SAT阅读中英文修辞手法(3)
SAT阅读常见修辞手法(三)
SA T阅读常见修辞手法（三）上次我们讲到了夸张和低调陈述这两种相对的修辞方法，今天我们来看一下paradox——自相矛盾这种修辞方法。
Paradox的意思是，看上去很矛盾的现象，但仔细研究后发现它们又是很协调的。
比如，做饭通常是女人的专利，但世界上伟大的厨师却往往都是男人。
这句话就是一个paradox。
我们来看一下SAT考试长阅读中出现过的一个修辞手法题：It's the freedom," she offered. “That vastness when you stand on the mountains overlooking the desert-you can sense how little you are m comparison with the world that surrounds you At the same time, you feel that the possibilities are limitless. "It was as if she had read some of my inner diary. That was it. That was the feeling I'd had ever sine I'd first seen the mountains of my new home I trembled inside, hoping that this woman who captured the essence of the desert itself wouldn't just send me away with a pat on the head, as adults do. I saw in her a true friend. Again,my life would change with just a few simple words.The paragraph contains ____A. personificationB. a metaphorC. a paradoxD. metonymy这一段落讲的是，站在山上俯瞰沙漠，你会觉得自己很渺小，但同时，你又会感到有无限的可能在前面。
SAT写作中修辞手法的引用
SAT写作中修辞手法的引用SAT写作技巧中修辞方法的引用，往往可以让同学们的作文在最后一搏中锦上添花，博取高分。
为此文都国际教育小编和大家一起分享SAT写作技巧，希望对大家的SAT写作有所提高。
修辞一：Simile 明喻Simile用于比较两个不相似的事物，前后两部分用like或者as连接。
如，你像王思聪一样有钱。
You are as rich as Sicong Wang.功能：Simile的主要功能是吸引读者的注意力，鼓励他们用联想的能力对作者要传达的思想进行理解。
如果我说你有钱，很难让人理解你到底多么有钱，如果拿国民老公来明喻就清晰多了。
举例：The village of Holcomb stands on the high wheat plains of western Kansas, a lonesome area that other Kansans call “out there.” Some seventy miles east of the Colorado border, the countryside, with its hard blue skies and desert-clear air, has an atmosphere that is rather more Far Western than Middle West. The local accent is barbed with a prairie twang, a ranch-hand nasalness, and the men, many of them, wear narrow frontier trousers, Stetsons, and high-heeled boots with pointed toes. The land is flat, and the views are awesomely extensive; horses, herds of cattle, a white cluster of grain elevators rising as gracefully as Greek temples are visible long before a traveler reaches them.分析：With the simile, “a white cluster of grain elevators rising as gracefully as Greek temples,” he almost points toward a happy, prosperous side of the town for the first and perhaps only time in this passage. Not long after this sentence, however, the author describes the streets as “unnamed, unshaded, unpaved,” returning to his description of the village as desolate and empty, so destroyed that it is almost primitive.修辞二：Metaphor 隐喻Metaphor与Simile最大的区别是不存在“像”这个词，通常的形式是“甲是乙”。
SAT考试作文的修辞手法详解
SAT考试作文的修辞手法详解SAT考试作文的修辞手法详解相信大家都知道作文是SAT考试的一个重难点，那你知道有哪些修辞手法是在写作中常用的吗?以下是店铺为大家整理了SAT考试作文中常见的几种修辞手法，一起来看看吧!SAT作文的修辞手法：比喻Simile首先，在韦氏字典中我们可以看到simile的解释是这样的a phrase that uses the words like or as to describe someone or something by comparing it with someone or something else that is similar中文的意思就是常用as或like等词将具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物连接起来的一种修辞手法。
simile他是比喻的一种，明显地用另外的事物来比拟某事物，表示两者之间的相似关系。
常用“像”、“似”、“好像”、比如说我弟弟倔强得像一头骡子，很难说服他。
这里本体就是我弟弟，骡子就是喻体了。
下面给大家看几个例子1 出自苏格兰著名的农民诗人Robert Burns(罗伯特·彭斯)的代表作一朵红红的玫瑰其开头一句是这样的;O, my love is like a red, red rose2 I wandered lonely as a cloud 这个句子来自英国诗人威廉·华兹华斯的一首诗歌同样中有很多谚语包含着美妙的明喻，闪烁着艺术的光彩比如1 Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit有天资而无学识，好比树木不结果实在我们新SAT写作文章“Beyond Vietnam—A Time to Break Silence”中我们也可找到这样的例子I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.们应该可以感受到明喻可以使得语言更加生动形象，表现更加简单明了。
新sat作文修辞手法大全
用比喻来对某某事物的特征进行描绘和渲染。
可使事物生动形象具体可感，以此引发读者联想和想象，给人以鲜明深刻的印象，并使语言文采斐然，富有很强的感染力。
使语言生动形象，还可以使深刻的、抽象的道理浅显、具体地表达出来。
夸张的作用是用言过其实的方法，突出事物的本质，或加强作者的某种感情，强调语气，烘托气氛，引起读者的联想。
夸张能引起读者丰富的想象和强烈共鸣。
头韵与拟声修辞方式能使语言具有音韵美，可增加口头或书面表达的实际音感，给人以声情并茂的美感。
设问：引起注意，启发读者思考反问：加强语气，发人深思，激发读者感情，加深读者印象，增强文中的气势和说服力。
层进：能反映出作者严密的逻辑思维能力，使文章思路清晰，论证有力，深刻透彻。
排比：加强语势、语言气氛反复：起到反复咏叹，表达强烈的情感的作用。
同时，反复的修辞手法还可以使诗文的格式整齐有序。
The function of exaggeration is to highlight the essence of objects, strengthen authors’ sort of emotion, or emphasize the tone of writing, which through dramatizing the fact. In this way will the reading materials initiate readers association and even get vicarious pleasure.Both alliteration and echoism are able to, apparently, increase the consonance of language by adding actual hearing of written or oral expression, which thus give people the sense of beauty.Both alliteration and echoism are able to, apparently, add actual hearingof written or oral expression,increase the consonance of language，and give people the sense of beauty.Describing or sensationalizing one certain characteristic of something in metaphorical terms can make the objects more vivid and specific, leaving readers immense imaginary space. Also, using metaphor in articles can impress people with extraordinary literary grace, for it makes the articles more catching and easy understanding through simplifying abstractive principles.Authors often arouse readers thinking or catch their attention using the method of questioning.Rhetorical questioning is a way to strengthen the tone of the article and increase the convincingness in order to create impact on readers.。
