美国对外贸易定义修订本

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贸易术语讲解

3、《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》 INCOTERMS2000
• 由国际商会在1936年制订，于1953、1967、 1976、1980、1989和1999年进行修改 • 适应日益广泛使用的EDI和运输技术的变化 • 通则只限于销售合同，且只规定与交货有关的事项 • 货物只包括有形的货物，而不包括无形的货物
4、有关责任和费用的划分问题
如果买方委托卖方代办一些属于自己义务范围内的事项所产生的费用，以及由于买方的过失所引起的额外费用，均应有买方承担。
FAS术语
• 一、FAS术语的含义 • FAS的全文是Free Alongside Ship （…named port of ship-ment）,即船边交货(…指定装运港) • 它指卖方要在约定的时间内将合同规定的货物交到指定的装运港买方所指派的船只的船边,在船边完成交货义务。买卖双方负担的风险和费用均以船边为界。
3、进出口手续、卖方：出口报关和费用买方：进口
4、运输和保险买方的责任和费用 5、运输方式所有方式
6 、其他特点
• 卖方应在合同规定的时间、地点将合同规定的货物置于买方指定的承运人控制下，并及时通知买方；同时提交商业发票或具有同等作用的电子信息；自费提供通常的交货凭证。 • 买方签订运输合同，支付相关的运费，并将承运人的名称及有关情况及时通知卖方。
三、注意事项
• 1、交货的问题 • 1)按照《2000通则》的规定，交货地点的选择对于在该地点装货和卸货的义务会产生影响。 • 如果交货地点在卖方所在地，卖方应负责装货；如果交货地点在其他地方，卖方就要将货物交给承运人 • 2）如果合同中没有约定具体的交货地点，或者有几个交货地点可以选择，卖方可以选择为完成交货义务最适宜的交货点。

FOB

FOB
求助编辑百科名片
FOB是国际贸易中常用的贸易术语之一，FOB的全文是Free On Board，即船上交货（指定装运港），习惯称为装运港船上交货。另有FOB乐队，是全美地下Hardcore乐界的年轻部队。
目录
贸易术语简介
买卖双方基本义务的划分
《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》的解释
CFR的变形
对CIF术语的解释
相关术语的换算
FOB价格的计算
FOB中的国内费用
贸易术语比较
案例
风险控制
FOB下出口运输风险的建议
FOB与CIF在出口中的风险比较与规避方法
在选择贸易术语时应注意的几个问题
乐队名称简介
特点
成绩
FOB报价应注意的细节
FOB的变形
对CFR术语的解释
CFR买卖双方基本义务的划分
使用CFR的注意事项
CFR的变形
对CIF术语的解释
相关术语的换算
FOB价格的计算
FOB中的国内费用
贸易术语比较
案例
风险控制
FOB下出口运输风险的建议
FOB与CIF在出口中风险比较与规避方法
在选择贸易术语时应注意的几个问题
买卖双方基本义务的划分
按国际商会对FOB的解释，买卖双方各自承担的基本义务。概括起来，可作如下划分： 1．卖方义务（1）在合同规定的时间或期限内，在装运港，按照习惯方式将货物交到买方指派的船上，并及时通知买方。（2）自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件。在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续。（3）负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用和风险；（4）自付费用提供证明货物已交至船上的通常单据。如果买卖双方约定采用电子通讯，则所有单据均可被具有同等效力的电子数据交换（EDI）信息所代替。 2．买方义务（1）自负风险和费用取得进口许可证或其他官方批准的证件。在需要办理海关手续时，办理货物进口以及经由他国过境的一切海关手续，并支付有关费用及过境费；（2）负责租船或订舱，支付运费，并给予卖方关于船名、装船地点和要求交货时间的充分的通知；（3）负担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险；（4）接受卖方提供的有关单据，受领货物，并按合同规定支付货款。 3．注意事项：（1）买方必须自该交货点起负担一切费用和货物灭失或者损坏的风险，这也就是说如果货物在海上遇险或者遭遇海盗，将与卖方无关，买方不应此理由拒绝支付货款，所以卖方可以建议买方为货物投保。（2）FOB价格包含了国内的所有费用。如果是货物比较多或者利润比较高的话，国内的费用是可以不用考虑的。而如果货物比较少，就需要相应提高价格，因为单位成本增加了很多，单位成本主要包括：内陆运费（工厂到港口或者集装箱仓库）、装卸费（特别是一些不能机械装卸的货物）、拼箱杂费、码头费、报送费、报检费等。

美国对外贸易定义(中英文)

FOREIGN TRADE DEFINITIONS美国对外贸易定义(1941年修订本)《美国对外贸易定义》是由美国几个商业团体制定的。

它最早于1919年在纽约制定，原称为《美国出口报价及其缩写条例》，后来于1941年在美国第27届全国对外贸易会议上对该条例作了修订，命名为《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》。

《美国对外贸易定义》中所解释的贸易术语共有六种，分别为：1．Ex(Point of Origin，产地交货)；2．FOB(Free on Board，在运输工具上交货)；3．FAS(Free Along Side，在运输工具旁边交货)；4．C＆F(Cost and Freight，成本加运费)；5. CIF(Cost，Insurance and Freight，成本加保险费、运费)；6．Ex Dock(Named Port of Importation，目的港码头交货)。

然而，由于国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》在国际上的影响越来越大，绝大多数国际贸易从业人员都接受了《通则》的解释，美国制定《定义》的团体已同意不再继续使用该项定义。

The following definitions of the National Foreign Trade Council, Inc., are reproduced for information purposes only. They are NOT to be construed as part of the National Oilseed Processors Association trading rules. They are reprinted through the courtesy of National Foreign Trade Council, Inc., the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, and the National Council of American Importers, Inc.Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941, Adopted July 30, 1941, by a Joint Committee representing the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, the National Council of American Importers, Inc., and the National Foreign Trade Council, Inc.（颁布日期：1941年7月30日实施日期:1941年7月30日时效性:有效)FOREWORD序言Since the issuance of American Foreign Trade Definitions in 1919. many changes in practice have occurred. The 1919 Definitions did much to clarify and simplify foreign trade practice, and received wide recognition and use by buyers and sellers throughout the world. At the Twenty-Seventh National Foreign Trade Convention, 1940, further revision and clarification of these Definitions was urged as necessary to assist the foreign trader in the handling of his transactions.一九一九年《美国对外贸易定义》的出版曾在澄清与简化对外贸易实务方面起过不少作用，并得到世界各国买卖双方的广泛承认和使用。

2000年国际贸易术语解释通则与1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本关于FOB贸易术语的主要差异

2000年国际贸易术语解释通则与1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本关于FOB贸易
术语的主要差异
1.运输方式不同，《2000》FOB只能是船运，《美国修订本》将FOB 概括为六种, 其中前三种是在出口国内陆指定地点的内陆运输工具上交货, 第四种是在出口地点的内陆运输工具上交货, 第五种是在装运港船上交货, 第六种是在进口国指定内陆地点交货。

上述第四种和第五种在使用时应加以注意。

因为这两种术语在交货地点上有可能相同, 如都是在旧金山交货, 如果买方要求在装运港口的船上交货,则应在FOB 和港名之间加上“Vessel”字样, 变成“ FOB Vessel SanFrancisco”, 否则, 卖方有可能按第四种情况在旧金山市的内陆运输工具上交货。

2、同是在船运的条件下，关于风险划分界限的规定也不完全一样。

《2000》FOB，买卖双方划分风险的界限是船舷。

按照《美国对外贸易定义修订本》的解释, 买卖双方划分风险的界限不是在船舷, 而是在船上。

卖方责任之三规定“: 承担货物一切灭失及/ 或损坏责任,直至在规定日期或期限内, 已将货物装载于轮船上为止。

”
3、另外, 关于办理出口手续问题上也存在分歧。

按照《2000 通则》的解释, FOB 条件下, 卖方义务之( 3 ) 是“ 自负风险及费用, 取得出口许可证或其他官方批
准证件, 并办理货物出口所必需的一切海关手续”。

但是, 按照《美国对外贸易定义修订本》的解释, 卖方只是“在买方请求并由其负担费用的情况下, 协助买方取得由原产地及/ 或装运地国家签发的, 为货物出口或在目的地进口所需的各种证件”。

FOB术语在《2000通则》与《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本中》有何区别

FOB术语在《2000通则》与《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本中》有何区别？<2000年通则的FOB与1941年美国定义修正本>)的FOB术语比较第一，《2000年通则》与《定义修正本》关于FOB术语的范围不同。

《2000年通则》中的FOB，只有一种形式，是一个完整并有确切内涵的贸易术语，即船上交货，买卖双方之间的责任、费用和风险划分界限是装运港的船舷，我国实业界通常称为“离岸价格”。

《定义修正本》中的FOB有六种形式，仅有FOB则不完整，没有确切的内容，必须在FOB后附加说明。

因而两个惯例中的FOB囊括的范围不同，也就决定了两者性质的不同。

第二，《2000年通则》中的FOB与《定义修正本》中FOB的第五种形式FOB VESSEL的异同。

《2000年通则》中的FOB，卖方需负责出口清关，而FOB VESSEL中，卖方却没有办理出口清关手续及缴纳关税的义务。

《2000年通则》中的FOB卖方必须“给予买方关于货物已交至船上的充分的通知”，以便于买方办理投保并做好接货的准备工作，《定义修订本》中的FOB则没有作出这样具体的规定。

