does the author advise nurses to do about silence?A.Let it continue as the patient pleases.B.Break it while treating patients.C.Evaluate its harm to patients.D.Make use of its healing effects.35.What may be the best title for the text?A.Sound and SilenceB.What It Means to Be SilentC.Silence to Native AmericansD.Speech Is Silver; Silence Is Gold参考答案:DACCDCBAADBAAADBDBCDCADB。

高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案

高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案

[上海]阅读下面(de)文字,完成7-9题病毒不同于其他所有生物,它不是由细胞组成(de).一个细胞中(de)结构要进行生命活动:进食、产生能量、生长、对环境(de)改变作出反应.但这一切病毒都没有.当它呆在细胞外时,它实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.它进入细胞后,灾难就来了.所有(de)病毒都由两部份组成:核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质,在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜.蛋白质外表或类脂包膜(如果有(de)话)使病毒依附上细胞膜----然后病毒进入细胞.实际上这并不容易.病毒外衣(de)表面必须刚好依附在细胞膜(de)“接收器”(de)位置.即使在理想(de)条件下,病毒与合适(de)细胞(de)几千次撞击中,也只有一次能使它们正确地连接.这就可以解释为什么通常(de)病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.狂犬病和感冒则是最明显(de)例外,它们能感染(de)范畴级广.一旦病毒依附上细胞,它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞.在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去,有脂肪包膜(de)病毒能将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞.当病毒进入细胞,它就开始回复成它自己了.要理解它都干了些什么,我们必须更进一步了解它(de)核酸中心.核酸存在于每个活(de)细胞和病毒中.它们有两种基本种类——DNA和RNA.DNA构成基因组合.这意味着一个特定(de)DNA里储藏了构造和维持一种特定生物体(de)信息.DNA是怎样决定生物(de)形式和功能(de)呢它控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质.不同(de)DNA产生不同(de)蛋白质,不同(de)蛋白质构成不同(de)生物体.RNA是干什么(de)呢 RNA在细胞中(de)主要功能是充当信息(de)传递者.它将信息从DNA(在所有细胞(de)细胞核中)传递到合成蛋白质(de)地方(在细胞核外).DNA像模板一样造出正确(de)RNA,RNA又同样制造出正确(de)蛋白质.病毒要么有DNA,要么有RNA,但不会两样都有.在病毒中,RNA不是信息(de)传递者而是基因物质.病毒进入并强迫细胞制造出更多(de)病毒,必须有一些蛋白质和核酸(de)组合与细胞(de)类似.这种与正常分子成分惊人(de)相似性不是偶然(de),它来自病毒对细胞或它(de)宿主长期(de)适应.实际上,自从地球上有生命以来,病毒和细胞就共同存在,共同进化.有一种曾经很流行(de)说法,认为病毒是在细胞之前出现(de).这种说法现在看来不太好.一种更可信(de)可能性是说,病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质.随着时间(de)变迁,这些“逃出来(de)基因”提高了独立(de)能力,能自我复制,在细胞中寄生——病毒.对它们(de)宿主细胞越适应(de)病毒,危害性越小.这就是病毒进化(de)形式.大部分(de)病毒感染完全没有危害,但那些进化得不完美(de)病毒引起(de)危害和痛苦则是巨大(de).病毒有修复4000种人类混乱基因(de)特殊能力.把准确(de)基因附在经过处理没有感染性(de)病毒身上,使它进入有缺陷(de)细胞,这是修复这些细胞最好(de)方法.这种基因疗法还可能用来修复癌细胞(de)DNA.(选自在岩石上漂浮,有删改)7.下列关于“病毒”(de)表述,正确(de)一项是A、病毒实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.它没有进食、产生能量、生长、对环境(de)改变作出反应(de)生命活动.B、所有(de)病毒都由核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质组成.这层蛋白质外衣使病毒依附上细胞膜——然病毒进入细胞.C、病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.即使在理想(de)条件下,病毒与合适(de)细胞(de)几千次撞击中,也只有一次能使它们正确地连接.D、病毒和细胞共同存在,共同进化.病毒对它们(de)宿主细胞越适应,危害性就越小;而那些进化得不完美(de)病毒引起(de)危害和痛苦则是巨大(de).答案D解析A、信息取自第一段“当它呆在细胞外时,它实际上是很小(de)、无生命(de)、懒惰(de)颗粒.”这里有前提“当它呆在细胞外时”B、信息取自第二段开头“所有(de)病毒都由两部份组成:核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质,在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜.”题目中“所有(de)病毒都由核酸构成(de)核和包住核(de)一层蛋白质组成”错了.依据原文“在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂(de)包膜”判断.C、注意第二段结尾部分“这就可以解释为什么通常(de)病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用.”依据句中(de)“通常(de)”判断题目中“病毒只对特定(de)细胞起作用”错了.8、下列对文章内容(de)理解,不恰当(de)一项是A、一旦病毒依附上了细胞,穿过细胞膜进入细胞(de)方法就是,将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞.B、DNA控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质,不同(de)DNA产生不同(de)蛋白质,不同(de)蛋白质构成不同(de)生物体,DNA就是这样决定生物(de)形式和功能(de).C、RNA在细胞中(de)主要功能是充当信息(de)传递者;而在病毒中,RNA 不是住处(de)传递者,是基因物质.D、病毒强迫细胞制造更多病毒,必须有一些蛋白质和核酸(de)组合与细胞(de)类似,这种惊人(de)相似性来自病毒对细胞或它(de)宿主长期(de)适应.答案A解析信息取自第三段“一旦病毒依附上细胞,它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞.在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去,有脂肪包膜(de)病毒能将它们(de)包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞”句中分析(de)是“有脂肪包膜(de)病毒”“穿过细胞膜进入细胞”(de)方法,不是指所有病毒.9、从全文看,下列表述符合作者观点(de)一项是A、“病毒是在细胞之前出现(de)”这一说法是错误(de),实际上病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质.B、病毒作为在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质,一旦逃出就提高了独立(de)能力,能自我复制.C、狂犬病和感冒病毒能感染(de)范围极广,它们对所有(de)细胞都起感染作用,免疫系统对它们无能为力.D、把准确(de)基因附在经过处理没有感染性(de)病毒身上,使它进入有缺陷(de)细胞(de)基因疗法,可能用来修复癌细胞(de)DNA.答案D解析A、依据倒数第三段“有一种曾经很流行(de)说法,认为病毒是在细胞之前出现(de).这种说法现在看来不太好.一种更可信(de)可能性是说,病毒是在很久以前从它们(de)细胞中逃出来(de)基因物质”判断,作者并没有说“病毒是在细胞之前出现(de)”这一说法是错误(de),而是说有另一种“更可信(de)可能性”.B、题目中“一旦逃出就提高了独立(de)能力”(de)“一旦就”说法错了,作者说还要“随着时间(de)变迁”.C、“它们对所有(de)细胞都起感染作用,免疫系统对它们无能为力.”属无中生有.[广西]阅读下面(de)文字,完成5 7题.(9分,每题3分)大多数环境学论着认为,人类大量排放二氧化碳等温室气体,导致全球气温上升,而全球变暖将使地球两极(de)冰川融化,海平面上升,进而给人类(de)生存造成威胁.但是,荷兰学者克罗宁博格所着(de)人类尺度:一万年后(de)地球一书中(de)观点,似乎可以让人稍稍缓解一下在气候变暖问题上(de)紧张感.作者(de)基本观点是:当下发生(de)所有气候变化,从地球(de)立场出发,都是“正常运作”.大自然(de)变化类似与四季交替,只不过是它(de)时间尺度要长得多.根据作者(de)描述,大自然“春天”是在一万年以前开始(de),那时,天气已开始转暖,曾经覆盖了当今人类广泛活动区域(de)冰层逐渐在阳光下融化,海平面上升,而人类祖先(de)生活方式则开始从渔猎转向定居农业.到现在,人类已经处于“夏季,因此我们没有必要担心气温上升可能会带来(de)危害”.“夏季”终将过去,这也是自然规律,只不过是要再等待一段漫长(de)时间,“秋季”才会来临.那时海平面将会下降,而今天人们因为气温上升所引发(de)讨论也将随之结束.克罗宁博格面对当前全球气候变暖(de)趋势,以及由此造成(de)极端天气频繁、荒漠化加重、物种灭绝加速等情况,之所以显得十分淡定,在于他看待这一问题时使用了与众不同(de)时间尺度.通常人们只考虑几十年或几百年(de)事情,并且一直在用这种人类(de)尺度去衡量大自然,结果每个人都为现在(de)气候最大值紧张不已.其实,这在克罗宁博格看来只不过是大自然循环中出现(de)“一丝波纹而已”.如果我们超越现阶段人类思考问题(de)尺度,观察一个漫长(de)周期,情形也许就不会那么令人沮丧了——那就是一万年(de)时间尺度,为什么要一万年(de)时间尺度因为人类现在所处(de)地质时代开始于一万年以前;地质学(de)只是也告诉我们,类似月我们现在所处(de)温暖期一般不会超过一万年;大约一万年前爆发(de)火山目前都处在活动期等等.与地质学应用(de)时间尺度相比,人类(de)尺度就不那么适用了.这也难怪他要嘲讽因为气候变暖、海平面上升而变得异常焦虑(de)人民,“为什么要大张旗鼓地围着小周期内出现(de)现象团团转”人类尺度:一万年后(de)地球这本书(de)观点有助于提升人类面对气候变暖、海平面上升所带来(de)挑战(de)勇气,正像作者所说(de)那样:穿着熊皮、拿着石斧(de)石器时代(de)人类尚且知道如何在冰期生存下来,我们难道无法运用现代高科技去解决海平面上升一米带来(de)后果吗当然,与此同时我们也应该意识到,即使人类(de)活动对于全球气候变暖(de)作用微不足道,我们也不能从此以后就不加节制地区排放温室气候,大量地消耗资源和排放二氧化碳已经严重破坏了自然生态和人类(de)生存环境,所以克罗宁博格也表示,“我们应该节约能源”一保护有限(de)资源. 5.