《西方思想经典》复习资料
西方思想史期末考点总结
西方思想史期末考点总结西方思想史是人类思维发展的重要组成部分，涵盖了古希腊罗马时期的哲学、中世纪的神学、文艺复兴时期的人文主义、启蒙运动时期的理性主义和经验主义等重要派别和思想流派。
对于西方思想史的学习，我们必须掌握其核心内容和关键知识点。
以下是我对西方思想史期末考点的总结，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
一、古希腊哲学1. 古希腊哲学的起源和特点：古希腊哲学的起源可以追溯到古希腊城邦的兴起和经济、社会变革的背景下。
古希腊哲学的特点是强调理性和思辨的能力，以探究人类存在和自然界本源为核心问题。
2. 前苏格拉底哲学：前苏格拉底哲学主要代表有外来学派和本土学派。
外来学派包括毕达哥拉斯学派、元素派和赫拉克利特学派等；本土学派包括毕达哥拉斯学派、赫拉克利特学派和索福克勒斯学派等。
3. 苏格拉底哲学：苏格拉底是古希腊最重要的哲学家之一，他提出了“我只知道自己一无所知”的悖论，认为人应该通过对话和反思来寻求真理。
苏格拉底的哲学方法被后来的哲学家奉为榜样，对古希腊哲学的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 柏拉图哲学：柏拉图是古希腊哲学的伟大思想家，他对苏格拉底的思想进行了扩展和系统化。
柏拉图提出了理念世界和感观世界的区分，认为理念是真实和不变的，而感观世界是虚幻和多变的。
柏拉图的理念哲学对后世影响深远，成为了西方哲学的重要传统。
5. 亚里士多德哲学：亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，他对柏拉图的思想进行了批判和发展。
亚里士多德提出了形式和物质的概念，并将逻辑学作为哲学研究的基础。
他的哲学体系涉及到形而上学、伦理学、政治学等多个领域。
二、中世纪哲学1. 基督教哲学：中世纪哲学主要是以基督教神学为基础的哲学体系。
中世纪哲学家将信仰和理性结合起来，探讨神学和哲学的关系，以及人的灵魂和上帝的关系等问题。
2. 童罗米哲学：童罗米是中世纪最重要的哲学家之一，他提出了“信仰之路和哲学之路是一致的”这一观点，主张用哲学推理来证明信仰的合理性。
3. 斯多亚哲学：斯多亚是中世纪哲学的代表性人物，他主张通过信仰来认识上帝和真理，对哲学的探究持怀疑态度。
西方思想经典导读 有中文
Chapter 9 Romanticism1. Romanticism refers to an attitude or intellectual orientation that characterizes many works of literature , painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.浪漫主义指的是一种态度或知识取向,刻画出了许多作品的文学、绘画、音乐、建筑、批评和史学在西方文明在一段时间内从18世纪末到19世纪中叶。
2. The "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth, known as the manifesto of romanticism, addresses the subjects, aim and style of romantic poetry as well as the essential characteristics of a romantic poet.威廉·华兹华斯是一个浪漫的诗人，他写的抒情诗集的“卷首语”,被称为浪漫主义宣言,讨论了浪漫主义诗歌的主题,目的和风格以及基本特征的。
3. William Wordsworth was an early leader of Romanticism in English poetry, who ranks as one of the greatest lyric poets in the history of English literature.威廉·华兹华斯是英语诗歌中早期浪漫主义的领袖,他在英语文学的历史位列最伟大的抒情诗人之一。
《西方思想经典》课件
萨特的存在主义与人道主义
总结词
自由选择与责任
社会与历史的挑战
萨特的存在主义与人道主义强调个体 的自由选择和责任，以及在社会和历 史背景下所面临的挑战和困境。
萨特认为个体的存在是自由的，每个 人都有权利选择自己的生活方式和价 值观。但同时，个体也必须为自己的 选择承担责任，并意识到自己的选择 对自身和他人的影响。
科学进步
西方思想经典推动了科学技 术的进步和发展，为人类的 生产力和生活水平的提高做 出了巨大贡献。
文化交流
西方思想经典是世界文化交 流的重要载体，促进了不同 文化之间的相互了解和融合 。
社会变革
西方思想经典对社会变革和 历史进步产生了深远影响， 为人类社会的进步和发展提 供了重要思想武器。
02
CATALOGUE
萨特认为个体在社会和历史背景下会 面临各种挑战和困境。他强调个体应 积极参与社会变革和发展，通过行动 来推动社会进步和实现人道主义理想 。同时，他也指出个体在面对困境时 需要勇敢地承担责任，不断探索和创 新，以实现个体的自由和价值。
THANKS
感谢观看
超人哲学
尼采提出超人概念，认为人类应通过培养超人的品质，超越自身的动物性和局限性，追求 更高的目标和意义。超人具有创造性和无限可能性，能够超越传统社会和文化的限制，实 现真正的自由和自我实现。
海德格尔的存在主义
01
总结词
海德格尔的存在主义强调个体存在的独特性和不可替代性，以及在面对
存在的意义和真理时所面临的困境和挑战。
的哲学思想对现代社会的发展产生了深远的影响。
04
CATALOGUE
近代哲学思想
笛卡尔的理性主义
总结词
笛卡尔是西方近代哲学的奠基人，他提出了“我思故我在”的著名论断，强调理性思考和怀疑一切的 精神。
西方政治思想史复习资料（大全五篇）
西方政治思想史复习资料（大全五篇）第一篇：西方政治思想史复习资料西方政治思想史复习参考题（一）绪论1、西方政治思想史的研究对象对象：政治思想史是以理论的形态，展现历史发展不同阶段上各个阶级、阶层、社会、集团关于以国家为中心的政治学说和政治主张。
國家問題，是政治思想史研究的主要对象。
包括认识国家（不同阶级的人们关于国家起源、基础、本质、性质等问题的学说）和组织国家（国家政权组织形式和组织原则）。
研究对象中讲的国家问题包括那几个方面答：西方政治思想史，是研究人类历史发展的各个历史时期中各阶级、阶层或社会集团对社会政治制度，国家政权组织等方面的观念和理论；以及各种政治思想派别产生发展及其相互斗争的历史过程；各种政治思想在当时社会条件下所起的作用,及其在政治思想发展史中的地位和影响等等，从而探索和研究政治思想发展的基本规律。
2、把握政治思想史应注意那几个方面.1、政治思想是对政治实践的直接反映，并为政治实践服务;2.有文字记载以来的人类政治实践都是和国家政权相联系的；3.人的政治实践、政治思想受社会经济关系的制约;4.政治思想具有相对的独立性；5.政治思想对社会政治实践起着积极的、能动作用；6.西方社会经济、政治、文化的发展和西方政治思想的发展有其独特的特点和道路。
注：政治实践1、社会变革时期：对旧的社会制度的批判，对新的理想制度的设想和论证2、社会相对和平发展时期：认证现实制度的合理性，探讨如何改善先是制度3、为什么要以马克思辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义为指导？第一：辨证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是无产阶级的科学的世界观和方法论，它既是学习西方政治思想史的指导思想，又是学习西方政治思想史的科学方法。
第二：必须坚持阶级分析的方法。
第三：坚持马克思主义的历史唯物主义观点，把历史的和逻辑的统一起来，从当时的经济关系和阶级关系出发，研究个个政治思想家及其政治思想的产生和发展，以及他在历史上所起的作用和对以后各派别政治思想的影响。
西方思想经典——《理想国》（PDF）
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西方思想经典名词解释整理
智者智者是在希腊城邦中涌现出的一批职业教师，他们自称智者，对社会政治和伦理问题进行了广泛的探讨，阐述了许多新颖的主张和见解，智者以人的眼光去考察社会政治和法律问题，将希腊学术研究的主题从对自然和神的研究转向和社会；智者关注自然与约定的关系，有的智者肯定习俗和法律的价值，认为其符合自然和正义，主张人们应维护和遵守城邦的习俗和法律；也有的智者将自然和法律对立起来，主张变更或废弃与人性相悖的法律和习俗；这已经蕴含了自然法思想的萌芽。
从“自然”与“法律”的对立出发，一些智者引伸出了十分激进的平等思想。
它成为斯多葛派平等思想的先声。
2、苏格拉底苏格拉底是与智者同时代的人，他与智者一起推动了希腊哲学研究由自然向人和社会的转向。
他特别关注伦理道德问题的讨论，他喜欢研究“什么是??”的问题，也即探讨事物的本质，这使他成为西方哲学和科学理性主义主流传统的开拓者。
他突出强调道德是城邦政治的基础，而知识和教育是城邦政治的根本，并提出了“美德即知识”的着名论断。
他认为治国是一门专门的知识，认为政治家应当是具有这种相应知识的人，并由此主张贤人政治和专家政治。
3、柏拉图柏拉图是古希腊城邦时代的政治哲学家。
他对理想国的基本原则和基本制度生活方式进行了阐述，论证了合乎正义的城邦的基本原则，描绘了城邦的基本结构和城邦生活。
在柏拉图那里，所谓正义的城邦即理想国贯穿着整体主义的精神，和严格的社会分工的原则，柏拉图理想国的核心内容是哲学家执政治国，柏拉图以社会分工理论为基础，主张把政治统治权交给哲学家，把现实国家改造成理想国家。
4、哲学王柏拉图理想国家的核心内容是哲学家执政。
他认为只有哲学家才能达到对国家理念的认识，知道如何治理国家，同时，也只有他们，能够用自己的品德改造城邦公民恶劣的品性，由此他以社会分工理论为基础，主张把政治统治权完全交给少数政治家，把将现实国家改造成理想国家的希望寄托在哲学家治国上，主张由哲学家垄断城邦的全部权力，将哲学家置于等级结构的顶端，即哲学家为王（哲学王）。
西方思想经典导读知识点总结
西方思想经典导读知识点总结Unit1 The Christian BibleGenesisExodusGospel According to MatthewActs of the ApostlesCompare with China1.Chinese Creation Stories2.汉译《圣经》之考察Supplementary Reading1 .Is Religion Just Organized Superstition?Is Superstition Always Religious?2.How Is Science Different from Religion?3.Why I Am Not a ChristianQuestionsfor DiscussionUnit 2 Greek&Roman Sages （1）Socrates：The ApologyPlato：The RepublicCompare with China1.AxialAge2.苏格拉底与孔子的言说方式比较Supplementary Reading雅典凭什么判苏格拉底死刑Questions for DiscussionUnit 3 Greek&Roman Sages （2）Aristotle：The PoliticsCicero：On the LaWSCompare with ChinaGreat Learning and Zhe MeanSupplementary ReadingMarcus了ullius Cicero QuotesQuestions forDiscussionUnit4 Medieval Christian Church FathersSt.Augustine：The EnchiridionThomas Aquinas：Summa Contra GentilesCompare with ChinaNeo—Confucianism and Later Confucian Philosophy Supplementary Readingmon Characteristics of Scholasticism2.St.Thomas AquinasQuestions for DiscussionUnit 5 Renaissance AdventurersChristopher Columbus：Journal and LetterNicolb Machiavelli：The PrinceCompare with ChinaThe Rise and Fall of 15th Century Chinese Seapower Supplementary Reading1 .No Cheers for Columbus2.Conservatives Hail for ColumbusQuestionsfor DiscussionUnit 6 Religious ReformationDesiderius Erasmus：A Pilgrimage for Religion’S Sake Martin Luther：An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility John Calvin：Institutes of the Christian Religion……Unit 7 Modern Scientific Thinking(1)Unit 8 Modern Scientific Thinking(2)Unit 9 Modern Political ScienceUnit 10 Classical LiberalismUnit 11 Amti-LiberalismUnit 12 EvolutionistsUnit 13 Socialism and CommunismUnit 14 Early 20th Century:Man &SocietyUnit 15 Science & ReligionUnit 16 Man & Woman:Modern Existence。