二、C．I．F．Cost，Insurance and Freight(…Named Port Of Destination),称“成本加运保费”或“保险费、运费在内价”，使用此条件要注明目的港。

使用这一术语，卖方负责租船或订舱，在合同规定的装运日期或期间内将货物装上运往指定目的港的船舶，负担货物装上船前的一切费用和风险，支付运费，办理保险，支付保险费。

这一术语也只适用于海洋和内河运输。

根据《INCOTERMS 2000》规定，C．I。

F．合同买卖双方的主要责任如下：1．卖方必须(1)负责租船或订舱，在合同规定的装运日期或期间内在装运港将货物装上船，支付至目的港的运费，并给予买方充分的通知。

(2)负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切风险。

(3)负责办理货物运输保险，支付保险费。

1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本

美国对外贸易定义1941年修正本（颁布日期：1941年7月30日实施日期:1941年7月30日时效性:有效)一九四一年七月三十日美国商会、美国进口商协会及全国对外贸易协会所组成的联合委员会通过。

序言一九一九年《美国对外贸易定义》的出版曾在澄清与简化对外贸易实务方面起过不少作用，并得到世界各国买卖双方的广泛承认和使用。

但自该定义出版以后，贸易习惯已有很多变化，因而在一九四○年举行的第二十七届全国对外贸易会议上强烈要求对它作进一步的修订与澄清，认为这对帮助对外贸易商处理业务是必要的。

兹推荐《美国对外贸易定义一九四一年修正本》供进口和出口商人共同使用。

此项修正本并无法律效力，除非有专门的立法规定或为法院判决所认可。

因此，为使其对各有关当事人产生法律上的约束力，建议买方与卖方接受此定义作为买卖合同的一个组成部分。

鉴于一九一九年以来贸易习惯和手续的演变，这次修正的定义中包括了卖方和买方的一些新的责任，并且在许多方面，对原有责任的解释也比一九一九年定义的解释清楚一些，这些修改对卖方和买方都是有益的。

广泛接受这次修订的定义，将导致对外贸易手续的标准化，并避免许多误解。

卖方和买方采用此修正的定义，将使各有关当事人对其责任和权利更加明确。

注意要点１．由于世界各地有很多机构都分别提出了对外贸易定义，而很多国家的法院对这些定义各有不同的解释，所以由卖方和买方一致同意他们所订的合同以《美国对外贸易定义一九四一年修正本》为准，并接受《定义》所列各点，这是很有必要的。

２．除下列对外贸易的术语外，还有一些有时使用的术语，如港口交货（ＦｒｅｅＨａｒｂｏｒ），成本加保险费、运费、佣金（Ｃ．Ｉ．Ｆ．＆Ｃ），成本加保险费、运费、利息（Ｃ．Ｉ．Ｆ．＆Ｉ．），成本加保险费、运费、佣金、利息（（Ｃ．Ｉ．Ｆ．Ｃ．＆Ｉ．），成本加保险费、运费并卸到岸上（Ｃ．Ｉ．Ｆ．Ｌａｎｄｅｄ），以及其他。

除非事先已经准确地理解它们的确切含义，这些术语都不宜使用。

《国际贸易实务》练习题(附参考答案)

《国际贸易实务》练习题（附参考答案）第一篇国际贸易术语第一章贸易术语与国际贸易惯例一、单项选择题1、《美国对外贸易定义》中FAS术语的解释为（）A.在运输工具旁边交货B.在装运港船边交货C.在运输工具上交货D.在装运港船上交货2、《1990年通则》中，与“核查、包装及标记”的卖方义务相对应的买方义务为（）A.支付货款B.受领货物C.货物检验D.货物包装3、国际贸易中用以划分交易双方风险、责任和费用的专门用语称（）A.贸易惯例B.贸易术语C.文字概念D.外文缩写4、《华沙－牛津规则》最终修订时间是（）A.1928年B.1930年C.1931年D.1932年5、与《1980年通则》相比，《1990年通则》新增的贸易术语是（）A.CFRB.DESC.DEQD.DDU6、最早出现的贸易术语是（）A.E某WB.FASC.FOBD.CIF7、新的《2000年通则》已于（）起正式生效。

A.2001年1月1日B.2001年7月1日C.2000年1月1日D.2000年7月1日8、《1990年通则》解释的贸易术语有（）A.6种B.9种C.13种D.14种9、《国际贸易术语解释通则》的最早版本年限是（）A.1936年B.1953年C.1967年D.1973年10、《华沙－牛津规则》是由（）A.国际法协会制定的B.国际商会制定的C.几个商业团体制定的D.国际商会、国际法协会联合制定11、中世纪海外贸易中承担货物长途运输全部风险、责任、费用的是（）A.承运人B.买方C.货主D.卖方12、在《1990通则》中，买方承担责任重大，负担费用最多的贸易术语是（）A.E某WB.FCAC.DAFD.FAS13、按照C组术语成交，货物启运后的风险由（）A.卖方负担B.买方负担C.承运人负担D.保险公司负担14、《美国对外贸易定义》原称为（）A.《美国进口报价及其缩写条例》B.《美国出口报价及其缩写条例》C.《美国进出口报价及其缩写条例》D.《美国对外贸易报价及其缩写条例》15、在有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例中，包括内容最多的一种是（）A.《华沙－牛津规则》B.《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》C.《美国对外贸易定义》D.《1990年通则》16、19世纪中叶，国际贸易中最常用的贸易方式是（）A.承兑买卖方式B.单据买卖方式C.货款抵押方式D.易货互购方式17、按照D组术语成交，货物运抵指定进口国交货地的一切责任由（）A.卖方负担B.买方负担C.承运人负担D.保险公司负担18、《1990年通则》将所解释的贸易术语分成（）A.二组B.三组C.四组D.六组19、国际货物买卖合同规定的卖方的基本义务是（）A.向买方提供运输B.向银行提交价格的单据C.向买方提交合格的货物和单据D.向买方提交官方批准文件20、制定《国际贸易术语解释通则》的国际组织是（）A.国际法协会B.国际商会C.联合国贸易署D.商业协会21、现行《通则》生效日期为（）A.1990年1月1日B.1990年5月1日C.1990年7月1日D.1990年12月1日22、《国际贸易术语解释通则》的修订过程中，FOA术语的增加是为了适应（）A.航空货运业务的发展B.铁路货运业务的发展C.海洋货运业务的发展D.管道货运业务的发展23、《华沙－牛津规则》与当事双方所签订合同发生矛盾，应（）A.以《华沙－牛津规则》为准B.以合同为准C.以第三者裁断为准D.重新制订24、《美国对外贸易定义》是由（）A.美国几个商业团体制定B.美国几个垄断组织制定C.美国几个国际贸易协会D.美国几个行业工会制定25、19世纪中叶使用最普遍的贸易术语是（）A.FOBB.CFRC.CIFD.CIP26、按三种国际贸易惯例产生的时间先后为序，应列为（）A.《通则》、《华沙－牛津规则》、《美国对外贸易定义》B.《美国对外贸易定义》、《华沙－牛津规则》、《通则》C.《华沙－牛津规则》、《通则》、《美国对外贸易定义》D.《华沙－牛津规则》、《美国对外贸易定义》、《通则》27、《1990年通则》中卖方责任最大的贸易术语是（）A.E某WB.CIFC.DEQD.DDP28、制定关于贸易术语的国际贸易惯例的目的是（）A.提供可使用的贸易术语B.规范交易双方的行为C.统一对贸易术语的解释D.形成国际贸易法29、《1941年美国对外贸易修订本》解释的贸易术语有（）A.1种B.4种C.6种D.12种30、最早《通则》的制定年限为（）A.1935年B.1936年C.1953年D.1967年31、国际贸易起源于（）A.奴隶制社会B.封建社会初期C.资本原始积累阶段D.资本主义社会32、铁路交货和启还地机场交货贸易术语适用于（）A.多式联运方式B.双边运输方式C.单一运输方式D.其他运输方式33、国际贸易惯例适用的基础是（）A.惯例条文的制定B.有关法律的约束C.当事人的意思自治D.贸易行为的平等互利34、国际商会制定《通则》的目的是（）A.解释CIF贸易术语B.提供仲裁依据C.统一运输方式D.统一对贸易术语的解释35、下列贸易术语中属主要运费未付的是（）A.E某WB.FASC.CPTD.DEQ二、多项选择题1、国际货物买卖合同规定买方应承担的基本义务是（）A.订立运输契约B.接受货物C.检验货物D.支付货款E.办理通关手续2、“运费付至”是（）A.CPTB.C组术语C.主要运费未付类术语D.主要运费已付类术语E.卖方负责订立运输契约3、《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》中所解释贸易术语包括（）A.FASB.E某WC.FOBD.CFRE.CIF4、《1932年华沙－牛津规则》对CIF贸易术语做了详细解释，其内容包括（）A.CIF合同的性质、特点B.买卖双方所承担风险划分C.责任划分D.费用划分E.所有权转移方式5、1941年美国联合委员会通过了《美国对外贸易定义》修订本，这一联合委员会包括（）A.美国商会B.美国进口商协会C.美国进出口商协会D.全国对外贸易协会E.美国金融协会6、《美国对外贸易定义修订本》中与《1990年通则》的解释明显不同的贸易术语是（）A.E某B.FOBC.FASD.C&FE.CIF7、国际贸易惯例对我国国际贸易实践的意义有（）A.有利于开展外贸业务B.强制合同履行C.避免或减少贸易争端D.合同与惯例不符时，为司法仲裁机构提供裁决依据E.发生争议时，引用某项惯例，减少不必要损失8、下列贸易术语属于主要运费未付的是（）A.FASB.FCAC.DAFD.CPTE.DDP9、一般情况下，货物装运后风险由买方承担的贸易术语有（）A.E某WB.FCAC.FOBD.CIPE.DDU10、贸易术语的两重性表现为（）A.反映商品的生产成本B.反映商品的价格构成C.说明商品的成交条件D.说明商品的交货条件E.说明商品的交易条件11、F组术语包括（）A.货交承运人B.装运港船边交货C.装运港船上交货D.目的港码头交货E.目的港船上交货12、《国际贸易术语解释通则》的特点是（）A.内容最多B.影响最大C.使用范围最广D.对买卖双方的约束力最强E.对国际贸易的指导作用最大13、《1990年通则》中国际代码发生调整的贸易术语是（）A.FCAB.CFRC.CPTD.DESE.DEQ14、《1990年通则》中到达类术语包括（）A.DAFB.DESC.DEQD.DDPE.DDU15、有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例有（）A.《1990年国际贸易术语解释通则》B.《1932年华沙－牛津规则》C.《1941年美国对外贸易修订本》D.《INCOTERMS1990》E.《跟单信用证统一惯例》16、DEQ属于（）A.E组术语B.D组术语C.主要运费已付类术语D.主要运费未付类术语E.到达类术语17、国际货物买卖中，卖方的基本义务有（）A.提交合格货物和单据B.确定商品成交价C.通过一定方式转移货物所有权D.订立运输契约E.办理货物运输、保险及通关过境手续18、随着国际贸易业务的发展，国际商会对《通则》进行了一系列修改，修改年份有（）A.1936年B.1953年C.1967年D.1976年E.1980年19、国际货物买卖中涉及到的货物交付问题主要是（）A.何时，何地交货B.何时转移货物风险C.由谁负责办理货物运输、保险及通关手续D.有关费用由谁负担E.交易双方交接哪些单据20、有关“目的港船上交货”解释正确的是（）A.属于到达术语B.国际代码为DEQC.在此条件下，买方所负风险费用最大D.在此条件下，卖方所负风险费用最大E.买方负责订立运输契约21、与《1980年通则》相比，《1990年通则》删除的贸易术语是（）A.C&FB.FOR/FOTC.E某SD.E某QE.FOA22、贸易术语在国际贸易中的主要作用是（）A.简化交易手续B.明确交易双方责任C.缩短磋商时间D.节省费用开支E.减少交易双方争议23、对《1928年华沙规则》进行过修改的会议有（）A.华沙会议B.纽约会议C.费城会议D.巴黎会议E.牛津会议24、《通则》最新修订本产生的主要背景有（）A.科技的飞速发展B.航空货运业务的发展C.通过电脑进行的电子数据交换得到日益广泛的应用D.集装箱多式联运业务的进一步普及E.八十年代跨国公司贸易额的迅猛增长25、中世纪时海外贸易的形式有（）A.商人亲自到国外采购货物B.商人托承运人到国外采购货物C.商人亲自备船将货物运往国外销售D.商人托承运人将货物运往国外销售E.商人到国外售货同时，购进所需货物26、，贸易术语的出现促进了国际贸易的发展，它表现在（）A.便于买卖双方交流B.简化交易手续C.缩短洽商时间D.节约费用开支E.规范交易双方行为27、国际贸易的特点有（）A.线长B.面广C.效益高D.环节多E.风险大28、《美国对外贸易定义》与《通则》对贸易术语的解释存在明显差异的有（）A.E某B.FOBC.FASD.C&FE.CIF三、名词解释1、国际贸易惯例2、贸易术语国际贸易惯例是由国际组织加以编纂与解释的国际贸易中的习惯做法，它是在国际交往中逐渐形成的有较为明确的固定内容的习惯做法，和一般做法包括成文和不成文的原则，准则和规则。

