语言学Morphology形态学课件
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morphologyPPT课件
What is lexical meaning and what is grammatical meaning?
E.g. The English word tourists contain three morphemes. One minimal unit of lexical meaning is tour and another unit of lexical meaning is –ist which means person who does something. The third minimal unit –s has grammatical meaning indicating plurality.
• Bound morphemes are actually affixes. 黏着语素实际上 就是词缀。
• 词缀本质上是黏着的。Affixes are naturally bound. All affixes in English are bound.
• ——词缀是那些只能附着于另一个语素上的一类语素
• Inflectional affixes serve to indicate grammatical relations.
• Inflectional affixes are not used to produce new words, but rather to show aspects of the grammatical functions of a word.
自由语素 vs黏着语素
• 像tour, chair这种能够独立构词的语素，我 们称之为自由语素。 Those which may make up words by themselves are free morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by themselves as words.
英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology
Bound Morphemes
• Derivational morphemes: to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem; ness, -less, -ful, -ly, etc
morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
Free morphemes
• Lexical morphemes实意词素: a set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the ‘content’ of messages we convey
• Inflectional morphemes: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Used to show if a word is plural or singular, if it is past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form
• Allomorphs: actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme
• All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic
英语语言学之Morphology PPT课件
Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
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教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
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Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
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See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
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1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
授课题目 : morphology.
1
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication.
16
Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted
uneducated inspiring horsemanship
17
See the exercises 1 and 2 on page 82
18
1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship
A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
8
The four characteristics of a word
A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]
语言学morpheme课件
• It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.它研究词的 内部结构和构造规则。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
morpheme noun morpheme -ion
allomorphs
morph1: tion description
morph2: ation modernization
morph3: sion decision
[describe]
[modernize]
• -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are
• Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet
语言学morpheme
A word
root
prefix
suffix
determine
change
determine
The meaning of
a word
The meaning of
a word
语言学morpheme
The characteristic
of a word
语言学morpheme
C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的 语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语 或句子之内。
语言学morpheme
• E.G. • purify pur(e) , -ify • amplify(放大) simplify(简单化)
morpheme noun morpheme -ion
allomorphs
morph1: tion description
morph2: ation modernization
morph3: sion decision
[describe]
[modernize]
• -ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are
• Infix （-ee-） 中缀 feet
语言学morpheme
A word
root
prefix
suffix
determine
change
determine
The meaning of
a word
The meaning of
a word
语言学morpheme
The characteristic
of a word
语言学morpheme
C.Inflectional affixes are conditioned by Nonsemantic linguistic factors outside the word they attach to but within the phrase or sentence.屈折词缀受到的限制是非语义性的 语言因素，这一因素在它们所依附的词以外，但是在短语 或句子之内。
英语语言学课件Chapter 8 Morphology-PPT课件
Morphemes
• “A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.” • Reopened: re- + open + -ed • Tourists: tour + -ist + -s
Free and Bound Morphemes
• Free morphemes: can stand by themselves as single words: open, tour • Bound morphemes: cannot normally stand alone, but typically attached to another form: re-, -ist, -ed, -s. • All affixes in Eng are bound • Stem: when used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem • Undress -ed • Prefix stem suffix • bound free bound
Free and Bound Morphemes
• This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng. • Re- in words: receive, reduce, repeat • But –ceive, -duce- and –peat are not free morphemes • Bound stems and free stems (dress, care)
chapter_3__morphology ppt课件
look back • Auxiliaries • Pro-form • determiners
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Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
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• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
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The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
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Auxiliaries
• Negation
• I can’t come. I wantn’t come.
• Inversion
• Is he coming? Keeps he coming?
词素——最小的意义单位
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• A morpheme is the smallest meaningful grammatical unit thatis composed of three elemments denoting sound, meaning and form---respectively phoneme, lexeme and grapheme.