新SAT写作的修辞手法有哪些
新SAT写作的修辞手法有哪些新SAT写作的修辞手法有哪些修辞手法是新SAT写作考试中必不可少的部分，但一般都有哪些修辞手法适用于写作部分呢?店铺为大家精心准备了新SAT写作必备的几种修辞手法，欢迎大家前来阅读。
新SAT写作的5种修辞手法1. Onomatopoeia 拟声是摹仿自然界中非语言的声音，其发音和所描写的事物的声音很相似，使语言显得生动，富有表现力。
例如：On the root of the school house somepigeons were softly cooing.在学校房屋的屋顶上一些鸽子正轻轻地咕咕叫着。
2. Parody 仿拟这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语，改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。
例如:(1) Rome was not built in a day, nor in ayear.(2) To smoke or not to smoke, that is aquestion.3. Rhetorical question 修辞疑问它与疑问句的不同在于它并不以得到答复为目的，而是以疑问为手段，取得修辞上的效果，其特点是：肯定问句表示强烈否定，而否定问句表示强烈的肯定，它的答案往往是不言而喻的。
例如:How was it possible to walk for an hourthrough the woods andsee nothing worth of note?4. Antithesis 对照,对比,对偶这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法。
(将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法。
)例如:Pride hurts, modesty benefits.满招损，谦受益。
5. Symbolism 象征象征是通过一些具体形象，使人产生联想，从而表现与之相联系的某种抽象的概念、思想、感情，表现作品主题的艺术创作手法，属于文艺学范畴，它是一种写作手法。
sat所有修辞手法
1. FIGURATIVE/METAPHORICAL LANGUAGE比喻/隐喻—A general term referring to language that describes a thing in terms of something else. The resemblance is FIGURATIVE, not LITERAL, as the reader is carried beyond the LITERAL meaning to consider the NUANCES and connotations of the words used in the comparison.2. SIMILE明喻—An EXPLICIT figure of speech that is a comparison between two essentially unlike things, usually using the words “like” or “as,” which points out a FIGURATIVE way that the two things ARE alike.3. METAPHOR隐喻—In its more narrow sense, a figure of speech in which one thing is described in terms of another using an IMPLICIT or implied comparison, without the use of “like” or “as.”（09-5-5-19）4. PERSONIFICATION拟人—A figure of speech in which an inanimate object is given human qualities or abilities5. PARALLELISM/PARALLEL STRUCTURE/ REPETITION平行重复—A rhetorical device or SYNTACTICAL construction which involves using matching grammatical patterns to establish the equivalent relationship or importance of two or more items. PARALLELISM provides balance and authority to sentences.(09-5-7-24)[例] We are now living in a changing world in a changing time. With no gratitude in our hearts, we will be in a lonely world living a lonely life.6. IRONY讽刺—A figure of speech in which what we say or write conveys the opposite of its literal meaning7. SYNOPSIS总结—A brief summary of the major points ofa thesis, theory, story or literary work; an abstract; a PRÉCIS8. SATIRE, LAMPOON, PARODY模仿性嘲弄—A work that ridicules human vices and follies; comic criticism. Note that LAMPOON and PARODY are often used as verbs meaning to ridicule.9. HYPERBOLE夸张—A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect; extreme exaggeration注意反过来：UNDERESTIMATE低调陈述---a statement that is not strong enough to express facts or feelings with full force(语气不够强，不足以表达事实或感情的陈述)（06-1-9-11）。
【2018最新】SAT考试作文的修辞手法详解-word范文 (4页)
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simile他是比喻的一种，明显地用另外的事物来比拟某事物，表示两者之间的相似关系。
常用“像”、“似”、“好像”、比如说我弟弟倔强得像一头骡子，很难说服他。
这里本体就是我弟弟，骡子就是喻体了。
下面给大家看几个例子1 出自苏格兰著名的农民诗人Robert Burns(罗伯特·彭斯)的代表作一朵红红的玫瑰其开头一句是这样的;O, my love is like a red, red rose2 I wandered lonely as a cloud 这个句子来自英国诗人威廉·华兹华斯的一首诗歌同样英语中有很多谚语包含着美妙的明喻，闪烁着艺术的光彩比如1 Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit有天资而无学识，好比树木不结果实在我们新SAT写作文章“Beyond Vietnam—A Time to Break Silence”中我们也可找到这样的例子I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.同学们应该可以感受到明喻可以使得语言更加生动形象，表现更加简单明了。
SAT修辞手法大汇总
感谢Roy老师修辞手法这种修辞手法的其他形式出现频率修辞手法的中文解释修辞手法在M-W中的释义personal anecdote personal experience,personalinformation, personal insight,individual insight, personalvoice10anecdote: a usually short narrativeof an interesting, amusing, orbiographical incidentmetaphor extended metaphor,metaphorical language8metaphor: a figure of speech inwhich a word or phrase literallydenoting one kind of object or ideais used in place of another tosuggest a likeness or analogybetween them (as in drowning inmoney); broadly speaking,equivalent to “figurative language”direct quotation quote an expert, quotationfrom specific text, citation,direct citation, direct literarycitation7quote: to speak or write (apassage) from another usually withcredit acknowledgment // cite: toquote by way of example,authority, or proofunderstatement 7 understate: to represent as less than is the caseallusion literary allusion, politicalallusion6allusion:an implied or indirectreference especially in literature orthe use of such referenceshistorical analysis historical citation,historicalcontextualization,historicalfact,historicalresearch,historical sources6analyze: to study or determine thenature and relationship