美国对外贸易定义1990年修正版

International Trade Rules Home > HelperRevised American Foreign Trade Definitions, 1990FOREWORDSince the issuance of American Foreign Trade Definitions in 1919 many changes in practice have occurred. The 1919 Definitions did much to clarify and simplify foreign trade practice, and received wide recognition and use by buyers and sellers throughout the world. At the Twenty Seventh National Foreign Trade Convention, 1940, further revision and clarification of these Definitions was urged as necessary to assist the foreign trader in the handling of his transactions. The following Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions - 1990 are recommended for general use by both exporters and importers. These revised definitions have no status at law unless there is specific legislation providing for them, or unless they are confirmed by court decisions. Hence, it is suggested that seller and buyers agree to their acceptance as part of the contract of sale. These revised definitions will then become legally binding upon all parties.In view of changes in practice and procedure since 1941, certain new responsibilities for sellers and buyers are included in these revised definitions. Also, in many instances, the old responsibilities are more clearly defined than in the 1941 Definitions, and the changes should be beneficial both to sellers and buyers. Widespread acceptance will lead to a greater standardization of foreign trade procedure, and to the avoidance of much misunderstanding.Adoption by exporters and importers of these revised terms will impress on all parties concerned their respective responsibilities and rights.General Notes of Caution1. As foreign trade definitions have been issued by organizations in various parts of the world, and as the courts of countries have interpreted these definitions in different ways, it is important that sellers and buyers agree that their contracts are subject to the Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions- 1990 and that the various points listed are accepted by both parties.2. In addition to the foreign trade terms listed herein, there are terms that are at times used, such as Free Harbor, C.I.F.&C. (Cost, Insurance, Freight, and Commission), C.I.F.C.&I. (Cost, Insurance, Freight, Commission, and Interest), C.I.F. Landed (Cost, Insurance, Freight, Landed), and others. None of these should be used unless there has first been a definite understanding as to the exact meaning thereof, It is unwise to attempt to interpret other terms in the light of the terms given herein. Hence, whenever possible, one of the terms defined herein should be used.3. It is unwise to use abbreviations in quotations or in contracts which might be subject to misunderstanding.4. When making quotations, the familiar terms "hundredweight" or "ton" should be avoided. A hundredweight can be 100 pounds of the short ton, or 112 pounds of the long ton. A ton can be a short ton of 2,000 pounds, or a metric ton of 2,204.6 pounds, or a long ton of 2,240 pounds. Hence, the type of hundredweight or ton should be clearly stated in quotations and in sales confirmations. Also, all terms referring to quantity, weight, volume, length, or surface should be clearly definedand agreed upon.5. If inspection, or certificate of inspection, is required, it should be agreed, in advance, whether the cost thereof is for account of seller or buyer.6. Unless otherwise agreed upon, all expenses are for the account of seller up to the point at which the Buyer must handle the subsequent movement of goods.7. There are a number of elements in a contract that do not fall within the scope of these foreign trade definitions. Hence, no mention of these is made herein. Seller and buyer should agree to these separately when negotiating contracts. This particularly applies to so-called "customary" practices.DEFINITIONS OF QUOTA TIONS(I) EXW (Ex Works - named place)"Ex Factory", "Ex Mill", "Ex Mine", "Ex Plantation", "Ex Warehouse",etc. (named point of origin)Under this term, the price quoted applies only at the point of origin, and the seller agrees to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed place on the date or within the period fixed. Under this quotation :Seller must (1) bear all costs and risks of the goods until such time as the buyer is obliged to take delivery therof ;(2) render the buyer, at the buyer's request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.Buyer must (1) take delivery of the goods as soon as they have been placed at his disposal at the agreed place on the date or within the period fixed ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or changes, if any, levied because of exportation ;(3) bear all costs and risks of the goods from the time when he is obligated to take delivery whereof ;(4) pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation or of importation at destination.(II) F.O.B.(Free on Board)Note : Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the "Comments on all F.O.B. Terms" given at the end of this section, in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under the several classes of "F.O.B." terms.(II-A) "F.O.B.(named inland carrier at named inland pointof departure)"Under this terms, the price quoted applies only at inland applies only at inland shipping point, andthe seller arranges for loading of the goods on, or in, railway cars, trucks, lighters, barges, aircraft, or other conveyance furnished for transportation.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) place goods on, or in, conveyance, or deliver to inland carrier for loading ;(2) provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, freight collect ;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been placed in, or on, conveyance at loading point, and clean bill of lading other transportation receipt has been furnished by the carrier ;(4) render the buyer, at the buyer's request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipments, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.Buyer must (1) be responsible for all movement of the goods from inland point of loading and pay all transportation costs ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, incurred after loading at named inland point of departure ;(4) pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.(II-B) "F.O.B.(named inland carrier at named inland point ofdeparture) Freight Prepaid To (named point of exportation)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including transportation charges to the named point of exportation and prepays freight to named point of exportation, without assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt at named inland point of departure.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) assume the seller's obligations as under II-A. except that under (2) he must provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, freight prepaid to named point of exportation. Buyer must (1) assume the same buyer's obligation as under II-A, except that he does not pay freight from loading point to named point of exportation.(II-C) "F.O.B.(named inland carrier at named inland point ofdeparture) Freight Allowed To (named point)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the transportation charges to the named point, shipping freight collect and deducting the cost of transportation, without assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt at named inland point of departure.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) assume the same seller's obligations as under II-A, but deducts from his invoice the transportation cost to named point.Buyer must (1) assume the same buyer's obligations as under II-A, including payment of freightfrom inland loading point to named point, for which seller has made deduction.(II-D) "F.O.B.(named inland carrier at namedpoint of exportation)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the costs of transportation of the goods to named point of exportation, bearing any loss or damage, or both, incurred up to that point.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) place goods on, or in, conveyance, or deliver to inland carrier for loading ;(2) provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, paying all transportation costs from loading point to named point of exportation ;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have arrived in, or on, inland conveyance at the named point of exportation ;(4) render the buyer, at the buyer's request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.Buyer must (1) be responsible for all movement of the goods from inland conveyance at named point of exportation ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, incurred after goods have arrived in, or on, inland conveyance at the named point of exportation ;(4) pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.(II-E) "F.O.B. Vessel (named port of shipment)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price covering all expenses up to, and including, delivery of the goods upon the overseas vessel provided by, or for, the buyer at the named port of shipment. Under this quotation :Seller must (1) pay all charges incurred in placing goods actually on board the vessel designated and provided by, or for, the buyer on the date or within the period fixed ;(2) provide clean ship's receipt or on-board bill of lading ;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been placed on board the vessel on the date or within the period fixed ;(4) render the buyer, at the buyer's request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.Buyer must (1) give seller adequate notice of name, sailing date, loading berth of, and delivery time to, the vessel ;(2) bear the additional costs incurred and all risks of the good from the time when the seller has placed them at his disposal if the vessel named by him fails to arrive or to load within the designated time ;(3) handle all subsequent movement of the goods to destination ;(a) provide and pay for insurance ;(b) provide and pay for ocean and other transportation ;(4) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(5) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, after goods have been loaded on board the vessel ;(6) pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents, other than ocean ship's receipt or bill of lading, issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.(II-F) "F.O.B.(named inland point in countryof importation)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the cost of the merchandise and all costs of transportation to the named inland point in the country of importation.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) provide and pay for all transportation to the named inland point in the country of importation ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(3) provide and pay for marine insurance ;(4) provide and pay for war risk insurance, unless otherwise agreed upon between the seller and buyer ;(5) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until arrival of goods on conveyance at the named inland point in the country of importation ;(6) pay the costs of certificates of origin, consular invoices, or any other documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require for the importation of goods into the country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country ;(7) pay all costs of landing, including wharfage, landing charges, and taxes, if any ;(8) pay all costs of customs entry in the country of importation ;(9) pay customs duties and all taxes applicable to imports, if any, in the country of importation. Note : The seller under this quotation must realize that he is accepting important responsibilities, costs, and risks, and should therefore be certain to obtain adequate insurance. On the other hand, the importer or buyer may desire such quotations to relieve him of the risks of the voyage and to assure him of his landed costs at inland point in country of importation. When competition is keen, or the buyer is accustomed to such quotations from other sellers, seller may quote such terms, being careful to protect himself in an appropriate manner.Buyer must (1) take prompt delivery of goods from conveyance upon arrival at destination.(2) bear any costs and be responsible for all loss or damage, or both, after arrival at destination.Comments on All F.O.B. TermsIn connection with. F.O.B. terms, the following points of caution are recommended :1. The method of inland transportation, such as trucks, railroad cars, lighters, barges, or aircraft should be specified.2. If any switching charges are involved during the inland transportation, it should be agreed, in advance, whether these charges are for account of the seller or the buyer.3. The term "F.O.B. (named port)", without designating the exact point at which the liability of the seller terminates and the liability of the buyer begins, should be avoided. The use of this term gives rise to disputes as to the liability of the seller or the buyer in the event of loss or damage arising while the goods are in port, and before delivery to or on board the ocean carrier. Misunderstandings may be avoided by naming the specific point of delivery.4. If lighterage or trucking is required in the transfer of goods from the inland conveyance to ship's side, and there is a cost therefor, it should be understood, in advance, whether this cost is for account of the seller or the buyer.5. The seller should be certain to notify the buyer of the minimum quantity required to obtain a carload, a truck-load, or a barge-load freight rate.6. Under F.O.B. terms, excepting "F.O.B. (named inland point in country of importation)", the obligation to obtain ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, rests with the buyer. Despite this obligation on the part of the buyer, in many trades the seller obtains the ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, and provides for shipment on behalf of the buyer. Hence, seller and Buyer must have an understanding as to whether the buyer will obtain the ocean freight space, marine and war risk insurance, as is his obligation, or whether the seller agrees to do this for the buyer.7. For the seller's protection, he should provide in his contract of sale that marine insurance obtained by the buyer include standard warehouse to warehouse coverage.