下列关于本文第一、二两段内容(de)表述,不符合原文意思(de)一项是( B )A.以二氧化碳为主(de)温室气体是导致全球变暖(de)罪魁祸首,这已经成为大多数环境学论着(de)观点,但是克罗宁博格对此并不认同.学优高考网B.温室气体使全球变暖,并由此造成地球两极冰川融化(de)现象,从地球(de)立场出发,这实际上属于大自然(de)“正常运作”.学优高考网C.全球变暖会导致一系列灾难性(de)后果,例如极端天气频发、荒漠化加重、物种灭绝加速,这给人类(de)生存造成了威胁.D.面对当前全球气候变暖(de)趋势,克罗宁博格并没有使用“人类(de)尺度”来衡量这一问题,所以他显得十分淡定.6.下列理解,不符合原文意思(de)一项是( A )A.克罗宁博格对地球(de)未来做出了预测,并以此为基础,从地质史上(de)火山爆发以及气候变化等自然进程(de)角度进行了论证.B.克罗宁博格认为,如果我们超越现阶段人类思考(de)尺度,从一个漫长(de)周期来观察温室效应(de)话,那么可能就不会如此焦虑了.C人类尺度:一万年后(de)地球向二氧化碳排放与气候变暖二者密切相关(de)观点提出了挑战,为我们思考气候(de)变化提供了新(de)角度.D.大量地消耗自然资源会严重破坏人类(de)生存环境,这是无法回避(de)事实,所以克罗宁博格也表示“我们应该节约能源”.7.根据原文内容,下列推断不正确(de)一项是( B )A.在大自然(de)“春天”降临之前(de)远古时期,气候异常寒冷,广大区域都覆盖着冰层,因此人类(de)祖先当时并没有采取定居农业(de)生活方式.B.通常人们只考虑几十年或几百年(de)事情,克罗宁博格却改变了研究(de)视野:他不考虑明年,也不考虑一百年后(de)事,而是将目光投向了一万年以后.C.克罗宁博格采取一万年(de)时间尺度来观察、分析地球气候变暖(de)问题,这并不意味着地质学上(de)时间尺度都是以一万年为单位(de). D.石器时代(de)人类能在冰期中生存下来,与今天我们试图解决海平面上升带来(de)问题相比,虽然形式不同,实质都是积极利用知识应对危机(de)表现.湖北读下面(de)文章,完成6-8题.(共9分,共3小题,每小题3分)乡土本色费孝通从基层上看去,中国社会是乡土性(de).那些被称土气(de)乡下人是中国社会(de)基层.我们说乡下人土气,这个土字用得很好.土字(de)基本意义是指泥土.乡下人离不了泥土,因为在乡下住,种地是最普通(de)谋生办法.靠种地谋生(de)人才明白泥土(de)可贵.农业直接取资于土地,种地(de)人搬不动地,长在土里(de)庄稼行动不得,土气是因为不流动而发生(de).不流动是从人和空间(de)关系上说(de),从人和人在空间(de)排列关系上说就是孤立和隔膜.孤立和隔膜并不是以个人为单位(de),而是以住在一处(de)集团为单位(de).中国乡土社区(de)单位是村落,从三家村起可以到几千户(de)大村.孤立、隔膜是就村和村之间(de)关系而说(de).孤立和隔膜并不是绝对(de),但是人口(de)流动率小,社区间(de)往来也必然疏少.我想我们很可以说,乡土社会(de)生活是富于地方性(de).地方性是指他们活动范围有地域上(de)限制,在区域间接触少,生活隔离,各自保持着孤立(de)社会圈子.乡土社会在地方性(de)限制下成了生于斯、死于斯(de)社会.常态(de)生活是终老是乡.假如在一个村子里(de)人都是这样(de)话,在人和人(de)关系上也就发生了一种特色,每个孩子都是在人家眼中看着长大(de),在孩子眼里周围(de)人也是从小就看惯(de).这是一个“熟悉”(de)社会,没有陌生人(de)社会.在社会学里,我们常分出两种不同性质(de)社会:一种并没有具体目(de),只是因为在一起生长而发生(de)社会;一种是为了要完成一件任务而结合(de)社会.用一位外国学者(de)话说,前者是“有机(de)团结”,后者是“机械(de)团结”.用我们自己(de)话说,前者是礼俗社会,后者是法理社会.生活上被土地所囿住(de)乡民,他们平素所接触(de)是生而与俱(de)人物,正像我们(de)父母兄弟一般,并不是由于我们选择得来(de)关系,而是无须选择,甚至先我而在(de)一个生活环境.熟悉是从时间里、多方面、经常(de)接触中所发生(de)亲密(de)感觉.这感觉是无数次(de)小磨擦里陶炼出来(de)结果.这过程是论语第一句里(de)“习”字.“学”是和陌生事物(de)最初接触,“习”是陶炼,“不亦说乎”是描写熟悉之后(de)亲密感觉.在一个熟悉(de)社会中,我们会得到从心所欲而不逾规矩(de)自由.这和法律所保障(de)自由不同.规矩是“习”出来(de)礼俗.从俗即是从心.“我们大家是熟人,打个招呼就是了,还用得着多说么”——这类(de)话已经成了我们现代社会(de)阻碍.现代社会是个陌生人组成(de)社会,各人不知道各人(de)底细,所以得讲个明白;还要怕口说无凭,画个押,签个字.这样才发生法律.在乡土社会中法律是无从发生(de).“这不是见外了么”乡土社会里从熟悉得到信任.乡土社会(de)信用并不是对契约(de)重视,而是发生于对一种行为(de)规矩熟悉到不加思索时(de)可靠性.从熟悉里得来(de)认识是个别(de),并不是抽象(de)普遍原则.在熟悉(de)环境里生长(de)人,不需要这种原则,他只要在接触所及(de)范围之中知道从手段到目(de)间(de)个别关联.在乡土社会中生长(de)人似乎不太追求这笼罩万有(de)真理.我读论语时,看到孔子在不同人面前说着不同(de)话来解释“孝”(de)意义时,我感觉到这乡土社会(de)特性了.孝是什么孔子并没有抽象地加以说明,而是列举具体(de)行为,因人而异地答复了他(de)学生.在我们社会(de)急速变迁中,从乡土社会进入现代社会(de)过程中,我们在乡土社会中所养成(de)生活方式处处产生了流弊.陌生人所组成(de)现代社会是无法用乡土社会(de)习俗来应付(de).于是,“土气”成了骂人(de)词汇,“乡”也不再是衣锦荣归(de)去处了.6.下列对“中国社会是乡土性(de)”(de)理解,符合原文意思(de)一项是( A )A.乡民是中国社会(de)基层,他们以种地为基本生存方式,从土地中获取生活资源,因此与土地分不开,为土地所束缚.B.人与人在空间排列上(de)不流动性,造成乡土社会里乡民个体之间彼此(de)孤立与隔膜,所以才有三家村式(de)微型村落(de)存在.C.乡土社会里(de)个体为了谋生这一共同目标,分工协作,有机地聚合在一起,形成没有陌生人(de)“熟人”社会.D.无论是生活(de)环境还是所接触(de)人物,对乡民而言都是生而与俱,再熟悉不过(de),于是他们选择固守乡土,终老于斯.7.下列理解和分析,符合原文意思(de)一项是( C )A.生活在乡土社会(de)人们,彼此之间相互了解,没有隔阂,相比现代社会,更容易获得一种从心所欲(de)自由.B.依附于土地(de)乡民从小习得礼俗,与周围(de)人都熟如亲人,因为大家感情深厚,所以对他们来讲“从俗即是从心”.C.乡民之间(de)交往是基于彼此(de)熟悉和信任来进行(de),法律不是调节乡土社会中人际交往和人际关系(de)基本依据.D.乡土社会(de)信用产生于对一种行为规矩熟悉到不加思索(de)可靠性,这种信用远胜于法理社会中(de)一纸契约.8.根据原文内容,下列理解和分析不正确(de)一项是( B )A.乡土社会实际上就是熟人社会、礼俗社会,而现代社会是陌生人组成(de)社会、法理社会,两者(de)人际交往原则有别.B.礼俗是乡土社会里应对社会生活(de)根本原则、抽象真理,也是人们处理具体事务时目(de)与手段间(de)普遍联系.C.乡土社会中,人们从熟悉里获得(de)认识是个别(de).论语中孔子因人而异地解释“孝”,能让我们体会到这种特性.D.在乡土社会进入现代社会(de)过程中,原有(de)生活方式与现代社会不相适应,暴露出弊端,“土气”一词因而有了贬义.新课标Ⅰ适用地区:河南、河北、山西、陕西阅读下面(de)文字,完成1~3题老子其人其书(de)时代,自司马迁史记以来即有异说.清代学者崇尚考据,对此议论纷纷,如汪中作老子考异,力主老子为战国时人,益启争端.钱穆先生说:“老子伪迹不彰,真相大白,则先秦诸子学术思想之系统条贯始终不明,其源流派别终无可言.”大家都期待这个问题有新(de)解决线索.过去对于古书真伪及年代(de)讨论,只能以纸上材料证明纸上材料,没有其它(de)衡量标准,因而难有定论.用来印证老子(de)古书,大多收到辨伪家(de)怀疑,年代确不可移(de),恐怕要数到韩非子、吕氏春秋和淮南子,但这几本书成书太晚,没有多少作用.近年战国秦汉简帛佚籍大量出土,为学术界提供了许多前所未见(de)地下材料,这使我们有可能重新考虑老子(de)时代问题.1973牛长沙马王堆三号汉墓出土(de)帛书,内有老子两种版本,甲本字体比较早,不避汉高祖讳,应抄写于高祖即帝位前,乙本避高祖讳,可以抄写于文帝初.这两本老子抄写年代都晚,无益于老子着作年代(de)推定,但乙本前面有黄帝书四篇,系“黄”、“老”合抄之本,则从根本上改变了学术界对早期道家(de)认识.郭沫若先生曾指出,道家都是以“发明黄老道德意”为其指归,故也可称之为黄老学派.老子和黄帝书是道家(de)经典,在汉初被妙写在老子前面(de)黄帝书显然在当时公众心目中已据有崇高位置,不会是刚刚撰就(de)作品.同时,黄帝书与申子、慎子、韩非子等有许多共通文句,而申不害、慎到、韩非三人均曾学黄老之术,这些共通之处可认作对皇帝书(de)引用阐发.申不害和慎到(de)年代,前人推为战国中期,皇帝书不应更晚.至于皇帝书与老子(de)共通之处也甚多,如皇帝书·经法篇云“王天下者有玄德”,什么是“玄德”,文中未见解释.查老子五十一章:“生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰,是谓玄德.”帛书所讲“玄德”显然由此而来.此例甚多,那么为皇帝书所称引(de)老子必须再早上一个时期,也就是不会晚于战国早期.古书中有关老子和孔子关系(de)记述很多,但矛盾和可疑之点不少.近来有陈鼓应先生老学先于孔学一文,专门讨论论语受老子(de)影响,用以证成“老子成书早于论语”.如论语·卫灵公:“子曰:‘无为而治者,其舜也与夫何为哉恭己正南面而已矣.’”“无为而治”是老子(de)学说,细味孔子(de)话,是讲唯有舜称得起无为而治,很像是针对已有(de)学说而发.论语·宪问:“或曰:‘以德报怨,何如’子曰:‘何以报德以直报怨,以德报德.’”朱熹指出:“或人所称今见老子书.”因此这一条是论语引用老子(de)铁证,而且是对老子(de)批评.从这些情形来看,古书所记老子长于孔子,可以认为是确实可信(de).(摘编自李学勤<<老子>(de)年代)1. 下面关于作者写作本文(de)原因(de)表述,不符合原文意思(de)一项是A.从司马迁史记开始,关于老子和老子一书(de)时代问题就有不同说法.清代汪中作老子考异以后,学者们更加纷争不已.B.钱穆说过:如果老子其人其书(de)时代不明,那么先秦诸子学术思想(de)联系和发展就无法弄清,老子和道家(de)源流、派别也无从谈起.C.以前用来印证老子(de)古书,大多本身就被人指为伪书.韩非子、吕氏春秋等虽然年代确凿无疑,但是成书太晚,也无济于事.D.近年来战国秦汉简帛文献大量出士,给学术界提供了许多纸上材料以外(de)东西,这使得老子和老子一书(de)时代问题有了解决(de)可能.答:B.“老子和道家(de)源流、派别也无从谈起”中(de)“老子和道家”应为“先秦诸子学术思想”.2.下面解释和分析,不符合原文意思(de)一项是A.虽然从字体和避讳来看,马王堆汉墓老子帛书甲本和乙本(de)抄写年代可以大致确认,但是这对于老子着作(de)推定没什么用处.B.皇帝书和老子有许多相似(de)语句,但许多名词(de)解释只见于老子而不见于皇帝书,所以老子成书应该早于皇帝书.C.陈鼓应曾撰写老学先于孔学一文,指出论语中多有受到老子影响之处,其目(de)是证明老子一书(de)产生比论语早.D.老子有“以德报怨”之说,所以“子曰:‘何以报德以直报怨,以德报德.’”一句应该是论语引用老子(de)铁证,并且是对老子(de)批评.答:D.正确(de)理解是:“或曰:‘以德报怨,何如’子曰:‘何以报德。