西方思想经典导读孙有中课后题答案
西方思想经典导读孙有中课后题答案第一章单元测试1、判断题：亨廷顿“挑战者文明”主要伊斯兰和中国文明。
（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】2、判断题：“文明断层线”，亨廷顿所给的主要例子巴尔干半岛。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】3、判断题：汉朝与匈奴人的战争，隋朝唐朝与突厥人的战争等是文明间战争。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】4、判断题：所谓“第一次世界大战”“第二次世界大战”的叫法并不准确。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】5、判断题：16世纪，葡萄牙人在与土耳其人争夺对印度洋控制权的斗争中，发现伊朗人非但不是其敌人，反而是其盟友。
（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】第二章单元测试1、多选题：《艺术作品的本源》所说的“让作品成其为作品”意味着（）选项：A:“作品”孤独地被固定于形态中而立足于自身B:作品从它自身以外的东西的所有关系中解脱出来C:艺术作品是“自立”、“自持”的D:作品要给读者提供阅读享受，取悦接受者的阅读情趣答案: 【“作品”孤独地被固定于形态中而立足于自身;作品从它自身以外的东西的所有关系中解脱出来;艺术作品是“自立”、“自持”的】2、判断题：《艺术作品的本源》提出艺术是决定艺术作品和艺术家的第三者。
（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】3、判断题：从海德格尔存在不是存在者的哲学观，可以判定树木、房屋、桥梁都属于存在者。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】4、判断题：海德格尔认为无机物、植物、动物等非人的族类都也有世界。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】5、判断题：《艺术作品的本源》中说“作品在这种自身回归中让其出现”，这里的“其”是指大地。
（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】6、判断题：希罗多德被古罗马政治家兼文学家西塞罗誉为史学之父。
( )选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】。
西方政治思想史(复习资料)
第一章古代希腊政治思想什么是“中庸”原则？梭伦改革对雅典城邦的影响？答：影响：梭伦的改革在雅典建立了有限的温和的民主制，为日后民主制的发展和繁荣奠定基础。
其调解公民内部矛盾的中庸思想为亚里士多德所吸收。
毕泰戈拉学派的影响？答：毕泰戈拉学派认为，数是外物的本源。
整个世界万物都具有数的比例关系，适当的数的比例关系就构成和谐。
“和谐”的原意是将不同的事物连接或调和在一起。
该学派用它指一定数的比例关系。
反合乎这种比例，就产生和谐。
比如，各天体之间距离的数的比例关系构成整个天体的和谐；人体内的湿和干、冷和热、苦和甜之间适当的比例使人健康；“黄金分割段”作为一种数的比例关系产生和谐的美感，这种造成适当和谐的比例、尺度就是正义。
关于城邦（古希腊城邦有哪三个阶级构成，哪些人在治理，城邦的特征(内、外部看)，有哪些思想家对城邦的稳固做出了贡献）答：特征：（1）古希腊的城邦是一种特殊的国家形式。
从外部特征上看，最显著的特征是小国寡民。
（2）从本质上说，城邦是自由公民的自治团体，是公民在法律之下分享权力的义务的政治体系。
（3）城邦政治是极其多元化的；（4）政治制度变动不居；组成：所有城邦都由三个身份集团构成：奴隶、无公民权的自由人和自由公民。
奴隶与自由人的区分是城邦制度的基础。
无公民权的自由人包括妇女和外邦人。
古希腊政治思想的特点：（1）自然政治观与整体主义价值观；（2）理性的政治思考与近代科学的研究方法；（3）特定的研究主题和范围（所谓的政治学就是关于城邦的技术和学问，它包括对城邦的起源、性质、目的、职能等的一般认识，以及关于如何组织和管理城邦的观点和主张）；（4）公民的政治视角。
什么是智者？答：公元前5世纪后半叶，在希腊一些城邦中用涌现出了一大批自称“智者”的职业教师。
他们向人们传授有关辩论、诉讼、演说、修辞的技巧及相应的参政知识，并收取学费。
作为第一批专注于社会政治问题的学者，他们对社会、政治和伦理的问题进行了广泛的探讨，阐述了许多新颖的观点和主张。
西方社会思想史复习知识点(本人精心总结的)
西方社会思想史复习答案一、简答题1、亚里士多德城邦社会学主要观点（1）人之所以自然倾向于过城邦生活，是因为任何人都不不是自足的，只有通过城邦生活，人类才能获得完全的自给自足。
（2）人必须加入城邦生活，在亚里士多德看来不只是因为城邦是满足人类需要的生活共同体，还因为城邦是实现人类本性的道德共同体。
（3）在个人与城邦社会的关系问题上，亚里士多德的基本取向与柏拉图的相似，也是整体论和反原子主义的。
（4）在上述的整体观与多元统一观的基础上，亚里士多德构建了他的社会结构理论，即社会等级结构和社会分层结构。
2、孔德关于实证主义社会学实证的定义（1）现实的而不是幻想的；（2）有用的而不是无用的；（3）可靠的而不是可疑的；（4）确切的而不是含糊的；（5）肯定的而不是否定的。
3、孔德提出的社会学研究方法（1）观察法是社会学的主要研究方法。
对社会事实的观察有助于把社会学提升到科学的水平，是社会学家所运用的材料具有客观性。
但观察并不是盲目地搜集事实，任何社会观察，都应以是正的基本理论为前提。
（2）实验法是社会学的第二种研究方法。
分为直接实验和间接实验。
（3）比较法是一种对事物的静态思考，孔德认为通过对人类社会和动物社会的比较，可以弄清人类与动物之间的区别与联系。
（4）历史法师社会学的专门方法，是从事物先后和连续上考察社会现象的方法，本质上是比较法，只不过比较的时空维度不同而已。
4、斯宾塞的社会有机体理论的内容在1896年出版的《社会学原理》中，斯宾塞提出了“社会是一个有机体”著名论断。
在他看来，社会本身就是个生物有机体，遵循着生物有机体的一般发展规律。
主要表现在以下几个方面：1、社会和生物有机体一样，都有发育、生长、成熟、衰老等阶段，从各部分相似的未分化状态成长为各部分不同的分化状态；2、当社会有机体体积增大时，社会结构、社会关系也在增大，它们的功能也在增大与分化，并且日益复杂，这样就会导致专业化的产生；3、一旦社会有机体各部分不同，则它们之间必然发生相互依赖、相互联系，而进化使得这种依赖关系更加显著；4、在简单社会中，社会功能可互相替代；而在复杂的社会中，社会整合的要求越来越高，迫切需要一个能够控制协调各部分行动的“管理系统”。
西方思想经典导读-有中文
Chapter 9 Romanticism1. Romanticism refers to an attitude or intellectual orientation that characterizes many works of literature , painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century.浪漫主义指的是一种态度或知识取向,刻画出了许多作品的文学、绘画、音乐、建筑、批评和史学在西方文明在一段时间内从18世纪末到19世纪中叶。
2. The "Preface" to Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth, known as the manifesto of romanticism, addresses the subjects, aim and style of romantic poetry as well as the essential characteristics of a romantic poet.威廉·华兹华斯是一个浪漫的诗人，他写的抒情诗集的“卷首语”,被称为浪漫主义宣言,讨论了浪漫主义诗歌的主题,目的和风格以及基本特征的。
3. William Wordsworth was an early leader of Romanticism in English poetry, who ranks as one of the greatest lyric poets in the history of English literature.威廉·华兹华斯是英语诗歌中早期浪漫主义的领袖,他在英语文学的历史位列最伟大的抒情诗人之一。
西方思想史复习资料
如何理解“人是万物的尺度”？㈠人文主义角度：人类中心主义。
㈡认识论角度：以人为认识的出发点；相对主义，多元和混乱。
赫拉克利特的哲学思想。
㈠流变说，流变乃对立之源。
宇宙是“一团永恒的活火”。
㈡逻各斯生成万物，影响自然法。
㈢对立造就和谐。
任何事物都是对立面的综合体。
智者学派的思想主张及启蒙意义。
㈠思想主张：⒈哲学应重人事。
⒉人可通过理智认识宇宙。
⒊否认真理的绝对和永恒。
⒋自然说和约定说。
㈡启蒙意义：⒈促进民主平等。
个体成为公共事务的主角。
⒉相对主义促进了认识论的发展。
⒊实现哲学的“人文转向”。
原子论内容及评价。
㈠内容：世界由原子和虚空组成。
原子在虚空中永恒运动，冲撞形成物体。
物体解体后，原子重组成其他物体。
原子在运动过程中保持不变。
㈡评价：⒈古希腊唯物主义哲学的巅峰。
⒉为哲学的“人文转向”削弱了宗教的干扰。
⒊始终停留于思辨阶段。
苏格拉底的思想观点及评价。
㈠思想观点：⒈美德即知识，邪恶即无知。
⒉守法即正义。
法律应符合城邦及公民利益。
⒊理性至上。
理性神的理论。
⒋认识你自己，成为你自己。
⒌知识源于内心，自我求索见真知。
㈡评价：⒈奠定爱智思想和道德价值观。
⒉自然法雏形。
⒊理性至上，启蒙运动的先声。
⒋雅典民主政体的改良者。
⒌思想缺乏妥协性。
迷信美德。
理念论内容及评价。
㈠内容：宇宙存在两个世界，感官能感觉到的现象世界和无形的理念世界。
真正的存在都在理念世界，现象世界的物体都是虚假的，只不过是理念的歪曲摹本和影子。
㈡评价：⒈最早提出了共相理论。
⒉深化人们的认识，引导对规律和本质等内在属性的研究。
⒊粗糙而不严密。
迷信形而上学。
亚里士多德的形而上学理论及评价。
㈠内容：⒈形而上学的本义：在物理学之后，即超越经验领域到达靠思辨把握的神圣领域，研究存在物的本质。
⒉第一实体的双重含义，一是个别事物，二是普遍事物。
⒊实体来源于形式与质料的结合。
⒋运动是形式与质料接触的产物。
第一推动力是非物质的存在。
㈡评价：⒈实体是哲学史上诸多研究对象的首次统一。
西方思想试题及答案
西方思想试题及答案1. 请简述启蒙运动的主要思想家及其贡献。
答案：启蒙运动的主要思想家包括伏尔泰、卢梭、孟德斯鸠和康德。
伏尔泰主张宗教宽容和言论自由，反对封建专制；卢梭强调社会契约和人民主权；孟德斯鸠提出三权分立理论；康德则强调道德自律和启蒙精神。
2. 描述文艺复兴时期人文主义的核心理念。
答案：文艺复兴时期的人文主义核心理念是重视人的价值和尊严，强调个人主义和理性思考，倡导对古典文化的复兴和研究，以及对自然和人类社会的探索。
3. 什么是存在主义，其主要代表人物是谁？答案：存在主义是一种哲学思想，主张个体的存在先于其本质，强调个人自由和选择的重要性。
其主要代表人物包括萨特、海德格尔和尼采。
4. 请解释柏拉图的“理念论”。
答案：柏拉图的“理念论”认为，现实世界是不完美和暂时的，而真正的、永恒的真理存在于理念世界中。
理念是完美无瑕的，是现实世界的原型。
5. 亚里士多德的“四因说”是什么？答案：亚里士多德的“四因说”包括质料因、形式因、动力因和目的因。
质料因指构成事物的物质；形式因指事物的形状或结构；动力因指事物变化的原因；目的因指事物存在的目的或终极原因。
6. 简述康德的“道德律”。
答案：康德的“道德律”主张道德行为应基于普遍性原则，即“行为的准则应当能够成为普遍法则”。
他强调道德行为的动机应出于对道德法则的尊重，而非出于对结果的期望。
7. 请阐述马克斯·韦伯的“理性化”理论。
答案：马克斯·韦伯的“理性化”理论认为现代社会的特征是理性化过程，即人们的行为和社会组织越来越基于逻辑和理性原则，而非传统或情感。
这导致了官僚制度的兴起和个人主义的增强。
8. 什么是尼采的“超人”概念？答案：尼采的“超人”概念是对传统道德和价值观的批判。
他认为超人是超越了传统道德束缚和平庸价值观的个体，能够创造自己的价值观和生活方式。