(III) F.A.S. (Free Along Side)Note : Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the "Comments" given of the end of this section, in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under "F.A.S." terms."F.A.S. Vessel (named port of shipment)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including delivery of the goods along side overseas vessel and within reach of its loading tackle.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) place goods along side vessel or on dock designated and provided by, or for, buyer on the date or within the period fixed ; pay any heavy lift charges, where necessary, up to this point ;(2) provide clean dock or ship's receipt ;(3) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been delivered along side the vessel or on the dock ;(4) render the buyer, at the buyer's request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.Buyer must (1) give seller adequate notice of name, sailing date, loading berth of, and delivery time to, the vessel ;(2) handle all subsequent movement of the goods from along side the vessel :(a) arrange and pay for demurrage or storage charges, or both, in warehouse or on wharf, where necessary ;(b) provide and pay for insurance ;(c) provide and pay for ocean and other transportation ;(3) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(4) be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, while the goods are on a lighter or other conveyance along side vessel within reach of its loading tackle, or on the dock awaiting loading, or until actually loaded on board the vessel, and subsequent thereto ;(5) pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents, other than clean dock or ship's receipt, issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination.F.A.S. Comments1. Under F.A.S. terms, the obligation to obtain ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, rests with the buyer. Despite this obligation on the part of the buyer, in many trades the seller obtains ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, and provides for shipment on behalf of the buyer, In others, the buyer notifies the seller to make delivery along side a vessel designated by the buyer and the buyer provided his own marine and war risk insurance. Hence, seller and Buyer must have an understanding as to whether the buyer will obtain the ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, as is his obligation, or whether the seller agrees to do this for the buyer.2. For the seller's protection, he should provide in his contract of sale that marine insurance obtained by the buyer include standard warehouse to warehouse coverage.(IV) CFR (Cost and Freight)Note : Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the "CFR Comments" and the "CFR and C.I.F. Comments", in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under CFR terms."CFR(named point of destination)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the cost of transportation to the named point of destination.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) provide and pay for transportation to named point of destination ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(3) obtain and dispatch promptly to buyer, or agent, clean bill of lading to named point of destination ;(4) where received-for-shipment ocean bill of lading may be tendered, be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until the goods have been delivered into the custody of the ocean carrier ; (5) where on-board ocean bill of lading is required, be responsible for any loss or damage, or both,until the goods have been delivered on board the vessel ;(6) provide, at the buyer's request and expense, certificates of origin, consular invoice, or any other documents issued in the country of origin or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require for importation of goods into country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country.Buyer must (1) accept the documents when presented ;(2) receive goods upon arrival, handle and pay for all subsequent movement of the goods, including taking delivery from vessel in accordance with bill of lading clauses and terms ; pay all costs of landing, including and duties, taxes, and other expenses at named point of destination ;(3) provide and pay for insurance ;(4) be responsible for loss of or damage to goods, or both, from time and place at which seller's obligations under (4) or (5) above have ceased ;(5) pay the costs of certificates of origin, consular invoices, or any other documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required for the importation of goods into the country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country.CFR Comments1. For the seller's protection, he should provide in his contract of sale that marine insurance obtained by the buyer include standard warehouse to warehouse coverage.2. The comments listed under the following C.I.F. terms in many cases apply to CFR terms as well, and should be read and understood by the CFR seller and buyer.(V) C.I.F. (Cost, Insurance, Freight)Note : Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the "Comments", at the end of this section, in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under "C.I.F." terms."C.I.F. (named point of destination)"Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the cost of the goods, the marine insurance, and all transportation charges to the named point of destination.Under this quotation :Seller must (1) provide and pay for transportation to named point of destination ;(2) pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;(3) provide and pay for marine insurance ;(4) provide war risk insurance as obtainable in seller's market at time of shipment at buyer's expense, unless seller has agreed that buyer provide for war risk coverage (See Comment 10 (c)) ;(5) obtain and dispatch promptly to buyer, or his agent, clean bill of lading to named point of destination, and also insurance policy or negotiable insurance certificate ;(6) where received-for-shipment ocean bill of lading may be tendered, be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until the goods have been delivered into the custody of the ocean carrier ;(7) where on-board ocean bill of lading is required, be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until the goods have been delivered on board the vessel ;(8) provide, at the buyer's request and expense, certificates of origin, consular invoices, or any other documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or both, which the buyer may require for importation of goods into country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country.Buyer must (1) accept the documents when presented ;(2) receive the goods upon arrival, handle and pay for all subsequent movements of the goods, including taking delivery from vessel in accordance with bill of lading clauses and terms ; pay all costs of landing, including any duties, taxes, and other expenses at named point of destination ;(3) pay for war risk insurance provided by seller ;(4) be responsible for loss of or damage to goods, or both, from time and place at which seller's obligations under (6) or (7) above have ceased ;(5) pay the cost of certificates of origin, consular invoices, or any other documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or both, which may be required for importation of the goods into the country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country.CFR and C.I.F. CommentsUnder CFR and C.I.F. contracts there are the following points on which the seller and the buyer should be in complete agreement at the time that the contract is concluded :1. It should be agreed upon, in advance, who is to for miscellaneous expenses, such as weighing or inspection charges.2. The quantity to be shipped on any one vessel should be agreed upon, in advance, with a view to the buyer's capacity to take delivery upon arrival and discharge of the vessel ; within the free time allowed at the port of importation.3. Although the terms CFR and C.I.F. are generally interpreted to provide that charges for consular invoices and certificates of origin are for the account of the buyer, and are charged separately, in many trades these charges are included by the seller in his price. Hence, seller and buyer should agree, in advance, whether these charges are part of the selling price, or will be invoiced separately.4. The point of final destination should be definitely known in the event the vessel discharges at a port other than the actual destination of the goods.5. When ocean freight space is difficult to obtain, or forward freight contracts cannot be made at firm rates, it is advisable that sales contracts, as an exception to regular CFR or C.I.F. terms, should provide that shipment within the contract period be subject to ocean freight space being available to the seller, and should also provide that changes in the cost of ocean transportation between the time of sale and the time of shipment be for account of the buyer.6. Normally, the seller is obligated to prepay the ocean freight. In some instances, shipments are made freight collect and the amount of the freight is deducted from the invoice rendered by the seller. It is necessary to be in agreement on this, in advance, in order to avoid misunderstanding which arises from foreign exchange fluctuations which might affect the actual cost of transportation, and from interest charges which might accrue under letter of credit financing.Hence, the seller should always prepay the ocean freight unless he has a specific agreement with the buyer, in advance, that goods can be shipped freight collect.7. The buyer should recognize that he does not have the right to insist on inspection of goods prior to accepting the documents. The buyer should not refuse to take delivery of goods on account of delay in the receipt of documents, provided the seller has used due diligence in their dispatch through the regular channels.8. Seller and buyers are advised against including in a C.I.F. contract any indefinite clause at variance with the obligations of a C.I.F. contract as specified in these Definitions. There have been numerous court decisions in the United States and other countries invalidating C.I.F. contracts because of the inclusion of indefinite clauses.9. Interest charges should be included in cost computations and should not be charged as a separate item in C.I.F. contracts, unless otherwise agreed upon, in advance, between the seller and buyer ; in which case, however, the term C.I.F. and I. (Cost, Insurance, Freight, and Interest) should be used.10. In connection with insurance under C.I.F. sales, it is necessary that seller and buyer be definitely in accord upon the following points :(a) The character of the marine insurance should be agreed upon so far as being W.A. (With Average) or F.P.A. (Free of Particular Average), as well as any other special risks that are covered in specific trades, of against which the buyer may wish individual protection. Among the special risks that should be considered and agreed upon between seller and buyer are theft, pilferage, leakage, breakage, sweat, contract with other cargoes, and others peculiar to any particular trade. It is important that contingent or collect freight and customs duty should be insured to cover Particular Average losses, as well as total loss after arrival and entry but before delivery.(b) The seller is obligated to exercise ordinary care and diligence in selecting an underwriter that is in good financial standing. However, the risk of obtaining settlement of insurance claims rests with the buyer.(c) War risk insurance under this term is to be obtained by the seller at the expense and risk of the buyer. It is important that the seller be in definite accord with the buyer on this point, particularly as to the cost. It is desirable that the goods be insured against both marine and war risk with the same underwriter, so that there can be no difficulty arising from the determination of the cause of the loss.(d) Seller should make certain that in his marine or war risk insurance, there be included the standard protection against strikes, riots and civil commotions.(e) Seller and buyer should be in accord as to the insured valuation, bearing in mind that merchandise contributes in General Average on certain bases of valuation which differ in various trades, It is desirable that a competent insurance broker be consulted, in order that full value be covered and trouble avoided.(VI) DEQ DeliveredEx Quay (Duty Paid)Note : Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the "DEQ Comments" at the end of this section, in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights。