科技说明文阅读理解大全【有分析有答案】

科技说明文阅读理解大全【有分析有答案】

科技说明文训练(有答案有解析)(一)白蚁的破坏作用常言说:“千里之堤,溃于蚁穴”。

1998年长江流域遭遇特大洪水,一些堤坝出现“涌”就是蚁害所致。

当然,这里所说的“蚁”不是普通的蚂蚁,而是土白蚁。

土白蚁行踪诡秘,为害隐蔽。

一些外表看来完好无损的河堤土坝很可能已经遭受严重破坏。

荆江大堤上飞驰的小吉普竟然全车陷落在土坝中,至于行人、水牛跌入坝中“陷阱”情形就更是屡见不鲜了。

那么,小小的白蚁为什么能掏空千里之堤,使之毁于一旦呢?①科学研究的结果告诉我们,我国的白蚁大体上可分为三类:木栖性白蚁、土栖性白蚁和土木两栖性白蚁。

②破坏堤坝的白蚁主要是土栖性白蚁,即专在土中筑巢的一类白蚁。

③一个成年蚁巢内的几百万只白蚁在一起过着“有组织、有纪律”的群体生活。

④白蚁的社会有严格的分工:蚁王、蚁后专门繁殖后代;兵蚁负责安全保卫;工蚁数量最多,从事筑巢、觅食等基本劳动。

⑤土白的巢穴在地下可深达两米,主巢大约1-2立方米,主巢周围的副巢多达百余个,巢穴之间有四通八达的蚁道相连。

⑥由于土白蚁不断在堤坝内分群、蚕食、筑巢,使得堤坝中蚁巢星罗棋布。

⑦一旦汛期来临,水位高涨,水流溢入蚁道、蚁穴,就会出现堤坝管涌、渗漏和滑坡等险情;如果不及时排除,则会堤崩坝垮,出现灾难性后果。

土白蚁对人类而言是一种有害昆虫。

土白蚁蚁群庞大,繁殖迅速,习性隐蔽,破坏力强,要彻底消除它的危害并非易事。

近年来,科学工作者已在这个领域取得了多项研究成果,“千里之堤,固若金汤”的远景必将成为现实。

1.下面是对第2段部分内容的概括,选择与其相应的句子,将它(它们)的序号写在括号内。

写土白蚁的社会分工()写土白蚁的群体生活()写土白蚁对堤坝破坏严重的直接原因和由此产生的后果()2.第1段中画线的句子使用了______的说明方法,第2段第⑤句使用了______的说明方法。

