2016年浙大考博专业基础课真题
浙江大学经济学院博士生博弈论课程习题及答案
纳什均衡1．在下表所示的战略式博弈中，找出重复删除劣战略的占优均衡表1.1首先，找出S2的劣战略。
对于S2，M策略严格劣于R策略，所以M为严格劣策略。
删除后M再找出S1的劣战略，显然对于S1而言，M策略和D策略严格劣于U策略，所以M和D为严格劣策略。
删除M与D后找占优均衡为（U,L）即，（4，3）。
2．求解下表所示的战略博弈式的所有的纯战略纳什均衡表1.2首先看S1选择X策略。
如果S2同样选择X策略，那么S3一定选择Y策略；同样，如果S3选择Y策略，S2也一定会选择X策略，因此（X，X，Y）是一个纳什均衡；如果S2选择Y策略，那么S3一定选择X策略；同样，如果S3选择X策略，S2也一定会选择Y策略，因此，（X，Y，X）是一个纳什均衡。
其次看S1选择Y策略。
如果S2选择X策略，S3一定选择X策略；同样，如果S3选择X策略，S2也一定会选择X策略，因此（Y，X，X）是一个纳什么均衡。
如果S2选择Y策略，S3选择Y策略是理性的，如果S3选择X，S2将选择X，这样（Y，Y，X）将不是一个纳什均衡；同样，如果S3选择Y策略，S2也一定会选择Y策略，因此（Y，Y，Y）是一个纳什均衡。
所以该博弈式的纯战略纳什均衡有4个：（X，X，Y）（X，Y，X）（Y，X，X）（Y，Y，Y）。
3．（投票博弈）假定有三个参与人（1、2和3）要在三个项目（A、B和C）中选中一个。
三人同时投票，不允许弃权，因此，每个参与人的战略空间Si=｛A，B，C｝。
得票最多的项目被选中，如果没有任何项目得到多数票，项目A被选中。
参与人的支付函数如下：U1(A)=U2(B)=U3(C)=2U1(B)=U2(C)=U3(A)=1U1(C)=U2(A)=U3(B)=0求解以上博弈的所有纯战略纳什均衡。
由上，ABC策略是无差异的，但均衡策略只能是参与人3选择A 策略，因此（A ，A ，A ）是一个纳什均衡。
如果参与人2选择B 策略，参与人3选择AB 策略是差异的，但均衡策略只能是其选择A ，因此（A ，B ，A ）是一个纳什均衡。
浙江大学细胞生物学2016年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
浙江大学
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：细胞生物学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1、异化扩散
2、微RNA
3、自噬溶酶体
4、受调节分泌
5、trna
6、细胞黏附
7、细胞决定
8、细胞周期
二、简答论述题
1、细胞骨架各自作用。
2、细胞周期及调控和疾病及治疗。
3、干细胞特征研究热点与临床。
4、dna损伤原因与种类及修复机制。
5、细胞外信号如何进入细胞核及对制药作用。
2015年浙大考博专业基础课真题
病理学部分
一、名词解释（3*8）：表观遗传学，细胞信号传导，DNA甲基化，凋亡，基因芯片，转录因子，异型性，癌前病变
二、简答题（六选三，3*12）：
1.简述病毒与肿瘤的关系。
2.请简述肿瘤的分子分型。
3.目前结直肠癌发生的分子机制有几种，请你谈谈你的评价。
4.消化道常见的溃疡性病变有哪些（至少4种）及其病理学特点及鉴别要点。
5.肿瘤上皮间质转化（EMT）的概念，它与肿瘤存在哪些联系，谈谈你所了解的机制。
6.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围。
病理生理学部分（四选二，2*20）
1.抑癌基因失活的机制有哪些？请举例说明其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用。
2.缺氧时组织细胞的病理生理学变化。
3.心衰的概念及其发病机制。
4.肝性脑病的概念及其发病机制。
病理的大题，有一题确实回忆不起来了，感谢janeab1战友的提醒。
其他的，排列顺序和题目文字表述稍微有点出入，但不影响答题。
博士研究生入学考试真题英语-2016
装备学院2016年博士研究生入学考试英语(1001)试题(注意：答案必须定在答题纸上，本试卷满分100分)PART I VOCABULARY (10 points, 0.5 point each)Section ADirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest inmeaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.1. Many women prefer to use cosmetics to enhance their beauty and make them lookyounger.A. revealB. underlineC. improveD. integrate2. What players and coaches fear most is the partiality on the part of the referees in agame.A. justiceB. biasC. participationD. regionalism3. The sale has been on for a long time because the price is reckoned to be too high.A. consideredB. stipulatedC. raisedD. stimulated4. Smugglers try every means to lay hands on unearthed relics for their personal gains.A. set foot onB. lose their heart toC. set their mind onD. get hold of5. There must have been round about a thousand people participating in the forum.A. approximatelyB. exactlyC. less thanD. more than6. These old shabby houses will be demolished for the construction of residentialbuildings.A. pulled outB. pulled inC. pulled downD. pulled up7. Readers are required to comply with the rules of the library and mind their manners.A. observeB. memorizeC. commentD. request8. Artificial intelligence deals partly with the analogy between the computer and thehuman brain.A. likenessB. relationC. contradictionD. difference9. It is often the case that some superficially unrelated events turn out to be linked insome aspects.A. practicallyB. wonderfullyC. beneficiallyD. seemingly10. The alleged all-powerful master of chi kong was arrested on a charge of fraud.A. so-calledB. well-knowsC. esteemedD. undoubted Section BDirection:There are 10 questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases markedA, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracketson your Answer Sheet.11. It is hoped that pork can be made leaner by introducing a cow gene into the pig‟sgenetic _______.A. reservoirB. warehouseC. poolD. storehouse12. The chairman said that he was prepared to ________ the younger people in thedecision making.A. put up withB. make way forC. shed light onD. take charge of13. Tom is angry at Linda because she _____ him _______ all the time.A. sets…upB. puts…downC. runs…outD. drops…in14. The ability to focus attention on important things is a ________ characteristic ofintelligence.A. definingB. decliningC. defeatingD. deceiving15. Our picnic having been _____ by the thunderstorm, we had to wait in the pavilionuntil it cleared up.A. destroyedB. underminedC. spoiltD. contaminated16. I was disappointed to see that those people I had sort of ____ were pretty ordinary.A. despisedB. resentedC. worshipedD. ridiculed17. One of the main purpose of using slang is to consolidate one‟s ____ with a group.A. specificationB. unificationC. notificationD. identification18. The _____ from underdeveloped countries may well increase in response to thesoaring demand for high-tech professionals in developed nations.A. brain damageB. brain trustC. brain feverD. brain drain19. This matter settled, we decided to _______ to the next item on the agenda.A. succeedB. exceedC. proceedD. precede20. Listening is as important as taking. If you are a good listener, people often _____you for being a good conversationalist.A. complementB. complimentC. compelD. complainPart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions:There are 15 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through.Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, orD for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the wordor phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Answer Sheet.It has been said that in a high-divorce society, not only are more unhappy marriages likely to end in divorce, but in addition, more marriages are likely to become unhappy. Much of life‟s happiness and much of its 21 come from the same source—one‟s marriage. Indeed, few things in life have the potential to provide as much 22 or as much anguish. As the accompanying box indicates, many couples are having more than their share of the 23 .But divorce statistics reveal only part of the problem. For each marriage that sinks, countless others remain 24 but are stuck in stagnant waters. “We used to be a happy family, but the last 12 years have been horrible,”25 a woman married for more than 30 years. “My husband is not interested in my feelings. He is truly my worst 26 enemy.” Similarly, a husband of nearly 25 years said: “My wife has told me that she doesn‟t love me anymore. She says that if we can just exist as roommates and each go our 27 ways when it comes to leisure time, the situation can be 28 .”Of course, some in such terrible straits 29 their marriage. For many, however, divorce is 30 . Why? According to Dr. Karen Kavser, factors such as children, community disgrace, finances, friends, relatives, and religious beliefs might keep a couple together, even in a 31 state. “Unlikely to divorce, legally,” she says, “these spouses choose to 32 a partner from whom they are emotionally divorced.”Must a couple whose relationship has cooled 33 themselves to a life of dissatisfaction? Is a loveless marriage the only 34 to divorce? Experience proves that many troubled marriages can be saved—not only from the 35 of breakup but also from the misery of lovelessness.21. A. mighty B. misery C. mystery D. myth22. A. delight B. dismay C. dignity D. destiny23. A. late B. later C. latter D. last24. A. ashore B. afloat C. arrogant D. ascended25. A. conferred B. compromised C. confessed D. confided26. A. passional B. feeling C. emotional D. sensational27. A. separate B. parting C. different D. divided28. A. excused B. forgiven C. comprehended D. tolerated29. A. intensify B. terminate C. reinforce D. betray30. A. in the end B. out of the count C. in the way D. out of the question31. A. loving B. lovely C. loved D. loveless32. A. insist on B. persist in C. remain with D. keep in with33. A. resign B. deposit C. expel D. return34. A. pattern B. destination C. alternative D. route35. A. addiction B. agony C. abuse D. abolition Part III Reading Comprehension (30 point)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions:In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answerfrom the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Answer Sheet.Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Passage OneThere are over 6,000 different computer and online games in the world now. A segment of them are considered to be both educational and harmlessly entertaining. One such game teaches geography, and other trains pilots. Others train the player in logical thinking and problem solving. Some games also help young people to become more computer literate, which is more important in this technology-driven era.But the dark side of the computer games has become more and more obvious. “A segment of games features anti-social themes of violence, sex and crude language,”says David Walsh, president of the National Institute on Media and Family. “Unfortunately, it‟s a segment that seems particularly popular with kids aged eight to fifteen.”One study showed that almost 80 percent of the computer and online games young people preferred contained violence. The investigators said “These are not just games anymore. These are learning machines. We‟re teaching kids in the most incredible manner what it‟s like to pull the trigger. What they are not learning are the real-life consequences.”They also said “The new and more sophisticated games are even worse, because they have better graphics and allow the player to participate in even more realistic violent acts.” In the game Carmageddon, for example, the player will have driven over and killed up to 33,000 people by the time all levels are completed. A description of the outcome of the game says: “Your victims no t only squish under your tires and splatter blood on the windshield, they also get on their knees and beg for mercy, or commit suicide. If you like, you can also dismember them.”Is all this simulated violence harmful” Approximately 3,000 different studies have been conducted on this subject. Many have suggested that there is a connection between violence in games and increased aggressiveness in the players.Some specialists downplay the influence of the games, saying that other factors must be taken into consideration, such as the possibility that kids who already have violent tendencies are choosing such games. But could it be that violent game still play a contributing role? It seems unrealistic to insist that people are not influenced by what they see. If that were true, why would the commercial world spend billions of dollars annually for television advertising?36. Which of the following computer games is NOT mentioned as educational and harmlessly entertaining?A. Those that help people learn more about computers.B. Those that teach the features of the earth.C. Those that provide special training for writers online.D. Those that provide special training for pilots.37. According to one study, more computer and online games _______.A. allow the players to take part in killing actsB. teach the players to be antisocialC. make the players forget the real life resultsD. that young people like contain violence38. What does the underlined word “dismember” in paragraph 4 mean?A. To kick somebody out.B. To cut somebody into pieces.C. To dismiss somebody.D. To stab a knife into somebody.39. Many studies have suggested that _________.A. more and more young people enjoy cruel computer gamesB. violence in computer games makes their players more aggressiveC. there are now far more incidents of violence due to computer gamesD. simulated violence in computer games is different from real violence40. The author uses “television advertising” as an example to show that _______.A. other factors must be considered as possible causes of violence in real lifeB. computer and online games are not the only cause of increased violence in real lifeC. the commercial world is contributing to the increased violence in real lifeD. there is a close link between computer games and increased violence in real lifePassage TwoThe collapse of the Earth‟s magnetic field—which guards the planet and guides many of its creatures—appears to have started seriously about 150 years ago, the New York Times reported last week.The field‟s strength has decreased by 10 or 15 percent so far and this has increased the debate over whether it signals a reversal of the planet‟s lines of magnetic force.During a reversal, the main field weakens, almost vanishes, and reappears with opposite polarity. The transition would take thousands of years. Once completed, compass needles that had pointed north would point south. A reversal could cause problems for both man and animals. Astronauts and satellites would have difficulties. Birds, fish and animals that rely on the magnetic field for navigation would find migration confusing. But experts said the effects would not be a big disaster, despite claims of doom and vague evidence of links between past field reversals and species extinctions.Although a total transition may be hundreds or thousands of years away, the rapid decline in magnetic strength is already affecting satellites. Last month, the European Space Agency approved the world‟s largest effort at tracking the field‟s shifts. A group of new satellites, called Swarm, is to monitor the collapsing field with far greater precision. “We want to get some idea of how this would evolve in the near future, just like people trying to predict the weather,” said Gauthier Hulot, a French geophysicist working out the first predictions by the end of the mission.”No matter what the new findings, the public has no reason to panic. Even if a transition is coming on its way, it might take 2,000 years to mature. The last one took place 780,000 years ago, when early humans were learning how to make stone tools. Deep inside the Earth flow hot currents of melted iron. This mechanical energy creates generator, the same principle turns mechanical energy into electricity.No one knows precisely why the field periodically reverses. But scientists say the responsibility probably lies with changes in the disorderly flows of melted iron, which they see as similar to the gases that make up the clouds of Jupiter.41. According to the passage, the Earth‟s magnetic field has __________.A. begun to change in the opposite directionB. been weakening in strength for a long timeC. caused the changes on the polaritiesD. misguided many a man and animal42. During the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field ____________.A. the compass will become uselessB. man and animals will be confused as to directionsC. the magnetic strength of the Earth will disappearD. the magnetic strength of the Earth will be stronger43. According to the experts, the reversal of the Earth‟s magnetic field would ______.A. destroy almost all the creatures on the EarthB. cause some species extinctions on the EarthC. not be as disastrous as the previous oneD. cause no big trouble for man and animals44. According to the passage, ___________.A. we should not worry about the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic fieldB. the Earth‟s magnetic field will not change for at least 2,000 yearsC. the Earth‟s magnetic field has decreased its strength rapidlyD. the transition of the Earth‟s magnetic field can be controlled by modern science45. The author says “…the public has no reason to panic” because _________.A. the transition is still thousands of years awayB. the new transition will come 780,000 years from nowC. the transition can be precisely predicted by scientistsD. the process of the transition will take a very long time to finishPassage ThreeThe terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a stunning reminder hat in today‟s world, you never know what you might see when you pick up the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger an instinctive response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened.Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed.Whether it‟s a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren‟t limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself.Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images.What Is Psychological Terror? “The use of terrorism as a tactic is based upon inducing a climate of fear that is disproportionate with the actual threat,” says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. “Every time you have an act of violence, publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself.”“There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person,” Bulliet tells WebMD. “The point is that it isn‟t what do, but it‟s how it‟s covered that determines the effect.”For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one ofthe most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the US hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event remains a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening‟s newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive.Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group‟s power rather than an individual criminal act. “You don‟t have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. It‟s an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized,”says Bulliet. “The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities.”Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the US Army reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it‟s the only tactic they have available to them. “They don‟t have M-16s, and we have M-16s. They don‟t have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping,” says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego.“In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,000 of the enemy,” Haroun tells WebMD. “You haven‟t really harmed the enemy every much by killing one person on the other side. But in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you‟ve achieved a lot of demoralization.”46. What has changed the rules of psychological warfare? ___________.A. Terrorist attacksB. The increase of military conflictsC. Advances in nuclear weaponsD. Prosperity of the media47. The goal of psychological warfare is to ____________.A. change the ideology of the opponentB. win a battle without military attacksC. generate a greater sense of fearD. bring about more physical damage48. According to Richard Bulliet, publicized an act of violence becomes an important part of terrorism itself because ____________.A. psychological terrorism is a tacticB. terrorism depends on a climate of fear rather than on the actual threatC. the use of terrorism is to inspire fear that is more destructive than the actual threatD. publicizing the violence can make more people know the actual threat49. The Iranian hostage crisis shows that __________.A. means determines effectsB. hostage crises are prevalentC. psychological terrors remain harmlessD. the American media is effective50. Terrorists hold an individual as a hostage to ___________.A. scare the publicB. demonstrate their crueltyC. manipulate the government concernedD. show their group powerPassage FourIn a year marked by uncertainty and upheaval, officials at New Orleans universities that draw applicants nationwide are not following the usual rules of thumb when it comes to college admissions. The only sure bet, they say, is that this fall‟s entering classes—the first since Katrina—will be smaller than usual.In typical years, most college admissions officials can predict fairly accurately by this point in the admissions cycle how many high school seniors will commit to enrolling in their institutions. Many of the most selective schools require students—who increasingly are applying to multiple institutions—to make their choices by May 1. Loyola University, whose trustees will vote May 19 on whether to drop several degree programs and eliminate 17 faculty positions, received fewer applications—about 2,900 to date, compared with 3,500 in recent years. The school hopes to enroll 700 freshmen, down from 850 in the past few years. Historically black Dillard University, which is operating out of a hotel and was forced to cancel its annual March open house, also saw drops, as did Xavier University, a historically black Catholic institution that fell behind its recruitment schedule. Dillaed won‟t release numbers, but spokeswoman Maureen Larkins says applications were down and enrollments are expected to be lower than in the past. Xavier admissions dean Winston Brown says its applicant pool fell by about half of last year‟s record 1,014; he hopes to enroll 500 freshmen.In contrast, Tulane University, which is the most selective of the four and developed an aggressive recruitment schedule after the hurricane, enjoyed an 11% increase in applications this year, to a record 20,715. Even so, officials predict that fewer admitted student s will enroll and are projecting a smaller-than-usual freshman class—1,400 compared with a more typical 1,600. Tulane officials announced in December that they would eliminate some departments and faculty positions.Like Tulane, other schools are taking extra steps this year to please admitted student, often by enlisting help from alumni around the country and reaching out to students with more e-mail, phone calls or Web-based interactions such as blogs. In addition, Loyola is relaxing deadlines, sweetening the pot with larger scholarships and freezing tuition at last year‟s level. Dillard, too, is freezing tuition. It‟s also hosting town meetings in target cities and regions nationwide, and moved its academic calendar back from …august to mid-September “to turn away from the majority of the hurricaneseason,”Larkins says. Xavier extended its application deadline and stepped up its one-one-one contact with accepted students. And Tulane, among other things, has doubled the number of on-campus programs for accepted student and hosted a community service weekend program.While the schools expect applicants to be apprehensive, the admissions officials also see encouraging signs of purposefulness among applicants. “A lot of students who are choosing to come to this city are saying, …I want to be a part of the action,‟” says Stieffel, noting that Loyola‟s transfer applications were up 30%. And while applications to Xavier are down, Brown is betting that students who do apply are serious. “The ones who are applying, we feel, are more likely to come,” he says.51. The word “Katrina” in Para. 1 probably refers to _____________.A. a hurricaneB. an admission officialC. a universityD. a student52. It can be learned from the passage that ____________.A. most colleges requires students to apply and commit to their institutionsB. more students are applying to multiple institutionsC. all students are required to make their institution choices by May 1D. university trustees make decisions on enrollment53. The following statements are all true EXCEPT ____________.A. Tulane University also saw drops in applications this yearB. Xavier University fell behind its recruitment scheduleC. applicants to Xavier University fell by about half of last year‟s recordD. Loyola University will vote on whether to eliminate 17 faculty positions54. In order to attract applicants, Loyola University and Dillard University are both _.A. freezing tuitionsB. extending application deadlinesC. hosting meetingsD. increasing scholarships55. Tulane University enjoyed an increase in applicants due to its ____________.A. new enrollment policiesB. aggressive recruitment scheduleC. academic positionD. financial situationSection B (10 points, 2 points each)Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions orcomplete the statements in the fewest possible words on the Answer Sheet.In all of the industrial countries and many less developed countries, a debate along the lines of government vs. business prevails. This struggle has gone on for so long, and is so pervasive, that many who participate in it have come to think of these two social institutions as natural and permanent enemies, each striving to oppose the other.Viewing the struggle in that format diminishes the chance of attaining more harmonious relations between government and business. Moreover, if these two are seen as natural and deadly enemies, then business has no long-range future. It is self-evident that government, as the only social instrument that can legally enforce its will by physical control, must win any struggle that is reduced to naked power.A more realistic, and most constructive, approach to the conflict between business and government starts by noticing the many ways in which they are dependent on each other. Business cannot exist without social order. Business can and does generate its own order, its own regularities of procedure and behavior; but at bottom these rest upon more fundamental patterns of order which can be maintained and evolved by the political state.The dependence of government on business is less absolute. Governments can absorb direct responsibility for organizing economic functions. In many cases, ancient and modern, government-run economic activities seem to have operated at a level of efficiency not markedly inferior to comparable work organized by business. If society‟s sole purpose is to achieve a bare survival for its members, there can be no substantial objection to governmental absorption of economic arrangements.(注意：此部分试题请在答题纸上作答)56. What is the passage mainly about?57. The function of the government is to ________________________________?58. What is the starting point of a more realistic approach?59. Business can and does generate its own order, but ________________.60. Government depend less on business because ___________________________.Part IV Error Detection and Correction (10 points, 1 point each) Directions:The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved youshould proofread the passage and correct it in the following way. Writedown your correction on the Answer Sheet.For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correctone in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “Λ”sign and write the word you believe to be missingin the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word Cross the unnecessary with a slash “/” and put theword in the blank provided at the end of the line. Example:When Λ art museum wants a new exhibit, it never buys things in finished form and hangs them on the wall When a natural history museum wants an exhibition, it must often build it. (1) an(2) never(3) exhibitAs one of the many outgrowths of the sweeping federal health carelaw, health insurances and employers must now pay the cost of screening 61.