通信单片机外文翻译---一个完全植入式无线压力监测系统的开发
外文文献翻译- 基于单片机的频率计设计本科学位论文
原文：This design take at MCS-51 monolithic integrated circuit as the core full use hardware source design's one kind of frequency meter, this frequency meter will be measured first that signal enlargement reshaping processing, turns satisfies TTL/which the monolithic integrated circuit I/O mouth accepts the CMOS compatible signal from monolithic integrated circuit's T1 input port input direct summation pulse number, the monolithic integrated circuit interior timer fixed time is 1S, by now accumulated the pulse number namely for is measured the signal the frequency. Finally passes through monolithic integrated circuit processing to deliver to the lcd liquid crystal display monitor demonstration.Central Processing Unit DesignsThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose is to decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. In the generic computer at the beginning of chapter 1, the CPU is a part of the processor and is heavily shaded. CPUs, however, may also appear in computers. Small, relatively simple computers called microcontrollers are used in computers and in other digital systems to perform limited or specialized tasks. For example, a microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus, these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The word lengths may be short (say, four or eight bits),the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequate for the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.In the following pages, we consider two computer CPUs, one for a complex instruction set computer (CISC) and the other for a reduced instruction set computer (RISC). After a detailed examination of the designs, we compare the performance of the two CPUs and present a brief overview of some methods used to enhance that performance. Finally, we relate the design ideas discussed to general digital system design.1、T he complex instruction set computerThe first design we present is for a complex instruction set computer with a non-pipelined datapath and microprogrammed control unit. We begin by describing the instruction set architecture, including the CPU register set, instruction formats, and addressing modes. TheCISC nature of the instruction set architecture is demonstrated by its memory-to-memory access for data manipulation instructions, eight addressing modes, two instruction format lengths, and instructions that require significant sequences of operations for their execution.We design a datapath for implementing the CISC architecture. The datapath is based on the one initially described in Section 7-9 and incorporated into a CPU in section 8-10. modifications are made to the register file, the function unit, and the buses to support the present instruction set architecture.Once the datapath has been specified, a control unit is designed to complete the implementation of the instruction set architecture. The design of the control unit must involve a coordinated definition of both the hardware organization and the microprogram organization. In particular , dividing the microprogram into microroutines, while at the same time designing the sequencer with which they interact, is a key part of the design. Even the instruction fields and opposed are tied to this coordinated effort. Following the definition of the hardware and microcode organizations, we detail essential parts of the microcode and the microroutines for representative operations.Instruction set architectureFigure 10-1 shows the CISC register set accessible to the programmer. All registers have 16 bits. The register file has eight registers, R0 though R7.R0 is a special register that always supplies the value zero when it is used as a source and discards the result when it is used as a destination.In additional to the register file, there is a program counter PC and stack pointer SP. The presence of a stack pointer indicates that a memory stack is a part of the architecture . the final register is the processor status register PSR, which contains information only in its rightmost the five bits; the remainder of the register is assumed to contain zero. The PSR contains thefour stored status bit values Z,N,C,and V in positions 3 through 0, respectively. In additional, a stored interrupt enable bit EI appears in position 4.Table 10-1 contains the 42 operations performed by the instructions. Each operation has a mnemonic and a carefully selected oppose. The operations are divided into four groups based on the number of explicit operands and whether the operation is branch. In addition, the status bits affected by the operation are listed.Figure 10-2 gives the instruction formats for the CPU. The generic instruction format has five fields. The first, OPCODE, specifies of the operation. The next two, MODE and S , are used to determine the addresses of the operands. The last two fields, SRC and DST, are the 3-bit source register and destination register address fields, respectively. In addition, there is an optional second word W that appears with some instructions as an operand or an address, but not with others.The first two bits of OPCODE, IR(15:14), determine the number of explicit operands and how the fields of the format are used. When these bits are 00,either no operand is required or the location of the operand is implied by OPCODE. Only the OPCODE field is needed, as shown in figure 2(b).the four rightmost OPCODE bits can specify up to 16 operands or with implied operand addresses.If IR(15:14) is 01, the instruction has one operand and is a data transfer or data manipulation instruction. Since there is an operand, the MODE field specifies the addressing mode for obtaining it. The single address may involve the DST register address in its formation, so the DST field is also present. The S field and SRC field relate to the presence of two operands and so are not used for the typical single operand instructions. but, the shift instructions require a shift amount to indicate how many bits to shift. For maximum flexibility,this shift amount is treated just like a source operand. As a consequence, the SHA and S fields is a full 16-bit operand, but only values 0 through 15 are meaningful. There are sufficient OPCODE bits for 16 instructions with a single operand.Table 10-2 gives the addressing modes specified by the MODE field. The first two bits of MODE specify four different types of addressing: register, immediate, indexed, and relative to the PC. The third bit of MODE specifies whether the address generated by these modes is used as an indirect address. The one exception to this is direct addressing, which is obtained by applying indirection to the immediate type. Otherwise, if the third bit equals 0, indirect addressing does not apply whereas, if it equals 1, indirect addressing does apply. For the register type of instruction, MONE(2:1)=00 and the W word is not needed. Since the operand or address comes from a register. The third column of the table provides register transfer statements for each of the addressing modes for the one-operand instructions.If IR(15:14) is equal to 10, then the instruction has two addresses used for true operands. All fields of the generic instruction, including S and SRC, are used for this case for all instructions. one of addresses, either the source or the destination, uses the addressing modes. If S=0, then the source uses the addressing mode specified by MODE, and the source is a register. If S=1, then the destination uses the addressing mode, and the source is a register. Register transfer descriptions of the resulting addresses are given in the fourth and fifth columns of Table 2. Again, depending on the contents of the MODE field, the second instruction word W, which is an address or an immediate operand, may or may not be present.Instructions with IR(15:14)=11 are branches. Aside form the S field and the SHA field for shifts, the format is the same as for IR(15:14)=01. For all instructions of this type, the destination address (not the operand) becomes the new address placed in the program counter PC. As a consequence, the register mode is invalid for branch instructions.Before proceeding to the next step, which defines the datapath to support the instruction set architecture, we will briefly note the characteristics of the architecture that define it as CISC or RISC. Most of the operations given in Chapter 9 are included in the instruction set. A number of operations that do not appear are redundant. The same actions can be achieved by using proper addressing modes with instructions that do appear. For example, LD, ST, IN, and OUT can all be achieved by using MOVE instructions in a memory-mapped structure. By looking at the formats for the instructions, we find that most of the instructions can operate directly on operate directly on operands from memory. There are eight addressing modes and two different lengths of instruction formats. In addition, some of the instructions perform complex operations which can be viewed as operations that are likely to take more than one clo ck cycle for the execution step. These characteristics clearly identify this as a CISC architecture.Datapath organizationRather than beginning from scratch, we will reuse the non-pipelined datapath employed with the microprogrammed control in section 8-10, with modifications. That datapath was shown in section 8-10, and the new, modified datapath based on it is given in Figure 10-6. we treat each modification in turn, beginning with the register file.In section 8-10, register R8 was used as a temporary storage location. In the new microprogrammed architecture, there are complex instructions spanning many clock cycles and performing complicated operations. Thus, more temporary storage is needed for use by the microprograms. To meet this need, we expand the register file from 9 registers to 16. the first 8 registers, R0 through R7, are visible to the computer programmer. The second 8 registers, R8 though R15 , are used as temporary storage for the microprogram operands and are hidden from the programmer. Figure 10-3 provides a map of the expanded register file with the temporary registers shaded. As indicated previously, register R0 supplies the constant 0. registers R1 through R7 are available to the programmer for use, and registers R8 through R15 provide general temporary storage for use by microprograms, the last four registers, R12 though R15, have special uses: to keep the microcode simple, standard locations are essential for storing the operands and addresses used by execution microcode for most instructions. thus ,R12 is the location for the source address(SA), R13 for the source data (SD), R14 for the destination address(DA), and R15 for the destination data(DD).We cannot access the eight temporary registers based on the 3-bit register address available in the instruction. To deal with this problem, we provide, first, 4-bit register address from the microinstruction, and second, a microinstruction bit to choose between these addresses and those from the instruction. In addition, the flexibility to allow the register addressed by DST to be a source and by SRC to be a destination is needed to permit results ofoperations to be placed directly in memory. To accomplish these goals, we modify the register file by adding the logic shown in Figure 10-4(a). the instruction set architecture uses two