3.本文的说明顺序是下列哪一项?选择正确答案,将它的字母写在括号内。

()A.由整体到部分 B.由主要到次要C.由概括到具体 D.由结果到原因4.从文中找出能恰当、准确表达下列语意的词语,分别写在横线上。

科技说明文阅读及答案

科技说明文阅读及答案

科技说明文阅读及答案【篇一:2013高考各地语文卷科技说明文阅读题及答案】的文字,完成7-9题病毒不同于其他所有生物,它不是由细胞组成的。

一个细胞中的结构要进行生命活动:进食、产生能量、生长、对环境的改变作出反应。

但这一切病毒都没有。

当它呆在细胞外时,它实际上是很小的、无生命的、懒惰的颗粒。

它进入细胞后,灾难就来了。

所有的病毒都由两部份组成:核酸构成的核和包住核的一层蛋白质,在有些情况下是脂肪或类脂的包膜。

蛋白质外表或类脂包膜(如果有的话)使病毒依附上细胞膜----然后病毒进入细胞。

实际上这并不容易。

病毒外衣的表面必须刚好依附在细胞膜的“接收器”的位置。

即使在理想的条件下,病毒与合适的细胞的几千次撞击中,也只有一次能使它们正确地连接。

这就可以解释为什么通常的病毒只对特定的细胞起作用。

狂犬病和感冒则是最明显的例外,它们能感染的范畴级广。

一旦病毒依附上细胞,它有几种方法穿过细胞膜进入细胞。

在细胞膜上开一个小洞让它进去,有脂肪包膜的病毒能将它们的包膜与细胞膜融合而使它们进入细胞。

当病毒进入细胞,它就开始回复成它自己了。

要理解它都干了些什么,我们必须更进一步了解它的核酸中心。

核酸存在于每个活的细胞和病毒中。

它们有两种基本种类——dna和rna。

dna构成基因组合。

这意味着一个特定的dna里储藏了构造和维持一种特定生物体的信息。

dna是怎样决定生物的形式和功能的呢?它控制细胞和生物体制造蛋白质。

不同的dna产生不同的蛋白质,不同的蛋白质构成不同的生物体。

rna是干什么的呢?rna在细胞中的主要功能是充当信息的传递者。

它将信息从dna(在所有细胞的细胞核中)传递到合成蛋白质的地方(在细胞核外)。

dna像模板一样造出正确的rna,rna又同样制造出正确的蛋白质。

病毒要么有dna,要么有rna,但不会两样都有。

在病毒中,rna不是信息的传递者而是基因物质。

病毒进入并强迫细胞制造出更多的病毒,必须有一些蛋白质和核酸的组合与细胞的类似。

科技说明文阅读解答技巧

科技说明文阅读解答技巧

1.偷换概念。
指概念之间有暗换的情况,即选项中的词 语同原文的词语不是等值概念的交换。 A、应激素作用于肠脑引起肠神经系统 化学物质的改变
相关的原文: 惊恐又引起交感神经影响肠脑的
血清素分泌量
把“惊恐”暗换成了“应激素” 则A是干扰项
2. 以偏概全。
指从范围上对内容进行了随意扩大,即选 项有意把原材料中对某类事物所作的一部分判 断扩大到某类事物的全体。 特征:一般选项中出现“凡”“全”“都”“所 有”“一切”之类的字眼
注意事项

对一些抓住修饰语和限制语诸如“也许、可 能、将会、大概、如果(一旦)、部分(全部)、 过去(将来)、目前、除了……之外、惟一”等 词语,阅读时也要用勾画圈点等方法筛选出来。
4.筛选答案。 即紧扣题干的要求,根据有 效信息来筛选答案。
审题
→找信息区 →筛选、比较、排除
三、答题技巧:
解答科技说明文阅读题可 以从排除干扰项(即不符合原 文文意的选项)入手。
一般而言,设置干扰项主 要是在概念、判断上做文章, 其主要方法有:
偷换概念、以偏概全、无中 有生、源流倒置、夸大其辞、答 非所问等等。
9、主次颠倒 事物的变化发展就矛盾而言有主要矛盾和次要 矛盾,就原因而言有主要原因和次要原因,就表 现而言有主要方面和次要方面。命题人设计陷阱 时,有时会将这些“主要”的一面和“次要”的 一面倒置。 B、在宋代,“茶马古道”上的巨额茶利收 入是当时全国军费的主要来源。
原文 : “茶马互市”除了为朝廷提供一笔巨领茶 利收入补充军费之需外,更重要的是, 既满足了国家对战马的需要,又维护了 宋朝西南边境的安全。 根据原文,在宋代,“茶马古道”上的巨 额茶利收入“补充”了军费之需。“补充”指 “在主要事物之外追加一些”,因此,B项说 “主要来源”则主次颠倒。

历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(含答案)

历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(含答案)