____ children for obesity and providing them with appropriate counseling.With about one in three children in America obese and overweight, 62.____ the need for such programs is clear. But experts say, creating them willbe challenging. More than intensive hospital-based programs, few proven 63.____ models exist for helping children and adolescents achieve and maintain ahealthier weight, and researchers do not even fully understand the factorsthat contributed the rapid rise in childhood obesity in recent years. 64.____ While there are many community efforts aimed at getting every childto eat better and exercise more, including Michelle Obama‟s “Let‟s Move”initiative, there is also growing demand for programs help children who 65.____ are already seriously overweight. WellPoint and the UnitedHealth Group,another large insurer, are experimenting with the new approaches, and 66.____ even Weight Watchers says it is working to develop a program for childrenand teenagers. Drug companies and medical device makers are also testingsome products for children. 67.____ Adults have a difficult enough time lose weight, and the issues are 68.____ even more complicated with children and teenagers, experts say. Childrenare still growing, and the goal of any program maybe to help them grow 69.____ into a healthier weight rather than to actually gain pounds. Experts also 70.____ say that to be successful, programs need to focus on the family as a whole,changing what everybody eats and how much time they are all active, notsitting in front of a computer screen or television.Part V Translation (15 points, 3 points each)Directions:Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Write your Chinese version in the proper space on Answer Sheet..。
浙江大学法学院宪法学与行政法学专业博士生历届招生试题
浙江大学法学院宪法学与行政法学专业博士生历届招生试题（行政法）——2002年（春）——第一题：简答题（20%）现已废止的《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉若干问题的意见（试行）》第1条曾对“具体行政行为”下了这样一个定义：“……指国家行政机关和行政机关工作人员、法律法规授权的组织、行政机关委托的组织或者个人在行政管理活动中行使行政职权，针对特定的公民、法人或者其他组织，就特定的具体事项，作出的有关该公民、法人或者其他组织权利义务的单方行为。
”你认为这一定义（从行政法学理论上看），有什么缺陷？第二题：论述题（40%）行政法与合理性原则第三题：案例分析（40%）2000年2月，H市居民张三去L市提取一批从香港进口的香料。
在此过程中，张三被L市海关以“走私犯罪嫌疑”为由扣留（此属行政行为）。
扣留1个月之后，海关定论：张三行为不构成走私犯罪，但存在违反海关监管规定的行为，决定免于处罚；故将张三释放。
张三被释放后对海关的扣留行为不服，于释放后的第50天向L市人民政府申请行政复议，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留申请人行为违法；（2）判令被申请人赔偿由此所造成的损失。
L市人民政府第二天便以当事人申请复议超过申请时效为由决定不予受理。
张三回到H市，马上以L市海关为被告，向H市有关基层法院提起行政诉讼，要求：（1）确认L市海关扣留原告行为违法；（2）判令被告赔偿由此所造成的损失。
H市基层法院受理了此案，但事后又驳回了原告的起诉，理由是：（1）行政赔偿案件应当先向侵权的行政机关即L市海关提出请求，原告未经事先向L市海关请求赔偿便向法院起诉，程序上不允许；（2）行政赔偿程序应当以“确认违法”为前提，海关扣留张三的行为尚未经有权机关确认违法，故不能向法院起诉。
原告收到该法院驳回起诉的裁定后，便向H市中级人民法院上诉，H市中级人民法院受理了此案。
正在此期间，原告在一次意外事故中死亡。
原告除一位关系疏远的外孙女外无任何亲属。
浙江大学考博英语部分真题及其解析
浙江大学考博英语部分真题及其解析Section I Use of English(10%)Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and ma,A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).We suffer from a conspicuous lack of role models and shared causes. This is1of reason,I think,that many young Asian-Americans continue to assimilate quietly into America2as doctors,scientists and engineers.Our struggles are individual and familial but3communal or political.Ours is a frustratingly limited version of the AMERICAN Dr earr While I can strive for4into Harvard and become the talk of the Korean mothers in ml home town,God forbid that I aim much further and higher than that――5fame ant in fluence as a writer,an Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi huo kao bo fu dao ti yan qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi intellectual or perhaps president of the United States.I wish more than anything else to feel like part of something6than myself and m~personal ambitions,part of a larger culture. Unfortunately,by coming to America my parent,7the cultural legacy they would have passed on to me.When I visited8last summer,found that I was9and chastised by many people for never learning how to speak Korean and for turning my10on their culture.Taxi drivers would 11to stop for me and my Korean-American friends because they knew from our12where we had come from.And13,in spite of the17years I have spent in this country,I feel more acutely conscious than ever of the fact that I am not completely14.Recently,a black man called me a"littleChinese faggot"in a men's room,and a15woman on the street told me to"go back to Japan."Americans,I think,feel a(n)16to keep both Asians and Asian-Americans at asociological,philosophical and geographical distance.With17numbers of Asian-American18applying to top colleges,many white students have begun to complain aboutAsian-American19and competitiveness,calling us"Asian nerds."Many Americans consider this as part of a larger"Asian invasionf associated20Japan's export success in America.01.[A]one[B]part[C]much[D]some02.[A]country[B]city[C]land[D]society03.[A]hardly[B]frequently[C]approximately[D] always04.[A]scholarship[B]citizenship[C]admittance[D] integration05.[A]toward[B]near[C]between[D]among06.[A]more[B]better[C]larger[D]longer07.[A]sold[B]maintained[C]memorized[D]sacrificed08.[A]Japan[B]China[C]Korea[D]Thailand09.[A]scorned[B]respected[C]surprised[D]ignored10.[A]side[B]head[C]eyes[D]back11.[A]like[B]refuse[C]straggle[D]want12.[A]skin[B]clothes[C]faces[D]politeness13.[A]also[B]so[C]yet[D]then14.[A]hated[B]ignored[C]treated[D]welcome15.IAI homeless[B]careless[C]selfless[D]shameless16.[A]fear[B]need[C]interest[D]hate17.[A]growing[B]expanding[C]developing[D] enlarging18.[A]people[B]residents[C]students[D]foreigners19.,[Al diligence[B]laziness[C]hardship[D] stubbornness20.[A]for[B]to[C]with[D]atgection II Reading Comprehension(60%)Part A(40%)Read the following texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1(客观答题卡).Text1InfraGard is a grass-roots effort to respond to the need for cooperation and collaboration n countering the threat of cybercrime and terrorism to private businesses and the government.By the end of September,there will be InfraGard chapters in all50states, Calloway said.With advice from the FBI,each local chapter will be run by a board of directors that includes members of private industry,the academic community and public agencies.Banks,utilities,and other businessesand government agencies will use a secure Web site to share nformation about attempts to hack into their computer networks.Members can join the system!t no charge.A key feature of the system is a two-pronged method of reporting attacks.A"sanitized"description of a hacking attempt or other incident-one that doesn't reveal the name or ensitive information about the victim-can be shared with the other members to spot trends?hen a more detailed description also can be sent to the FBI's computer crimes unit to ietermine if there are grounds for an investigation.Cybercrime has jumped in recent years across the nation, particularly in hotbeds of financial cormmerce and technology like Charlotte."Ten years ago,all you needed to protect yourself was a safe,a fence and security officers,"said Chris Swecker,who is in charge of the FBI's Charlotte office."Now any business with a modem is subject to attack."FBE agents investigating computer hacking that disrupted popular Web sites including ,CNN and Yahoo!this year identified several North Carolina victims.The investigation has also identified computer systems in North Carolina used by hackers to commit such attacks.Prosecutions of hackers have been hampered by the reluctance of businesses to report security intrusions for fear of bad publicity and lost business.Meanwhile,too many corporations have made it tooeasy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.Jack Wiles,who will lead the local InfraGard chapter's board,said a recent report estimated97percent of all cybercrime goes undetected.Wiles,a computer security expert,has a firewall on his personal computer to prevent hackers from getting into his files."I get at least one report a day that somebody was trying to get into my computer,"he said."The Net is a wonderful place,but it's also a dangerous one."21.From the first paragraph,we know[A]InfraGard is a protective measure aga/nst cybercrime.[BI InfraGard is a measure of cooperation and collaboration.[C]there will be50InfraGard chapters in all states.[DJ private business and the government are now committing cybererime.22.Each local chapter of InfraGard will be run by the following EXCEPT[Al academic communities.[B]public agencies.[C]FBI.[D]private industry.23.By saying"too many corporations have made it too easy for criminals by sacrificing security for speed and accessibility"the author means[A]too many corporations take no notice of the security problem of computers.