addresses, one for a source a operand and the other for the other source as well as the destination. The register file uses the B address for a source, and the A and D addresses on the file are connected together, giving the same address for the other source and the destination. Although this reduction from three to two addresses is not essential at the mincroinstruction level, it decrease the number of bits needed for register addresses in the microinstruction and matches the use of the register fields in the instruction formats.A quad 2-to-1 multiplexer is attached to each of the two address inputs to the register file, to select between an address from the microinstruction and an address from the instruction. There is a 5-bit field in the microinstruction for the combined destination and source address DSA, in addition to a 5-bit field for theB address SB. The first bit of each of the these fields selects between the register file address in the microinstruction(0) and the register file address in the instruction(1). If an instruction address is selected, whether it is DST or SRC is determined by an additional quad 2-to-1 multiplexer. This multiplexer is controlled by the second bit of the DSA or SB fields, depending on which of them has 1 in the first bit in any microinstruction, thereby ensuring that the proper second bit is used to determine the register address. A 0 is appended to the left of the 3-bit fields DST and SRC to cause them to address R0 through R7. the addition to the first bit, which selects the address source, the addresses from the microinstruction contain four bits so that all 16 registers can be reached. The final change to the register file is to replace the storage elements for R0 in the file with open circuits on the lines that were their inputs and with constant zero valves on the lines that were their outputs. A symbol for the resulting register file is show in Figure 10-4(b).We find that, based on the eight shift instructions provided, the shifter from section 8-10, needs to be modified. The modifications involve the end bits of the shift logic. For logical shifts, a 0 is inserted, as before. For the right arithmetic shift, she sign bit is the incoming bit, and for the left arithmetic shift, 0 is the incoming bit. Rotates require that the bit from the opposite end of the shifter be fed around. Finally, rotates with carry require that the carry flip-flop output be provide as an input on both ends of the shifter.2.SummaryIn this paper．we examined two CPU designs: the CISC and RISC.The CISC control unit includes a stack pointer in addition to the program counter．Control microprograms reside in ROM．and a combination of a multi．plexer and a ROM provides fast instruction decoding．The control unit also has extensive{ump andconditional branching capabilities，including one level of microsubroutines．The microprogram for the control is modularized to permit many microsubroutines to be shared in implementing the microprogram for the instructions．The RISC control unit is pipelined and has special hardware added to deal with branches. Pipelined CPUs have both data and control hazard problems．We examined one of each type of hazard，as well as software and hardware solutions for each．After discussing CISC and RISC performance，we touched on some advanced concepts, including parallel execution units, a combination of microprogrammed control with a pipeline，superpipelined CPUs, superscalar CPUs，and predictive and speculative techniques for high-performance．Finally, we related the design techniques in this paper to more general digital system design．原文翻译：本设计以MCS-51单片机为核心充分利用硬件资源设计的一种频率计，该频率计首先将被测信号放大整形处理，变成满足单片机I/O口接受的TTL/ CMOS 兼容信号从单片机的T1输入口输入直接累加脉冲数，将单片机内部定时器定时为1S，这时累加的脉冲数即为被测信号的频率。
远程压力监测系统设计与实现电气工程及其自动化学士学位论文
xx学院HUIZHOU UNIVERSITY毕业论文（设计）中文题目：远程压力监测系统设计与实现英文题目：The Design And Implementation of The Remote Pressure Detection System姓名学号专业班级10电气工程及其自动化1班指导教师讲师提交日期2014年5 月11 日远程压力监测系统的设计与实现作者: 专业班级: 10电气(1)班指导老师: 职称: 讲师(惠州学院电子科学系, 广东, 惠州, 516007)摘要远程通信技术是现代实现智能化的重要技术之一，在未来具有广阔的应用和发展的空间。
而压力测量技术在军事，工业，生活中随处可见，占据着不可忽视的地位。
因此，将压力测量技术与远程通信技术相结合成的远程压力监测系统具有重要的研究价值。
本文介绍了基于STC89C51单片机的一种远程压力监测系统。
采用压力传感器以及远程通信模块，利用Labview这一个基于图形化的编程语言的虚拟仪器集成开发环境，将在下位机测量的压力值远程的在上位机实时的显示出来，从而实现远程压力的监测。
其具有系统简单，灵活性高，实时性好等特点。
关键词：压力监测远程 Labview 单片机The design and imjplementation of the remote pressure detectionsystemAuthor: Chen Pingyang Professional classes: 10 Electrical Engineering and Automation classes (1)Instructor: Xie Heng Title: Lecture(Huizhou University, Department of Electronic Science, Guangdong, Huizhou, 516007)AbstractRemote communication technology is an important technology of the modern intelligent, has broad application and development space in the future. The pressure measurement technology in military, industrial, life everywhere, occupy the position can not be ignored. Therefore, the pressure measurement technology and telecommunications technology combined into a remote pressure monitoring system has important research value.This paper describes a remote pressure monitoring system based on SCM STC90C51. Using pressure sensors and remote communications module, this one based on the use of Labview graphical programming language integrated development environment of virtual instrument, will be displayed in real time on a remote host computer the next bit machine pressure values measured, enabling remote monitoring of pressure. It has a system of simple, high flexibility, good real-time characteristics.Keywords: Pressure Monitoring Remote Labview SCM目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1 本课题的提出及意义 (1)1.2 研究现状 (1)1.2.1 数据采集系统 (1)1.2.2 虚拟仪器 (2)1.2.3 无线通信 (3)1.3 本课题的研究内容 (3)第二章监测系统的硬件设计 (5)2.1 硬件设计的整体方案 (5)2.2 器件的选择 (5)2.2.1 处理器 (5)2.2.2 传感器 (6)2.2.3 AD转换芯片 (7)2.2.4 无线模块 (9)第三章测量系统的软件设计 (11)3.1 软件的整体设计方案 (11)3.2下位机编程 (11)3.2.1下位机软件开发环境——Keil C51简介 (11)3.2.2 编程思路和整体流程 (12)3.3 上位机编程 (14)3.3.1 上位机软件开发环境——LabVIEW简介 (14)3.3.2编程思路和流程 (14)第四章远程压力监测系统调试 (18)4.1 调试过程 (18)4.2 调试结果 (20)结论 (21)致谢 (22)参考文献 (23)附录1：单片机程序 (24)附录2：Labview程序 (27)第一章绪论1.1 本课题的提出及意义远程通信技术是现代实现智能化的重要技术之一，在未来具有广阔的应用和发展空间。
单片机的压力检测系统
单片机的压力检测系统一、引言单片机是一种嵌入式系统，它可以监测、控制和处理各种输入/输出设备的信号。
单片机在工业自动化、医疗设备、汽车电子、无线电和其他领域中得到了广泛的应用。
在工业自动化领域中，压力检测是一项重要的任务。
在这篇文章中，我们将介绍单片机的压力检测系统。
二、压力检测系统的原理压力检测系统通常包括压力传感器和信号处理器。
压力传感器被安装在液体或气体管道中，如气缸、液压油箱或汽车轮胎中，以测量压力。
压力传感器将测量结果转换成信号，通常是电气信号。
信号处理器将这个信号转化为可读的数字信号，以使操作者能够明白压力的大小。
三、压力传感器压力传感器有多种类型，常见的包括压阻传感器、电容传感器和微机电系统（MEMS）传感器。
其中，MEMS传感器是目前应用最广泛的压力传感器。
它们具有灵敏度高、精度好和体积小的优点。
MEMS传感器的工作原理是通过微电子技术将微小的机械结构与电子学器件相结合，使其能够测量物理量。
例如，MEMS压力传感器可以测量压力对微小细节结构的变形。
四、信号处理器信号处理器的功能是将传感器获得的电气信号转换为数字信号。
这可通过放大、滤波和模数转换等步骤来实现。
首先，信号放大器将接收到的信号放大到一个可读范围内。
滤波器将噪音和杂波信号从信号中滤除。
接下来，模数转换器将模拟信号转换为数字信号。
五、单片机的应用单片机是一个微型计算机，它包括中央处理器（CPU）、内存、输入/输出（I/O）端口和时钟电路。
单片机可以通过程序控制完成各种任务。
在压力检测系统中，单片机可以通过获取传感器和信号处理器的数据，计算压力值并将结果显示出来。
此外，单片机还可以控制执行动作，例如打开或关闭某个仪表。
六、示例设计在下面的示例设计中，我们将使用MEMS压力传感器和单片机来构建一个基本的压力检测系统。
材料：1. MEMS压力传感器2. AVR单片机3. 显示屏4. LED灯5. 蜂鸣器6. 电路板、电线等设计流程：第一步：确定电路板。
单片机外文文献翻译(2024)
引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。
它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。
随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。
本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。
概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。
传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。
而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。
本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。
正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。
1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。
1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。
二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。
采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。
2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。
2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。
三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。
基于单片机的无线大气压强监测系统
基于单片机的无线大气压强监测系统AbstractIn recent years, the monitoring of atmospheric pressure has become an important aspect of weather forecasting and pollution control. In this paper, we present a wireless atmospheric pressure monitoring system based on a microcontroller unit (MCU) that is capable of collecting and transmitting real-time pressure data to a remote server.IntroductionAtmospheric pressure is an important meteorological parameter that affects weather conditions, air quality, and even human health. Traditional methods of measuring atmospheric pressure involve the use of mercury barometers, which are not only inconvenient but also pose a potentialrisk to the environment. In recent years, the advent of microcontroller units (MCUs) has facilitated the development of wireless monitoring systems that are more efficient and environmentally friendly.Design and ImplementationOur wireless atmospheric pressure monitoring system comprises three main components: a pressure sensor module, an MCU board, and a wireless module. The pressure sensor module is responsible for the collection of atmospheric pressure data, which is then transmitted to the MCU board for processing. We use the BMP180 digital pressure sensor, which is capable of measuring atmospheric pressure with aresolution of 0.01hPa. The MCU board is based on theSTM32F103C8T6, a low-power ARM Cortex-M3 processor that issuitable for embedded applications. The wireless module we use is the NRF24L01+, a low-cost, low-power 2.4GHztransceiver that can transmit data over a distance of up to 100m in open air.The MCU board is programmed using the Keil µVision IDE, which allows us to write and debug code in C. We use theSTM32F103C8T6's built-in peripheral modules, such as the ADC and SPI interfaces, to interface with the pressure sensor module and the wireless module. The pressure data collected by the sensor is converted to a digital signal using the ADC and then transmitted to the remote server via the NRF24L01+ module.Results and DiscussionThe wireless atmospheric pressure monitoring system is capable of transmitting atmospheric pressure data to a remote server in real-time. We evaluate the accuracy of the pressure sensor module by comparing the data collected by our system with that collected by a professional meteorological station. The results indicate that our system is able to measure atmospheric pressure with an error rate of less than 0.5hPa, which is within the acceptable range for most applications.ConclusionIn this paper, we present a wireless atmospheric pressure monitoring system based on an MCU that is capable of collecting and transmitting real-time pressure data. The system is simple to implement and provides an efficient and environmentally friendly solution for atmospheric pressure monitoring. Future work will focus on improving the transmission range and reliability of the wireless module, as well as developing a user-friendly interface for data visualization and analysis.。
单片机居家安全报警系统外文文献翻译