9. 请解释黑格尔的“辩证法”。
答案：黑格尔的“辩证法”是一种哲学方法，认为事物的发展是通过矛盾和对立的统一来实现的。
西方思想史复习整理
西方思想史复习整理一、柏拉图:柏拉图( 约公元前427年—公元前347年),古希腊哲学家。
著有对话体著作《理想国》。
柏拉图就是客观唯心主义得创始人。
她继承与发展了苏格拉底得"概念"论与巴门尼德得存在论,建立了以理念论为核心得哲学体系。
理念论就是柏拉图哲学得本体论,也就是柏拉图哲学得基石。
她得"回忆说"认为认识就就是回忆,坚持了唯心主义先验论。
她得理念论承继了旧氏族时代得"因袭得观点与思想方式",带有许多浓厚得宗教色彩与神秘主义因素。
柏拉图对后世得影响:只有到了文艺复兴,当西方世界对于古典文明得兴趣开始复苏时,柏拉图得哲学才又开始受到广泛重视。
许多早期从经院哲学脱离出来得现代科学家与艺术家促长了文艺复兴得进展,她们将柏拉图得哲学视为就是艺术与科学进步得基础。
自从19世纪开始,许多西方哲学家也将她们得理论根基于柏拉图得著作之上。
柏拉图得影响在数学界与科学界特别大,尤其就是戈特洛布·弗雷格以及她得学生如库尔特·哥德尔与阿隆佐·邱奇等人。
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦也采用了柏拉图所提出得有着永恒不变得现实存在得主张,反对尼尔斯·玻尔提出得物理宇宙以及她对量子力学得解释。
相反得,那些脱离了本体论理论模型以及道德理想得哲学家,则通常会以其她各种观点批评柏拉图主义。
例如尼采便攻击柏拉图把世界分割成两个得作法,马丁·海德格尔则批评柏拉图模糊化了人类生命得本质,而卡尔·波普尔则在她得《开放社会及其敌人》(1945)一书中批评柏拉图在《理想国》里所提议得政府形式就是个典型得极权主义政权。
列奥·施特劳斯被一些人视为就是恢复柏拉图在道德哲学上得影响力得主要哲学家,她采取得就是较少形而上学得形式。
不过,由于受到尼采与海德格尔得影响,施特劳斯并不认同她们对于柏拉图得谴责,而就是专注于在对话录里寻找柏拉图面对批评所提出得可能解答。
西方思想经典 复习资料
Leviticus 利未记Numbers 民数记Deuteronomy 申命记Genesis 创世记Exodus 出埃及记Matthew, Mark, Luke, JohnHebrew patriarchs(创始人)：Abraham, Isaac and JacobGod formed man of the dust of the Ground, and breathed into his nostrils(鼻孔) the breathe of life, and man became a living soul.The Acts of the Apostles 使徒行传The Epistles 使教书信The Revelation 启示录Gospel According to Matthew –New TestamentBeatitudes(八福词)Blessed are the poor in spirit; Blessed are they that mourn(哀悼); Blessed are the meek(温驯)；Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness; Blessed are the merciful; Blessed are the pure in heart(清心寡欲)；Blessed are the peace-maker; Blessed are they which persecuted for righteousness’s sake.Salt and light 将真信徒比作盐和光House upon a rock 聪明的人把房子建在岩石上House upon the sand 无知的人把房子建在沙土之上Salt of the earth 精英份子Miracle and wonders and signs: pervasive activities 无所不在的行为Thunders and lightning: God’s mighty power⑦a jealous God: a God who tolerant no rivals⑥original sin: is the Christian doctrine of humanity’s state of sin resulting from the fall of man, naturally the sin of eating fruits from the tree of knowledge of God and evil stemming from Adam’s rebelling in Eden. Saint Augustine link this to human sexuality.2. What are the difference between the God in the Old Testament and Jesus in the New Testament?God is cruel and violent; Jesus is merciful and gracious. Curses and blesses, fearing God and Loving God.To the glory, that may Greece;And the grandeur that was Roman!The Dark Age(1000—750?BC): lack of written recordsArchaic Age(750—480BC) 古代时期Classical Age (480—323BC)古典时期The Apology申辩论—Socrates(469—399BC)Socrates’s Accuser: Meletus and Augtus and Lycon\Death is a dreamless sleep and a relocation to another placeSocrates is accused of1. Corrupting the young2. Not believing in the gods of the city3. Believing in other spiritsPlato(428—347BC) established the first “European University”, the Academy in Athens.Forms: Forms are those changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essences or patterns of which the actual visible objects we see are only poor copies.There is the Form of the Triangle, and all the triangles we see are mere copies of that Form.Allegory of the Cave ：①Imprisonment in the cavePlato has Socrates describe a gathering of people who have lived chained to the wall of a cave all of their lives, facing a blank wall. The people watch shadows projected on the wall from things passing in front of a fire behind them, and they begin to give names to these shadows. The shadows are as close as the prisoners get to viewing reality.②Departure from the cavePlato then supposes that one prisoner is freed, being forced to turn and see the fire. The light would hurt his eyes and make it hard for him to see the objects that are casting the shadows. But slowly, his eyes adjust to the light of the sun. First he can only see shadows. Gradually he can see the reflections of people and things in water and then later see the people and things themselves. Eventually he is able to look at the stars and moon at night until finally he can look upon the sun itself.③Return to the cavePlato continues, saying that the freed prisoner would think that the real world was superior to the world he experienced in the cave, he would want to bring his fellow cave dwellers out of the cave and into the sunlight. The returning prisoner, whose eyes have become acclimated to the light of the sun, would be blind when here-enters the cave, just as he was when he was first exposed to the sun. The prisoners, according to Socrates, would infer from the returning man's blindness that the journey out of the cave had harmed him and that they should not undertake asimilar journey. Socrates concludes that the prisoners, if they were able, would therefore reach out and kill anyone who attempted to drag them out of the caveThe world we see are the world of Forms. Knowledge of forms is innate, they are abstract and we know them through our soul, through intuition. Every object we see copies a Form. These objects are just shadow of a Form. We can come to grasp the Forms with our heads cultivated by instructors.Axial Age: Karl Jaspers created the term “Axial Age”of human civilization for the period 800-200BC exemplified by world’s greatest spiritual leaders in The Origin and God of History.The most extraordinary events are concentrated in this period. Everything implied during these few centuries almost simultaneously in China, India and the West, without any one of these regions knowing of the others.14.What is Plato’s ideal state composed of?The lowest class (merchant class) are governed by their appetite, the soldier (military class) is governed by his will, the philosophic person is governed by reason.In the best form of government, which Plato considers to be aristocracy, justice occurs when each of these types of person does his a appointed task; this means that