贸易术语作业参考答案

一、填空题：1.贸易术语具有两重性，一方面它是用来确定〔交货条件〕，另一方面它又用来表示商品的〔价格构成〕。

2.?通那么?最早是于〔1936〕年由〔国际商会〕制定的。

3、?美国对外贸易定义?主要是在〔美洲〕国家采用，所解释的贸易术语有〔6〕种。

按?美国对外贸易定义修订本?，如果买方要求在纽约港的船上交货，那么 FOB 成交的贸易术语应该表示为〔FOB Vessel NEW YORK〕。

4.国际贸易惯例的适用是以〔当事人意思自治〕为根底5.国际贸易中与贸易术语有关的惯例〔1932年牛津-华沙规那么〕〔1941年美国对外贸易修订本〕和〔国际贸易术语解释通那么〕。

6.?2021 年国际贸易术语解释通那么?〔以下简称?2021通那么?〕中包括〔2〕组〔11〕种贸易术语。

7.在 FCA 条件下，如果交货地是卖方所在地，那么由〔卖方〕负责装货；如果交货地不是卖方所在地，那么由〔买方〕负责卸货及装货到运输工具上。

8.根据?2021 通那么?适合于水运方式的贸易术语包括〔FOB〕、(FAS)、(CFR)和〔CIF〕四种术语。

9.根据?2021 通那么?的解释，按 EXW 术语成交时，卖方承当的风险、责任以及费用都是＿〔最小〕的，因此，商品的价格〔最低〕。

10.根据?2021 通那么?的解释，进出口手续及费用均由卖方承当的术语是〔DDP〕，均由买方承当的是〔EXW〕。

11.DAT 和 DAP 是在进口国的〔目的地〕交货的贸易术语，适用于〔任何〕运输方式。

12.?2021 通那么?中，交货地点在装运港的贸易术语有 (FOB)、(FAS)、(CFR)和(CIF)；货交承运人的贸易术语有 (FCA)、(CPT)、(CIP)。

13.根据?通那么?解释，按 CIF 术语成交，卖方只须投保〔最低险〕，但在买方要求并承担费用的情况下，可加保战争险等。

14.以C组贸易术语达成的合同称为〔装运合同〕，以D组贸易术语达成的合同称为〔到货合同〕。

贸易术语

3.负责办理货物运输保险，支付保险费。
4.负责办理货物出口清关。
5.负责提供商业发票.保险单和在目的港提货用的的通常的运输单据或具有同等作用的电子信息。
买方义务：
1.接受卖方提供的与合同相符的单据，受领卖方按合同规定交付的货物，并按合同规定支付货款。
2.承担货物在装运港越过船舷后的一切费用和风险。
本术语只能用于海运和内河运输。如果双方当事人不想以货物越过船舷作为完成交货，则应采用CIP术语。
（一）买卖双方的义务
卖方义务：
1.负责租船或订舱，支付至目的港的运费；在合同规定的日期或期间内，在装运港将符合合同的货物装上船；装船后及时通知买方。
2.承担货物在装运港越过船舷之前的一切费用和风险。
一、《1932年华沙—牛津规则》（Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932）
1928年，国际法协会在华沙举行会议，制定了关于CIF买卖合同的统一规则，共22条，成为《1928年华沙规则》。后又经1930年纽约会议、1931年巴黎会议和1932年牛津会议修订为21条，定名为《1932年华沙—牛津规则》。
（3）FOB Stowed(FOB包括理舱费)
是指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括理舱费在内的装船费用。理舱指货物入舱后进行安置和整理。
（4）FOB Trimmed(FOB包括平舱费)
是指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括平舱费在内的装船费用。平舱指对装入船舱的散装货物进行平整。
在许多标准合同中，为表明由卖方承担包括理舱费和平舱费在内的各项装船费用，常采用FOBST(FOB Stowed and Trimmed)方式。
一、 FOB术语
二、 CIF术语
三、 CFR术语

国际贸易章节自测题

第一章术语部分自测评估1、CIF合同下，用租船运输，如卖方不承担卸货费用，应在合同中选用（C ）A、CIF Liner TermsB、CIF STC、CIF E×Ship’s HoldD、CIF Landed2、《1932年华沙—牛津规则》是国际法协会专门为解释（ B ）术语修订的。