单片机居家安全报警系统外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Design of Home Safety Alarm System Based on Single Chip MicrocomputerAbstractThis design is to study the field of home safety alarm based on single-chip microcomputer, and design a home safety alarm system that is based on STC89C52 single chip microcomputer and is cost-effective and easy to install. The alarm system adopts the communication mode of wireless communication and GSM communication and the modular design concept. It detects different types of risk factors in the home environment through different types of sensor units, and feedbacks the environmental parameters of different rooms to the main control unit. The control unit makes corresponding decisions and issues alarm instructions when necessary to ensure the safety of the home environment. The system is simple and convenient to operate and has a high degree of intelligence. It can detect home risk factors and prevent dangerous accidents.Keywords: home security alarm system; wireless communication; GSM1 Introduction1.1 Hidden dangers and detection in modern home lifeIn the modern home life, people cannot live without convenient living materials such as running water, electricity, and natural gas. However, they bring convenience to us and also increase the unsafe factors in the home life, leaking water pipes, accidental fires, gas leaks, etc. An accident can bring irreparable damage to the family. With the increasing population of the city and the increasing mobility of the population, the crime rate of theft and house robbery has been high for many years. Traditional anti-theft doors and windows have a certain preventive effect, and there are also many security risks. A wide variety of decoration materials, furniture, and decorative items provide us with convenience and beautify the home while alsocontaminating formaldehyde. Therefore, the safety of the home environment has received increasing attention in recent years. How to create a comfortable, healthy and safe home environment has become a hot topic of common concern. In recent years, electronic technology has been changing with each passing day, and communication technology is flourishing. Among them, the development of chip technology and sensor technology is particularly prominent, which provides new options for the solution of home security issues. The use of a home safety alarm device with a microcontroller and a sensor as its core enables the detection of various risk factors in the home, such as gas concentration, formaldehyde content, leakage of water pipes, and theft of rooms, etc. The system can perform remote alarms in a timely manner and notify the user Solve it.1.2 Selected topics and meaningWith the rapid development of science and technology and economic level, people's requirements for the home environment have evolved from the initial satisfaction of simple housing development to the emphasis on the human needs of residential housing. As a result, many safe, comfortable, fast, and convenient smart communities have emerged. where safety is the primary goal. In addition to human factors, the establishment of security systems is an indispensable and important measure for the realization of smart residential security.At present, there are many types of home security products on the market, which can be roughly divided into several relatively independent categories such as anti-theft alarms, video surveillance, and access control systems. Some products have fewer functions, and products with more comprehensive functions have relatively higher prices. Installation is complicated. In other words, there is an urgent need for a product that requires a price to be popular, strong functions, simple installation, easy use, reliable work, and low false alarm rate. Therefore, starting from the actual application, this article systematically elaborates that the use of the system does not need to change the power lines in the home. It has low cost, does not affect aesthetics, wireless communication, and is easy to use. It is suitable for general househo ld use. Home security is closely related to each of us. The use of home security alarm devicescan improve the quality of life of people and make life more secure and convenient. Because of the advantages of the system and the unmatched price/performance ratio of the 51 series microcontrollers, it will be used in future development. Has a broad market prospects and development potential.1.3 Research Status and Development Trends at Home and AbroadIn recent years, with the rapid development of electronic information technology, computer technology, communication technology and sensor technology, there are more and more products related to home security alarms. Domestic and foreign companies such as Siemens, Honeywell, Bosch, Shenzhen Yingmao and many other companies have developed a series of home security alarm products. They generally have wired or wireless communication functions to complete some alarm functions and have carried out Successful application. For example, Siemens' product portfolio includes general-purpose security and security solutions and services, including access control systems, intrusion detection, video surveillance systems, on-site service control centers, and emergency management systems. Thanks to the installation of the Siemens fire and voice evacuation system, the Jinmao Tower and the Grand Hyatt Shanghai, the world's top hotel, provide safe and comfortable working and living environments for thousands of people. It can be foreseen that the smart residential community will become the development trend of the construction industry in the future, and the home security alarm system will become an integral part of the intelligent residential community. In particular, as people's living standards improve, people using home security alarm system equipment will More and more, people's lives will be more comfortable and safer.2 home security alarm system overall design2.1 Overall Design Scheme of Home Security Alarm SystemThe design of this system is a new home security alarm system that integrates single-chip microcomputer control technology, sensor detection technology, and communication technology. The system is based on the single-chip microcomputer and consists of various detection units placed in different rooms and main control units responsible for decision-making. Each detection unit is responsible for detectingvarious conditions of the indoor environment, such as temperature, humidity, formaldehyde content, leaking water, etc., and then sending the collected data to the main control unit through wireless communication, and the main control unit makes a decision and issues a corresponding The instruction controls the operation of the system, thus realizing the automatic detection and automatic alarm of the indoor environment and maintaining the safety of the indoor environment. The hardware of the system consists of eight parts: main control unit, fire detection unit, water leakage detection unit, anti-theft detection unit, gas leak detection unit, formaldehyde content detection unit, wireless communication module, and GSM network communication module. Ensure the normal operation of the system. The circuit of the system is mainly composed of a power supply module, a microcontroller module, a sensor module, a wireless module, a display module, and an alarm module.2.2 main control unitThe main control unit, as the control center of the system, is responsible for receiving the information of each detection unit through the wireless module, processing the information, finding the alarm information to issue a corresponding alarm, and promptly notifying the user for processing. The main control unit can complete tasks such as GSM network SMS alarm, sound and light alarm, LED screen display, and keyboard control. The GSM short message module is used to send and receive short messages so as to monitor home security. A variety of sensors are used to collect home information, and information fusion technology is used to obtain more reliable alarm information. After receiving the alarm information, the owner responded to the SMS to control and handle the situation on the site, so as to ensure home security and theft prevention. The system is simple in structure, easy to install and debug, and easy to use.DetectorThe detector is used to detect various environmental information in the room. The environmental information is sent to the main control unit so that the main control unit can process the information in time according to the information. The sensor is the core component of the detector. According to the detection situation,sensors of different types and different principles constitute different detectors. The detectors involved in the system mainly include the following types:(1) Fire detectorFire detectors are mainly installed in the kitchen. It uses a combination of smoke sensors and temperature and humidity sensors. Smoke sensors mainly include ion smoke sensors and photoelectric smoke sensors. The system uses ion smoke sensors. The ionized smoke sensor contains an internal radiation source 241. The current and voltage of the ionization chamber inside and outside the sensor are stable under normal conditions. When a fire occurs, the ionization chamber ionizes positive and negative ions under the action of an electric field. The two io ns move toward the positive and negative poles, and the internal current and voltage change to generate an alarm signal. The temperature and humidity sensor can convert the temperature and humidity of the environment into analog signals. These analog signals are converted into digital signals that can be processed by the MCU under the action of their own processing chip. In the event of a fire, the temperature and humidity in the room will rise sharply within a short period of time. Comprehensive temperature and humidity conditions can prevent false alarms due to external interference from the smoke sensor.(2) Water leak detectorThe leak detector is mainly installed in the bathroom. Its working principle is mainly to use the conductive characteristics of water. The two probes of the detector are installed slightly higher than the ground, and are respectively connected to an I/O pin and GND pin of the microcontroller. When water leakage occurs, the water level is higher than the height of the probe. The two probes of the detector are turned on, and the level of the I/O pin of the microcontroller is set low to generate an alarm signal.(3) Theft detectorThe anti-theft detector is installed above the window. The detection part is mainly composed of pyroelectric and infrared sensors. When a gangster enters through the window, pyroelectric and infrared laser sensors can generate alarm signalsat the same time. The combination of the two sensors can prevent false alarms caused by small animals or accidents. An important component of a pyroelectric sensor is a piezoelectric ceramic dielectric that maintains its polarization after being poled, known as spontaneous polarization. Spontaneous polarization decreases with increasing temperature and drops to zero at the Curie point. Therefore, when this material is exposed to infrared radiation and the temperature rises, the surface charge will decrease, which corresponds to the release of a part of the charge and is therefore called pyroelectricity. The released charge can be converted to a voltage output via an amplifier, thereby generating an alarm signal. When radiation continues to act on the pyroelectric element to balance its surface charge, it no longer releases charge. Therefore, pyroelectric sensors cannot detect constant infrared radiation. The infrared detector employs a photoelectric switch. The photoelectric switch (photoelectric sensor) is an abbreviation of the photoelectric proximity switch. It uses the object to block or reflect the light beam and strobes the circuit by a synchronous circuit to detect the presence or absence of an object. The photoelectric switch converts the input current into an optical signal on the transmitter, and the receiver then detects the target object according to the received light intensity or presence or absence.