justice is served when everyone keeps his or her place. This is ruled by a group of carefully trained men and women over fifty, who are all philosophersLyceum 逍遥学派10. Differences between Plato and Aristotle?Plato observed the world with the way of mathematics. He is an idealist and interested in Forms. He applied deduction (from general to specific) and looked for the ideal state. Aristotle was more interested in sense and became an empiricist with the way of biology. He applied the way of induction (from specific to general), seeking solution problems of living.The Politics 政治学--Aristotle15. What are the true forms and perversions of government according to Aristotle?The true forms of government are those in which the one, or the few, or the many, govern with a view to the common interest. But government which rule with a view to the private interest, whether of the one or of the few, or of the many, are perversions, and the perversion are as follows of royalty, tyranny; of aristocracy(贵族政体), oligarchy(寡头政府); of constitution government, democracy.Doctrine of mean 中庸application of reason to fulfill one’s innate abilities.中庸the nature of happiness, asserting that human happiness derives from“self-sufficiency”On the Laws – Cicero (Roman 106—43BC)The principle of natural law was open to reason and human judgments3. What is the law meant in Cicero’s On the Laws? How does Cicero’s law different from the law we meant today?⑴There are 3 categories of law.Citizen law：private law and public lawLaw of nations: beginning of international lawNatural law：there were universal rules of conduct that flow from people as rational beings, irrespective of where or when they live.⒅⒅.Cosmopolitanism:All people are citizens of the same human community.❝To look at the world process as a drama is to admit that everyone has a role in it.❝What relates people to each other is the fact that each person shares a common element.❝It is as though the Logos is a main telephone line and all people are on a conference call, therefore connecting God to all people and people to eachother.Ethics 伦理主义13. The Roman world contributed Jesus to Western civilization, but an equally important contribution is the Roman laws, military art and civil administration. Justice is the bond of men in statesConstantine the Great 君士坦丁大帝Byzantium 拜占庭Constantinople 君士坦丁堡Istanbul 伊斯坦布尔The Early Middle Age(350—1050) The High Middle Age(1050—1300) The Late Middle Age(1300—1450)⒄the Patristic era(教父时期): The period extending from the beginning of the Christian speculation(思索) to the time of St. Augustine is known as the Patristic era in philosophy and theology. This era included Platonism and underestimated the importance of Aristotle.⒃Scholasticism(经院哲学)：the philosophical and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason.⒀the Age of Faith : During the Medieval Ages from the 5th century to the 15th centuryinEuropeanhistory there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, andlearning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”The Enchiridion(手册)—St. Augustine (354—430)⒁The Enchiridion: It is a writing of St. Augustine. A Christian layman wanted a hand book(Enchiridion) which would sum up the essential Christian teaching in the briefest possible form. The shorted complete summary of the Christian faith Augustine said is that God is to be served by man in faith, hope and love. He proceeds to expand in an essay his answer that he acknowledged to be too brief. It is a “conscious effort of the theological magistrate of Western Church to stand on final ground of testimony to the Christian truth.” This “Enchiridion” or “manual” is a bold expression at the time of what we tend to accept as common talks today.⑸Free will: Evil or sin is the product of the will. In spite of the fact of original sin, we still posses the freedom of the will. But we use free will wrongly. Even when we choose rightly, we don’t possess the spiritual power to do the good we have chosen. We must have the help of God’s grace. Whereas evil is caused by free will, virtue is not the product of our will but of God’s grace.4. What is true liberty according to Augustine?Summa Contra Gentiles 反异教大全Thomas AquinasHe tries to build the consonance(协调) between philosopher’s quest for mundane （世俗）truth based on reason and Christian’s quest for divine truth based on revelation（启示）. It is literally means summary against the Gentiles.The divine intellect surpasses the angelic intellect much more than the angelic surpasses the human.5. Why is reason alone unreliable according to Augustine?Three disadvantage would result if divine truth were left solely to the inquiry of reason: One is that would have knowledge of God; because very many are hindered(阻碍) from gathering the fruit of diligent (勤劳的) inquiry, which is the discovery of truth. The second disadvantage is that those who arrive at the discovery of the aforesaid truth would scarcely succeed in doing so after a long time. The third disadvantage is that much falsehood is mingled(混入) with the investigation of human reason, on account of the weakness of our intellect in forming its judgments, and by reason of admixture of phantasms(幻觉).6. ⑴Machiavelli wrote The Prince under the background of Italy of his time during which his country was political unrest, remaining divided, balkanized and eruptive state with foreign invasion.⑵From the view of consequentialism, it ends justify means.⑶Machiavelli stressed on rational, original thought with little traces of religious orientation.