A、FOBB、CIFC、CFRD、FCA3、FOB/CIF术语下，办理保险者应为（ A ）A、买方/卖方B、卖方/买方C、买方/买方D、卖方/卖方4、按CIF Tianjin成交的合同，卖方完成交货是在（ A ）A、装运港B、目的港C、Tianjin港D、Tianjin市内5、《美国对外贸易定义修订本》所解释的贸易术语共有（A ）。

A、6种B、1种C、13种D、14种6、从交货方式上看，CIF是一种典型的象征性交货。

此语的含义为（B ）A、卖方以态度明确的函电表示交货B、卖方以提交全套合格单据来履行交货义务C、卖方无须实际准备足货，只要少量样品即可代表D、买方对不符合合同的货物，只要单据合格，无权索赔7、就卖方承担的费用而言，哪个正确（ C ）A、FOB>CFR>CIFB、FOB>CIF>CFRC、CIF>CFR>FOBD、CIF>FOB>CFR8、《美国对外贸易定义修订本》主要适用的范围（ A ）A、北美洲B、全球C、欧洲D、亚洲9、CPT术语，卖方转移给买方货物风险的时间为（D ）A、合同货物划拨到合同项下B、卖方将货物交给买方指定的承运人C、卖方将货物交到合同指定地点时D、卖方将货物交给卖方指定的第一承运人时10、出口地交货条件下的贸易术语有（ACD）A、FCAB、DESC、CIFD、CPTE、DDP11、CIF与DES的主要区别在于（BC）A、适用的运输方式不同B、风险划分不同C、交货地点不同D、保险者不同E、报关的责任不同12、买方无法做到直接或间接办理货物的出境手续时，不应采用的贸易术语有（A ）A、E×WB、FOBC、FCAD、DEQ1、价格术语变形改变费用负担同时，也改变了风险的划分。

国际贸易术语惯例

有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例（一）《1932年华沙—牛津规则》《华沙—牛津规则》是国际法协会专门为解释CIF合同而制定的。

（二）《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》《美国对外贸易定义》是由美国几个商业团体制定的。

它所解释的贸易术语有6种，分别是：Ex(Point of Origin)(产地交货)；FOB（Free on Board）（在运输工具上交货）；FAS（Free Along Side）（在运输工具旁边交货）；C&F（Cost and freight）（成本加运费）；CIF（Cost，Insurance and Freight）（成本加保险费运费）；Ex Dock （named port of importation）（目的港码头交货）。

《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》现行的《2000通则》是国际商会根据近10年来形势的变化和国际贸易发展的需要，在《1990年通则》的基础上修订产生的，并于2000年1月1日起生效。

《2000通则》包含13种术语，并将这13种术语按不用类别分为E、F、C、D四组。

E 组只包括EXW一种贸易术语。

这是在商品产地交货的贸易术语。

F组包括有FCA、FAS和FOB三种术语，这些术语成交，卖方须将货物交给买方指定的承运人，从交货地至目的地的运费由买方负担。

C组包括CFR、CIF、CPT、CIP四组术语。

采用这些术语时，卖方要订立运输合同，但不承担从装运地启运所发生的货物损坏或灭失的风险及额外费用。

D组中包括五种术语，它们是DAF、DES、DEQ、DDU、DDP。

按照这些术语达成的交易，卖方必须承担将货物运往指定的进口国交货地点的一切风险、责任和费用。

E组贸易术语( 掌握)EXW的全文是Ex Works（…named place），即工厂交货（……指定地点）(一)EXW术语的含义指卖方在其所在地或合同中所规定的其它地点（即工厂、工场、仓库等）将未经出口清关并且未装载于任何提货车辆的货物置于买方支配之下时，即交付了货物。

FOB贸易术语在《美国对外贸易定义》和《通则》中的比较分析

FOB贸易术语在《美国对外贸易定义》和《通则》中的比较分析
作者：李蕾
来源：《大东方》2017年第09期
摘要：FOB贸易术语在国际贸易中使用非常广泛，尤其是中美之间的贸易。两大国际贸易惯例——《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》和《2010年国际贸易术语解释通则》均对FOB术语进行了详细的解释。而这两个惯例对FOB术语的解释差异很大。在中美贸易中应用FOB贸易术语时，应注意合同条款的拟定，尤其是涉及买卖双方责、权、利方面的内容，要注意两个惯例的不同解释。否则，极有可能引起不必要的贸易纠纷。
②风险划分不同。《美国定义》中风险划分是以“船舱”为界，即卖方负担货物装到船舱为止所发生的一切丢失与损坏。而《通则》规定，买卖双方的风险划分是以装运港船上为界，并不是以船舱为界。因此，在与美洲商人采用FOB Vessel成交时，应在合同中明确买卖双方的风险界限是在“船舱”还是“船上”。否则，今后在执行合同的过程当中，有可能产生争议。
（1）FOB在《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》中的解释
FOB的全称为：Free on Board。根据交货地点、买卖双方承担的责任、费用和风险以及价格构成的不同，《1990年美国对外贸易定义修订本》将FOB分为6种：①在内陆指定发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货；②在内陆指定的发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货，运费预付到指定的出口地点；③在指定的内陆运输工具上交货，减除至指定出口地点的运费；④在指定出口地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货；⑤在指定装运港船上交货；⑥进口国指定内陆地点交货。
从《美国定义》对FOB的分类可以看出，前3种是在出口国内陆发货地点的内陆运输工具上交货，第4种是在出口地点的内陆运输工具上交货，第5种是在装运港船上交货，第6种是在进口国指定内陆地点交货。上述第4种和第5种在使用时应特别注意交货地点。因为这两种术语在交货地点上有可能相同（以下第3点将详细说明）。

《1941 年美国对外贸易定义修订本》_国际贸易实务_[共4页]

35第三章贸易术语中做出了明确规定，那么这项约定的惯例就具有了强制性；如果买卖双方在合同中既未排除，也未注明使用某项惯例，则在合同执行中发生争议辅助诉讼或提交仲裁时，法院或仲裁机构往往会引用某一国际贸易惯例进行判决或裁决。

我国法律规定，凡我国法律没有规定的，适用国际贸易惯例。

《联合国国际贸易货物销售合同公约》规定，合同没有排除的惯例、已经知道或应当知道的惯例、经常使用反复遵守的惯例适用于合同。

一、《1932年华沙_牛津规则》《1932年华沙-牛津规则》是由国际法协会所制定的，它规定了唯一的一个贸易术语CIF。

国际法协会于1928年在波兰首都华沙举行会议，制定了关于CIF买卖合同的统一规则，称之为《1928年华沙规则》，共22条。

后又经过1930年的纽约会议、1931年的巴黎会议和1932年的牛津会议将其修订为21条，并更名为《1932年华沙－牛津规则》。

这一规则对CIF的性质、买卖双方所承担的责任、风险和费用的划分以及所有权的转移方式等问题都做了比较详细的解释。

它主要包括如下条款：总则、关于卖方装船的责任、装船时间和日期证明、例外、风险、所有权、卖方对提单的责任、特定的船只——船只的种类、运费在目的地支付、进口税等、卖方对货物状况的责任、卖方对保险的责任、装船通知、进口许可证、产地证明书等、品质证明书等、单据的提供、装船后货物灭失或损坏、关于买方支付货款的义务、关于买方检查货物的权利、买卖合同中的权利和补救、通知。

根据这一规则，CIF合同的卖方所需承担的主要义务包括：必须在合同规定的时间或期限内，在装运港将符合合同说明的货物装到船上，并负担货物毁坏或灭失的风险，直到货物装上船时为止；必须根据货物的性质和预定航线或特定行业通用的条件，自付费用，订立合理的运输合同，该运输合同必须以“已装船”提单为证据；必须自付费用，向一家信誉良好的保险商或保险公司取得一份海运保险单，作为一项有效的确实存在的保险合同的证明，该保险单一般需按特定行业或预定航线上的惯例承保除战争险外的所有保险；必须在货物已装船时通知买方，说明船名、唛头和详尽细节，发出该通知的费用由买方承担；必须以各种合适的方式提交包括提单、发票、保险单以及根据买卖合同卖方有责任取得并提交买方的附属于这些单据的其他单据在内的所有单据，并有责任使其得以提交给买方。

进出口贸易part1答案

C采用D组术语成交时，均由卖方办理出口通关手续
D采用D组术语成交时，均由买方办理出口通关手续
三、多
四、判断题
1、按照国际贸易惯例，采用E组术语成交时，货物在运输途中的所有风险、责任和费用均由买方承担。（√）
2、F组中包括的三种贸易术语均属于在装运港交货的术语，因此，仅适用于水上运输方式。（×）
3、采用C组术语成交时，卖方有义务订立运输契约，并且自负风险和费用将货物运到约定的目的地。（×）
C办理货物的进口手续并交纳进口关税D承担在交货地点实际交货前的所有风险
6、按照《2000年通则》的解释，下列术语中，仅适于水上运输方式的是（BCD）。
AEXWBFASCDESDDEQ
7、按照《2000年通则》的解释，下列术语中，适用于各种运输方式的是（CD）
ADESBDEQCDDUDDDP
四、判断题
5、根据《2000年通则》的解释，F组的三种贸易术语的共同点是（D）。
A由卖方自负费用订立运输契约B由卖方承担运输途中的风险
C由卖方负责办理进口通关手续D由买方负责办理进口通关手续
6、下列有关D组贸易术语的说明中，与《2000年通则》的规定不符的是（A）。
A采用D组术语成交的合同属于到达合同
B采用D组术语成交时，买方无义务办理货运保险
5、根据《2000年通则》的解释，按DES条件成交时，卖方并无办理海运货物保险的义务，因此，卖方提交的单据中可以没有保险单。（×）
6、根据《2000年通则》的解释，按DEQ条件成交时，卖方除了要将货物从船上卸到码头上，还要自负风险和费用办理货物的进口通关手续。（×）
7、如果卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可证，则不应采用DDP术语成交。（√）
A适合的运输方式不同B办理出口手续的责任方不同