(4) Gas leak detectorThe gas is mainly composed of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, and ethylene, and the natural gas is mainly composed of methane, ethane, propane, and other components. It can be seen that in both gases, methane is an important component of them. By detecting the methane content, it can be determined whether gas or natural gas leaks occur. The methane sensor converts the information related to the methane concentration into analog signals. These analog signals can be converted into digital signals by the A/D chip and sent to the microcontroller. The microcontroller can obtain the indoor methane content according to the size of the digital data. Calculate the concentration of gas and natural gas so that detection and alarm can be achieved.(5) Formaldehyde detectorFormaldehyde is generally considered to be the number one killer of the indoorenvironment. Its release period is generally 3-15 years, and its harm is very serious for the human body, especially infants, pregnant women, the elderly and chronic patients. Formaldehyde mainly exists on the floor, decoration plates, furniture, carpets, paints, and glue. People can easily overlook its existence, but it can cause serious damage to people's health. The formaldehyde sensor uses the electrochemical formaldehyde gas sensor HCHO produced by Dart Sensor. This sensor is developed based on a breath alcohol sensor and is suitable for monitoring in most environments (-20°C~+50°C) (for special applications, it can be used at higher temperatures). This sensor is simple in design, with few components and its cost is reduced. It does not require power supply excitation. It only requires power during signal processing and display, so it is only a simple small battery cell.communication deviceThis system mainly adopts wireless communication methods, which avoids complicated laying of lines and is both beautiful and convenient. The main control unit and each subunit communicate with the wireless module 24L01. The effective range is 60 meters, which fully meets the needs of home use. The communication between the main control unit and the user adopts the GSM (mobile phone network) method. The alarm system can send the information in the home to the user as a short message. The user can also control the running of the home system by sending an SMS.Home Security Alarm System Functions and Working PrinciplesThe main control unit of the system can be placed in the living room, and the detection unit can be installed in different rooms of the house. For example, the fire detection unit is installed in the kitchen, the leak detection unit may be installed in the toilet, the anti-theft alarm detection unit is installed above the door and window, the gas leak detection unit is installed in the kitchen, and the formaldehyde content detection unit is placed in the living room or the bedroom. The detection unit placed in different locations sends information to the main control unit in real time through the wireless device. Once a fire, leaking water pipe, burglary, or gas leak occurs, the main control unit will immediately receive an alarm signal. Then the main control unitThe unit will judge and process the alarm signal, get the alarm type, make an audible and visual alarm, and notify the user through the GSM network. The home security alarm system has six main functions: Mobile phone network intelligent alarm. When an unexpected situation in the home is detected, an alarm is sent through a text message. It can monitor the concentration of gas or natural gas in the home, discover gas leaks, and promptly report an alarm. Anti-theft function, when a thief enters, immediately makes an alarm, and promptly informs the police and the household head; Intelligent fire alarm, immediately when the fire occurs in the home, to alarm, to reduce the loss of property; Intelligent waterproof detection function, found a leak in the home, timely closure of the main valve, And notify the owner by SMS to avoid the loss; The system can be controlled by the remote controller, which is easy to use and easy to operate.3 Hardware Design of Home Security Alarm System3.1 Design of the main control unitThe main controller consists of power supply, GSM communication module, wireless communication module, display device, button, and remote controller. The structure is shown in the figure.Figure 3 main control unit system diagram Power section uses the AC220/DC5V power supply module, after the power supply voltage transformer voltage regulator, and finally get a stable 5V voltage to the microcontroller and other electrical equipment. The display device uses 12864 liquid crystal, 12864 is the abbreviation of dot matrix number of 128*64 dot matrix LCD module, 12864 LCD with Chinese font library can display 4 rows and 8 columns of 32 characters with 16 16 dot matrix, each The display RAM can display 1 Chinese character or 2 16×8 lattice full height ASCII code characters, that is, each display can display up to 32 Chinese characters or 64 ASCII characters. The display of indoor and outdoor temperature, humidity, light intensity, and system working status is realized through the liquid crystal, so that people can understand the working status of the system in real time. The basic circuit for displaying the liquid crystal is shown in Figure 4. Figure 4 LCD connection circuit diagram The GSM mobile network communication module is selected from theSiemens TC35 module, which is a dual-band 900/1800MHz highly integrated GSM module, it is easy to integrate, cost-effective, good product quality and performance The system guarantees that the system communicates with the user's mobile phone via SMS, which is convenient and quick. The GSM module can transmit voice and data signals and connect the SIM card reader and antenna respectively through the interface connector and antenna connector. The automatic baud rate is 1.2kb/s~115kb/s. It supports Short Message Service (SMS) in Text and PDU formats, and can send text messages and make phone calls. The module expansion circuit is shown in Figure 5, and the features are described below. Information transmission content: V oice and data power: Single power supply 3.3V ~ 5.5V Frequency band: Dual-band GSM900MHz and DCS1800MHz (Phase 2+) Transmitting power: 2W (GSM900MHz Class 4) 1W (DCS1800MHz Class 1) 8SIM Card Connection: External Antenna: External antenna connected by antenna connector Talk mode: 300mA (Typ.) Figure 5 TC35 peripheral expansion circuit diagram The wireless communication device uses the 24L01 wireless module, and the maximum operating speed is 2Mbps. It is highly efficient GFSK modulation and has strong anti-interference ability. Up to 126 available channels to meet the needs of multi-point communication and frequency hopping communication, built-in hardware CRC error detection and point-to-multipoint communication address control; Low power consumption 1. 9 - 3. 6V operation, 22uA in standby mode Under power-down mode is 900nA; Built-in 2. 4Ghz antenna, small and exquisite; The module can be set by software address, can be directly used by various microcontrollers, software programming is very convenient. When connecting with P0 port of 51 series single-chip microcomputer, it needs to add 10K pull-up resistor and it is not necessary to connect with other ports. For other series of microcontrollers, if it is 5V, please refer to the output current of the IO of this series of microcontrollers. If it exceeds 10mA, series resistor divider is required. If it is 3. 3V, it can be directly connected to the IO line of the RF2401 module. For example, if A VR series microcontrollers are 5V, they are generally connected in series with 2K resistors. The keypad is used to set the basic parameters of the main control unit. It can also set the parameters through theSAA3010T remote control. The remote control receiver uses HS0038. The connection circuit with the microcontroller is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 Infrared remote control receiver circuit we use the receiver head, its drive circuit is simple, easy to control the microcontroller. Its operation method is the same as that of an ordinary TV remote controller, and the operation is simple and easy to use.3.2 Design of fire detection unitThe fire alarm unit is composed of a smoke sensor and a temperature and humidity sensor. The increase of the temperature and humidity sensor can enhance the reliability of the alarm and reduce the occurrence of false alarms. The composition of the fire alarm unit is shown in Figure 8. Fig. 8 System diagram of fire detection unit The smoke sensor converts the collected smoke concentration into an analog signal. After the A/D chip, the analog signal is converted into a digital signal and sent to the microcontroller. Temperature and humidity sensor The DH11 can send temperature and humidity in digital form to the microcontroller, so the signal does not have to be processed. The MCU sends the received information to the master control unit through the wireless communication module 24L01. The type of smoke sensor used in the system is MQ-2. The gas sensitive material used by MQ-2 is tin dioxide (SnO2) with low conductivity in clean air, and its sensitivity to smoke is very high.3.3 Design of leak detection unitThe unit's design mainly utilizes the conductive properties of water. There are two detection probes connected to the microcontroller, which are connected to the I/O pin and the GND pin of the microcontroller. When in use, put the two probes above the bathroom floor. When there is water leakage, the toilet will produce water. The two probes of the detector are connected to the stagnant water. The preset high-level I/O pins are set low. , Generate an alarm signal, the microcontroller then sends the alarm signal to the main control unit through the wireless communication module, thus completing the entire alarm process. The specific structure of the alarm unit is shown in Figure 11.3.4 Design of Gas Leak Detection UnitThe gas leak detection unit is mainly composed of a methane content displayliquid crystal, a methane sensor, a wireless communication module, and a buzzer alarm. The structure is shown in FIG. Figure 12 shows the gas leakage detection unit system. Among them, the liquid crystal display is a 5110 liquid crystal display. Its features are: Cost-effective, LCD1602 can display 32 characters, and Nokia5110 can display 15 Chinese characters, 30 characters, Nokia5110 bare screen only 8. 