历年高考英语真题分类汇编之阅读理解科技说明文(2023年1月浙江卷)CA machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. Such wrinkles will no doubt be ironed out, yet they also point to a fundamental problem. As Kristian Hammond, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at Northwestern University, put it: “There's never a stage at which the sys tem knows what it's talking about.”What Hammond is referring to is the question of meaning, and meaning is central to what distinguishes the least intelligent of humans from the most intelligent of machines. A computer works with symbols. Its program specifies a set of rules to transform one string of symbols into another. But it does not specify what those symbols mean. Indeed, to a computer, meaning is irrelevant. Humans, in thinking, talking, reading and writing, also work with symbols. But for humans, meaning is everything. When we communicate, we communicate meaning. What matters is not just the outside of a string of symbols, but the inside too, not just how they are arranged but what they mean.Meaning emerges through a process of social interaction, not of computation, interaction that shapes the content of the symbols in our heads. The rules that assign meaning lie not just inside our heads, but also outside, in society, in social memory, social conventions and social relations. It is this that distinguishes humans from machines. And that's why, however astonishing Project Debater may seem, the tradition that began with Socrates and Confucius will not end with artificial intelligence.28.Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph?A.To explain the use of a software program.B.To show the cleverness of Project Debater.C.To introduce the designer of Project Debater.D.To emphasize the fairness of the competition.29.What does the underlined word “wrinkles” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Arguments.B. Doubts.C. Errors.D. Differences.30.What is Project Debater unable to do according to Hammond?A. Create rules.B. Comprehend meaning.C. Talk fluently.D. Identify difficult words.31.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A.Social interaction is key to understanding symbols.B.The human brain has potential yet to be developed.C.Ancient philosophers set good examples for debaters.D.Artificial intelligence ensures humans a bright future.(2023年1月浙江卷)DAccording to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed ( 安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven't given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they'll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Mackn ick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment(InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” s olar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators(传粉昆虫).Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home garde ns, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soilimprovement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that's going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.32.What do solar developers often ignore?A.The decline in the demand for solar energy.B.The negative impact of installing solar panels.C.The rising labor cost of building solar farms.D.The most recent advances in solar technology.33.What does InSPIRE aim to do?A.Improve the productivity of local farms.B.Invent new methods for controlling weeds.C.Make solar projects environmentally friendly.D.Promote the use of solar energy in rural areas.34.What is the purpose of the laws mentioned in paragraph 4?A. To conserve pollinators.B. To restrict solar development.C. To diversify the economy.D. To ensure the supply of energy.35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Pollinators: To Leave or to StayB. Solar Energy: Hope for the FutureC. InSPIRE: A Leader in AgricultureD. Solar Farms: A New Development(2022年全国乙卷)CCan a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s eyes in the sky technology to making sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient(高效)across the board.That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews efforts.By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-valueservices for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.28. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible?A. The use of drones in checking on power lines.B.Drones ability to work at high altitudes.C. The reduction of cost in designing drones.D. Drones reliable performance in remote areas.29. What does maintenance underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction of infrastructure.30. What function is expected of the rail drones?A. To provide early warning.B. To make trains run automatically.C. To earn profits for the crews.D. To accelerate transportation.31. Which is the most suitable title for the text?A. What Faults Can Be Detected with DronesB. How Production of Drones Can Be ExpandedC. What Difficulty Drone Development Will FaceD. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways(2022年全国Ⅰ卷)DHuman speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touchingthe lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution," said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on?A. Its variety.B. Its distribution.C. Its quantity.D. Its development.33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B. They could not open and close their lips easily.C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough.34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A. Supporting evidence for the research results.B. Potential application of the research findings.C. A further explanation of the research methods.D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A. It is key to effective communication.B. It contributes much to cultural diversity.C. It is a complex and dynamic system.D. It drives the evolution of human beings.(2022年全国Ⅱ卷)DAs we age, even if we're healthy, the heart just isn't as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early60s. And among people who don't exercise, the changes can start even sooner."Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken," says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That's what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven't been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of non aerobic(无氧)exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health."We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts," says Levine. "And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump(泵送)a lot more blood during exercise." But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn't change, he says."The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven't already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility," Levine says. "We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all."Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine's findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band?A. The right way of exercising.B. The causes of a heart attack.C. The difficulty of keeping fit.D. The aging process of the heart.33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design?A. Diet plan.B. Professional background.C. Exercise type.D. Previous physical condition.34. What does Levine's research find?A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest?A. Making use of the findings.B. Interviewing the study participants.C. Conducting further research.D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.(2022年北京卷)DQuantum ( 量子 ) computers have been on my mind a lot lately. A friend has been sending me articles on how quantum computers might help solve some of the biggest challenges we face as humans. I’ve also had exchanges with two quantum-computing experts. One is computer scientist Chris Johnson who I see as someone who helps keep the field honest. The other is physicist Philip Taylor.For decades, quantum computing has been little more than a laboratory curiosity. Now, big tech companies have invested in quantum computing, as have many smaller ones. According to Business Weekly, quantum machines could help us “cure cancer, and even take steps to turn climate change in the opposite direction.” This is the sort of hype (炒作 ) that annoys Johnson. He worries that researchers are making promises they can’t keep. “What’s new,” Johnson wrote, “is that millions of do llars are now potentially available to quantum computing researchers.”As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum.After I read the book, Taylor patiently answered my questions about it. He also answered my questions about PyQuantum, the firm he co-founded in 2016. Taylor shares Johnson’s concerns about hype, but he says those concerns do not apply to PyQuantum.The company, he says, is closer than any other firm “by a very large margin ( 幅度)” to building a “useful” quantum computer, one that “solves an impactful problem that we would not have been able to solve otherwise.” He adds, “People will naturally discount my opinions, but I have spent a lot of time quantitatively comparin g what we are doing with others.”Could PyQuantum really be leading all the competition “by a wide margin”, as Taylor claims? I don’t know. I’m certainly not going to advise my friend oranyone else to invest in quantum computers. But I trust Taylor, just as I trust Johnson.31. Regarding Johnson’s concerns, the author feels ________.A.sympatheticB.unconcernedC.doubtfulD.excited32. What leads to Taylor’s optimism about quantum computing?A.His dominance in physics.B.The competition in the field.C.His confidence in PyQuantum.D. The investment of tech companies.33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean?A.Open.B.Cool.eful.D.Resistant.34. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. Is Johnson More Competent Than Taylor?B. Is Quantum Computing Redefining Technology?C. Will Quantum Computers Ever Come into Being?D. Will Quantum Computing Ever Live Up to Its Hype?(2022年浙江卷)BAll around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.So how does it work? Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to natur e is often not that easy,” says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from theatmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.24. What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement?A. It has achieved notable success.B. It is led by a number of schools.C. It began in Europe in the 1970s.D. It will spread to the countryside.25. What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK?A. To promote eco-tourism.B. To improve forestry research.C. To popularise gardening.D. To get people close to nature.26. What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest?A. They are small in size.B. They are thickly planted.C. They are foreign species.D. They are heavily fertilised.(2021年全国Ⅱ卷)DAn Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签)on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape,color and texture (质地)of grass. That way,cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concems about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their valuehas risen, making them appealing targets.32.What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?A. Soil pollution.ck of workers.C.Aging machines.D. Low profitability.33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?A.Monitor the quality of grass.B.Cure the diseased cattle.C.Move cattle to another field.D.Predict weather changes.34.Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?A. He wants to help them earn a living.B.He thinks men can do the job better.C. He is inexperienced in using robots.D.He enjoys the traditional way of life.35.How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?A.Increase the value of cattle.B. Bring down the cost of labor.C.Make the job more appealing.D.Keep cattle from being stolen.(2021年全国乙卷)You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin V on Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source(来源)of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of V on Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes.Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, V on Wong wanted to illustrate(说明)a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” V on Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.V on Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.28.What are V on Wong's artworks intended for?______A.Beautifying the city he lives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on the beach.29. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?______A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.B.To explain why they are useful.C.To voice his views on modern art.D.To find a substitute for them.30. What effect would "Truckload of Plastic" have on viewers?______A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.31. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?______A.Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB.Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC.Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures(2020全国I卷)DThe connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another,employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they’re short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. "We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,"explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants grow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano’s team f ound that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn tree into self-powered street lamps.in the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can besprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatment that would last the plant’s lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off"switch"where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输).Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.32. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. A new study of different plants.B. A big fall in crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants’ lack of waterB. To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D. To test chemicals in plants.34. What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A. They will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consumption.D. They could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?(2020年全国II卷)BSome parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine, an expert on mathematics development in young children the University of Chicago, found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4later develop better spatial skills. Puzzle play was found to be a significant predictor of cognition(认知) after controlling for differences in parents’ income, education and the amount of parent talk, Levine said.。

【精品文档】四年级科技类说明文阅读理解-范文word版 (14页)

【精品文档】四年级科技类说明文阅读理解-范文word版 (14页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理,本司不为其真实性负责,如有异议或侵权请及时联系,本司将立即删除!== 本文为word格式,下载后可方便编辑和修改! ==四年级科技类说明文阅读理解篇一:小学四年级语文说明文阅读理解题小学四年级语文说明文阅读理解题班级姓名(一)阅读下面文章,完成第1-6题。

什么是智力?有人说,智力的涵义包括聪颖、预见、速度,能同时应付很多事件。

有人把智力定义为学习、作判断的能力和想象力。

在现代文献中,智力常常指的是抽象思维的能力、推理的能力和整理信息的能力。

还有人把智力表达得更简洁,说智力是作猜测,是发现一些新的内在秩序的"出色的猜测".对许多人来说,就是你不知怎么办时,无计可施时,惯常的做法不奏效时,所需要的创新能力。

那么人的智力是否高于其他动物呢?这取决于脑的发达程度,脑只有外面那一层——大脑皮层——明显地与形成"新的联想"有关。

而人的大脑皮层甚至比甜橙皮还薄,大约只有2毫米,仅相当于一枚一角硬币的厚度。

人的大脑皮层布满了皱褶,但是如果把它剥离下来并将它展开,它的面积大约相当于4张打印纸。

黑猩猩的大脑皮层只有1张打印纸那么大;猴子的像明信片那么大;老鼠的只有邮票那么大。

因此,人的智力比动物的智力高很多。

(节选自《大脑如何思维》,有删改,作者威廉。

卡尔文)1.选文的说明对象是______________________.2.选文的说明顺序是__________________________________________.3.第二段选文运用的说明方法___________________________________.4.第二段选文中两次用到"大约"一词,这体现了选文语言的什么特点?答:__________________________________________________________5.用简洁的语言概括选文的主要内容。

科技类说明文阅读题

科技类说明文阅读题

软凝胶基质代替硬培养皿成为干细胞培养新方法美国研究人员发现,利用软凝胶基质代替硬培养皿来培养小鼠胚胎干细胞,无需添加昂贵的生长因子,便可让干细胞培养物长时间维持同质的多能状态。

研究人员表示,这一技术在未来的再生医学中有着巨大的应用前景。

相关论文发表在《公共科学图书馆·综合》杂志上。

干细胞研究面临的主要障碍就是如何让小鼠胚胎干细胞培养物保持一种均一的多能状态。

多能干细胞可自发地分化成皮肤或者肌肉等不同的组织类型。

长期以来,科学家都是利用一种被称作生长因子的化学物质来维持干细胞的多能态不变,但即便如此,培养出来的干细胞还是会很快进入各自的分化阶段,呈现出不同的基因表达和形态,这种多样性分化使得干细胞培养物很难被诱导生成所需的特定组织。

该研究负责人之一、伊利诺伊大学基因组生物学研究所动物科学教授田中哲也表示,可以从培养一群同质的未分化细胞入手,诱使其分化成特定的细胞类型以实现临床应用。

研究小组发现,多能小鼠胚胎干细胞喜欢“抱团”黏附在一起,而处于群体边缘、与坚硬的培养皿接触的细胞分化速度相对较快,于是他们决定对小鼠胚胎干细胞进行机械学研究而非化学研究。

由于干细胞比成熟细胞要柔软10倍,研究人员猜测是否是培养皿和细胞之间的机械力刺激了细胞分化,并通过前期研究证实,即使很小的机械力也可诱导细胞分化。

接下来,研究小组将小鼠胚胎干细胞分成3组进行平行试验:第一组用加入了生长因子的常规培养基培养;第二组采用与这些细胞同样硬度的软凝胶基质进行培养,并加入生长因子;第三组同样用软凝胶基质培养,但没有加入生长因子。