of the partsof by analysisanalogy extended analogy 5 analogy: inference that if two or more things agree with one another in some respects they will probably agree in otherspersonification 5 personification: attribution of personal qualities, especially the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person or by the human formanecdote 4 anecdote: a usually short narrative of an interesting, amusing, or biographical incidentappeal to emotion 4appeal to emotion: instead of facts,persuasive language is used todevelop the foundation of anappeal to emotion-basedargument. Thus, the validity of thepremises that establish such anargument does not prove to beverifiable.irony 4 irony: the use of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning and sometimes a usually humorous or sardonic literary style or form characterized by ironyparadox 4 paradox: a statement that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true on a more profound levelcomparison andcontrastexplicit comparison3compare: the act or process of representing one thing or person as similar to or like another, or anexamination of two or more items to establish similarities and dissimilarities // contrast:compare or appraise in respect to differenceseuphemism3euphemism: the substitution of anagreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant figurative language3 figurative: (equivalent tometaphorical) expressing one thingin terms normally denoting anotherwith which it may be regarded as analogousgeneralization broad generalization3 generalize: the action of deriving orinducing (a general conception orprinciple) from particulars hypothetical assumptionhypothetical musing,hypothetical scenario,conjecture4 hypothesize: an assumption orconcession made for the sake of argument or an interpretation of apractical situation or condition taken as the ground for action simile3simile: a figure of speechcomparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses)exaggeration 2exaggerate: to enlarge beyond bounds or the truth, or overstate flashback 2flashback: interruption ofchronological sequence (as in a film or literary work) by interjection ofevents of earlier occurrencehumor humorous anecdote 2 humor: that quality which appeals to a sense of the ludicrous or absurdly incongruousqualification 2 qualification: a restriction in meaning or application : a limiting modificationscholarlyanalysesscholarly critiques 2scientific data scientificobservation,sociological analysis2technical jargon 2。
SAT阅读中的15种修辞手法
SAT 阅读中的15种修辞手法/crysmiling1 Parenthesis (2)2 Amplification (3)3 Hypophora (4)4 Rhetorical question (5)5 Personification (6)6 Understatement (7)7 Hyperbole (9)8 Wordplay (10)9 Exemplum (10)10 Paradox (11)11 Analogy (11)12 Imagery (12)13 Simile (12)14 Allusion (15)15 Metaphor (16)1 Parenthesis括弧，插入语，附带a final form of hyperbaton, consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence:∙But the new calculations--and here we see the value of relying upon up-to-date information--showed that man-powered flight was possible with this design.∙Every time I try to think of a good rhetorical example, I rack my brains but--you guessed--nothing happens.∙As the earthy portion has its origin from earth, the watery from a different element, my breath from one source and my hot and fiery parts from another of their own elsewhere (for nothing comes from nothing, or can return to nothing), so too there must be an origin for the mind. --Marcus Aurelius∙But in whatever respect anyone else is bold (I speak in foolishness), I am just as bold myself. --2 Cor. 11:21b (NASB)The violence involved in jumping into (or out of) the middle of your sentence to address the reader momentarily about something has a pronounced effect. Parenthesis can be circumscribed either by dashes--they are more dramatic and forceful--or by parentheses (to make your aside less stringent).This device creates the effect of extemporaneity and immediacy: you are relating some fact when suddenly something very important arises, or else you cannot resist an instant comment, so you just stop the sentence and the thought you are on right where they are and insert the fact or comment.The parenthetical form also serves to give some statements a context (stuffed right into the middle of another sentence at the most pertinent point) which they would not have if they had to be written as complete sentences following another sentence.Note that in the first example above the bit of moralizing placed into the sentence appears to be more natural and acceptable than if it were stated separately as a kind of moral conclusion, which was not the purpose or drift of the article.2 Amplificationinvolves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. In other words, amplification allows you to call attention to, emphasize, and expand a word or idea to make sure the reader realizes its importance or centrality in the discussion.