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• A grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morpheme
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it of meaning
• It is the smallest/minimal unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be further divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical.
m
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The morpheme (语/词素) is to the morph (形素) what a phoneme(音位) is to a phone (音素).
语言学Morphology形态学.pptx
has, had, etc.
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C. Pro-form(替代形式): refers to the closed sets of items which can be used to substitute for a nominal group (名词 词组)or a single noun.
*their all trouble
all their trouble
*five the all boys all the five boys
*all this boy
all these boys
*all both girls
But ordinal numerals and general ordinals may occur before cardinal numerals.
Pro-adjective: Your pen is red. So is mine. Pro-verb: He knows English better than he did. Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. Pro-locative(代处所词): Jame’s hiding there, behind the door.
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3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited.
New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
第二章Morphology形态学-59页精品文档
These sounds are limited in number.
This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistics studies are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2019)
2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels
In the production of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meet with no obstruction
they may narrow the space considerably; or
they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistics studies are the phonic medium of language; and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2019)
2.4 Classification of English speech sounds
Vowels
In the production of a vowel, the air stream from the lungs meet with no obstruction
they may narrow the space considerably; or
they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
• Stop (or Plosive)
– Oral & Nasal
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
语言学教程第章形态学ppt(共102张PPT)
relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot
be divided into further smaller units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning; morphemes cannot be further analyzed. 就语音和语义的关系而言，语素是语言中最小的（词汇 语法和语义）单位；语素不可再分割，除非丧失意义；
本课要学习的内容
1. 本章与上章之间的联系与界限[语言的三个层面] 2. 什么是语素？
2.1 语素的定义，形态学的定义
2.2. 语素的分类（重点） 2.3. 形态变化和语素变体
3. 什么是词?
3.2 词的分类
3.0 第 3 章导论
语言的形式层和意义层
[词] [语素，词素]
本章的结构即形态学的研究层次
3.5
word group / phrase [词组/短语]
3.2
3.3
word
[词]
3.4
3.1
morpheme
[语素，词素]
1. 本章与其他章之间的联系与界限
sounding level /phonological level phonetics
Stem1 词根 + 词缀 [屈折词缀]
Stem2 词根 + 词缀1[派生词缀] + 词缀2 [屈折词缀]
Stem3 词根 + 词缀1+词缀2 … 词缀n-1+ 词缀n [屈折词缀]
扩大词汇量的工具书
语素的分类[3]
Inflectional affix [屈折词缀 ]
be divided into further smaller units without destroying or
drastically altering the meaning; morphemes cannot be further analyzed. 就语音和语义的关系而言，语素是语言中最小的（词汇 语法和语义）单位；语素不可再分割，除非丧失意义；
本课要学习的内容
1. 本章与上章之间的联系与界限[语言的三个层面] 2. 什么是语素？
2.1 语素的定义，形态学的定义
2.2. 语素的分类（重点） 2.3. 形态变化和语素变体
3. 什么是词?
3.2 词的分类
3.0 第 3 章导论
语言的形式层和意义层
[词] [语素，词素]
本章的结构即形态学的研究层次
3.5
word group / phrase [词组/短语]
3.2
3.3
word
[词]
3.4
3.1
morpheme
[语素，词素]
1. 本章与其他章之间的联系与界限
sounding level /phonological level phonetics
Stem1 词根 + 词缀 [屈折词缀]
Stem2 词根 + 词缀1[派生词缀] + 词缀2 [屈折词缀]
Stem3 词根 + 词缀1+词缀2 … 词缀n-1+ 词缀n [屈折词缀]
扩大词汇量的工具书
语素的分类[3]
Inflectional affix [屈折词缀 ]
chapter 3 Morphology 英语专业语言学PPT
Derivational and inflectional morphemes (p.55)
Some derivational morphemes change the grammatical category of words (or grammatical class of words) and others
➢ the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content,
➢ a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.