8 yuan, LCD1602 generally about 15 yuan, LCD12864 generally 50 to 70 yuan; interface is simple, only four I / O lines can drive, LCD1602 need 11 I / O lines, LCD12864 need 12 root. The speed is 20 times that of the LCD12864 and 40 times that of the LCD1602. The model selected for the methane sensor is GJ4. Its output is analog and needs to be sent to the microcontroller via A/D conversion. Its use is similar to the smoke sensor.3.5 Design of formaldehyde monitoring unitFormaldehyde detection unit is mainly composed of formaldehyde sensor, operational amplifier, wireless communication module and sound and light alarm. The formaldehyde sensor converts the formaldehyde concentration into electrical signals. The signal is processed by the operational amplifier and then input to the single-chip microcomputer. The single-chip microcomputer judges the signal and sends the formaldehyde content signal to the main control unit through the wireless communication module. The sensor contains a conventional two-electrode fuel cell sensor. The working electrode discharges electrons to the counter electrode through an external circuit and is consumed at the counting electrode end with the reduction of oxygen. The internal circuit is realized by the ion current in the electrolyte. Well-designed to facilitate the growth of electrolyte. The rise and fall of the electrolyte varies with the changes in ambient temperature and humidity, but the normal operation will not affect the calibration value. The specific circuit shown in Figure.3.6 Design of anti-theft alarm unitThe anti-theft alarm unit is a double detector consisting of a pyroelectric sensor and an infrared sensor. Compared with conventional pyroelectric or infrared single sensor systems, Shuangjian detectors have significantly reduced their false alarm rates.When the Shuangjian detector works, the two signals of the pyroelectric sensor and the infrared sensor are processed by the NAND gate and sent to the SCM. When only two sensors respond at the same time, the detector sends an alarm signal to the microcontroller, otherwise no alarm signal is generated. In addition, when designing, Fresnel lens is added to the pyroelectric sensor, and the principle diagram of false alarms that can reduce the external interference signal by changing the lens division method is shown in Fig.16. Fig. 16 System diagram of the anti-theft alarm unit When the double-detection detector works, the pyroelectric sensor and the infrared sensor signal are sent to the single-chip microcomputer after being processed by a NAND gate. When only two sensors respond at the same time, the detector sends an alarm signal to the microcontroller, otherwise no alarm signal is generated. In addition, Fresnel lens is added to the pyroelectric sensor during design. By changing the lens segmentation mode, false alarms due to external interference signals can be reduced. 3.7 Design of Communication SectionThe communication part of this system is mainly composed of GSM mobile network communication module and 24L01 wireless communication module. The GSM module communicates with the user's mobile phone through the mobile phone network of the mobile phone, and the user can understand the security situation at home at any time. Each detection unit communicates with the main control unit through the wireless communication module and feeds back the detected information to the main control unit in time. System Communication Structure Diagram The GSM mobile network communication module uses the TC35 module. Its main features are wide coverage, low cost, reliable quality, and high security. It inherits the standard A T instruction set and RS232 interface standard internally, which makes it easie r for the microcontroller system to control it. It reduces the design of external circuits and simplifies the programming of the program. The hardware circuit is not complicated, but there are many modules used, which increases the complexity of programming and the difficulty of debugging. Therefore, it is necessary to debug each module individually after being debugged by the single chip microcomputer. Communication module application circuit diagram SIM CARD is a mobile communication networkuser identification module. SIM CARD contains the user's user information and is an indispensable tool for communication with mobile phones. There are 6 pins corresponding to each other on the SIM card and the card holder. This is the interface between SIM CARD and TC35. The wireless communication part adopts 24L01 wireless communication module, which has built-in 2. 4Ghz antenna, small size, software address, software programming is very convenient, built-in special voltage regulator circuit, using a variety of power supply including DC/DC switching power supply are very good The communication effect, when connected to the P0 port of the 51 series single-chip microcomputer, requires a pull-up resistor of 10K, and it is not necessary to connect to other ports. The user can set the alarm phone number, alarm mode, work mode, etc. through the keypad. Through the liquid crystal display, you can clearly understand the operating conditions of the system and the environmental parameters in your home, such as temperature, humidity, gas concentration, formaldehyde concentration, leaks, and communication conditions.中文译文基于单片机的居家安全报警系统的设计摘要本设计是对基于单片机的居家安全报警领域进行研究，设计出以STC89C52 单片机为核心的高性价比，易于安装的居家安全报警系统。
外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)
外文翻译--基于51单片机温度报警器的设计(适用于毕业论文外文翻译+中英文对照)XXX: Design of a Temperature Alarm Based on 51 MCUDepartment: n EngineeringMajor: Measurement and Control Technology and nClass:Student ID:Name:Supervisor:Date:A microcontroller。
also known as a single-chip computer system。
XXX its ns being integrated on a small chip。
it has most of the components needed for a complete computer system。
such as CPU。
memory。
internal and external bus systems。
and mostof them also have external storage。
At the same time。
it integrates XXX interfaces。
timers。
real-time clocks。
etc。
The most XXX integrate sound。
image。
ork。
and complex input-output systems on a single chip.XXX used in the industrial control field。
Microcontrollers XXX CPUs inside the chip。
The original design concept was to integrate a large number of peripheral devices and CPUs on a chip to make the computer system XXX's Z80 was the first processor designed according to this concept。
一种基于单片机的压力检测系统
一种基于单片机的压力检测系统【摘要】压力传感器是现代工业社会最经常使用的传感器之一，被普遍的应用于航空航天、石油化工，汽车制造等领域。
随着现代工业的发展，对-f'ff,．h传感器的需求量愈来愈大。
要．蒹也愈来愈高。
传统的传感器生产嬲l生能已慢慢不能知足需求，各个传感器生产厂商开始研制生产新型传感器，并增加自动化生产线，提高生产效率，降低本钱，采提高市场竞争力和适应现代工业的应用。
【关键词】压力；传感器；单片机1引言：压力传感器是现代工业社会最经常使用的传感器之一，被普遍的应用于航空航天、石油化工，汽车制造等领域。
随着现代工业的进展，关于压力传感器的需求量愈来愈大，要求也愈来愈高，传统的传感器生产及性能已慢慢不能知足需求，各个传感器生产厂商开始研制生产新型传感器并增加自动化生产线，提高生产效率，刚医本钱，以提高市场力和适应现代工业的应用。
传统的传感器的测量方式多数采纳手工操作，专门是压力传感器，大体上都是采纳手动油压或气压标定。
尽管近几年也从国外引进了部份标定设备，但价钱昂贵，不易推行。
本系统应用MC孓——51型单片机，设计出的智能压力检测系统，本钱低廉，利用方便，精度也比较高。
2系统硬件设计压力传感器测量压力，并将测量的信号输入放大器，然后送至A／D转换器，A／D转换器将输入的模拟信号转换为数宇信号送至单片机。
单片机依照已编制好的程序，对压阻元件非线性测量误差进行修正并对修正后的数据进行处置。
同时该系统兼具有键盘输入，LED显示与超限报警功能。
图1系统结构图21传感器的选择采纳美国ICSensors公司生产的ICSl220低压型硅压力传感器。
双列直插式封装，内部桥路由外部恒流源供电，输出毫伏信号与压力成正比，线性度为0．05％一o．1％。
其内部有一个用于平稳放大器增益、温度系数为20*10-6／℃的电阻，使传感器互换误差操纵在1％之内。
传感器内部电路尽管已设置了温度补偿方法，但当环境温度在25℃4-25℃范围内转变时，温度漂移仍较大，按满量程计算，量程漂移为03％，零漂0．1％，需进一步采取方法进行补偿。
基于单片机的压力检测系统设计
基于单片机的压力检测系统设计在工业生产和日常生活过程中，压力检测是一项极其重要的任务。
无论是气体、液体还是固体的压力检测，都对我们的生产和生活有着极大的影响。
因此，设计一种基于单片机的压力检测系统，具有很高的实用价值。
基于单片机的压力检测系统主要由压力传感器、信号调理电路、单片机和显示模块组成。
其中，压力传感器负责检测压力，信号调理电路负责将压力传感器的输出信号进行放大和滤波，单片机用于处理和存储数据，显示模块则用于实时显示压力值。
系统的软件部分主要负责数据的处理和传输。
单片机通过AD转换器读取压力传感器的模拟信号，然后进行数字处理，得到压力值。
通过串口将压力值传输到显示模块进行实时显示。
在基于单片机的压力检测系统中，单片机的选择至关重要。
考虑到系统的性能和成本，我们推荐使用STM32系列的单片机。
STM32系列的单片机具有处理速度快、内存容量大、价格适中等优点，非常适合用于这种压力检测系统。
压力传感器的选择直接影响到压力检测的准确性和稳定性。
本系统推荐使用硅压阻式压力传感器，这种传感器具有灵敏度高、稳定性好、抗干扰能力强等优点。
显示模块用于实时显示压力值，因此要求具有显示清晰、易于观察等特点。
本系统推荐使用LED数码管作为显示模块，LED数码管具有价格低廉、易于维护等优点。
基于单片机的压力检测系统具有结构简单、操作方便、性能稳定等优点，可广泛应用于气体、液体和固体等各个领域的压力检测。
通过使用STM32系列单片机和硅压阻式压力传感器，以及LED数码管显示模块，我们可以实现高精度、高稳定性的压力检测，为工业生产和日常生活提供强有力的支持。
在现代科技领域，温度检测和控制的重要性不容忽视。
在许多应用中，如工业生产、医疗设备和环境监控等，都需要对温度进行精确、实时地监控。
为了满足这一需求，单片机被广泛应用于温度检测系统中。
本文将探讨基于单片机的温度检测系统设计的各个方面。
我们需要选择一个适合的温度检测单片机。
赵亚威毕业设计(论文)外文翻译
宁波大红鹰学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译所在学院：机电学院班级： 09机自6班姓名：赵亚威学号： 091280742指导教师：张育斌合作导师：2012年 11 月 15 日The realization of wireless sensor networks and applications inagriculture1 IntroductionWireless sensor networks (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) are deployed in the monitoring area by the large number of low-cost micro sensor nodes, wireless communication through the formation of a multi-hop network self-organization. The aim is to perceive collaboration, collection and processing of network coverage in the perception of objects, and send observers. "Sensors, sensing object and the observer," constitute the three elements of the network. Here that the sensor is not in the traditional sense of the simple perception of physical signals and the sensor into a digital signal, which is the sensor module, data processing module and wireless communication module integrated in a small physical unit, that is , enhanced features than many traditional sensors can not only be aware of environmental information, but also data processing and wireless communication capabilities. With the built-in sensor nodes in a variety of sensors, where the environment can measure heat, infrared, sonar, radar and seismic signals and other signals to detect temperature, humidity, noise, light intensity, pressure, soil composition, moving object the size, speed and direction, and so many physical phenomena of interest to us. Wireless sensor network is a new mode of information acquisition and information processing. Because of the shortage of water resources are at a considerable degree, plus 90% of the waste, untreated sewage or handling standards for direct discharge of water pollution, water quality is lower than 11% of agricultural water supply standards. Water is the lifeblood of agriculture, is the controlling element of the ecological environment, but it is also strategic economic resources, extraction of groundwater by pump irrigation of farmland, rational use of water resources, development of water supply, improve the ecological environment in China is currently accurate Agriculture key, so use of irrigation water and energy supply in today's world is the general trend of technological development.2 Overview of wireless sensor networks2.1 The system architecture of wireless sensor networksWireless sensor network system architecture shown in Figure 1, typically include sensor nodes, aggregation nodes and management nodes. Clouds in the observation area sensor nodes in order to constitute a network of self-organized manner. Sensor node processing the collected information, the way to multi-hop relay the information transmitted to the sink node. Then through the Internet or mobile communicationnetwork and other channels to reach management node. End-users through the management of wireless sensor network node management and configuration, release monitoring tasks or collect return data.2.2 The characteristics of wireless sensor networks(1) self-organization. As the network and the network itself, the physical environment in which the unpredictability of factors, such as: can not pre-set exact location of the node can not know in advance the relationship between the nodes adjacent to some nodes because of energy depletion or other causes of death, newnodes join and so on, make the network deployment and expansion without the need to rely on any of the default network infrastructure, layered protocol between nodes and distributed algorithms by coordinating their behavior, a node can quickly start automatically after the formation of a separatemulti-hop routing network.(2) multi-hop routing.Limited communication distance of nodes in the network, the node can only communicate directly with its neighbors, if beyond the range of its RF communication nodes, you need to be routed through intermediate nodes.(3) the spatial distribution of a large area, node density, the number is huge.