[B]criminals are sacrificing security for speed and accessibility.[C]it's very easy to sacrifice security for speed and accessibility.[D]many companies suffer from computer hacking because they value speed and accessibility more than security.24.All the following are reasons for the rise in cybercrime EXCEPT[A]victims won't report intrusions by hackers.[B]vi victims have no fkewalls.[C]the use of modem is increasing.[D]companies don't pay enough attention to Security.25.It can be concluded from the passage that[A]not all hacking attempts are worthy of investigation.[B]information of the victims is inaccessible.[C]InfraGard chapters will be in effect by the end of September.[D] was once disrupted by hacking.Text2The annual Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup poll of attitudes towards public education releasedthis week found that a majorty of Americans feel t is important to put"a qualified,competent teacher in every classroom".Bob Chase,president of the National EducationAssociation(NEA),the main teachers'union,wasted no time in pointing out that this will require raising teachers'salaries so that more qualified candidates will enter the profession and stay there.A study by two economists suggests that the quality of America's teachers has more to do with how they are paid rather than how much. The pay of American public-school teachers isnot based on any measure of performance;instead,it is determined by a rigid formula based on experience and years of schooling,factors massively unimportant in deciding how well students do.The uniform pay scale invites what economists call adverse selection.Since the most talented teachers are also likely to be good at other professions,they have a strong incentive to leave education for jobs in which pay is more closely linked to productivity.For dullards,the incentives are just the opposite.The data are striking:when test scores are used as a proxy for ability,the bright est individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture.Clever students are the least like lyto choose education as a major at university.Among students who do major in education,those with higher test scores are less likely to become teachers.And among individuals who enterteaching,those with the highest test scores are the most likely to leave the profession early.The study takes into consideration the effects of a nationwide 20%real increase in teacher salaries during the1980s.It concludes that it had no appreciable effect on overall teacher quality,in largepart because schools do a poor job of.recruiting and-selecting the best teachers.Also,even if higher salaries lure more qualified candidates into the profession,the overall effect on quality may be offset by mediocre teachers who choose to postpone retirement.The study also takes aim at teacher training.Every state requires that teachers be licensed,a process that can involve up to two years of education classes,even for those who have auniversity degree or a graduate degree in the field they would like to teach.Inevitably, this system does little to lure in graduates of top universities or professionals who would like to enter teaching at mid-career.26.Which statement is NOT TRUE according to the passage?[A]NEA is the largest society for teachers.[B]Education-majored students are not as wise as people have assumed.[C]Young teachers are paid less because their students don't do well enough.[D]The study is both concerned with the effects of rise in payment and teacher training.27.Increase in teacher salaries did not turn out so effective mainly because of the following reasons EXCEPT.[A]the authorities do not set standards for qualified teachers.[BI mediocre teachers postpone retirement.[C]the salaries were not attractive enough.[D]teachers didn't have equal opportunities.28.According to the passage,the reason for clever students' refusal to take teaching as profession is because.[A]it offers low pay.[B]they have interest in other professions.[C]it does not value productivity.[D]it uses poor recruiting strategies.29."The data are striking:when the brightest individuals shun the teaching profession at every juncture"means.[A]students doing well in study are willing to take teaching as a career.[B]students doing well in study can't avoid choosing teaching as a career.[C]students doing well in study are reluctant to be teachers.[D]students doing well in study are not reluctant to be teachers.30.All can be concluded BUT.[A]teaching in U.S.A needs a certificate.[B]the more outstanding one is,the more likely he is to choose teaching.[C]American public-school teachers are paid in proportion to experience and years of schooling.[D]increase in teacher's salaries is to attract more qualified candidates to teaching.Text3The Nobel prize in economics had a difficult birth.It was createdin1969to mimic thefive prizes initiated under Alfred Nobel's will. These had already been around for68years,andpurists fought hard to stop the newcomer.Some members of the Royal Swedish Academy ofSciences still dismiss economics as unscientific,and its prize as not a proper Nobel.Earlywinners were among the prize's fiercest critics.Gunnar Myrdal,who shared the award in1974,said the prize ought to be abolished(but he did not return the money).Milton Friedman,winnerin1976,doubted the ability of a few people in Stockholm to make decisions respected aroundthe world.By the1990s,the Nobel committee had gained a reputation for intransigence.Gary Becker won only after a flood of nominations forced the cabal in Stockholm to act.The father of game theory won only after Mr.Nash's sudden recovery from paranoid schizophrenia,though the disease had no bearing on the quality of his work,the best of which was done beforehe became ill.Robert Lucas received a prize that many economists believed he should have hadmuch earlier.In1998,the prize became the subject of countless jokes after the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management,a hedge-fund firm whose founders included Robert Mertonand Myron Scholes,the1997 Nobel laureates.The Merton/Scholes choice also highlighted another enduring problem with the prize:untimely deaths.Fischer Black, co-originator of the options-pricing model for which MessrsMerton and Scholes were recognised,died a year too soon to join his collaborators on st year,many economists hoped that ZviGriliches,a noted econometrician who wasunquestionably deserving of the prize,and was suffering from a long illness,would win.He didnot, and died soon afterwards.Because the prize came into being so late, there is still a backlogof elderly luminaries waiting to be recognised. Paul Samuelson,one of the younger winners,and Mr Becker,who was a friend of Griliches,want the committee to take old age explicitlyinto account.The committee could also cast its net more widely across the profession.Almost ail the laureates are also theoreticians;advances in empirical work and applications in the past two decades have yet to be paid due respect,a fact bemoaned by Mr Becker.Mr Samuelson adds that the economics committee's selection methods have excessively mimicked those used for the prizes in natural sciences: "If the right apple fell on your head,and you saw it,then you got the prize.But if you had a lifetime of excellence in all branches of physics,you didn't get it."31.From the first paragraph,we learned that.[A]the Nobel prize in economics was created under Alfred Nobel's will.[B]Gunnar Myrdal was one of the Nobel prize winners in economics.[C]Milton Friedman refused to accept the prize.[D]the Nobel committee had not the ability to make decisions.32.We can learn from the text that about the winners of the Nobel prize in economics during1990s,.[A]Gary Becker won the prize after he forced the committee to act.[B]Mr Nash's illness delayed his receiving of the prize.[C]obert Lucas received the prize earlier than expected.[D]Robert Merton and Myron Scholes played jokes on the prize.33.According to the text,the author's attitude toward Nobel prize in economics is.[A]doubtful.[B]positive.[C]hostile.[DJ indifferent.34.From the third paragraph,we learn that.[A]Fisher Black did not live long enough to win the Nobel prize.[B]the Nobel committee will soon take old age into account.[C]younger people are more likely to win the prize.[D]Zvi Griliches won the prize after he died.35.In the last paragraph of the text,Mr Samuelson's attitude toward the economics committee's selection methods is.[A]critical.[B]approving.[C]angry.