有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例

有关贸易术语的国际贸易惯例在国际贸易业务实践中，因各国法律制度、贸易惯例和习惯做法不同，因此，国际上对各种贸易术语的理解与运作互有差异，从而容易引起贸易纠纷。

为了避免各国在对贸易术语解释上出现分歧和引起争议，有些国际组织和商业团体便分别就某些贸易术语作了统一的解释与规定，其中影响较大的主要有：国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》（International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms,简称INCOTERMS）；国际法协会制定的《华沙—牛津规则》（Warsaw-Oxford Rules）；美国一些商业团体制定的《1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》（Revised American Foreign Trade Definition 1941）。

由于上述各项解释贸易术语的规则，在国际贸易中运用范围较广，从而形成为一般的国际贸易惯例。

这些解释贸易术语的国际惯例，在国际贸易发展的各个历史阶段中都起了积极的重要作用。

由于国际贸易惯例是国际贸易法的渊源之一，在当前各国都在积极谋求国际贸易法律统一化的过程中，国际贸易惯例的作用更为显著，尤其是通过国际商会对《国际贸易术语解释通则》的不断修订，有效地促进了国际贸易惯例的发展。

国际贸易惯例日益受到各国政府、法律界和贸易界的重视、在国际立法和许多国家的立法中，都明文规定了国际贸易惯例的效力。

例如，在1988年1月1日生效的《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》中充分肯定了惯例的作用。

该公约规定：当事人在合同中没有排除适用的惯例，或双方当事人已经知道或理应知道的惯例，以及在国际贸易中被人们广泛采用和经常遵守的惯例，即使当事人未明确同意采用，也可作为当事人默示同意惯例，因而该惯例对双方当事人具有约束力。

又如，《中华人民共和国涉外经济合同法》规定：“中华人民共和国法律未作规定的，可适用国际惯例”。

由此可见，为了合理地商订和履行合同以及正确运用国际贸易惯例，国际贸易从业人员必须了解国际上各种通行的有关贸易术语的国际惯例，以便在实际业务中对其做出适当的抉择和正确的解释。

1941年美国对外贸易定义修正本

《1941年美国对外贸易定义修正本》将F.O.B.术语分为下列六种：（1）FOB——“在指定的内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货”。

按此术语，在内陆装运地点，由卖方安排并将货物装于火车、卡车、驳船、拖船、飞机或其他运输用的运载工具之上。

（2）FOB——“在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货，运费预付到指定的出货地点。

”按此术语，卖方预付至出口地点的运费，并在指定内陆起运地点取得清洁提单或其他运输收据后，对货物不再承担责任。

（3）FOB——“在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货，减除至指定地点的运费。

”按此术语，卖方所报价格包括货物至指定地点的运输费用，但注明运费到付，并由卖方在价金内减除。

卖方在指定内陆起运地点取得清洁提单或其他运输收据后，对货物不再承担责任。

（4）FOB——“在指定内陆发货地点的指定内陆运输工具上交货。

”按此术语，卖方所报价格包括将货物运至指定出口地点的运输费用，并承担货物的任何灭失/或损失的责任，直至上述地点。

（5）FOB——“船上交货（指定装运港）”。

按此术语，卖方必须在规定的日期或期限内，将货物实际装载于买方提供的或为买方提供的轮船上，负担货物装载于船上为止的一切费用和承担任何灭失/或损坏的责任，并提供清洁轮船收据或已装船提单；在买方请求并由其但付费用的情况下，协助买方取得由原产地及/或装运地国家签发的，为货物出口或在目的地进口所需的各种证件。

买方必须办理有关货物自装运港运至目的港的运载事宜，包括办理保险并支付其费用，提供船舶并支付其费用；承担货物装上船后的一切费用和任何灭失及/或损坏的责任；支付因领取由原产地及/或装运地国家签发的，为货物出口或在目的地进口所需的各种证件（清洁轮船收据或提单除外）而发生的一切费用；支付出口税和因出口而征收的其他税捐费用。

（6）FOB——“在指定进口国内陆地点交货”。

按此术语，卖方必须安排运至指定进口国地点的全部运输事宜，并支付其费用；办理海洋运输保险，并支付其费用；承担货物的任何灭失及/或损坏的责任，直至装载于运输工具的货物抵达指定进口国内陆地点为止；自负费用，取得产地证、领事发票，或由原产地及/或装运地国家签发的，为货物在目的地进口及必要时经由第三国过境运输所需的各种证件；支付出口和进口关税以及因出口和进口而征收的其他税捐和报关费用。

1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本(中英文)(可编辑)

1941年美国对外贸易定义修订本（中英文）美国对外贸易定义》1941年修订本《美国对外贸易定义》1941年修订本 2919年美国一些商业团体制定了有关对外贸易定义的统一解释,随着贸易习惯和经营做法的演变,在1940年举行的美国第27届全国对外贸易会议上对原有定义作了修改。

1941年7月30日,美国商会、美国进口商全国理事会和全国对外贸易理事会所组成的联合委员会正式通过并采用了此项定义,并由全国对外贸易理事会发行。

在2941年修订本中,除对原产地交货Ex一point oforigin、装运港船边交货F AS、装运港交货运费在内C衣F、装运港交货运费保险费在内CIF、目的港码头交货EXQ等贸易术语作了解释外,还对装运港船上交货FOB作了解释。

它把FOB 分为六种类型,其中只有第五种才与国际贸易中一般通用的FOB 贸易术语的含义大体相似,而其余五种FOB的含义则有明显差异。

该《定义》本身并无法律约束力,只有当买卖双方接受此项定义作为买卖合同的一个组成部分时,它才对各有关当事人产生约束力。

由于《美国对外贸易定义》对明确买卖双方权利与义务、简化贸易手续和便利合同的签订与履行等方面,具有积极意义,因此,它曾在南北美洲各国有很大的影响。

然而,由于国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》在国际上的影响越来越大,绝大多数国际贸易从业人员都接受了《通则》的解释,美国制定《定义》的团体已同意不再继续使用该项定义。