∙In my hunger after ten days of rigorous dieting I saw visions of ice cream--mountains of creamy, luscious ice cream, dripping with gooey syrup and calories.∙This orchard, this lovely, shady orchard, is the main reason I bought this property.∙. . . Even in Leonardo's time, there were certain obscure needs and patterns of the spirit, which could discover themselves only through less precise analogies--the analogies provided by stains on walls or the embers of a fire.--Kenneth Clark∙Pride--boundless pride--is the bane of civilization.∙He showed a rather simple taste, a taste for good art, good food, and good friends.But amplification can overlap with or include a repetitive device like anaphora when the repeated word gains further definition or detail:∙The Lord also will be a refuge for the oppressed,/ A refuge in times of trouble.--Psalm 9:9 (KJV)Notice the much greater effectiveness this repetition-plus detail form can have over a "straight" syntax. Compare each of these pairs:∙The utmost that we can threaten to one another is death, a death which, indeed, we may precipitate, but cannot retard, and from which, therefore, it cannot become a wise man to buy a reprieve at the expense of virtue, since he knows not how small a portion of time he can purchase, but knows that, whether short or long, it will be made less valuable by the remembrance of the price at which it has been obtained. --adapted from S. Johnson ∙The utmost that we can threaten to one another is that death which, indeed, we may precipitate . . . .∙In everything remember the passing of time, a time which cannot be called again.∙In everything remember the passing of a time which cannot be called again.3 Hypophora设问consists of raising one or more questions and then proceeding to answer them, usually at some length. A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use that paragraph to answer it:∙There is a striking and basic difference between a man's ability to imagine something and an animal's failure. . . . Where is it that the animal falls short?We get a clue to the answer, I think, when Hunter tells us . . . . --Jacob Bronowski∙What then shall we say that Abraham, our forefather, discovered in this matter?. . . What does the Scripture say? "Abraham believed God. --Rom.4:1,3 (NIV)This is an attractive rhetorical device, because asking an appropriate question appears quite natural and helps to maintain curiosity and interest. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his mind and would like to see formulated and answered:∙What behavior, then, is uniquely human? My theory is this . . . . --H. J.Campbell∙But what was the result of this move on the steel industry? The annual reports for that year clearly indicate. . . .Hypophora can also be used to raise questions or to introduce material of importance, but which the reader might not have the knowledge or thought to ask for himself:∙How then, in the middle of the twentieth century, are we to define the obligation of the historian to his facts?..... The duty of the historian to respect his facts is not exhausted by . . . . --Edward Hallett Carr ∙But it is certainly possible to ask, How hot is the oven at its hottest point, when the average temperature is 425 degrees? We learned that the peak temperatures approached . . . .And hypophora can be used as a transitional or guiding device to change directions or enter a new area of discussion:∙But what are the implications of this theory? And how can it be applied to the present problem?∙How and why did caveat emptor develop? The question presents us with mysteries never fully answered. --Ivan L. PrestonNotice how a series of reasonable questions can keep a discussion lively and interesting:∙How do we know the FTC strategy is the best, particularly in view of the complaints consumerists have made against it? Isn't there some chance that greater penalties would amount to greater deterrents? Why not get the most consumer protection simultaneously with the most punishment to offenders by easing the requirements for guilt without easing the punishment? . . . It happens that that's been tried, and it didn't work very well. --Ivan L. PrestonIn the above example, the writer went on for several paragraphs to discuss the case which "didn't work very well." It would also be possible for a writer to ask several questions and then answer them in an orderly way, though that has the danger of appearing too mechanical if not carefully done.4 Rhetorical question反问(erotesis) differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer, because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the facts at hand.