⑷It is also a clarion(号角) of nationalism and rationality⑸Machiavelli had his target audience : the prince who will raise, a banner Italy ready and willing to follow.Unit 6 .Martin Luther(Greman theologian and religious reformer): An Open Letter to the Christian Nobility 致基督教贵族的公开信Ninety-Five Theses 九十五条论纲We ought to go boldly forward to test all that they do or leave undone, according to our interpretation of the Scriptures, which rests on faithJohn Calvin :Institution of the Christian Religion 基督教要义He is a French theologian and most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant ReformationLutheranism Calvinism 加尔文主义Protestantism ①Luther’s idea of justification by faith 因信称义②Calvin’s notion of double predestination 双重预定the elect 选民salvation 得救And the unelect 弃民destruction 沉沦Pride was the beginning of all evil.Double Predestination: Eternal election, by which God has predestinated some to salvation, other to destruction.How did Calvin illustrate the relationship between prescience and predestination?The predestination by God adopts some to the hope of life, and adjudges others to eternal death, no man who would be thought pious(虔诚的) ventures simply to deny; but it is greatly caviled(挑剔) at , especially by those who make prescience its cause.Francis Bacon held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.Francis Bacon : the most powerful mind of modern times.Novum Organum 新工具：Drew our attention to the importance of “method” or “instrument”by which we perceive things. The principle of Novum Organum include accurate observation and experimentation, calling for abandoning prejudices and preconceived attitudes, which he called idolsWhy are the four idols archenemy for Bacon?The Idols of the tribe (人的共同错误) have foundation in human nature itself, and in the tribe or race of men. The human understanding is like a false mirror, which, receiving rays irregularly, distorts and discolors the name of things by making its own nature with it.The Idols of the cave(个人专有错误) are the idols of individual man. For everyone(beside the errors common to human nature in general) has a cave or den of his own, which refracts(折射) and discolors the light of nature.The Idols of the marketplace(人云亦云的传闻) are idols formed by intercourse and associating of men with each other. The ill and unfit choice of words wonderfully obstructs the understanding.The Idols of the Theater are idols which have immigrated into one mind from the various dogmas of philosophies and also from wrong laws of demonstration. For all the received systems are but so many stage plays, representing worlds of their own creation after an unreal and scenic fashion.Rene Descartes(French) Discourse on Method 谈谈方法Descartes attempted to the rational deductive methods of science, and particularly of mathematic to philosophy.The power of forming a good judgment and of distinguishing the truth from the false is properly speaking that what is called Good sense or ReasonFollow the straight road.Those who proceed very slowly way, provided that they always follow the straight road, really advanced much faster than those who, though they run, forsake itWhat is the “Method” to Descartes and why is it important?Thomas Hobbes（English）is best known for his publication on individual security and the social contractLeviathan 利维坦Leviathan, a Hebrew name for huge monster, is represented in the Bible as crocodile, whale, or sea-serpent. Here it is symbol of an absolute state. Upon this image, Hobbes intended to build a comprehensive theory of government and social structure. It is the first great and comprehensive political philosophy produced by an English thinker.Leviathan is called commonwealth or state which is but an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural, for whose protection and defense in was intended. Covenant 协议John Locke founded the school of empiricism. 经验主义学派Two Treatises of Government 政府论两篇Of Civil Government 政府论He advanced a system of check and balance in governmentLegislative is more powerful than the executive or judicial.What is political power and law of nature according to John Locke？Political power was believed by John Locke to be a right of making laws, with penalties(处罚) of death, and consequently all less penalties for the regulating and preserving of property, and of employing the force of community in the execution of such laws, and in the defence of the commonwealth from foreign injury, and all this only for public good.The state of Nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one, and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions; for man being all the workmanship of one omnipotent and infinitely wise Maker; all the servants of one sovereign Master, sent into the world by His order and about His business; they are His property, whose workmanship they are made to last during His, not one another’s pleasure.What does Classical Liberalism(经典自由主义) oppose?They argue for political, economic, and social reform:①they oppose feudal restraints that prevent individual from any change of social status, barriers such as censorship and arbitrary power(强制权力). ②In international affairs, they opposed domination by military consideration and the exploitation of native colonial people, and argued instead for a cosmopolitan policy of international cooperation. ③In economics, liberals have attached monopolies and mercantilist(重商主义) state policies that subject the economy to state control.④In religion, liberals fought against interference in the affairs of the state and attempts by religious pressure groups to influence public opinion.Adam Smith (British): father of modern economicsThe Wealth of Nations 国富论7.Why does Adam Smith oppose monopoly?The respect of the monopoly lead the officers of the army to oppose with the same zeal and unanimity any reduction in the numbers of forces with which master manufactures set themselves against every law that is likely to increase the number of their rivals in the home marker. This monopoly has so much increased the number of some particular tribes of them that, like an overgrown standing army, they have become formidable to the government, and upon many occasions intimidate the legislature.What is free trade?To explain this concept, Adam Smith proclaimed the principle of “invisible hand”. Every individual in pursuing his or her own good is led to achieve the good for all. Individuals become socialized, market oriented, class-bound. Therefore, any interference with free competition by government is almost certain to be injurious.