结果显示,即使缺乏生长因子,利用软凝胶基质培养的干细胞在3个多月传代20次后仍能表现出更明显的同质性和多能性。

研究合作者、伊利诺伊大学机械科学和工程系教授王宁(音译)说,这体现了事物的两面性:机械力能够诱导分化,但如果降低培养基和干细胞之间的机械力,就可以将干细胞保持在多能状态。

这项研究证实了在干细胞分化过程中力学环境的重要性不亚于化学生长因子。

高考语文科技类说明文阅读复习题

高考语文科技类说明文阅读复习题

科技类说明文阅读一在英国权威的科学杂志《自然》上刊登的一篇美国科学家的论文说,研究人员在实验室里把抗虫害转基因玉米“BT 玉米”的花粉撒在苦苣菜叶上,然后让蝴蝶幼虫啃食这些菜叶。

四天之后,有44%的幼虫死亡,活着的幼虫身体也较小,而且没有精神。

而另一组幼虫啃食撒有普通玉米花粉的菜叶,就没有发生类似现象。

另据英国科学家的研究,与一般大豆相比,耐除草剂的转基因大豆中,防癌的成分异黄酮减少了。

这些结论引起了科学家的担心,也引起了世界范围的不安。

苏格兰科学家普斯陶伊的转基因土豆研究,情况却有所不同。

去年秋季,普斯陶伊称,自己一项未经发表的实验结果证明,年幼老鼠食用转基因土豆10天后,其肾脏、脾和消化道都出现损伤,而且免疫系统也遭到破坏,他将这一切归咎于对土豆的基因操作本身。

他的结论据说得到了14个国家20名科学家的支持。

但英国最具权威的科研机构英国皇家学会宣布,该学会组织的6人专家组经过详细评估发现,他的研究无论在设计上,还是在操作和数据上,都充满漏洞,他的结论无法成立。

然而,这场在英国引起并跨出国界的轩然大波却至今未平。

转基因技术是一项先进的生物科学技术,这一点已在世界范围内取得共识。

美国是转基因技术最先进的国家,据统计,美国的大学、科研机关和企业等已经开发出上百个转基因作物品种,其中仅有43个品种的安全性得到了美国食品和药物管理局的确认。

面临转基因玉米和大豆正在进行大面积种植与大量出口以及由此引发争议的现状,美国国家科学院已经郑重承诺,将就转基因食品的安全性问题展开全面调查。

看来,在发展转基因技术的同时,也是应当注意吸取任何一种现代工业技术发展过程中的教训的。

1.引起“科学家的担心”和“世界范围的不安”的原因是()A.“BT 玉米”抗虫害能力并不能达到百分之百,某些转基因大豆可能会致癌。

B.某些转基因作物会对生态环境造成污染,还有一些会削弱作物对人体健康的作用。

C.转基因作物会毒杀昆虫或影响昆虫的发育,并会降低人体自身的防癌功能。

关于科技创新的说明文800字5篇

关于科技创新的说明文800字5篇

关于科技创新的说明文800字5篇科技发展推动了全人类的文明进步,推动了全人类的进程,其利远远大于弊的!我们要继续贡献出自己的力量,继续推动科学技术的发展,推动人类文明进步。

下面小编给大家带来关于科技的说明文,方便大家学习。

关于科技创新的说明文1随着科学技术的高度发展,科技是利是弊成了人们热议的话题。

它可以造福于人类,让人类的明天更加美好光明,但同时它又是一把双刃剑。

近年来有人为它所救,也有人因此深受伤害,如何运用科技成果显然成了一个重大的问题。

时代日新月异,科技突飞猛进,世界正在发生天翻地覆的变化,科技给人带来了太多的思考。

古时候,人们如果不在一起,那就很难联系上,如果远隔千里,交流就变得十分麻烦了;然而如今互联网高度发展,地球成了一个小小的村子,你可以随时随地跟千里之外的亲人保持联系。

不仅如此,现在交流方式也多种多样,可以发信息、打电话、语音聊天、视频通话,在以前却只有写信一途。

古时候,人类照明十分麻烦,而且总是存在很多隐患,因为蜡烛是明火,如果把它安置在易燃物附近,倒下就会后患无穷;自从爱迪生发明了电灯,光亮就无处不在,而且各式各样的灯十分美观。

灯火通明、永不熄灭成为一道独特的现代城市夜景。

以前,身处底层社会的百姓,不仅吃不饱,穿不暖,更可怕的是疾病的困扰。

那时的人身体羸弱,身高不如现在,体重更不必说,就连出生时母子的死亡率也非常高。

贫苦百姓生活在有病难治的恐惧之中。

而现在医学十分发达,只有几种病解决不了,而且我相信,在不久的未来,人们肯定会攻破剩下的医学难关。

当然,科技带给我们的危害也不小。

现在的武器十分发达,如果大战真正爆发,后果不堪设想,人类很可能就此走向灭亡。

就算没有杀伤力巨大的武器,人类社会的生存安全也十足堪忧。

在科技发达的现代社会,很多人借助外卖、快递的便利都不愿活动,身体素质越来越差。

身体素质差的同时,还有外在的环境被破坏,客观上让人们的身体健康再度受到威胁。

我们也知道,工业污染、汽车尾气等因素归根到底是由科技的发展所引起的。

部编版四年级下册语文科技说明文阅读

部编版四年级下册语文科技说明文阅读

部编版四年级下册语文科技说明文阅读●科技类阅读方法●联系上下文理解词语含义●科技类阅读方法●联系上下文理解词语含义●科技类阅读方法●联系上下文理解词语含义【知识点】正所谓词不离句,一个词语只有结合具体的语言环境,才能准确的理解它所表达的意思,而不是僵硬化的靠字典去理解。

“联系上下文理解词语的意思”是阅读教学中扫除阅读障碍的重要途径。

在具体理解词语时有四种常用的方法:方法一;拆拼法有些词语如同人的眼睛、耳朵一样分工明确,各负其责。

在理解词语的时候,先分别解释每个字,然后把每个字的意思串联起来,完整的词义就呈现出来了。

例如《巨人的花园》一课“孩子们听到可怕的训斥纷纷逃窜”这句话中“训斥”一词训是训诫,斥是斥责,那么训斥和斥责就是训斥的意思。

方法二,近义词换词这种方法是借意思相同或相近的词语来解释词语,如果在特定的语言环境中,语句的意思基本不变,那么说明这个替换的词语与原词语相同或相近。

如四年级上册《为中华之崛起而读书》一课,“谁知道中国巡警不但不惩处肇事的洋人,反而把她训斥了一通。

”我们就可以把这句话中的“肇事”一词换成闹事这样词语的意思就出来了。

方法三,反义词否定法这是一种利用反义词加上否定词“不”来解释词语的方法。

运用时,先找出这个词的反义词,然后在这个反义词前加否定词“不”,就是这个词语的意思。

例如:《猫》一课,“可是,它听到老鼠的一点响动,又是那么“尽职。

”要理解“尽职”一词要先找出它的反义词“失职”然后在失职的前面加否定词“不”,就知道“尽职”是“不失职”的意思方法四,联系生活法根据自己的生活经历来解释词语,也是理解词语的有效方法。