∙But how can we expect to enjoy the scenery when the scenery consists entirely of garish billboards?∙. . . For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on? --Marcus Aurelius∙Is justice then to be considered merely a word? Or is it whatever results from the bartering between attorneys?Often the rhetorical question and its implied answer will lead to further discussion:∙Is this the end to which we are reduced? Is the disaster film the highest form of art we can expect from our era? Perhaps we should examine the alternatives presented by independent film maker Joe Blow . . . .∙I agree the funding and support are still minimal, but shouldn't worthy projects be tried, even though they are not certain to succeed? So the plans in effect now should be expanded to include . . . . [Note: Here is an example where the answer "yes" is clearly desired rhetorically by the writer, though conceivably someone might say "no" to the question if asked straightforwardly.]Several rhetorical questions together can form a nicely developed and directed paragraph by changing a series of logical statements into queries:∙We shrink from change; yet is there anything that can come into being without it? What does Nature hold dearer, or more proper to herself? Could you have a hot bath unless the firewood underwent some change? Could you be nourished if the food suffered no change? Do you not see, then, that change in yourself is of the same order, and no less necessary to Nature?--Marcus AureliusSometimes the desired answer to the rhetorical question is made obvious by the discussion preceding it:∙The gods, though they live forever, feel no resentment at having to put up eternally with the generations of men and their misdeeds; nay more, they even show every possible care and concern for them. Are you, then, whose abiding is but for a moment, to lose patience--you who are yourself one of the culprits? --Marcus AureliusWhen you are thinking about a rhetorical question, be careful to avoid sinking to absurdity. You would not want to ask, for example, "But is it right to burn down the campus and sack the bookstore?" The use of this device allows your reader to think, query, and conclude along with you; but if your questions become ridiculous, your essay may become wastepaper.5 Personification拟人metaphorically represents an animal or inanimate object as having human attributes--attributes of form, character, feelings, behavior, and so on. Ideas and abstractions can also be personified.∙The ship began to creak and protest as it struggled against the rising sea.∙We bought this house instead of the one on Maple because this one is more friendly.∙This coffee is strong enough to get up and walk away.∙I can't get the fuel pump back on because this bolt is being uncooperative.∙Your brother's blood cries out to me from the ground. --Genesis 4:10b (NIV)∙That ignorance and perverseness should always obtain what they like was never considered as the end of government; of which it is the great and standing benefit that the wise see for the simple, and the regular act for the capricious. --Samuel Johnson∙Wisdom cries aloud in the streets; in the markets she raises her voice . . . .--Psalm 1:20 (RSV; and cf. 1:21-33)While personification functions primarily as a device of art, it can often serve to make an abstraction clearer and more real to the reader by defining or explaining the concept in terms of everyday human action (as for example man's rejection of readily available wisdom is presented as a woman crying out to be heard but being ignored). Ideas can be brought to life through personification and objects can be given greater interest. But try always to be fresh: "winking stars" is worn out; "winking dewdrops" may be all right.Personification of just the natural world has its own name, fictio. And when this natural-world personification is limited to emotion, John Ruskin called it the pathetic fallacy. Ruskin considered this latter to be a vice because it was so often overdone (and let this be a caution to you). We do not receive much pleasure from an overwrought vision like this:∙The angry clouds in the hateful sky cruelly spat down on the poor man who had forgotten his umbrella.Nevertheless, humanizing a cold abstraction or even some natural phenomenon gives us a way to understand it, one more way to arrange the world in our own terms, so that we can further comprehend it. And even the so-called pathetic fallacy can sometimes be turned to advantage, when the writer sees his own feelings in the inanimate world around him:∙After two hours of political platitudes, everyone grew bored. The delegates were bored; the guests were bored; the speaker himself was bored. Even the chairs were bored.6 Understatement有保留地陈述、含蓄（间接）表达deliberately expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact. When