[D]ironic.Text4In America alone,tipping is now a$16billion-a-year industry-all the more surprising since it is a behavioural oddity.Consumers acting rationally ought not to pay more than they have to for a given service,Tips,which are voluntary,above and beyond a service's contracted cost,and delivered afterwards,should not exist.So why do they?The conventional wisdom is that tips both reward the efforts of good service and reduce uncomfortable feelings of inequality.The better the service,the bigger the tip.A paper analysing data from2,547groups dining at20different restaurants shows that the correlation between larger tips and better service was very weak:only a tiny part of the variability in the size of the tip had anything to do with the quality of service.Customers who rated a meal as"excellent"still tipped anywhere between8%and 37%of the meal price.Tipping is better explained by culture than by economics.In America,the custom hasbecome institutionalised:it is regarded as part of the accepted cost of a service.In a New Yorkrestaurant, failing to tip at least15%could well mean abuse from the waiter. Hairdressers canexpect to get15-20%,the man who delivers your groceries$2.In Europe,tipping is lesscommon;in many restaurants, discretionary tipping is being replaced by a standard servicecharge. In many Asian countries,tipping has never really caught on at all.How to account for these national differences?Look no further than psychology.According to Michael Lynn,the Cornell paper'sco-author,countries in which people are moreextrovert,sociable orneurotic tend to tip more.Tipping relieves anxiety about being served bystrangers:And,says'Mr Lynn,"in America,where people are outgoing and expressive,tippingis about social approval.If you tip badly,people think less of you.Tipping well is a chance to show off." Icelanders,by contrast,do not usually tip-a measure of their introversion and lackof neuroses,no doubt.While such explanations may be crude,the hard truth seems to be that tipping does notwork.It does not benefit the customer.Nor,in the case of restaurants,does it actuallyincentivise the waiter,or help the restaurant manager to monitor and assess his staff.The cry ofstingy tippers that service people should"just be paid a decent wage"may actually makeeconomic sense.36.From the text we learn that Americans.[A]are willing to give tips because they love the practice.[B]like to givetips to service people to help them financially.[C]are reluctant to give tips,but they still do so.[D]are giving less and less tips.37.According to Paragraph3,we learn that.[A]tips are voluntary in America.[B]people don't tip in Europe.[C]tipping is rare in many Asian countries.[D]tipping is now popular in Iceland.38.According to Michael Lynn,.[A]nervous people do not usually tip.[B]A merican people are anxious.[C]Icelanders don't like to show off.[D]people will ignore you if you tip bakly.39.The text indicates that in America.[A]customers tip8%to37%of the meal price if a meal was "excellent".[B]a waiter can abuse a customer if he fails to tip15%.[C]the amount of tipping is standardized with different services.[D]the man who carry groceries for you can expect to get15-20%.40.According to the text,the author believes that in America.[A]the better the service,the bigger the tip.[BI tips can reward the effort of good service.[C]tips can reduce feelings of inequality.[D]tips cannot prompt better service.Part B(20%)slation shouM be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).(41)There are plenty of grim statistics about childhood in the Third World.showing thatthe journey for survival is long and hard. But in the rich world,children can suffer from adifferent kind of poverty-of the spirit.For instance,one Western country alone now sees14,000attempted suicides every year by children under15,and one child in five needsprofessional psychiatric counselling.There are many good things about childhood in the Third World.Take the close andconstant contact between children and their parents, relatives and neighbours.In the West,the very nature of work puts distance between adults and children.(42)But itl most Third World villages mother and father do not go miles away each day to do abstract work in offices,shuffling paper to make money mysteriously appear in banks.Instead.the child sees mother an(t father,relations and neighbours working nearby,and often shares in that work.A child growing up in this way learns his or her role through participating in the community's work:helping to dig or build,plant or water,tend to animals or look after babies-rather than through playing with water and sand in kindergarten,building with construction toys,keeping pets or playing with dolls.(43)These children may grow up with a less oppressive limitation of space and time than their Western counterparts.Set days and times are few and self-explanatory,determined mostly by the rhythm of the seasons and the different jobs they bring.(44)A child in the rich world,on the other hand.is provided with a wrist-watch as one of the earliest symbols of~owing up.so that he or she can worry,along with their parents about being late for school times,meal times clinic times,bed times,the times of TV shows……;Third World children are not usually cooped up indoors,still less in high-rise apartments.Instead of fenced-off play areas,dangerous roads,'keep off the grass'signs and'don't speak tostrangers',there is often a sense of freedom to play.(45)Parents can see theirchildren outsiderather than observe them anxiously from ten floors up.And other adults in the community canusually be counted on to be caring rather than indifferent or threatening.Of course twelve million children under five still die every year through malnutrition anddisease.But children in the Third World is not all bad.Section m Writing(30%)Teachers often consider some students as good students.What do you think good studentsare like?Describe the characteristics of good students according to your own opinion.Provideone or two examples where necessary.You may also need to use knowledge in education andpsychology to support your argument.You shouM write240-280words. Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET2(主观答题纸).[供报考学科教学（英语）专业考生使用][A卷]答案：e of English（10%）01.B02.D03.A04.C05.A06.C07.D08.C09.A 10.D11.B12.B13.C14.D15.A16.B17.A18.C19.A 20.CII.Reading comprehension（60%）21.A22.C23.D24.B25.A26.C27.A28.C29.C 30.B31.B32.B33.A34.A35.A36.C37.C38.C39.C 40.DPart B（20%）41.有关第三世界儿童成长的大量统计资料令人担忧。
(完整word版)浙江大学电气学院考博电力系统分析历年真题-2016(回忆版)
电力系统分析考题20081。
电力系统潮流计算与电力系统状态估计的异同？2.什么是派克变换，为什么要进行派克变换，其物理意义是什么？为什么在计算暂态稳定时又要统一变换到xy坐标系统?3。
试述电力系统无功功率的本质？画出电力系统无功-电压曲线，并作简要分析？4.写出单机无穷大系统的经典二阶模型方程,并用小扰动分析法分析其在平衡点的稳定性？5.画出电力系统暂态稳定计算的流程框图,并作简要分析？电力系统分析考题2010我只知道三道大题是考的什么,具体的数值肯定不知道了电力分为选择、填空、三个大题选择、填空好像就有60分了，三道大题40分选择、填空（据师兄说很简单）都是课本上的第一道大题:求解电网节点的导纳矩阵二:不对称故障的分析计算，三相短路电流的计算以及其他类型的不对称短路计算三：电力系统稳定分析(论述题)，不用计算电力系统分析考题20111、填空题，比较简单，书上一些概念2、（1）什么是电力系统中性点,有那种？有什么区别和作用(2）提高静态稳定和暂态稳定的措施有哪些？优缺点是什么?3、求矩阵导纳，其中包括变压器的 变换4、求电力系统的标幺值，电力系统分析考题2013填空、判断、单选计算：1、导纳矩阵的修改：两节点间增加一条支路、从一个节点新增一条变压器支路2、小干扰稳定性分析（包含励磁模型,何仰赞华中科技大学电力系统分析的书上有）电力系统分析考题2014一、单项选择题总共50分，10道题。
考察的比较多,也比较杂。
如问暂态稳定计算是用的什么微分方程（选项有常微分方程、偏微分方程等)；问500KV输电线路的自然阻抗大约多少,有选项可选的;问谐波滤波是属于电磁暂态、机电暂态还是什么过程;问高压输电能减小输电损耗的原理；其他的记不清了.。
二、计算题发电机的电磁功率特性计算。
利用有关功率平衡,有关公式计算发电机电磁功率型的计算题。
这题要在熟知《电力系统分析》（何仰赞，温增银，下册）中的第16章例题16—1，例题16—2的基础上,才能会计算。
2016浙江大学考研真题
2016浙江大学 选择题 1.晏阳初河北定县 2.普通教育学是赫尔巴特的 3.试卷太难外部归因于外部不稳定不可控 4.课程计划是总规划 5.开蒙要训急救篇千字?三字经百家姓哪个是唐前？ 6.民主主义与教育是爱弥?理想国之?7.康德最早教授教育学 8.赫尔巴特是科学教育学 9.布鲁姆认知的掌握学习理论 10.信息加?理论不依靠社会环境还是?为主义不依靠社会环境 11.抗?主要任务教知识校训学风 12.蔡元培的教育思想是囊括四海之家教学?由还是独?13.杜威的??的论 14.学制时各级各类学校系统及学校间的衔接关系 15.东林书院是明朝岳麓书院宋学海堂清朝 16.漳南书院是颜元清 17.稷下学宫是正规学校教育?18.夸美纽斯班级授课制学年制 19.不愤不启不悱不发中愤的意思 辨析题 1.综合实践活动，活动课程?学科课程好？ 2.骑?教育是宫廷教育?3.教育研究存在多种?法，不存在最优?法？ 简答题 1.简述赫尔巴特教育性教学原则。
德育可能?的必要?的 2.?献综述报告遵循的原则 3.如何构建良好师?观，?师学?社会 4.韦納的成败归因论 5.体谅模式 论述题 1.涂尔?社会本位论，评价，如何看待 2.1922年新学制新在哪?？壬戌学制 3. ( 1）社会认知风格，冲动型沉思型，优缺点，认知风格对学习有何影响帮助 ( 2）教育?动研究 论述题3（1）优缺点 1，冲动型：思维敏捷，能迅速做出判断但是容易出现错误，粗?，看不到问题的整体，只看到??2，沉思型：思维缜密，考虑问题的????，但是做出决定很慢，过于谨慎，影响解决问题的速度 冲动型认知风格适合与场认知风格相近的学科，利于快速做出判断得到意想不到的结果，多数时候犯错影响学科的学习 沉思型认知风格更有利于学科的学习，能找到解决问题的准确途径。
（2）教育?动研究就是实践者为了改进?作质量，将研究者和实践者、研究过程与实践过程结合起来，在现实情境中通过?主的反思性探索，解决实际问题的?种研究活动。
浙大各专业课历年真题
502城市规划设计（6小时）00、02-2011
503专业设计（6小时）02-05
601高等代数98-2011
602高等数学（含30%概率）00-2011
701法学基础课（含法理学和民法学）08-2011；法理学02-04、06-07；民法学00-07
813日语翻译与写作03-08、2010-2011
814俄语翻译与写作01-10
815德语翻译与写作03--2011
816法语翻译与写作
818地理学
819数学分析98、00-2011
820普通物理06-09、2011；甲03-05；乙03-04
821有机化学07-2011、甲99-06；乙04
822地理信息系统98-99、03-2011
857模拟与数字电子技术98-2011
858园林植物学08-2011
859医学生理学04-2011
860病理学03-05
861医学遗传学98-05
862管理学95-2011
863农业经济学04-2011
866管理学综合（行政管理方向）07-2011
867档案学
868图书馆学
869社会学00-01、03-06
702社会研究方法03-05
703马克思主义政治学07-2011；07之前考政治学
704体育学专业基础综合07-2011,；运动生理学04-06
705哲学原理03-06
706中外文学史03-07
707文史基础03-07、10
708中国历史与考古、博物馆学07-10；中国历史06
709中国书画篆刻创作03-05
313历史学专业基础统考教育部考试中心命题
博士生综合考试(口试)参考题
66.Do we need the stress in drilling?
67.How do we obtain theyieldstress in drilling?
68.In drilling fluid rheology, which model do we choose?