When the root of the word is a free morpheme, we say the word has a free root, such as e.g. hopeful, interpersonal
When it is a bound morpheme, we say the word has a bound root, such as e.g. precede, receive, submit, retain, recur
The identification of words
(2) Relative uninterruptibility(相对的不可 隔 断 性 ): new elements are not to be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in the word. (i.e. outlaws, touch-me-not)
课件3._morphology
前缀和后缀
前缀和后缀都是从单词 开头或结尾添加的符号。
中缀
中缀是添加在单词内部 的符号，一般用于词汇 的缩略或组合。
复合词
复合词由两个或多个单 词组成而成，例如“公共 汽车”、“黑板报”。
形态框架
形态框架的定义
形态框架是形态学研究中对 单词内部构词规则的一种体 系化总结。
形态框架的结构
词素和词根
形态框架结构包括意义、形 式、位置、状态等基本要素。
课件3._morphology
学习单词的构词法，深入了解派生和屈折的概念，以及词法规则，并通过实 例了解应用。
什么是形态学
形态学的起源
形态学起源于对单词的构成 和意义的研究。
形态学的定义
形态学是研究单词形态结构 和词根的学问。
形态学的意义
了解形态学可以帮助我们更 好地理解语言的运用方式。
单词的构词法
词素是基本意义的单位，词 根是构成单词的基本成分。
派生和屈折
1
派生
派生是指通过加词缀等方式构成新单词的过程。
2
屈折
屈折是指通过变化单词形式来构成语法所需格式的过程。
3
不同
派生和屈折的区别在于派生重点在于意义的变化，而屈折则是语言规范的一部分，涉及到正式书面语言的正确性。
2 多样性
不同的语言和词汇系统有着不同的词法规则，需要进行学习和掌握。
3 应用广泛
在语言使用中，遵循词法规则可以避免误解和错误。
应用举例
中文词语
• 手机号码： 手机 +号码 • 安保措施： 安全 +保护方式 • 月光族： 收入不稳定 +消费型
英文词汇
• Unfriendly：Un +friendly • popularize：popular +-ize • Unicorns：uni- +corn +-s
英专生 Morphology 形态学 PPT介绍
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There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) C . A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form
12、Which of the folowing is not a free morpheme ? D A . bed B . dance C . tree D . children
1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:
a) microfilm b) bedraggled. c) announcement d) predigest ion. e) telecommห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nication f) fore father g) psychophysics h) mechanist
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micro + file be + draggle + ed announce + ment pre + digest + ion tele + communicate + ion fore + father psycho + physics mechan + ist
3
The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a(n) D . A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) C . A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D. free form
12、Which of the folowing is not a free morpheme ? D A . bed B . dance C . tree D . children
1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:
a) microfilm b) bedraggled. c) announcement d) predigest ion. e) telecommห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nication f) fore father g) psychophysics h) mechanist
14
micro + file be + draggle + ed announce + ment pre + digest + ion tele + communicate + ion fore + father psycho + physics mechan + ist
3
The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a(n) D . A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
Morphology(形态学)ppt课件
root or stem)e.g.-ment,-ly,-less 后缀
精品课件
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Derivational morphemes :they are used to make words grammatical category from
bound morphemes
the stem.(-ness, -ment, Im-)派生语素 Inflectional morphemes: they are to show
感谢亲观看此幻灯片，此课件部分内容来源于网络， 如有侵权请及时联系我们删除，谢谢配合！
aspects of the grammatical function of a
word. all has only 8 Inflectional morpheme
s. 屈折语素
1n+’s(possessive) 2n+s(plural) 3v+s(3rd person present singular) 4v+ing(present participle)
•
( word-like elements)
morphology: the study of the internal structure ,for ms and classes of words.