例如《尊严》一文“他们连一句感谢的话也顾不上说,就狼吞虎咽的吃起来。

”我们通过回想自己很饿的时候,回到家大口吃饭、大口吃菜的情景,就能知道“狼吞虎咽”的意思是“形容吃东西又急又猛。

”【例题1】1.根据括号内的方法提示理解加点的词语在语境中所表达的意思。

第二次世界大战前,我们家六口人靠父亲一人工作维持..。

阅读科技说明文阅读方法

阅读科技说明文阅读方法

阅读科技说明文,要注意以下几点:
1.通读全文,准确把握文章的说明对象及作者对该项自然科学知识所提出的见解。

2.再读全文,理清文章的思路,分析文章的层次,理解文章各个部分分别从什么角度来阐
述说明对象、讲解相关知识的。

3.对文中涉及的某些科学概念的理解及对某一内容要点的概括,一定要细读文章中相关的
段落,找出文章提供的明示或隐含的信息,进行分析概括。

4.对一些句子含义的理解,要联系上下文相关内容做出准确的理解,有时要根据句子表达
特点来进行分析。

5.对一些探究性问题,也要运用科学思维方法进行创造性的理解。

2023年中考语文复习说明文阅读题:卫生纸里的高科技

2023年中考语文复习说明文阅读题:卫生纸里的高科技

阅读下面的文章,回答问题。

卫生纸里的高科技(1)卫生纸里面包含了很多高科技元素,你相信吗?(2)先从原料说起。

(3)请看卫生纸包装袋上“成分”那一栏,如果写的是“原生浆”“纯木浆”或者“木浆”,大家就要小心了。

因为原生浆是指纯净的原生纤维,因其来源不同,可分为木浆、草浆、蔗浆、棉浆、竹浆、芦苇浆等;纯木浆可能包括再生浆,即废纸浆;木浆的定义更含糊了。

好的卫生纸的原料成分应该是“原生木浆”,它通过木片蒸煮萃取纤维制成,是纯天然的,这样才能保证卫生纸有好的品质。

(4)卫生纸里最常用的是纸巾和卷纸。

纸巾要求吸水性强,而吸水后又不易破,也就是韧性要强。

我们都有过这样的体验:用纸巾擦磨,纸质偏硬不说,还会在脸上留下纸屑。

除了原料以及添加物不合格以外,这也可能是原料中短纤维比例过高造成的。

所以,纸巾的原料不仅要优质天然,长短纤维的配比也是非常重要的。

(5)原生木浆中包括长纤维木浆和短纤维木浆,长纤维负责韧性,短纤维增加柔软性,它们的配比一定要科学合理。

纸巾的原料里的含量要高,才能增加韧性。

那么,好纸巾的韧性到底有多强呢?(6)有一家纸业公司做了这样一个头验:他们设计出—款“超韧纸巾”,并且做了“湿水不易破”的挑战实验。

测试人员把一张最新款超韧纸巾放在滴水检测仪器中,150滴水依次落到纸巾的中心,水渍渐渐向外扩散,纸巾中心向下坠落出一个弧度,然而并没有破。

150滴水全部落测试人员又在湿纸上放了6枚硬币,纸巾还是没有破。

(7)小小的一张纸巾,竟然有如此大的吸水性及韧性,除了缘于优质原料的合理配比以外,还因为高科技工艺的运用。

(8)实验中的这款纸巾采用的是双压线技术,通过三层叠压构成,每层纸之间高度贴合,不易分离。

这使纸巾既能多层立体吸水,又能牢牢地锁住水分,让吸水性提升20%,干韧度提升10%,再使用先进仪器磨平每个糙点,令纸巾触感细腻柔软。

用这样的纸中擦汗,再也不用担心会在脸上留下纸屑了。

(9)卷纸的原料也是采用原生木浆,但是长纤维的比例降低,短纤维的比例提高,可为卷纸与纸巾功能不同,不需要有那么大的韧性,纸要柔软且容易浸湿,不然你该担心家里的马桶要被堵了。

《港珠澳大桥的“科技密码”》说明文阅读附答案

《港珠澳大桥的“科技密码”》说明文阅读附答案

《港珠澳大桥的“科技密码”》说明文阅读附答案教书育人楷模,更好地指导自己的学习,让自己不断成长。

让我们一起到店铺一起学习吧!以下是店铺为大家编辑的阅读答案文章,欢迎大家阅读!塑料袋真的应该抵制吗阅读附答案塑料袋真的应该抵制吗①2008年的一纸限塑令施行至今已有十年,其间围绕塑科袋的争议一直没有停歇。

由于不可降解,塑料袋早已成为多数环保主义者的眼中钉肉中刺,海龟和海鸟误食塑料袋后死亡的图片更激起人们对塑科袋的痛恨。

②但其实,人们对塑料袋的认识,大多是错误的。

③伤害海洋动物的是所有垃圾,而不仅仅是塑料袋。

事实上,塑料袋在垃圾整体当中所占比例很低。

2008 年,北京每年产生废旧塑料包装垃圾14万吨,仅占整个生活垃圾的3%,在上海,这个数字是7%。

④流行于环保主义者中间的一种说法是,塑料袋每年在全球范围内造成10万只海洋哺乳动物和100万只海鸟的死亡。

⑤不过这些健康风险并不会发生在所有的海鸟身上,它对于那些通过反刍喂养幼鸟的物种影响比较显著。

而且,目前的证据不足以证明塑科袋与海洋哺乳动物和海鸟的死亡率有相关关系,来自美国海洋哺乳动物委员会专家的研究表明,塑料袋对于海洋哺乳动物的伤害远没有被遗弃的渔网、渔具,缆绳等严重,⑥海洋哺乳动物的生存环境的确受到了人类活动的影响,但这并不意味着塑料袋定是杀死海洋动物的凶手。

一个名叫卡斯卡迪亚的专业动物尸检组织对2010年4月死于美国西稚图海滩的灰鲸进行解制之后发现,在鲸鱼的胃中存在塑料袋、小毛巾、手套。

鞋子和其他垃圾,同时这只灰鲸头部还有一个明显的由螺旋浆造成的伤口。

⑦海洋哺乳类动物误吞塑料袋的比例并不比误食其它垃圾高,靠限制塑料袋保护海洋动物并不比限制鞋子、手套更有效,⑧环保组织常用吞下了塑科袋的海龟照片来证明海龟是白色污染的受害者。

不可否认,这种情况也许确实存在,但是图片的超强冲击力也不能直接证明塑料袋对海龟的影响。

⑨根据美国国家海洋大气管理局在2008年发布的报告显示,塑料袋极少是海龟死亡的主要原因。

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2003-2004学年度上学期高中学生学科素质训练高三语文同步测试(11)—科技类说明文阅读一在英国权威的科学杂志《自然》上刊登的一篇美国科学家的论文说,研究人员在实验室里把抗虫害转基因玉米“BT 玉米”的花粉撒在苦苣菜叶上,然后让蝴蝶幼虫啃食这些菜叶。

四天之后,有44%的幼虫死亡,活着的幼虫身体也较小,而且没有精神。

而另一组幼虫啃食撒有普通玉米花粉的菜叶,就没有发生类似现象。

另据英国科学家的研究,与一般大豆相比,耐除草剂的转基因大豆中,防癌的成分异黄酮减少了。

这些结论引起了科学家的担心,也引起了世界范围的不安。

苏格兰科学家普斯陶伊的转基因土豆研究,情况却有所不同。

去年秋季,普斯陶伊称,自己一项未经发表的实验结果证明,年幼老鼠食用转基因土豆10天后,其肾脏、脾和消化道都出现损伤,而且免疫系统也遭到破坏,他将这一切归咎于对土豆的基因操作本身。

他的结论据说得到了14个国家20名科学家的支持。

但英国最具权威的科研机构英国皇家学会宣布,该学会组织的6人专家组经过详细评估发现,他的研究无论在设计上,还是在操作和数据上,都充满漏洞,他的结论无法成立。

然而,这场在英国引起并跨出国界的轩然大波却至今未平。

转基因技术是一项先进的生物科学技术,这一点已在世界范围内取得共识。

美国是转基因技术最先进的国家,据统计,美国的大学、科研机关和企业等已经开发出上百个转基因作物品种,其中仅有43个品种的安全性得到了美国食品和药物管理局的确认。

面临转基因玉米和大豆正在进行大面积种植与大量出口以及由此引发争议的现状,美国国家科学院已经郑重承诺,将就转基因食品的安全性问题展开全面调查。

看来,在发展转基因技术的同时,也是应当注意吸取任何一种现代工业技术发展过程中的教训的。

1.引起“科学家的担心”和“世界范围的不安”的原因是()A.“BT 玉米”抗虫害能力并不能达到百分之百,某些转基因大豆可能会致癌。

B.某些转基因作物会对生态环境造成污染,还有一些会削弱作物对人体健康的作用。

C.转基因作物会毒杀昆虫或影响昆虫的发育,并会降低人体自身的防癌功能。

D.由于毒素存在,某些转基因作物会污染环境,因此而影响人体的健康。

2.不符合第二自然段文意的一项是A.普斯陶伊认定,转基因作物会损伤动物内脏并在破坏免疫系统,他声称是通过实验证明这一点的。

B.英国皇家学会认为普斯陶伊的结论不能成立,根据主要是普斯陶伊实验的科学性太差。

C.普斯陶伊所引发的风波,表明了在世界范围内人们对这项先进的生物科学技术的某种担心与不信任。

D.“有所不同”是针对第一自然段而言,意思是说普斯陶伊的结论没有引起科学家的担心与不安。

3.文中所说的“教训”指的是()A.现代工业技术没有注意到它的安全性及对人们心理的影响。

B.发展生物科学没有注意到它对生态平衡和人类健康的影响。

C.发展现代工业技术没有注意到它可能造成的危害而做到趋利避害。

D.在科学发展中,没有听取各方面的不同意见,没有做更大范围的细致研究。

4.同本文作者的观点倾向不一致的一项是()A.转基因作物作为先进的生物科学技术成果所引起的担心和不安,绝不会妨碍这项技术的发展。

B.面对运用转基因技术所引起的世界范围的担心与不安,吸取教训总结经验才是正确的做法。

C.转基因技术是一项先进的生物科学技术,但在推行的时候,要特别考虑到它的安全性问题。

D.实验证明,某些转基因作物自身有长亦有短,但完全否定这项技术成果,尚缺乏科学依据。

二为了说明发生在原始地球上的化学反应能够产生像氨基酸这样复杂的有机分子,美国科学家米勒在1952年设计了一个具有划时代意义的实验。

他在密封的烧瓶内放入氧、甲烷、氢气和水,并加热烧瓶底部迫使水蒸气循环,以模拟原始地球的海洋和大气,同时他又对烧瓶内的气体连续放电以模拟电闪雷击,经过一个星期后,米勒检测了烧瓶内的“海洋”溶液,发现甲烷中的碳约有15%转化为18种有机物,其中2%的碳转化为氨基酸。