100.如何理解高性能混凝土矿物掺和料的物理作用和化学作用？
101.基于性能表征的化学外加剂的分子结构设计技术。
地质类科技论文写作-英译及投稿
（2008.12.18）
102.EI和SCI有什么区别？
103.论文写作中，英文和中文结构有什么不一样的？
104.文章发表后怎么知道有没有被EI或者SCI检索？
17.在一次能源中现称为洁净能源的有哪几种？
环境学、环境生态学
18.为什么说，我国的大气污染是煤烟型污染
19.何谓可持续发展，在可持续发展战略中环境保护的地位和作用是什么？
20.什么是清洁生产，它对环境保护工作的作用是什么？
21.白色污染指的是什么，对它的控制途径主要有那些？
22.为什么要保护大气臭氧层，破坏因素是什么？
上市公司财务报告分析—基于财务管理视角
(2009.11.27)
58.财务分析一般内容有那些？
59.从财务管理角度进行分析，其基本内容有那些？
地球信息科学新进展
(2009.11.12)
60.对地观测（数据采集）新技术？
61.高分辨率遥感的应用领域？
62.三维激光扫描新技术应用领域
63.应用遥感提取山体滑坡碎石的方法和精度
多基线数字近景摄影测量系统lensphoto的应用案例
浙大医学院博士硕士各专业入学试题
浙江大学医学院2005年免疫学（春博）一、名词解释1、TCR2、AICD3、生理排除4、1型超敏反应5、HSP6、协同刺激分子7、穿孔素8、异嗜抗原9、粘附分子10、MHC二、问答题1、Ig的生物学功能2、HLA的多基因性和多态性的生物学意义3、分子水平的免疫调节4、免疫耐受机制5、有杀伤作用的淋巴细胞及机制浙江大学医学院2004年肿瘤学（春博）一、名词解释1、肿瘤生物标志2、NPT3、微转移4、错配修复基因及微卫星不稳定5、树突状细胞6、热休克蛋白7、免疫监视8、扁平腺瘤9、two-hit theroy10、total mesorctalresction二、问答题1、肿瘤流行趋势及三级预防对策2、根据肿瘤生物治疗的分类，举例说明其靶向性3、分析肿瘤发生及发展的机制4、腺瘤性息肉的随访和筛查5、肿瘤免疫逃避机制，如何将这些原理应用与生物治疗6、不明来源肿瘤的定义，如何进一步诊断的程序7、急性粒细胞白血病是克隆病吗浙江大学医学院2005年消化内科（春博）一、名词解释（选10题作答，否则以统计最低分计算）1、Barrett 食管2、Zollinger-Ellison综合征3、ENS4、门脉高压性胃病5、基因多态性6、TNF7、肝肺综合征8、微卫星不稳定性9、蛋白丢失性胃肠病10、Criggler-Najjar 综合征11、CYP45012、消旋体13、生物半衰期14、药靶15、缓释制剂二、简答题（选3题）1、胃癌的癌前状态2、Hp检测方法及在消化性溃疡中形成机制3、食管运动的检测方法4、胆源性胰腺炎的内镜治疗适应症及选择时机5、作用于5-HT的代表药物6、制酸剂的药理作用机制三、问答题1、对重度食管静脉曲张破裂出血的治疗方法作出评价2、结合胃肠运动的调节机制对动力调节剂分类并举例3、CK在IBD和胰腺炎发病中的作用机理4、人体胃粘膜保护机理和胃粘膜保护剂的应用现状5、萎缩性胃炎的检测手段和逆转治疗措施6、抗Hp治疗方案的组方原则及药用机理7、胃粘膜保护相关药物机理浙江大学医学院2004外科学（博士）1. 名解（10题）仅记住6题镁负荷试验；脾切术后爆发性感染；易位；Pringle手法；Whipple三联征；左侧门静脉高压征2. 简答题（5题）记住4题SAP的治疗；乳癌治疗原则；Bismuth的分类；MODS的治疗浙江大学医学院2004年生理学（博士）一名词解释（20）1暗适应2离子通道3体温调定点4有效不应期二问答题（任选4题，80分）1PO2,PCO2,H+对呼吸的影响？其中枢和外周机制如何2脂肪÷食物在消化道中消化和吸收的机制3安静和应激情况下，对肾血流量如何分配？各有何意义？4颈动脉窦和主动脉弓压力感受器的反射过程及调节血压的意义5学习与记忆的突触生理学机制和特点6胰岛素的生理作用及分泌调节机制浙江大学医学院2004年神经外科（博士）一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供试验，术中监护等）3、高血压脑出血的外科治疗4、松果体区肿瘤的治疗。
浙江大学考博英语-试卷3
浙江大学考博英语-试卷3(总分：112.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Structure and Vocabulary(总题数：15，分数：30.00)1.Outside my office window there is a fire______on the right.（分数：2.00）A.escape √dderC.stepsD.stairs解析：解析：fire escape意为“防火安全楼梯(位于楼房的外侧面)”；ladder意为“梯子”；steps意为“台阶”；stairs意为“楼梯”，指室内的。
故选A。
2.I______with the Browns during my stay in New York City.（分数：2.00）A.put inB.put downC.put onD.put up √解析：解析：put up意为“宿夜”；put in意为“度过，消磨(时间等)”；put down意为“写下，记录”；put on意为“上演，演出”。
故选D。
3.Operations which left patients______and in need of long periods of discovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.（分数：2.00）A.exhausted √B.unhealthyC.upsetD.fearful解析：解析：exhausted意为“精疲力竭的”；unhealthy意为“不健康的”；upset意为“苦恼的，不适的”；fearful意为“担心的，可怕的”。
故选A。
4.Farmers are allowed to grow small gardens of their own and they sell their vegetables______the black market.（分数：2.00）A.on √B.atC.inD.for解析：解析：on the market意为“上市，出售中”，其他介词搭配不合适。
2016年浙江工商大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2016年浙江工商大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. Chinese-English Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Visitors to India are often surprised to find that Taj Mahal is an almost ______ topic of conversation.A．unexhaustedB．inexhaustibleC．inexhaustiveD．inexhausting正确答案：B解析：本题考查同根词的派生含义辨析。
unexhaused“取之不尽”，inexhaustible “无穷无尽的”，鲜有inexhaustive和inexhausting的用法。
题干旨在描述泰姬陵在印度永远都是个话题，所以选择B最恰当。
2．English Test in Doctorial entrance examination is designed to observe the examinees’ English ______in reading, writing, and translating.A．proficiencyB．persistencyC．consistencyD．sufficiency正确答案：A解析：本题考查形近词辨析。
proficiency“专业度”，persistency“坚持性”，consistency“一致性”，sufficiency“充分性”。
根据题干含义，填入proficiency 是正确的。
3．Mr. Taylor felt very______at the suggestion that he had stolen the car.A．impatientB．indigenousC．intolerantD．indignant正确答案：D解析：本题考查形近词辨析。
浙江大学-计算机-考博试题-计算理论及答案
浙江大学-计算机-考博试题-计算理论及答案work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR计算理论字母表：一个有穷的符号集合。
字母表上的字符串是该字母表中的符号的有穷序列。
一个字符串的长度是它作为序列的长度。
连接反转 Kleene星号 L* ，连接L中0个或多个字符串得到的所有字符串的集合。
有穷自动机：描述能力和资源极其有限的计算机模型。
有穷自动机是一个5元组M=(K,∑,δ,s,F),其中1）K是一个有穷的集合，称为状态集2）∑是一个有穷的集合，称为字母表3）δ是从KX∑→K的函数，称为转移函数4）s∈K是初始状态5）F⊆K是接收状态集M接收的语言是M接收的所有字符串的集合，记作L(M).对于每一台非确定型有穷自动机，有一台等价的确定型有穷自动机有穷自动机接受的语言在并、连接、Kleene星号、补、交运算下是封闭的。
每一台非确定型有穷自动机都等价于某一台确定型有穷自动机。
一个语言是正则的当且仅当它被有穷自动机接受。
正则表达式：称R是一个正则表达式，如果R是1）a，这里a是字母表∑中的一个元素。
2）ε，只包含一个字符串空串的语言3）∅，不包含任何字符串的语言4)(R1∪R2),这里R1和R2是正则表达式5）(R10R2),这里R1和R2是正则表达式6）(R1*),这里R1*是正则表达式一个语言是正则的当且仅当可以用正则表达式描述。
2000年4月1、根据图灵机理论,说明现代计算机系统的理论基础。