the writer's audience can be expected to know the true nature of a fact which might be rather difficult to describe adequately in a brief space, the writer may choose to understate the fact as a means of employing the reader's own powers of description. For example, instead of endeavoring to describe in a few words the horrors and destruction of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco, a writer might state:∙The 1906 San Francisco earthquake interrupted business somewhat in the downtown area.The effect is not the same as a description of destruction, since understatement like this necessarily smacks of flippancy to some degree; but occasionally that is a desirable effect. Consider these usages:∙Henry and Catherine were married, the bells rang, and everybody smiled . . . . To begin perfect happiness at the respective ages of twenty-six and eighteen is to do pretty well . . . . --Jane Austen∙Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse. --Jonathan Swift∙You know I would be a little disappointed if you were to be hit by a drunk driver at two a.m., so I hope you will be home early.In these cases the reader supplies his own knowledge of the facts and fills out a more vivid and personal description than the writer might have.In a more important way, understatement should be used as a tool for modesty and tactfulness. Whenever you represent your own accomplishments, and often when you just describe your own position, an understatement of the facts will help you to avoid the charge of egotism on the one hand and of self-interested puffery on the other. We are always more pleased to discover a thing greater than promised rather than less than promised--or as Samuel Johnson put it, "It is more pleasing to see smoke brightening into flame, than flame sinking into smoke." And it goes without saying that a person modest of his own talents wins our admiration more easily than an egotist. Thus an expert geologist might say, "Yes, I know a little about rocks," rather than, "Yes, I'm an expert about rocks." (An even bigger expert might raise his eyebrows if he heard that.)Understatement is especially useful in dealing with a hostile audience or in disagreeing with someone, because the statement, while carrying the same point, is much less offensive. Compare:∙The second law of thermodynamics pretty much works against the possibility of such an event.∙The second law of thermodynamics proves conclusively that that theory is utterly false and ridiculous.Remember, the goal of writing is to persuade, not to offend; once you insult or put off your opponent, objector, or disbeliever, you will never persuade him of anything, no matter how "obviously wrong" he is or how clearly right you are. The degree and power of pride in the human heart must never be underestimated. Many people are unwilling to hear objections of any kind, and view disagreement as a sign of contempt for their intellect. The use of understatement allows you to show a kind of respect for your reader's understanding. You have to object to his belief, but you are sympathetic with his position and see how he might have come to believe it; therefore, you humbly offer to steer him right, or at least to offer what you think isa more accurate view. Even those who agree with you already will be more persuaded because the modest thinker is always preferable to the flaming bigot. Compare these statements and consider what effect each would have on you if you read them in a persuasive article:∙Anyone who says this water is safe to drink is either stupid or foolish. The stuff is poisoned with coliform bacteria. Don't those idiots know that?∙My opponents think this water is drinkable, but I'm not sure I would drink it.Perhaps they are not aware of the dangerous bacterial count . . . [and so on, explaining the basis for your opinion].Litotes,a particular form of understatement, is generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used. Depending on the tone and context of the usage, litotes either retains the effect of understatement, or becomes an intensifying expression. Compare the difference between these statements:∙Heat waves are common in the summer.∙Heat waves are not rare in the summer.7 Hyperbole夸张Exaggeration: used to evoke strong feelings or create an impression which is not meant to be taken literally.(exaggeration) the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect. In formal writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. That is, do not exaggerate everything, but treat hyperbole like an exclamation point, to be used only once a year. Then it will be quite effective as a table-thumping attention getter, introductory to your essay or some section thereof:∙There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy. Or it can make a single point very enthusiastically:∙I said "rare," not "raw." I've seen cows hurt worse than this get up and get well.Or you can exaggerate one thing to show how really different it is from something supposedly similar to which it is being compared:∙This stuff is used motor oil compared to the coffee you make, my love.