⑽By pursuing his own interest, he frequently promotes that of the society more effectually than when he really intend to promote it.Unit 11.Jean-Jacques Rousseau （French）谈科学艺术对人类道德的影响The Social Contrast 社会契约论Confession 忏悔录What is Anti-Liberalism ?Distrust for the enlightenment ideals of reason and science. Appeal to return to the ideal of a simple, primitive society uncontaminated by modern civilization. It was based on a furtherance of the ideals of classical liberalism.A Discourse on the Moral Effects of the Arts and SciencesScience, art and social institution have corrupted human kind and that the nature or primitive, state is morally superior to the civilized state.The appearance of all the virtues, without being in possession of one of them.Men are perverse , but they would have been far worse, if they had had the misfortune to be born learned.Why is Rousseau critical of science and art?①Historical evidence: Rousseau pointed to historical evidence. Egypt was the mother of philosophy and the fine arts; soon she was conquered by Cambyses, and then successively by the Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs and finally the Turks. Greece, Rome②Conformity: Modern manners have made everyone conform in speech, dress, and attitude, always following the laws of fashion, so we no longer dare appear to be what we really are. The herd of humanity all act exactly alike, and so we never know even among our friends with whom we are dealing. Human relationships are now full of deceptions, whereas earlier people could easily see through one another, which prevented them from having many vices.③Differences: The danger to morality and to society caused by the confusion of contending theories or points of view. If everyone was allowed to pursue their own thoughts about moral values or even about scientific truth, inevitably, there would be serious differences of opinion. If differences of opinion were to be found everywhere, it would not be long before a deep skepticism spread through the population.What keep society together is faith, not knowledge.Diffusion among the population of the spirit of doubt culminates(达到高潮) in skepticismTo counteract these disintegrating treads in society, strong governments becomes necessary and this paves leads to despotismFriedrich Nietzsche(German) Existentialism and deconstructionism owe much to him.Unit 13,14.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Manifesto of the Communist Party 共产党宣言Cofounder of scientific socialism or modern CommunismMarxism or scientific socialism constitutes one of the principle currents of contemporary political thoughts.Marx’s analysis of capitalism economy and his theories of historical materialism, class struggle and surplus value(剩余价值) have become the basis of modern socialist doctrine.Eduard Bernstein, declares that socialism could best be attained by reformist.Manifesto of the Communist: The draft of the Communist Manifesto in 1848 was first prepared by Friedrich Engels, and elaborated and finalized by Karl Marx. It declares principles and objects of the Communist League. The Manifesto is the most concise and intelligible statement of Marx’s materialist view of history. Hence, although it produced little immediate effect, it has since become the most widely read of his books and the single most influential document in socialist canon.Bourgeois 资本家Proletarians 无产者Optimism about human nature and the glorious future of civilization was discredited. Sigmund Freud: An Outline of Psychoanalysis 精神分析学大纲Freud explored the dark side of man’s inner world for an explanation of the slaughter(屠夫) Edmund Husserl tried to secure an order in philosophy in the decadence(堕落) of civilization. John Dewey suggested that signs of hope for the declining West might be best found in education.Three Jews, Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Albert Einstein, changed the 20th century.Unconscious 潜意识Some of the most powerful influence on human personality are things about which we are not conscious. Many of our experience, especially our childhood experience, are forgotten and buried in the unconscious. Although we don’t recall them consciously, they continue to influence our behavior.What is important is that he opened up enormous areas for humanities and social science. Psychological man and along with political man, or economic man has become the dominate self –image in the 20th century.15. Id, Ego, and Super-ego(455): Freud divided human personality into 3 functional parts–Id, Ego and Superego. In Freudian system, the Id is the container of the instinctual urges. It is the unconscious part of mind, which seeks immediate satisfaction of desires. It is concerned with what a person wants to do. Ego is the rational, thoughtful, realistic personality process. It is characterized by a desire forindependence, autonomy and self direction. It is concerned with what a person can do. Superego is the idealized image that a person builds of himself in response to authority and social pressures.。
《西方思想经典》复习资料