1936年，图灵向伦敦权威的数学杂志投了一篇论文，题为《论数字计算在决断难题中的应用》。
在这篇开创性的论文中，图灵给“可计算性”下了一个严格的数学定义，并提出著名的“图灵机”(Turing Machine)的设想。
“图灵机”不是一种具体的机器，而是一种思想模型，可制造一种十分简单但运算能力极强的计算机装置，用来计算所有能想像得到的可计算函数。
这个装置由下面几个部分组成：一个无限长的纸带，一个读写头。
浙江大学 计算机 考博试题 面向对象及答案
一、名词解释对象类封装多态、继承聚合关联多继承消息可见属性操作对象：系统中用来描述客观事物的一个实体，它是构成系统的一个基本单位，由一组属性和施加于这组属性的一组操作构成。
对象之间存在四种关系：一般-特殊；整体-部分；关联；消息类：具有相同属性和操作的一组对象的集合，它为属于该类的全部对象提供了统一的抽象描述，由一个类名，一组属性和一组操作构成。
类的命名应遵循的几条规则：类的名字应恰好符合这个类所包含的每一个对象；应该反映每个对象个体，而不是整个群体；采用名词或带有定语的名词；使用便于交流的语言文字。
封装：就是把对象的属性和操作结合为一个独立的系统单位，并尽可能隐蔽对象的内部细节。
多态性：在一般类中定义的属性或操作被特殊类继承之后，可以具有不同的数据类型或表现出不同的行为。
继承：特殊类的对象拥有的其一般类的全部属性与操作，称作特殊类对一般类的继承。
聚合：一个复杂的对象以若干比较简单的对象作为其组成部分成为聚合。
整体对象和部分对象之间的关系便是聚合关系。
关联：两个或多个类的对象实例集合之间的关系。
多继承：如果允许一个特殊类同时继承多个一般类的属性与操作，则这种继承叫做多继承。
消息：消息是向对象发出的服务请求。
对象之间在一次交互中所传送的信息。
包括接收消息的对象，该对象提供的服务操作，输入信息和回答信息。
同步消息：仅当发送者要发送一个消息而且接受者已做好接收这个消息的准备时才能传送的消息成为同步消息。
异步消息：发送者不管接受者是否做好接收准备都可以发送的消息成为异步消息。
可见：属性：用来描述对象静态特征的一个动作序列。
操作：用来描述对象动态特征的一个动作序列。
问题域系统责任永久对象主动对象系统边界参与者用况问题域：被开发的应用系统所考虑的整个业务范围。
系统责任：所开发的系统应该具备的职能。
永久对象：生存期可以超过程序的执行时间而长期存在的对象。
主动对象:至少有一个操作不需要接收消息就能主动执行的对象。
2016年浙江大学720教育基础综合真题解读
凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！第 1 页 共 1 页 2016年浙江大学720教育基础真题综合分析今天的北京格外的冷，似乎也是在提醒考生今年的考研终于结束啦！综合类大学也是很多考生青睐的，凯程在拿到第一手真题后，对浙江大学720教育学综合进行了分析。
以供16年教育学考研报考浙江大学的同学和17年对浙江大学有兴趣的同学参考。
浙江大学无论是公共课分数线还是专业课分数线都是相对比较高的，但是比较好的部分就是浙江大学自从15年自主命题以来到现在，仍然是贴近统考，无论是在题型还是考查内容方面，都是比较固定的，报考浙大的同学不用担心题型变化。
浙江大学今年考试的难度跟去年持平，出题规范，没有特别偏，大部分知识点都是同学们复习的重点，难点。
但是题量相对来说还是比较大的，需要同学们知道如何下笔。
一、题型分析浙大虽然仍然是自主命题，但是题型仍然延续和统考相似的题型。
具体来看，题型是分为五类：一、选择题，二、辨析题，三、简答题，四、分析论述题。
选择题考了45道，辨析出了3道题，简答出了5道，论述出了3道。
整体来看，题量还是相对比较大的，考查了考生基础知识是否扎实，遇到不会的知识是否懂得迁移，如果还是死记硬背的考生，看到题脑子只出现我是不是背过的话，这套试卷还是相对有难度的。
简单的汇总起来就是选择（2*45）、辨析题（15*3）、简答题（15*5）、分析论述题（30*3）。
二、考试内容从今年整体考查来看，各个学科的所占比重还是相对合理的。
题目总体难度上看是中等难度，从选择题来看，大篇幅考查了教育史，多个角度花式考查了各个思想家的内容，教育史对于考生来说是最容易把握的得分点了，但是一定要关注细节；其次教心和教研，教原考查了课程和教学的部分细节问题。
主观题部分，辨析题考查外国教育史，教育研究方法以及教育原理中课程和改革的部分；简答题必不可少的是考查教育思想家，赫尔巴特出现并不意外，考查的内容也是之前反复出现的，而教育心理学部分思想家考查很多学生可能会忽视；教育史没有考查，但是教原考查了师生关系，教研还是以文献为重点。
浙江大学教育学专业考博历年真题(2014-2017)
浙江大学2001-2017年《教育学》考博真题2011年考博真题1、运用人的全面发展、素质教育等相关理论分析《国家中长期教育改革与发展规划纲要》中提出的“德育优先”“注重能力”“全面发展”三大原则2、四大支柱及其要求，并说明四大支柱对我国当前教育改革的启示3、试述博雅教育理论4、试述定性分析的过程，并选一个教育问题进行设计5、“癸卯学制”的特点6、试述杜威实用主义思想，并举其中一例，谈谈它对我国教育的影响2012年考博真题1、试论述自然科学研究范式与社会科学研究范式的基本规定性及对开展教育研究的启示2、实践过程中教育工作者如何在满足社会需要与满足个人需要之间进行抉择和整合3、教育理论研究与教育实践各自的基本属性，消除教育理论与实践推进两张皮现象的措施及建议4、斐斯泰洛奇教育思想的述评5、清末废除科举的过程和影响1、试描述分析教育科学性质争论，并提出基本看法2、试论述教育“本体论”（理想主义）“工具论”关系，结合实际情况分析一种有一定社会影响的教育价值观3、近五年我国中小学教育领域中国家和地区层面开展的课程教育与管理方面的一种有一定影响的改革，重点分析这种改革的目标内容和过程4、简述西方教育思想对1904,1922学制的影响5、论述系统科学对教育研究所具有的方法论价值，并举例某一横断学科的相关概念和分析方法在教育中的运用2014年考博真题一、名词解释1.国家课程2.价值澄清3.改造主义4.鉴赏模式二、简答1.用哲学原理来分析论述教学活动的主体和客体2.论述卢梭的教育思想和实践3.论述蔡元培的教育思想和实践4.论述教育规范研究与实证研究的关系5.论述成为一个反思型教师的实施途径6.论述泰勒的课程原理7、试述课程实施的本质1、鸦片战争以后，到1949年新中国成立，中国教育经历的变革、特征和影响2、杜威教育思想及对当代教育的意义3、用教育研究方法分析元分析mata-analysis的原理和方法4、论教育目的5、列举20年来中国教育改革和发展中的两大问题，用教育理论深度分析2016年考博真题1、论教育目的2、近十年来我国基础教育改革个理念和实践3、我国古代教育有哪些优秀的传统4、近代欧美国家教育改革的理念5、教育实验研究的历史发展与方法论原则2017年考博真题1、试从孔子、孟子、荀子分析先秦教育思想的继承与发展2、论述近代英国、法国、德国教育改革的异同3、试述比较实证主义和自然主义教育研究范式的特点和局限性4、试分析近十几年来我国基础教育课程改革的理论和实践5、试述我国教育公平的理论和实践6、试分析近几十年来我国高等教育招生考试制度的改革与发展。
各校历年细胞生物学(部分分生、生化)真题(截止到2014年浙大考博初试前)
协和2014，细胞生物学2224填空35分，较简单，回来补充判断10分，名词解释45分：脂阀模型，核壳体，线粒体病，双向凝胶电泳，质粒，g蛋白偶联受体，微绒毛，核纤层，纺锤体，染色体乙酰化，细胞周期同步，原生殖细胞，胚胎干细胞，终末分化细胞，黏着斑。
大题12*5=60分：原位杂交与免疫荧光异同，细胞质基质和功能，细胞周期和调控，动物细胞凋亡途径，膜泡运输的分类和功能。
2014中山大学考博真题细胞生物学一、名词解释1.基因表达2.核小体3.呼吸链4.MAP激酶级联反应5.细胞周期检查点二、论述1.以炎症反应时白细胞渗出为例，说明细胞粘连分子如何作用。
2.试述微管和微管蛋白的功能。
体外组装微管的条件？3.试述细胞内膜系统中膜性细胞器的相互关系？4.以胰岛素为例，说明受体酪氨酸激酶传导途径？5.举例说明mRNA核受体（转录前产物）剪接。
简述mRNA核受体交替剪接的意义。
细胞生物学1.以白细胞渗出为例简述细胞黏附因子的作用。
2.微管及微管相关蛋白的作用，体外合成微管的条件。
3.膜性细胞器之间的相互作用。
4.以胰岛素为例，简述酪氨酸激酶信号通路。
5.mRNA前体的剪接以及mRNA交替剪接的意义。
浙江大学2013年考博回忆细胞生物学（乙）一、名词解释（全中文4分×9 ）细胞膜的主动运输P80 细胞分化P7，285 自噬P125（自噬性溶酶体、自噬体）信号肽P112，241 干细胞P8，401 蛋白激酶P377 微管P146 细胞骨架P13，143 呼吸链P185二、问答题（10选8题，64分)：1.细胞连接的概念，分类及特点。
P3352.线粒体在细胞死亡中的作用：P318、P331或P1803.有丝分裂M期各时相的事件及特征。
P256-2634.微丝的概念及生物学功能。
P154、P159-1635.微管的生物学功能。
P151-1546.大分子及颗粒物质在细胞内的转运途径。
P94-977.谈谈你对细胞膜液态镶嵌模型的认识。
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2016年浙大考博专业基础课真题
一、名词解释
靶向治疗；分子分型；组织芯片；精准医疗；粥瘤；结核球；新月体；异型性
二、选择性简答（4选2）
1.膜性肾病的基本病理表现
2.癌与肉瘤的区别
3.风湿性心脏病的基本病理表现
4.ALzheimer病的基本病理表现
三、选择性论述（4选2）
1.免疫组织化学技术的概念及其应用范围
2.细胞周期调节的主要分子及分子机制
3.肿瘤上皮间质转化与肿瘤之间的关系
4.结直肠癌发病的分子机制
四、病理生理
1.简述肿瘤的十大分子特点
2.信号转导异常在肿瘤发生发展中的作用和机制
3.发热的病理生理分子机制
4.慢性阻塞性肺病与呼吸衰竭的关系。