FOREIGN TRADE DEFINITIONSThe following definitions of the National Foreign Trade Council, Inc., are reproduced for information purposes only. They are NOT to be construed as part of the National Oilseed Processors Association trading rules. They are reprinted through the courtesy of National Foreign Trade Council, Inc., the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, and the National Council of American Importers, IncRevisedAmerican Foreign Trade Definitions1941Adopted July 30, 1941, by a Joint Committee representing the Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, the National Council of American Importers, Inc., and the National Foreign Trade Council, IncFOREWORDSince the issuance of American Foreign Trade Definitions in 1919. many changes in practice have occurred. The 1919 Definitions did much to clarify and simplify foreign trade practice, and received wide recognition and use by buyers and sellers throughout the world. At the Twenty-Seventh National Foreign Trade Convention, 1940, further revision and clarification of these Definitions was urged as necessary to assist the foreign trader in the handling of his transactionsThe following Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions?1941 are recommended for general use by both exporters and importers. These revised definitions have no status at law unless there is specific legislation providing for them, or unless they are confirmed by court decisions. Hence, it is suggested that sellers and buyers agree to their acceptance as part ofthe contract of sale. These revised definitions will then become legally binding upon all partiesIn view of changes in practice and procedure since 1919, certain new responsibilities for sellers and buyers are included in these revised definitions. Also, in many instances, the old responsibilities are more clearly defined than in the 1919 Definitions, and the changes should be beneficial both to sellers and buyers. Widespread acceptance will lead to a greater standardization of foreign trade procedure, and to the avoidance of much misunderstanding Adoption by exporters and importers of these revised terms will impress on all parties concerned their respective responsibilities and rightsGeneral Notes of Caution1. As foreign trade definitions have been issued by organizations in various parts of the world, and as the courts of countries have interpreted these definitions in different ways, it is important that sellers and buyers agree that their contracts are subject to the Revised American Foreign Definitions?1941 and that the various points listed are accepted by both parties2. In addition to the foreign trade terms listed herein, there are terms that are at times used, such as Free Harbor, C.l.F.&C. Cost, Insurance, Freight, and Commission, C.l.F.C.&I. Cost, Insurance, Freight, Commission, and Interest, C.l.F. Landed Cost, Insurance, Freight, Landed, and others. None of5 1these should be used unless there has first been a definite understanding as to the exact meaning thereof. It is unwise toattempt tointerpret other terms in the light of the terms given herein. Hence, whenever possible, one of the terms defined herein should be used3. It is unwise to use abbreviations in quotations or in contracts which might be subject to misunderstanding4. When making quotations, the familiar terms “hundredweight” or “ton” should be avoided. A hundredweight c an be 100 pounds of the short ton, or 112 pounds of the long ton. A ton can be a short ton of 2,000 pounds, or a metric ton of 2,204.6 pounds, or a long ton of 2,240 pounds. Hence, the type of hundredweight or ton should be clearly stated in quotations and in sales confirmations. Also, all terms referring to quantity, weight, volume, length, or surface should be clearly defined and agreed upon5. If inspection, or certificate of inspection, is required, it should be agreed, in advance, whether the cost thereof is for account of seller or buyer6. Unless otherwise agreed upon, all expenses are for the account of seller up to the point at which the buyer must handle the subsequent movement of goods7. There are a number of elements in a contract that do not fall within the scope of these foreign trade definitions. Hence, no mention of these is made herein. Seller and buyer should agree to these separately when negotiating contracts. This particularly applies to so-called “customary” practices5 2DEFINITIONS OF QUOTATIONSI EX Point of Origin“EX FACTORY,” “EX MILL,” “EX MINE,”“EX PLANTATION,” “EX WAREHOUSE,” etc. named point of origin Under this term, the price quoted applies only at the point of origin, and the seller agrees to place the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed place on the date or within the period fixedUnder this quotation:Seller must:1 bear all costs and risks of the goods until such time as the buyer is obliged to take delivery thereof;2 render the buyer, at the buyer’s request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationBuyer must:1 take delivery of the goods as soon as they have been placed at his disposal at the agreed place on the date or within the period fixed;2 pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;3 bear all costs and risks of the goods from the time when he is obligated to take delivery thereof;4 pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationII F.O.B. Free on BoardNOTE: Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the “Comments on All F.O.B. Terms” given at end of this sectionp. A-4 in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under t he several classes of “F.O.B.” termsIl-A “F.O.B. named inland carrier at named inland point of departure”1Under this term, the price quoted applies only at inland shipping point, and the seller arranges for loading of the goods on, or in, railway cars, trucks, lighters, barges, aircraft, or other conveyance furnished for transportationUnder this quotation:Seller must:1 place goods on, or in, conveyance, or deliver to inland carrier for loading;2 provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, freight collect;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been placed in, or on, conveyance at loading point, and clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt has been furnished by carrier;4 render the buyer, at the buyer’s request and expense, assistance in obtaining documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation or of importation at destination5 3Buyer must:1 be responsible for all movement of the goods from inland point of loading, and pay all transportation costs;2 pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, incurred after loading at named inland point of departure;4 pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationIl-B “F.O.B. named inland carrier at named inland point of departure FREIGHT PREPAID TO name point of exportation”1Under this term, the seller quotes a price including transportation charges to the named point of exportation and prepays freight to named point of exportation, without assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt at named inland point of departureUnder this quotation:Seller must:1 assume the seller’s obligations as under Il-A, except that under2 he must provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, freight prepaid to named point of exportationBuyer must:1 assume the same buyer’s obligations as under Il-A, except that he does not pay freight from loading point to named point of exportation Il-C “F.O.B. named inland carrier at named inland point of departure FREIGHT ALLOWED TO named point”1Under this term, the seller quotes a price including transportation charges to the named point, shipping freight collect and deducting the cost of transportation without assuming responsibility for the goods after obtaining a clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt at named inland point of departureSeller must:1 assume the same seller’s obligations as under Il-A, but deducts from his invoice the transportation cost to name pointBuyer must:1 assume the same buyer’s obligations as under Il-A, including payment of freight from inland loading point to named point, for which seller has made deductionIl-D “F.O.B. nam ed inland carrier at named point of exportation”1Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the costs of transportation of the goods to named point of exportation, bearing any loss or damage, or both, incurred up to that point1See Note p. A-2 and Comments on all F.O.B. Terms p. A-45 4Under this quotation:Seller must:1 place goods on, or in, conveyance, or deliver to inland carrier for loading;2 provide clean bill of lading or other transportation receipt, paying all transportation costs from loading point to named point of exportation;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have arrived in, or on, inland conveyance at the named point of exportation;4 render the buyer, at the buyer’s request and expense, assista nce in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationBuyer must:1 be responsible for all movement of the goods from inland conveyance at named point of exportation;2 pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, incurred after goods have arrived in, or on, inland conveyance at the named point of exportation;4 pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationIl-E “F.O.B. VESSEL named port of shipment”Under this term, the seller quotes a price covering all expenses up to, and including, delivery of the goods upon the overseas vessel provided by, or for, the buyer at the named port of shipmentUnder this quotation: Seller must:1 pay all charges incurred in placing goods actually on board the vessel designated and provided by, or for, the buyer on the date or within the period fixed;2 provide clean ship’s receipt or on-board bill of lading;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been placed on board the vessel on the date or within the period fixed;4 render the buyer, at the buyer’s request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require either for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destinationBuyer must:1 give seller adequate notice of name, sailing date, loading berth of, and delivery time to, the vessel;2 bear the additional costs incurred and all risks of the goods from the time when the seller has placed them at his disposal if the vessel named by him fails to arrive or to load within the designated time;3 handle all subsequent movement of the goods to destination:a provide and pay for insurance;b provide and pay for ocean and other transportation;4 pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;5 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, after goods have been loaded on board the vessel;6 pay all costs and charges incurred in obtaining the documents, other than clean ship’s receipt or bill of lading, issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which may be required for purposes of exportation, or of importation at destination5 5Il-F “F.O.B. named inland point in country of importation”1Under this term, the seller quotes a price including the cost of the merchandise and all costs of transportation to the named inland point in the country of importationUnder this quotation:Seller must:1 provide and pay for all transportation to the named inland point in the country of importation;2 pay export taxes, or other fees or charges, if any, levied because of exportation;3 provide and pay for marine insurance;4 provide and pay for war risk insurance, unless otherwise agreed upon between the seller and buyer;5 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until arrival of goods on conveyance at the named inland point in the country of importation;6 pay the costs of certificates of origin, consular invoices, or any other documents issued in the country of origin, or of shipment, or of both, which the buyer may require for the importation of goods into the country of destination and, where necessary, for their passage in transit through another country;7 pay all costs of landing, including wharfage, landing charges, and taxes, if any;8 pay all costs of customs entry in the country of importation;9 pay customs duties and all taxes applicable to imports, if any, in the country of importationNOTE: The seller under this quotation must realize that he is accepting important responsibilities, costs, and risks, and should therefore be certain to obtain adequate insurance. On the other hand, the importer or buyer may desire such quotations to relieve him of the risks of the voyage and to assure him of his landed costs at inland point in country of importation. When competition is keen, or the buyer is accustomed to such quotations from other sellers, seller may quote such terms, being careful to protect himself in an appropriate mannerBuyer must:1 take prompt delivery of goods from conveyance upon arrival at destination;2 bear any costs and be responsible for all loss or damage, or both, after arrival at destinationComments On All F.O.B. Terms In connection with F.O.B. terms, the following points of caution are recommended:1. The method of inland transportation such as trucks, railroad cars, lighters, barges, or aircraft should be specified2. If any switching charges are involved during the inland transportation, it should be agreed, in advance, whether these charges are for account of the seller or the buyer3. The term “F.O.B. named port,” without designating the exact point at which the liability of the seller terminates and the liability of the buyer begins, should be avoided. The use of this term gives rise to disputes as to the liability of the seller or the buyer in the event of loss or damage arising while the goods are in port, and before delivery to or on board the ocean carrier. Misunderstandings may be avoided by naming the specific point of delivery4. If lighterage or trucking is required in the transfer of goods from the inland conveyance to ship’s side, and there is a cost therefor, it should be understood, in advance, whether this cost is for account of the seller or the buyer5. The seller should be certain to notify the buyer of the minimum quantity required to obtain a carload, a truckload, or a barge-load freight rate5 66. Under F.O.B. terms, exce pting “F.O.B. named inland point in country of importation,” the obligation to obtain ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, rests with the buyer. Despite this obligation on the part of the buyer, in many trades the seller obtainsthe ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, and provides for shipment on behalf of the buyer. Hence, seller and buyer must have an understanding as to whether the buyer will obtain the ocean freight space, and marine and war risk insurance, as is his obligation, or whether the seller agrees to do this for the buyer7. For the seller’s protection, he should provide in his contract of sale that marine insurance obtained by the buyer include standard warehouse to warehouse coverageIII F.A.S. Free Along SideNOTE: Seller and buyer should consider not only the definitions but also the “Comments” given at end of this section p. A-7 in order to understand fully their respective responsibilities and rights under “F.A.S.” terms“F.A.S. VESSEL named port of shipment”Under this term, the seller quotes a price including delivery of the goods alongside overseas vessel and within reach of its loading tackleUnder this quotation:Seller must:1 place goods alongside vessel or on dock designated and provided by, or for, buyer on the date or within the period fixed; pay any heavy lift charges, where necessary, up to this point;2 provide clean dock or ship’s receipt;3 be responsible for any loss or damage, or both, until goods have been delivered alongside the vessel or on the dock;4 render the buyer, at the buyer’s request and expense, assistance in obtaining the documents issued in the。