1. W h a t d o e s t h e w o r d“B I B L E”m e a n?b o o k2. In Plato’s allegory of the cave, what does the sun represent?Truth3. Who came up with the sardonic讽刺的theory of humor?Thomas Hobbes4. According to genesis, god created how many days?Six days5. Who once attended Plato’s academy学院?Aristotle6. Which writer was imprisoned被囚禁during World WarⅡ？Jean-Paul Sartre7. According to genesis, what is the name of the place where Eve and Atomlived？The Garden of Eden8. Nicolo Machiavelli was what nationality? Italian9. According to genesis, which part does god use to create Eve from Atom？Rib10. What is the Sabbath day? The day of rest11. What is a leviathan?Sea monster12. Who said love your enemies?Jesus13. Who does Saul murder in Acts of the Apostles? Stephen (Stoned)14. What may be seen as an irrationalist revolt against traditional Westernphilosoph y, idealism in particular, as it rejects epistemology and the attempt to ground human knowledge?Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism15. What is a saint?A saint is a holy person.In the Christian Bible, only oneperson is expressly called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD."16. Which female writer lived a “free, lifelong association” with Jean-PaulSartre?Simone de Beauvoir17. What is a centurion百夫长?Roman soldier18. It is much safer to be feared than loved.Machiavelli: The Prince19. Men living together according to reason with out a common superior or earth,with authority to judge between them is properly the state of Nature.John Locke: Of Civil Government20. Our Father, which art in heaven/hallowed be thy name;thy kingdom come;thywill be done,in earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread.And forgive us our trespasses,as we forgive them that trespass against us.And lead us not into temptation;but deliver us from evil.[For thine is the kingdom,thepower, and the glory,for ever and ever.]Amen.Matthew21. In the beginning god created the heaven and the earth.Genesis22. Rather, it declares that even if god did exist, that would change nothing.Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism23. Behold! Human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth opentowards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way;Plato: The Republic24. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.Matthew25. God is a useless and costly hypothesis假设.Jean-Paul Sartre:Existentialism26. This human animal—prescient, sagacious, complex, acute, full ofmemory, reason and counsel, which we call man,—is generated by the supreme God in a more transcendent condition than most of his fellow–creatures. For he is the only creature among the earthly races of animated beings endued with superior reason and thought, in which the rest are deficient. And what is there, I do not say in man alone, but in all heaven and earth, more divine than reason, which, when it becomes ripe and perfect, is justly termed wisdom?Cicero: On the Laws27. Thus humanity is male and man defines woman not in herself but as relativeto him; she is not regarded as an autonomous being.Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex28. Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terrorof the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kind of elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes.Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Christian29. For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious,because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity command her.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince30. The existentialist does not think that man is going to help himself by findingin the world some omen by which to orient himself. Because he thinks that man will interpret the omen to suit himself. Therefore, he thinks that man, with no support and no aid, is condemned every moment to invent man. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism31. The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.(P280)John Locke: Of Civil Government32. Man is by nature a political animal. And therefore, men, even when they donot require one another's help, desire to live together; not but that they are also brought together by their common interests in proportion as they severally attain to any measure of well-being. This is certainly the chief end, both of individuals and of states.Aristotle: The Politics33. A PRINCE ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else forhis study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince34. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society moreeffectually than when he really intends to promote it.Adam smith: The Wealth of Nations35. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, toothfor tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Exodus36. First, that men are continually in competition for honor and dignity, whichthese creatures are not; and consequently amongst men there ariseth on that ground, envy, and hatred, and finally war; but amongst these not so.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan37. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with othertongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven.Acts of the Apostles38. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant togovern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst.Plato: The Republic39. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal cause of quarrel吵架.First competition; secondly, difference; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan●The Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Gospel According to Matthew, Acts of the Apostles)●Bertrand Russell：Why I am Not a Christian 上帝不存在，基督不是一个真正慈悲的人。
西方思想经典-文档资料
❖ Though individualism in the Renaissance put emphasis on individual, it doesn’t mean discard of social obligation and others’ interest. Instead, it calls for individual’s service and contribution to society, thus living a positive and honest life.