(4) data-center.In wireless sensor networks, people usually only care about a region within a certain numerical observations, and not to the specific observations concerned a single node.(5) node capacity constraints.The energy of sensor nodes, processing power, storage capacity and communication ability and so is very limited.①power energy restricted.As the miniaturization of sensor nodes, node battery power is limited, and because physical constraints make it difficult for nodes to replace the battery, so battery power limitations of sensor nodes is the wireless sensor network design one of the most critical constraints, which directly determines the network's worklife.② computing and storage capacity is limited.Bring low-cost micro sensor nodes weak processor, memory capacity of small features, so it can not perform complex calculations, and the traditional Internet network protocols and algorithms on the relative maturity of wireless sensor networks, too costly, difficult to use,must therefore be simple, effective protocols and algorithms, such as the ZigBee protocol.③communication is limited.Typically, the energy consumption of wireless communication and communication distance d E the relation: E = kdn.Where 2 <n <4.N is usually taken as 3.2.3 The shortcomings of wireless sensor networks(1) energy is limited. Sensor nodes are usually powered by ordinary batteries or lithium batteries, the energy limited.In unattended environments, wireless sensor network applications is one of the bottlenecks.(2) node cost is higher. Currently on the market price in thousands of sensor nodes over the wireless sensor network nodes need many, limiting promote the use of wireless sensor networks.(3) The poor security. As a result of wireless channel, distributed control technology, the network more vulnerable to passive eavesdropping, active intrusion and other attacks.(4) collaboration. Individual sensor nodes are often unable to complete the target of measurement, tracking and recognition, while the number of sensor nodes need to exchange information through the algorithm on data obtained for processing, aggregation and filtering, the final result.3 the current wireless sensor network applications in agricultureView of the water shortage and the demand for farmland irrigation, irrigation equipment under the existing conditions of application fields of crops, soil, water distribution, etc., for precise analysis of the current agricultural solved key technical problems, we propose a use ofwireless sensor network technology, suitable for large areas of agricultural land Intelligent Irrigation Control.3.1 The system worksOf SCM system with multiple sensors on the humidity, temperature, rainfall, pH, water evaporation (wind speed) and air temperature, and other information collection to achieve the precise automatic irrigation control field, the output of the signal information through a wireless full-dup lex Public data transmission sent to the control center transceiver module (embedded systems) to determine whether to activate the pump for the farm water supply, water supply or not, this sa me information sent by the GPRS communication through the Internet to remote control centers, remote monitoring, and some models by computer to process information, make a water supply plan.3.2 Hardware Design of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network model is different from the traditional wireless network infrastructure, network, monitoring the region by a large number of sensor nodes randomly dispenser (the node), coordinated by the node and quickly set up their own communications network, under the principle of priority for energy efficiency division of work tasks for monitoring regional information .Self-organizing properties of the network when the node failure is reflected in the new node is added or when the network is capable of adaptive re-established to adjust the overall detection accuracy, give full play to its advantages in resources, that is, each node in the network with data collected in addition both data forwarding function smulti-hop routing. Wireless sensor networks composed of nodes in each category by the general data acquisition, data processing, data transmission and power the four parts. Each of microcontrollerhardware and software design are the same. The design of the study design was only for a single chip system. Be monitored in the form of physical signals determines the type of sensor .Embedded processors are often used CPU, such as the MOTOROLA company's 68HC16, C51 MCU and so on. Data transmission unit can be selected from low-power, short-range wireless communication modules, but considering the anti-theft and natural damage, the system chooses the larger power, transmission distance of SA68D21DL, farmers can be placed in the office or home, the main controller. Figure 2 depicts the composition of the node, in which the direction of the arrow indicates that the data flow direction in the node.3.3 The main control systemIn this system, the control network and Internet hosts as the connection between the wireless sensor network protocol conversion gateway. The hardware used Zhiyuan Electronics Mini ARM embedded computer modules. MiniISA series acquisition board structure using smart card, that card on the built-in MCU.MCU on the board on-board I / O ports control, to achieve I / O data buffer, thereby reducing the interface to the host board for Mini ISA dependence, saving the host data processing time, to ensure MiniISA system more efficient operation. MCU board can also collect data or output data for further processing. System schematic shown in Figure 3.3.4 Design of the remote control system is mainlyGPRS communication system, GPRS and Internet network access system, the monitoring center console-friendly interface display control system. This part of the hardware can be applied to existing mobile telecommunications companies and Internet resources, software and professional capabilities to consider the cost of independent development, the proposed application of the existing remote software, such as "Ball Remote Control" software, remote monitoring equipment Co., Ltd. in Hunan Province The RC-2000 remote control software visualization system. Concluding RemarksThis paper reviews the nodes of wireless sensor networks, characteristics, and current applications in agriculture, research-based embedded systems, intelligent wide are a of farmland out of the water supply system, water is detected field information to continue through the automatic control Electric water pump to start, and realized the remote GPRS communications, PC, to learn through the health system and over which it controlled, automatic acquisition of soil information to determine whether to activate the pump from the line for the farm water supply, which is in line with China's rural areasbasic national conditions. The system is simple, click on the system transformation, can be designed courtyard automatic water supply systems, automatic water supply system and a garden greenhouse automatic water supply system, so the scalability of the system is better, relatively broad prospects.Today's wireless sensor network as a new hotspot in the field of information, involving interdisciplinary. With the reduced cost sensors and related solutions to continuous optimization problems, such as power consumption and data fusion algorithm is more small, node localization algorithm in continuous improvement, and more advanced wireless RF module, wireless sensor networks will be more in agriculture wide range of applications.译文：无线传感器网络的实现及在农业上的应用1引言无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Network ,WSN）就是由部署在监测区域内大量的廉价微型传感器节点组成，通过无线通信方式形成的一个多跳的自组织的网络系统。
单片机 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 基于单片机的超声波测距系统的研究与设计
单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献基于单片机的超声波测距系统的研究与设计附录附录A外文翻译the equivalent dc value. In the analysis of electronic circuits to be considered in a later course, both dc and ac sources of voltage will be applied to the same network. It will then be necessary to know or determine the dc (or average value) and ac components of the voltage or current in various parts of the system.EXAMPLE 13.13 Determine the average value of the waveforms of Fig. 13.37.FIG. 13.37Example 13.13.Solutions:a. By inspection, the area above the axis equals the area below over one cycle, resulting in an average value of zero volts.b. Using Eq.(13.26):as shown in Fig. 13.38.26In reality, the waveform of Fig. 13.37(b) is simply the square wave of Fig. 13.37(a) with a dc shift of 4 V; that is v2 =v1 + 4 VEXAMPLE 13.14 Find the average values of the following waveforms over one full cycle:a. Fig. 13.39.b. Fig. 13.40.27Solutions:We found the areas under the curves in the preceding example by using a simple geometric formula. If we should encounter a sine wave or any other unusual shape, however, we must find the area by some other means. We can obtain a good approximation of the area by attempting to reproduce the original wave shape using a number of small rectangles or other familiar shapes, the area of which we already know through simple geometric formulas. For example,the area of the positive (or negative) pulse of a sine wave is 2Am. Approximating this waveform by two triangles (Fig. 13.43), weobtain(using area1/2 base height for the area of a triangle) a rough idea of the actual area:A closer approximation might be a rectangle with two similar triangles(Fig. 13.44):28which is certainly close to the actual area. If an infinite number of forms were used, an exact answer of 2Am could be obtained. For irregular waveforms, this method can be especially useful if data such as the average value are desired. The procedure of calculus that gives the exact solution 2Am is known as integration. Integration is presented here only to make the method recognizable to the reader; it is not necessary to be proficient in its use to continue with this text. It is a useful mathematical tool, however,and should be learned. Finding the area under the positive pulse of a sine wave using integration, we havewhere ? is the sign of integration, 0 and p are the limits of integration, Am sin a is thefunction to be integrated, and da indicates that we are integrating with respect to a.Integrating, we obtainSince we know the area under the positive (or negative) pulse, we can easily determine the average value of the positive (or negative) region of a sine wave pulse by applying Eq. (13.26):For the waveform of Fig. 13.45,29EXAMPLE 13.15 Determine the average value of the sinusoidal waveform of Fig. 13.46.Solution: By inspection it is fairly obvious thatthe average value of a pure sinusoidal waveform over one full cycle is zero.EXAMPLE 13.16 Determine the average value of the waveform of Fig. 13.47.Solution: The peak-to-peak value of the sinusoidal function is16 mV +2 mV =18 mV. The peak amplitude of the sinusoidal waveform is, therefore, 18 mV/2 =9 mV. Counting down 9 mV from 2 mV(or 9 mV up from -16 mV) results in an average or dc level of -7 mV,as noted by the dashed line of Fig. 13.47.EXAMPLE 13.17 Determine the average value of the waveform of Fig. 13.48.Solution:30EXAMPLE 13.18 For the waveform of Fig. 13.49, determine whether the averagevalue is positive or negative, and determine its approximate value.Solution: From the appearance of the waveform, the average value is positive and in the