精品课件
2
3.2 morphemes(语素)
• A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or gramm atical function. (It is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible and analyzable into sm aller forms.) e. g: blackboard (two morphemes :black and board) friendly (two morphemes :friend and -ly) likes (two morphemes: like and -s)
语言学导论-第3章Morphology ppt课件
go, goes, going, gone
discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability
lovely, lovelier, loveliest
inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize
Derivation 派生法 Compounding 合成法 Blending 拼缀法 Clipping 截短法 Acronyms 首字母缩略法 Onomatopoeia 拟声 Back formation 逆成法 Borrowing 借用 Coining 新造 ……
Opiemnpocslsaibslesto add)
Closed class
开放e.性g.词: P类ro, Prep, Conj, Art.封(fu闭nc性tio词n类words)
PPT课件
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Bound Morpheme 黏着词素
Definition: must be attached to another morpheme
Many words can be divided into smaller parts,
E.g.: dogs walking blackens player dog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er
the parts also occur in other words:
A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function
PPT课件
语言学-形态学课件
• “desire” in “desired” is a ___?
• “enrich” in “enriches” is a ___?
学习交流PPT
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Basic ways/rules of forming words in English
1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素成词
Q3.语素的定义
• 语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的， 词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最 低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。
学习交流PPT
6
Q3: What is morpheme?
• Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit • How many morphemes does each of the following
学习交流PPT
2
Q1. What is morphology?
1.什么是形态学？研究范围？
• 形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构 造规则
• Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
• Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
• E.g.
• hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting
• “enrich” in “enriches” is a ___?
学习交流PPT
16
Basic ways/rules of forming words in English
1. Free morpheme forming a word 自由语素成词
Q3.语素的定义
• 语素是语言最小的意义单位。句子是由单词构成的， 词可以被分成更小的成分。我们把这些处于单词最 低一层的、有意义的成分称为”语素”。
学习交流PPT
6
Q3: What is morpheme?
• Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit • How many morphemes does each of the following
学习交流PPT
2
Q1. What is morphology?
1.什么是形态学？研究范围？
• 形态学是涉及语素系统的研究，它研究词的内部结构和构 造规则
• Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
• Open class words: content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.
• E.g.
• hacker, email, internet, surf, spam, blogsphere, songlifting
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语言学Morphology形态学
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology
语言学Morphology形态学
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of stics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
语言学Morphology形态学
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking
• Hi. • Wonderful.
语言学Morphology形态学
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs
3) A grammatical unit:
sentence clause phrase word morpheme
语言学Morphology形态学
1.2 Identification of words
1) Stability: the constituent parts of a complex word cannot be rearranged
语言学Morphology形态学
3) A minimum free form: the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, e.g.
• --Is Jane coming tonight? --Possibly.
sentence together (function words).
语言学Morphology形态学
3) Closed-class words vs. open-class words: Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New
chairman﹡manchair
The chairman looked at the audience. The audience looked at the chairman. 2) Relative uninterruptibility: New elements cannot be inserted into a word even when there are several parts in a word. disappointment dis + appoint + ment Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
Chapter 3 Morphology
语言学Morphology形态学
• Morphology, as a sub-branch of stics, refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Generally speaking,morphology can further divided into two broad categories, namely, inflectional (屈折) morphology and derivational mophology, which are both concerned with the smallest unit at the grammatical level.
语言学Morphology形态学
1. Word
Word: a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether spoken or written
1.1 Three senses of “word”: 1) A physically definable unit:
语言学Morphology形态学
2) Grammatical words vs. lexical words: Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns Lexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The lexical words carry the main content of a language (content words) and the grammatical words serve to link the different parts of a
Word may be seen as a cluster of sound segments or letters between tow pauses or blanks.
2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term: boy, boys check, checks, checked, checking
• Hi. • Wonderful.
语言学Morphology形态学
1.3 Classification of words
1) Variable vs. invariable words: Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, mats Invariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello. They do not have inflective endings.
members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs Note: The distinction is not quite as clear-cut as it seems. Prepositions: regarding, throughout, out of, according to, with regard to, in spite of, be means of ; Auxiliary verbs