这个实验曾经使人们相信原始海洋和大气能够通过自身的化学过程产生合成蛋白质所需的氨基酸。

可是随着时间的推移,这幅由早期实验所描画的图画逐渐变得模糊起来。

起初人们发现米勒的实验对原始大气的假设是错误的,原始大气主要是由二氧化碳和氮气组成,只含有少量的甲烷和氢气。

后来人们又越来越清楚的认识到米勒烧瓶里的氨基酸是不能用来合成蛋白质的。

原来氨基酸分子的几何形状在合成蛋白质的过程中有着决定成败的重要作用。

蛋白质分子是以氨基酸分子为单体,按照不同的比率和不同的排列方式而合成的高聚合物。

构成蛋白质的氨基酸单体共有20种之多,它们被称为标准氨基酸。

它们的分子结构有两种不同的空间排列方式,就是所谓氨基酸分子的两种构型或手性,分别叫做L—氨基酸和D—氨基酸,我们也常常称它们为左手性氨基酸和右手性氨基酸。

在化学反应中形成两种手性分子的几率是相同的,因此在化学反应的生成物里左手性分子和右手性分子数量相等,这种不同手性分子数量相等的混合物称为消旋混合物。

米勒实验生成的氨基酸就是消旋混合物,它们是无法合成蛋白质的。

1.根据文意,下面对米勒实验目的的理解不准确的一项是()A.证明原始地球上能产生复杂的有机分子B.证明氨基酸存在于地球上的海洋和大气中C.找到原始地球上合成蛋白质的物质D.探寻地球上生命的最初来源2.根据文意,对“这幅由早期实验所描画的图画逐渐变得模糊起来”一句,理解正确的一项是()A.时间越来越久,人们的记忆就不大清晰了B.人们研究的领域拓宽了,米勒的实验就已过时了C.米勒实验的假设是错的,人们也就不再相信他的理论了D.随着认识的深入,人们发现米勒实验的结论是错的了3.下列解说,符合原文意思的一项是()A.人们一度相信是地球自身产生的氨基酸合成了蛋白质B.米勒的实验不应该在烧瓶中放进甲烷和氧气C.弄清了氨基酸的来源,就找到了蛋白质的来源D.只有不同手性的分子结合到一起,才能产生蛋白质4.对本文所提供的信息,理解不准确的一项是()A.米勒的实验没有考虑到组成蛋白质的氨基酸分子的比率和不同排列方式B.L—氨基酸和D—氨基酸能分别聚合成蛋白质C.米勒的实验对人们认识氨基酸的产生具有划时代意义D.米勒烧瓶里所生成的氨基酸分子数量相等的L—氨基酸和D—氨基酸混合而成的消旋混合物三英国天文学家日前根据他们对彗星轨道变化的研究做出一个大胆的推论:在我们的太阳系的遥远边缘,有一颗至今尚未被发现的巨大行星,远在目前的九大行星以外。

英国天文学家约翰·墨里声明,他在研究13颗来自奥特星云的彗星时发现,这些彗星飞入太阳系后,轨道都发生了带有类似特点的偏转,他经过计算分析,原因可能是在太阳系中还有一颗不为人知的巨大天体。

这颗不知名天体的体积比九大行星中最大的一颗——木星还要大7倍,它造成的强引力场使彗星轨道出现偏转。

墨里在接受英国广播公司的采访时表示,他对13颗彗星的轨道进行了精确的计算,计算误差约为1/1700。

据测算,这一未名天体位置在海豚星座附近,比目前所知的最远的太阳系行星——冥王星还要远1000倍。

英国天文学界认为,如果墨里的推论得到最后的证实,将为人们研究彗星提供新的理论依据。

根据墨里的研究,这颗行星的公转方向与九大行星正好相反。

因此判断它不是和其他行星一起形成的,也许是另一个星系的逃兵,在遥远的过去,偶然经过太阳系时被太阳的引力所俘获。

目前,尚未有任何观测发现有关这一“神秘天体”存在的直接证据。

不过由于它距离太阳遥远,公转一周需时600万年之久。

墨里认为:“这也许能够解释,为什么我们到现在仍未发现它。

”其实天文学界对所谓的太阳系存在“第十大行星”的争论从本世纪初就开始了。

当时天文学界在根据太阳系天体在近日轨道上的异常变化,成功地推测出冥王星的存在后,进一步推论新的轨道变化说明太阳系中存在第十大行星,并对其假想轨道进行了计算,甚至为它取了名字。

然而此时爱因斯坦在他的广义相对论中,做出科学预测:太阳的强引力场才是这一次轨道变化的真正原因。

此后的一系列科学发现也证明太阳这一强引力场的作用,十大行星一说才逐渐销声匿迹。

墨里的研究将在近期的一次国际天文学会上进行讨论,国际天文学界有关专家认为,他的推论将再次引发天文学家对“第十大行星”的探讨。

1.根据文意,对“第十大行星”的有关描述,不正确的一项是()A.它体积巨大,是已知太阳系中最大的行星木星的8倍B.它距离太阳遥远,比九大行星中的冥王星还要远1000倍C.它和已知九大行星同向公转,一周需600万年之久D.它的存在,使彗星飞入太阳系后,轨道发生偏转2.下列叙述,符合文意的一项是()A.太阳系中还存在着第十大行星是英国天文学家根据他们对彗星轨道变化的研究所做出的一个惊人结论。

B.英国天文学家墨里经过计算得出了有关“第十大行星”体积、在太阳系中的位置等数据。

C.“第十大行星”之所以未能观测到,是因为尚未有任何观测发现的直接证据。

D.爱因斯坦的广义相对论对“十大行星”之争起到了积极推动作用。

3.如果“第十大行星”证实的确存在,对其意义表述符合原文的一项是()A.有力的证明英国天文学家卓越的科研能力B.生动地告诉人们:广袤无垠的宇宙永远有无穷的奥妙C.再次证明了爱因斯坦的广义相对论中存在着违背科学的东西D.为人们研究彗星提供新的理论依据4.如果要给这篇文章加上一个标题,恰当的一项是()A.太阳系存在十大行星?B.英国天文学家发现第十大行星C.“第十大行星”再度确证D.“第十大行星”千呼万唤始出来四(1)生命不同于无机物质,它既遵从物理化学的基本规律,又有着自身独特之处。

任何生命都毫不例外地有着十分微妙的结构体系,有人就把细胞和各种细胞器,比拟为“最精密的分子工程”。

这个工程,有固定的参考指标——遗传体系,并可以逐级放大。

它的结构则与行使的功能无比协调,在部分和整体之间,不同层次之间,不同组织之间,都保持着有条不紊的相互关系,由小秩序组成大秩序,并能够对周围环境的变化作出确切反应,进行合成和分解代谢。

而在上下两代间,则通过互补复制,维持了物种的持久性和可变性。

现在知道,正因为这一系列非凡复杂的分子组合特点,才表现出了无比微妙的生命属性(2)随着认识的加深,人们还找到了研究生命的要领。

一位科学家写道:“阐明把历代所获得的性状贮存起来,并无误地传给子孙的遗传机理,乃是打开生命奥秘之门的一把钥匙。

”这把“金钥匙”在科学家的悉心探究之下,目前已经能够说出个头绪了。

(3)现在知道,生物的一切性状都是以密码方式,记录在遗传物质之中,这种密码通过准确的复制,可以完美无缺地传递到下一代。

在发育过程中,通过转录和翻译,将表达为固有的生物性状。

这就是青蛙之所以成为青蛙,蝴蝶之的以成为蝴蝶的基本依据。

目前科学家不但查明了各个密码单词的含义,还编制出了奇妙的“密码词典”。

于是在这里物理化学和生命科学终于密切无间地汇合起来了。

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