vicinity of 2 mV. Occasionally, judgments of this type will have to be made. InstrumentationThe dc level or average value of any waveform can be found using a digital multimeter (DMM) or an oscilloscope. For purely dccircuits,simply set the DMM on dc, and readthe voltage or current levels.Oscilloscopes are limited to voltage levels using the sequence of steps listed below:1. First choose GND from the DC-GND-AC option list associated with each vertical channel. The GND option blocks any signal to which the oscilloscope probe may be connected from entering the oscilloscope and responds with just a horizontal line. Set the resulting line in the middle of the vertical axis on the horizontal axis, as shown in Fig. 13.50(a).2. Apply the oscilloscope probe to the voltage to be measured (ifnot already connected), and switch to the DC option. If a dc voltage is present, the horizontal line will shift up or down, as demonstrated in Fig. 13.50(b). Multiplying the shift by the vertical sensitivity will result in the dc voltage. An upward shift is a positive voltage (higher31potential at the red or positive lead of the oscilloscope), while a downward shift is a negative voltage (lower potential at the red or positive lead of the oscilloscope). In general,1. Using the GND option, reset the horizontal line to the middle of the screen.2. Switch to AC (all dc components of the signal to whichthe probe is connected will be blocked from entering the oscilloscope—only the alternating, or changing,components will be displayed).Note the location of some definitive point on the waveform, such as the bottom of the half-wave rectified waveform of Fig. 13.51(a); that is, note its position on the vertical scale. For the future, whenever youuse the AC option, keep in mind that the computer will distribute the waveform above and below the horizontal axis such that the average value is zero; that is, the area above the axis will equal the area below. 3. Then switch to DC (to permit both the dc and the ac components of the waveform to enter the oscilloscope), and note the shift in the chosen level of part 2, as shown in Fig. 13.51(b). Equation(13.29) can then be used to determine the dc or average value of the waveform. For the waveform of Fig. 13.51(b), the average value is aboutThe procedure outlined above can be applied to any alternating waveform such as the one in Fig. 13.49. In some cases the average valuemay require moving the starting position of the waveform under the AC option to a different region of the screen or choosing a higher voltage scale. DMMs can read the average or dc level of any waveform by simply choosing the appropriate scale.3213.7 EFFECTIVE (rms) VALUESThis section will begin to relate dc and ac quantities with respect to the power delivered to a load. It will help us determine the amplitude of a sinusoidal ac current required to deliver the same power as a particular dc current. The question frequently arises, How is it possible for a sinusoidal ac quantity to deliver a net power if, over a full cycle, the net current in any one direction is zero (average value 0)? It would almost appear that the power delivered during the positive portion of the sinusoidal waveform is withdrawn during the negative portion, and since the two are equal in magnitude, the net power delivered is zero. However, understand that irrespective of direction, currentof any magnitude through a resistor will deliver power to that resistor. In other words,during the positive or negative portions of a sinusoidal ac current, power is being delivered at eachinstant of time to the resistor. The power delivered at each instant will, of course, vary with the magnitude of the sinusoidal ac current, but there will be a net flow during either the positive or the negativepulses with a net flow over the full cycle. The net power flow will equal twice that delivered by either the positive or the negative regions of sinusoidal quantity. A fixed relationship between ac and dc voltages and currents can be derived from the experimental setup shown in Fig. 13.52. A resistor in a water bath is connected by switches to a dc and an ac supply. If switch 1 is closed, a dc current I, determined by the resistance R and battery voltage E, will be established through theresistor R. The temperature reached by the water is determined by the dc power dissipated in the form of heat by the resistor.If switch 2 is closed and switch 1 left open, the ac current through the resistor will have a peak value of Im. The temperature reached by the water is now determined by the ac power dissipated in the form of heat by the resistor. The ac input is varied until the temperature is the same as that reached with the dc input. When this is accomplished, the average electrical power delivered to the resistor R by the ac source is the same asthat delivered by the dc source. The power delivered by the ac supply at any instant of time is33The average power delivered by the ac source is just the first term, since the average value of a cosine wave is zero even though the wave may have twice the frequency of the original input current waveform. Equating the average power delivered by the ac generator to that delivered by the dc source,which, in words, states thatthe equivalent dc value of a sinusoidal current or voltage is 1/2 or 0.707 of itsmaximum value.The equivalent dc value is called the effective value of the sinusoidal quantity.In summary,As a simple numerical example, it would require an ac current with a peak value of 2 (10) 14.14 A to deliver the same power to the resistorin Fig. 13.52 as a dc current of 10 A. The effective value of any quantity plotted as a function of time can be found by using the following equation derived from the experiment just described:34which, in words, states that to find the effective value, the function i(t) must first besquared. After i(t) is squared, the area under the curve isfound by integration. It is then divided by T, the length of the cycle or the period of the waveform, to obtain the average or mean value of thesquared waveform. The final step is to take the square root of the meanvalue. This procedure gives us another designation forthe effectivevalue, the root-mean-square (rms) value. In fact, since therms term isthe most commonly used in the educational and industrial communities,it will used throughout this text. EXAMPLE 13.19 Find therms values of the sinusoidal waveform in each part of Fig. 13.53.Solution: For part (a), Irms 0.707(12 10 3 A) 8.484 mA.For part (b), againIrms 8.484 mA. Note that frequency did notchange the effective valuein (b) above compared to (a). For part (c),Vrms 0.707(169.73 V) 120 V, the same as available from a home outlet.EXAMPLE 13.20 The 120-V dc source of Fig. 13.54(a) delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the peak value of the applied voltage (Em) and the current (Im) if the acsource [Fig. 13.54(b)] is to deliver the same power to the load.35Solution:EXAMPLE 13.21 Find the effective or rms value of the waveform of Fig.13.55.Solution:36EXAMPLE 13.22 Calculate the rms value of the voltage of Fig. 13.57.Solution:EXAMPLE 13.23 Determine the average and rms values of the square wave of Fig. 13.59.37Solution: By inspection, the average value is zero.The waveforms appearing in these examples are the same as thoseused in the examples on the average value. It might prove interesting tocompare the rms and average values of these waveforms.The rms values of sinusoidal quantities such as voltage or currentwill be represented by E and I. These symbols are the same as thoseused for dc voltages and currents. To avoid confusion, the peak valueof a waveform will always have a subscript m associated with it: Imsin qt. Caution: When finding the rms value ofthe positive pulse of asine wave, note that the squared area is not simply (2Am)24A2m; itmust be found by a completely new integration. This will always bethe case for any waveform that is not rectangular.A uniquesituation arises if a waveform has both a dc and an ac componentthat may be due to a source such as the one in Fig. 13.61. Thecombination appears frequently in the analysis of electronic networkswhere both dc and ac levels are present in the same system.38The question arises, What is the rms value of the voltage vT? Onemight be tempted tosimply assume that it is the sum of the rms valuesof each component of the waveform; that is, VT rms 0.7071(1.5 V) 6 V 1.06 V 6 V 7.06 V. However, the rms value is actuallydetermined bywhich for the above example is39直流值相等。
毕业设计--基于单片机的流量检测系统的设计(含外文翻译) 精品
毕业设计（论文）材料之二（1）某工程大学本科毕业设计（论文）专业：电子信息工程题目：基于单片机的流量检测系统的设计作者姓名：导师及职称：导师所在单位：电气工程学院2012年6月13日某工程大学本科毕业设计（论文）任务书2012 届电气工程学院电子信息工程专业学生姓名：Ⅰ毕业设计（论文）题目中文：基于单片机的流量检测系统的设计英文：The Design of Flow Detection System Based On MCUⅡ原始资料[1] 谢维成、杨加国.单片机原理与应用及C51程序设计[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2006.[2] 梁国伟、蔡武昌.流量测量技术及仪表[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2002.[3] 徐晓光、潘伟;、徐康.基于单片机的涡轮流量检测仪设计[J].工业控制计算机，2008,08.[4] 魏颖.基于单片机的流量检测表设计[J].太原科技，2007,10.[5] 苏贝、周常柱、胡松.单片机在流量测量中的应用[J].微计算机信息杂志，2005,5.[6] 王玉巧、蔡晓艳.基于单片机的流量控制[J].科技信息，2010,9X.Ⅲ毕业设计（论文）任务内容1、课题研究的意义流量的测量在工业领域具有广泛的应用，随着传感器技术，微电子技术、单片机技术的发展，为流量的精确测量提供了新的手段，对流量检测技术的研究具有现实意义。
对本课题的研究与设计，训练综合运用已学课程的基本知识，独立进行单片机应用技术和开发工作，掌握单片机程序设计、调试和应用电路设计、分析及调试检测的能力。
2、本课题研究的主要内容：由流量传感器采集流量信息，然后经过AD转换器将连续的模拟信号离散化后传给单片机。
单片机在系统软件的控制作用下，对输入的数据进行分析，向外部输出控制信号，实现LED显示。
LED数码管显示动态的流量，同时，若流量超过上下限范围，报警电路产生声光报警信号，提醒流量不在正常范围内，需采取相应控制。
系统软件主要包括主程序，显示程序等供主程序调用的子程序。
基于嵌入式的无线手持监测系统的设计与实现的开题报告
基于嵌入式的无线手持监测系统的设计与实现的开题报告一、选题背景及意义随着无线通信技术和物联网技术的快速发展，嵌入式系统得到了越来越广泛的应用。
同时，环境监测在日常生活中也变得越来越重要。
传统的环境监测设备通常需要安装在一个固定的位置，不便于实时监测各个位置的环境信息。
此时，基于嵌入式的无线手持监测系统的设计与实现可以解决这一问题。
本课题的设计目的是基于嵌入式系统，开发一种无线手持式环境监测系统，能够实时监测环境参数，比如温度、湿度、大气压力等，并将数据无线传输至云端进行分析，为环境监管和生态保护提供支持。
二、研究内容1. 硬件设计：基于嵌入式系统和传感器模块，设计可携带的无线手持式环境监测系统。
2. 软件设计：开发嵌入式软件，对传感器采集数据进行处理，实现无线数据传输和云端数据分析。
3. 系统集成：将硬件和软件进行集成，测试系统的功能和稳定性，并对系统进行优化。
三、研究方法1. 硬件部分：(1) 选定合适的嵌入式系统，并调研常见的环境传感器模块。
(2) 设计硬件电路图，进行PCB绘制和制板。
2. 软件部分：(1) 利用C语言、Python等编程语言，开发嵌入式应用程序，进行数据采集、处理、无线传输和云端存储。
(2) 选用MQTT通信协议，实现嵌入式设备与云端服务器之间的数据通信。
3. 系统集成部分：(1) 将硬件和软件进行集成，进行系统测试和功能验证。
(2) 对系统进行优化，提高系统的稳定性、可靠性和性能。
四、预期成果该项目的预期成果包括：1. 一款实用的嵌入式无线手持式环境监测系统，可以监测温度、湿度、大气压力等多种环境参数。
2. 一套基于MQTT通信协议的数据传输和存储系统，可以将传感器采集的数据传输至云端服务器，并实现云端数据分析。
3. 系统的性能、稳定性和可靠性均得到有效的提升。
五、研究进度安排该项目的研究进度安排如下：1. 第一阶段（2周）：进行调研和文献综述，确定研究目标和研究方法。
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译