❖ In the domain of ideology, theology gave way to science, scholasticism was challenged by humanism.
❖ In social sphere, the newly-emerging townspeoplng class, which led to elevation of people’s social status through individual struggle and success.
❖ In politics, feudalism is replaced by centralized power, nations of modern concept was formed.
❖ In economic field, this period witnessed the gradual establishment of capitalism, and the fast development of business and industry.
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1. What does the word “BIBLE” mean? book2. In Plato’s allegory of the cave, what does the sun represent?Truth3. Who came up with the sardonic讽刺的theory of humor?Thomas Hobbes4. According to genesis, god created how many days?Six days5. Who once attended Plato’s academy学院?Aristotle6. Which writer was imprisoned被囚禁during World WarⅡ？Jean-Paul Sartre7. According to genesis, what is the name of the place where Eve and Atomlived？The Garden of Eden8. Nicolo Machiavelli was what nationality? Italian9. According to genesis, which part does god use to create Eve from Atom？Rib10. What is the Sabbath day? The day of rest11. What is a leviathan?Sea monster12. Who said love your enemies?Jesus13. Who does Saul murder in Acts of the Apostles? Stephen (Stoned)14. What may be seen as an irrationalist revolt against traditional Westernphilosoph y, idealism in particular, as it rejects epistemology and the attempt to ground human knowledge?Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism15. What is a saint?A saint is a holy person.In the Christian Bible, only oneperson is expressly called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD."16. Which female writer lived a “free, lifelong association” with Jean-PaulSartre?Simone de Beauvoir17. What is a centurion百夫长?Roman soldier18. It is much safer to be feared than loved.Machiavelli: The Prince19. Men living together according to reason with out a common superior or earth,with authority to judge between them is properly the state of Nature.John Locke: Of Civil Government20. Our Father, which art in heaven/hallowed be thy name;thy kingdom come;thywill be done,in earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread.And forgive us our trespasses,as we forgive them that trespass against us.And lead us not into temptation;but deliver us from evil.[For thine is the kingdom,thepower, and the glory,for ever and ever.]Amen.Matthew21. In the beginning god created the heaven and the earth.Genesis22. Rather, it declares that even if god did exist, that would change nothing.Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism23. Behold! Human beings living in a underground den, which has a mouth opentowards the light and reaching all along the den; here they have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning round their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised way;Plato: The Republic24. Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth.Matthew25. God is a useless and costly hypothesis假设.Jean-Paul Sartre:Existentialism26. This human animal—prescient, sagacious, complex, acute, full ofmemory, reason and counsel, which we call man,—is generated by the supreme God in a more transcendent condition than most of his fellow–creatures. For he is the only creature among the earthly races of animated beings endued with superior reason and thought, in which the rest are deficient. And what is there, I do not say in man alone, but in all heaven and earth, more divine than reason, which, when it becomes ripe and perfect, is justly termed wisdom?Cicero: On the Laws27. Thus humanity is male and man defines woman not in herself but as relativeto him; she is not regarded as an autonomous being.Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex28. Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear. It is partly the terrorof the unknown and partly, as I have said, the wish to feel that you have a kindof elder brother who will stand by you in all your troubles and disputes.Bertrand Russell: Why I Am Not a Christian29. For my part I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious,because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her; and it is seen that she allows herself to be mastered by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly. She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more audacity command her.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince30. The existentialist does not think that man is going to help himself by findingin the world some omen by which to orient himself. Because he thinks that man will interpret the omen to suit himself. Therefore, he thinks that man, with no support and no aid, is condemned every moment to invent man. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism31. The reason why men enter into society is the preservation of their property.(P280)John Locke: Of Civil Government32. Man is by nature a political animal. And therefore, men, even when they donot require one another's help, desire to live together; not but that they are also brought together by their common interests in proportion as they severally attain to any measure of well-being. This is certainly the chief end, both of individuals and of states.Aristotle: The Politics33. A PRINCE ought to have no other aim or thought, nor select anything else forhis study, than war and its rules and discipline; for this is the sole art that belongs to him who rules, and it is of such force that it not only upholds those who are born princes, but it often enables men to rise from a private station to that rank.Nicolo Machiavelli: The Prince34. By pursuing his own interest he frequently promotes that of the society moreeffectually than when he really intends to promote it.Adam smith: The Wealth of Nations35. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, Eye for eye, toothfor tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, Burning for burning, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Exodus36. First, that men are continually in competition for honor and dignity, whichthese creatures are not; and consequently amongst men there ariseth on that ground, envy, and hatred, and finally war; but amongst these not so.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan37. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with othertongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance. And there were dwelling at Jerusalem Jews, devout men, out of every nation under heaven.Acts of the Apostles38. Whereas the truth is that the State in which the rulers are most reluctant togovern is always the best and most quietly governed, and the State in which they are most eager, the worst.Plato: The Republic39. So that in the nature of man, we find three principal cause of quarrel吵架.First competition; secondly, difference; thirdly, glory. The first maketh men invade for gain; the second, for safety; and the third, for reputation.Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan●The Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Gospel According to Matthew, Acts of the Apostles)●Bertrand Russell：Why I am Not a Christian 上帝不存在，基督不是一个真正慈悲的人。