单片机的外文文献及中文翻译一、外文文献Title: The Application and Development of SingleChip Microcontrollers in Modern ElectronicsSinglechip microcontrollers have become an indispensable part of modern electronic systems They are small, yet powerful integrated circuits that combine a microprocessor core, memory, and input/output peripherals on a single chip These devices offer significant advantages in terms of cost, size, and power consumption, making them ideal for a wide range of applicationsThe history of singlechip microcontrollers can be traced back to the 1970s when the first microcontrollers were developed Since then, they have undergone significant advancements in technology and performance Today, singlechip microcontrollers are available in a wide variety of architectures and capabilities, ranging from simple 8-bit devices to complex 32-bit and 64-bit systemsOne of the key features of singlechip microcontrollers is their programmability They can be programmed using various languages such as C, Assembly, and Python This flexibility allows developers to customize the functionality of the microcontroller to meet the specific requirements of their applications For example, in embedded systems for automotive, industrial control, and consumer electronics, singlechip microcontrollers can be programmed to control sensors, actuators, and communication interfacesAnother important aspect of singlechip microcontrollers is their low power consumption This is crucial in batterypowered devices and portable electronics where energy efficiency is of paramount importance Modern singlechip microcontrollers incorporate advanced power management techniques to minimize power consumption while maintaining optimal performanceIn addition to their use in traditional electronics, singlechip microcontrollers are also playing a significant role in the emerging fields of the Internet of Things （IoT) and wearable technology In IoT applications, they can be used to collect and process data from various sensors and communicate it wirelessly to a central server Wearable devices such as smartwatches and fitness trackers rely on singlechip microcontrollers to monitor vital signs and perform other functionsHowever, the design and development of systems using singlechip microcontrollers also present certain challenges Issues such as realtime performance, memory management, and software reliability need to be carefully addressed to ensure the successful implementation of the applications Moreover, the rapid evolution of technology requires developers to constantly update their knowledge and skills to keep up with the latest advancements in singlechip microcontroller technologyIn conclusion, singlechip microcontrollers have revolutionized the field of electronics and continue to play a vital role in driving technological innovation Their versatility, low cost, and small form factor make them an attractive choice for a wide range of applications, and their importance is expected to grow further in the years to come二、中文翻译标题：单片机在现代电子领域的应用与发展单片机已成为现代电子系统中不可或缺的一部分。
(完整word版)单片机外文文献翻译
中文资料原文单片机单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller Unit），常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机，它最早是被用在工业控制领域。
单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。
最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。
INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。
早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。
其中最成功的是INTEL的8031，因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。
此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。
基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。
随着工业控制领域要求的提高，开始出现了16位单片机，但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。
90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展，单片机技术得到了巨大提高。
随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用，32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位，并且进入主流市场。
而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高，处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。
目前，高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz，性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器，而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元，最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。
当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用，大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。
而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。
单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统，因此它得到了最多的应用。
事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。
现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。
手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。
而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。
英文翻译 无线心电监护系统设计
基于蓝牙的心电监护系统的设计和实现摘要——便携式的远程心电监护系统设计是远程医学和远程护理中的一个的最重要的领域。
本文我们提出一种低成本和基于无线传输的便携式的实时心电采集、存档和可视化于移动电话和个人计算机心电监护系统。
我们设计了采集模块和实现移动设备和个人计算机可视化工具。
一、导言移动远程医疗系统正变得越来越重要的时候，特别是对于被隔离或者远行在外离医院很远的病人。
这些系统必须是结合低成本，低功耗小型设备，并且应该有一个接口，由病人使用。
结合入诸如蓝牙，GPRS和GSM或Wi – Fi的技术到这些系统中，允许无线传输到控制或健康中心[1-4]。
本文介绍了一种成本低，结合实时采集，处理，储存心电活动到移动电话，PDA或个人电脑的可视化无线传输能力的便携式系统。
在一些项目中已经开发的应用程序，用于监察移动设备，其样品可以从基地获得的心电图标准数据，或他们有扩展的心电图模块。
在另一些项目中提出通过软件来降低噪音或心脏疾病分类为信号处理技术。
在这项工作中，我们描述了无线传输功能（蓝牙和GSM / GPRS），以及为移动设备的实时可视化工具都心电图的采集模块的实现。
其结构如下。
在下面的部分系统的分析，对采用的技术和开发环境进行了描述。
在第三节和第四节的硬件和软件将实施详细解释。
最后的结果与原型一起的结论都显示在第五节。
二、系统描述该系统由三个模块组成：病人的采集和处理器板（PA P-B T）的，PC控制器（MCU- PC）的医疗控制单元，和移动电话（MCU-MP）的医疗控制单元。
（图一）该MCU- PC模块是一个用户界面，能模拟心电监护仪和提供了以下功能：与PAP-BT，心电图连接和可视化，数据存储，和GSM/ GPRS通信的蓝牙通信。
该应用程序运行在的任何配有蓝牙和Java虚拟机的移动电话或PDA的移动终端上。
它的用户界面允许与其他设备，进行心脏信号和实时数据信号的可视化通信。
该采集模块由一个生物电放大器，一个带通滤波器，微控制器和蓝牙芯片的无线传输。
单片机的压力检测系统
单片机的压力检测系统 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT题目：基于单片机的智能压力检测系统的设计基于单片机的智能压力检测系统的设计摘要压力是工业生产过程中的重要参数之一。
压力的检测或控制是保证生产和设备安全运行必不可少的条件。
实现智能化压力检测系统对工业过程的控制具有非常重要的意义。
本设计主要通过单片机及专用芯片对传感器所测得的模拟信号进行处理,使其完成智能化功能。
介绍了智能压力传感器外围电路的硬件设计,并根据硬件进行了软件编程。
本次设计是基于STC89C52单片机的测量与显示。
是通过压力传感器将压力转换成电信号，再经过运算放大器进行信号放大，送至24位A／D转换器，然后将模拟信号转换成单片机可以识别的数字信号，再经单片机转换成LED显示器可以识别的信息，最后显示输出。
而在显示的过程中通过键盘，向计算机系统输入各种数据和命令，让单片机系统处于预定的功能状态，显示需要的值。
本设计的最终结果是，将软件下载到硬件上调试出来了需要显示的数据，当输入的模拟信号发生变化的时候，通过A/D转换后，LED将显示不同的数值。
关键词:压力；STC89C52单片机；压力传感器；A/D转换器；LED显示；Design of pressure detecting system based on single-chipAbstractPressure is one of the important parameters in the process of industrial production. Pressure detection or control is an essential condition to ensure production and the equipment to safely operating, which is of great significance. The single-chip is infiltrating into all fields of our lives, so it is very difficult to find the area in which there is no traces of single-chip microcomputer. In this graduation design, primarily through by using single-chip and dedicated chip, handling of analog signal measured by the sensor to complete intelligent function. This design illustrates external hardware circuit design of intelligent pressure sensor, and conduct software development to the hardware.The design is based on measurement and display of STC89C52 single-chip. Thisis the pressure sensors will convert the pressure into electrical signals. After using operational amplifier, the signal is amplified, and transferred to the 8-bit A/D converter. Then the analog signal is converted into digital signals which can be identified by single-chip and then converted by single-chip into the information which can be displayed on LED monitor, and finally display output. In the course of show, through the keyboard to input all kinds of data and commands into the computer, the single-chip will locate in a predetermined function step to display required values.The end result of this design is that by downloading software to the hardware, it will get the data which is required to display by debugging. When the input analog signals change, the LED monitor will display different values through the A/D converting.Key words: pressure; STC89C52 single-chip; pressure sensor; A/D converter; LED monitor;目录第一章绪论研究背景近年来，随着微型计算机的发展，他的应用在人们的工作和日常生活中越来越普遍。
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一个完全植入式无线压力监测系统的开发摘要：一个完全植入式无线压力传感器监测系统的开发是为了检测体内膀胱的压力。
该系统包括一个小型的商业压力模具经导管连接到电子放大设备，一个微控制器，无线发射器，电池和个人数字助理（PDA）或接收无线数据的计算机。
该传感器是完全植入的，并且每秒传送一次压力数据，压力检测评估范围为1.5 psi，分辨率为0.02 psi。
在体外，设备的校准测量表现出高度的线性度和良好的时间响应。
该装置植入一些猪的体内进行研究，历时超过3天。
该系统能适用于其他方面的压力读数，以及其他生命体征的测量，它迈出了一个无处不在的发展远程医疗和远程病人监控平台的第一步。
关键词：微机电系统、压力传感器、植入、患者的监测、遥测、远程医疗、膀胱、无线1介绍：目前，医学界对在家和在医院的病人的远程医疗和远程监控产生了浓厚的兴趣。
当前，病人监护仪器和实现手法是繁琐和局限的。
例如，在重症监护病房，血压监测可用动脉线进行连续监测。
这是一个放置在动脉的导管，并且外部传感器能检测到压力。
它的局限性是高度可变的准确性，患者往往服用镇静剂，以防止因运动对自身造成伤害。
另一方面，在标准的基础护理中，虽然对病人是完全非侵入性，并且免除了他们的负担，但是，病人血压标准测量与非连续点的测量通常采取每2-12小时一次。
重要的生命体征测量值间的显影可能被错过。
目前，还没有连续监测生命体征的，并且可提供无极端入侵和或麻烦的，如同临床医生的设备。
一个连续的，能够实时检测的，并且监测没有显著减少病人的舒适或限制其自身的运动的设备将在性能和舒适的集约化和标准治疗上缩小差距。
一个简单而划算的的解决办法是利用无线遥控可植入微系统。
无线遥测技术释放了被束缚的患者，使他们脱离了大医院的监控，他们可以参加医院无线传感器网络，该网络通过最大限度地减少人员的工作负荷，增加获得的数据量，并简化其存储和处理，进而可能会提升监控效率。
在大多数情况下，无线植入式压力传感器发展的重点是由无线电供电设备射频（RF）感应，使无限期植入和手术操作时没有必要交换电池。
此外，设备总体积最小化，因为电池通常是最大的组成部分。
一些团体已经开发和测试出能够检测股动脉动态血压或动物模型主动脉的设备（纳杰菲和Ludomirsky2004；Schlierf等。
2007年）。
然而，传输范围通常局限于厘米（纳杰菲和Ludomirsky2004；Schlierf等。
2007）和传感器射频感应时只能传输数据。
这往往限制了离散时间点的测量或在病人身上装上天线在所有的时间连续测量（CardioMEMS2007；沃尔顿和克鲁姆2005年）。
这里，我们提出了一个不同的方法来监测流动压力，其中包括：微压模具，电子放大器，微控制器，无线发射器，电池，和通讯的个人数字助理（PDA）或计算机。
2方法和材料：压力传感平台分为三个部分：压力传感导管导线；传感器节点（图1）；PDA或电脑接收器。
以上各部分的制造将在下面部分讨论：2.1导管导线：该导管导线装载了压力传感器，并且连接到传感器节点上（图2）。
它由一个用紫外线环氧树脂（Masterbond UV10）印刷在测量0.65×0.65毫米的陶瓷印刷电路板（PCB）的压阻压力传感器（硅微5108）构成。
模具设计参考了它的大小，感应距离，精确度，灵敏度具有1.6 mV/ psi的音频/视频。
芯片上的应变片配置在温度补偿的惠斯登电桥。
然后，该芯片（西邦德7402C）焊接到基板焊盘上。
四个单独绝缘铂铱（铂铱），通过一个7.5French（2.5毫米）的电线焊接到连接到接触焊盘的电路板。
紫外线环氧树脂应用于基板焊盘和芯片上，并进行8分钟固化，以防止任何铂铱电线或wirebonds破坏连接。
有四个楔形孔金帽削减了紫外线对环氧树脂印刷电路板压贴的压紧膜，以保护芯片。
四铂铱线被缠绕在一个高强度聚酯绝缘的磁芯，并通过聚乙烯管材。
该装配用硅胶填充焊接螺纹管。
图1图1：在设备充分植入并充分包装后，该压力传感器安置在7.5French的导管中，它直接植入膀胱或腹腔。
导管的另一端连接到传感器节点，这些点由单片机和无线发射器，电子产品放大器和电池组成。
该设备是包裹在LDPE薄膜上并用医用级硅橡胶制造成型。
图2图2：艺术家的设计引领导管导线技术的尖端。
（a）给出了无包装的领先技术，商业压紧膜焊接到PCB板上。
四铂铱通过导管电线焊接到PCB板上。
（b）描绘了包装的领先技术。
金盖板，保护芯片和丝焊。
缠铅玻璃纸; PDMS 塑造其周围，以增加生物的相容性。
2.2传感器节点：该传感器节点由三个部分组成：电子放大器，微控制器和无线发射器，电池。
导管导线的一端焊接到一个特定的电路板上。
这个电路板是四元组微功耗，单电源运算放大器（德州仪器TLV2764），一个2.5伏的电压调节器芯片（模拟装置REF192）和一个单刀双掷（SPDT）磁簧开关打开和关闭设备（哈姆林）（林2007）。
芯片组的电压调节器的电源电压供电的设备和其他电子产品电压设置到2.5 V。
以防止因电池电压的变化引起压紧膜信号的变化。
运算放大器被配置为无任何偏移量将传感器电压从放大桥放大到300倍。
生理相关的压力测量范围为1.5 psi的表压，并与器件的灵敏度，电源电压和放大器，设备输出为1.2伏/ psi和生理压力范围为1.8V。
该放大电路的输出被连接到微控制器和无线发射器（Mica2Dot（Crossbow MPR510CA），以下简称为the dot mote），其中发射功率为433兆赫。
我们编程的微控制器以获取和传输数据，同时最大限度地提高电池的寿命在以下三个方面：首先，微控制器使传感器的测量脉冲周期为30微妙，在这之后整个设备进入睡眠模式。
第二，测量时只有每秒一次。
最后，由于传输消耗最大电量，采样的数据存储在本地the dot mote中，并且每测量30次传输一次（林等人。
2007）。
这些技术是能量消耗从3兆焦耳降到625μJ（林2007年，林等人2007年）。
电池使用的是3.7伏，850毫安时锂聚合物电池（电池美国）。
该装置的使用寿命是387300次测量，或者在电池电压低于电源电压情况下，大于四天采样率不变。
一旦组装完成，传感器节点包裹25微米厚的低密度聚乙烯（LDPE，塑料薄板供应）和压缩，再PDMS成型。
此后，该装置浸入聚二甲基硅氧烷的第二硅层，以堵塞第一层硅橡胶的任何漏洞。
期间和之后的包装过程中，电池无法充电或更换，所以是钕磁铁被堆放在模具上并激活磁性开关和在它24小时治愈后关闭设备。
2.3无线通信：该点配有互补的通信接收机基站(Crossbow MIB510CA)，该基站连接到计算机。
发送的dot mote是十六进制格式的，其中包括一个时间戳，一个独特的ID标签，剩余的电池电压，放大的压力数据。
LabVIEW的（美国国家仪器公司）的程序来读取和转换成数据包，该数据包保存在一个文本文件中，并能实时绘制图形曲线。
2.4体外试验：一旦一个导管导线制作完成，每根导线都要进行单独测试，并且将其放置在密封压力腔中测试其性能，这是通过压力腔盖电连接到电线上。
导线外部供电（安捷伦E3630A）和高精度万用表测试输出电压（吉时利2000年）。
压力是在大气压力恒定下举行了30分钟，而生物医学Microdevices的（2009）NISTcalibrated压力表（欧米茄DPG5600B-30A）11:259-264261器件的输出和压力读数每5分钟记录一次。
体腔连接到了一个压缩的氮气瓶，通过压力调节器将压力上升到1.0 或1.5 psi并保持三十分钟。
对于第一个十分钟，压力和电压读数被全部带走，在后来的二十分钟，每五分钟检测一次。
压力容器释放出大气压力和电压，前十分钟，压力彻底读出，在后来的二十分钟，每五分钟读取一次。
每根导线校准三次，以测试环境对导线及其包装的影响。
他在空中检测，首先作为一个控件，然后导线的尖端放置在容器的烧杯的水中，开始测试之后，让它在水下保持四天。
如果四天后输出的量值和时间响应和以前一样，这就搭配了一个传感器节点。
经过一个传感器节点配对的导管导线，整个装置进行了包装前的再次测试。
导线被放置在密封的水压力容器。
该传感器节点连接到连接外部压力腔的导线，并有电池或者DC电源供电。
LabVIEW计算机程序运算和存储无线压力数据。
压力是从0-1.5psi逐步加大以测试实验所需压力范围，每步保持五分钟，每两分钟进行一次压力读数。
为了检验该设备分辨率，增量为0.02 psi的压力变化从0到0.1psi和0.1psi的增量从0.1到1.5psi。
在每次试验结束后，标准曲线生成相关的电压数值通过电脑记录到压力腔内。
另一个测试封装设备是将它淹没 2.5 gal 染色的水中并传输数据，直到电池耗尽。
之后进行数据分析，以寻找任何短路的迹象，描绘任何传感器漂移现象和量化设备的全寿命。
包装后来被去除，看是否有漏水的痕迹。
2.5 体内测试：经加州大学洛杉矶分校医学中心IRB # 2004年-185-11批准，成年母猪被用于作为体内测试。
一个设备植入膀胱，另一个放置腹腔内作为参考。
当传感器节点被放置在皮下组织中时，导管的导线被放在那些场所。
手术后，猪被关在动物园的围栏中，从而使在围栏外的计算机和设置好的无线电接收器收集数据。
在这种情况下，猪都有充分的意识到和动态。
在接下来的2-4 天，猪被处死，然后分离出设备。
简单进行尸检，以寻找组织炎症或任何免疫反应的有机硅包装。
然后检查设备是否有任何损坏，泄漏或如有必要的话，再寻找任何其它故障点。
3结果及讨论：组装完毕的铅导线和传感器节点的测试显示了传感器的快速线性响应(1.34 psi/V）。
在初次测试之后，对设备进行拆卸和重新组装。
观察到偏移量略有改变。
一旦该设备完全包装和准备植入，这种变化通过计算的压力校准的比较曲线和压力表的实际压力和调整校准曲线的偏移值进行补偿。
在测试聚二甲基硅氧烷包装的完整性时，设备在不失灵的情况下运作，直到电池设备使用107 h而耗尽。
在前两天半时间内，输出的电压变化小于0.0003。
然而，在接下来的 2 天，电压稳步下降直至设备停止运作。
一旦停止运作，设备就检测出无液态水或气态水，或水的PDMS渗透层，这样，数据就不会因短路丢失了。
4结论：总之，我们已建立了完全植入体内的无线压力传感器，其在短期内应用于泌尿系统的研究和病人监护仪上。
体外测试演示其快速的时间响应和其高线性。
通过膀胱和猪腹腔模型的体内试验，压力传感系统能够成功记录医学相关的数据，其中包含像排尿这种生理活动。
这个平台可以扩展其他的传感模式，如测核心温度的热敏电阻，白金和银电极测血液或组织氧气电压，铅植入动脉以获得心率血压分析参数。
导管进一步小型化到点，这样，它能放入针中，进而可以消除人体对大手术的需要。