∙If anyone comes to me, and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple. --Luke 14:26 (NASB)Hyperbole is the most overused and overdone rhetorical figure in the whole world (and that is no hyperbole); we are a society of excess and exaggeration. Nevertheless, hyperbole still has a rightful and useful place in art and letters; just handle it like dynamite, and do not blow up everything you can find.8 Wordplay双关语，俏皮话Word play is a literary technique in which the words that are used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement. Word play is quite common in oral cultures as a method of reinforcing meaning.Puns, phonetic mix-ups such as spoonerisms, obscure words and meanings, oddly formed sentences are common examples of word play.9 Exemplum举例子citing an example; using an illustrative story, either true or fictitious:∙Let me give you an example. In the early 1920's in Germany, the government let the printing presses turn out endless quantities of papermoney, and soon, instead of 50-pfennige postage stamps, denominations up to 50 billion marks were being issued.Examples can be introduced by the obvious choice of "For example," but there are other possibilities. For quick introductions, such as those attached to a sentence, you migiht use "such as," or "for instance." Examples placed into separate sentences can be introduced by "A case in point," "An instance," "A typical situation," "A common example," "To illustrate, let's consider the situation," and so forth.10 Paradox悖论, 似非而是的论点, 自相矛盾的话A phrase that describes an idea composed of concepts that conflict, e.g., "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." (A Tale of Two Cities)11 Analogy类比、类推e.g. Menhaden are filter feeders that help control the growth of algae devastating to coastal fisheries. Marine biologist Sara Gottlieb says, “Think of menhaden as the liver of a bay. Just as your body needs its liver to filter out toxins, ecosystems also need those natural filters.”--- 选自SAT 2009年1月真题Analogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, for the purpose of explaining or clarifying some unfamiliar or difficult idea or object by showing how the idea or object is similar to some familiar one. While simile and analogy often overlap, the simile（明喻）is generally a more artistic likening, done briefly for effect and emphasis, while analogy serves the more practical end of explaining a thought process or a line of reasoning or the abstract in terms of the concrete, and may therefore be more extended.∙You may abuse a tragedy, though you cannot write one. You may scold a carpenter who has made you a bad table, though you cannot make a table.It is not your trade to make tables. --Samuel Johnson∙He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse might justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks. --Samuel Johnson∙. . . For answers successfully arrived at are solutions to difficulties previously discussed, and one cannot untie a knot if he is ignorant of it. --AristotleNotice in these examples that the analogy is used to establish the pattern of reasoning by using a familiar or less abstract argument which the reader can understand easily and probably agree with.Some analogies simply offer an explanation for clarification rather than a substitute argument:∙Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent, but which will afterwards propagate itself. --Samuel Johnson∙The beginning of all evil temptations is inconstancy of mind, and too little trust in God. For as a ship without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so an unstable man, that anon leaveth his good purpose in God, is diversely tempted. The fire proveth gold, and temptation proveth the righteous man. --Thomas a KempisWhen the matter is complex and the analogy particularly useful for explaining it, the analogy can be extended into a rather long, multiple-point comparison:The importance of simile and analogy for teaching and writing cannot be overemphasized. To impress this upon you better, I would like to step aside a moment and offer two persuasive quotations:∙The country parson is full of all knowledge. They say, it is an ill mason that refuseth any stone: and there is no knowledge, but, in a skilful hand, serves either positively as it is, or else to illustrate some other knowledge. He condescends even to the knowledge of tillage, and pastorage, and makes great use of them in teaching, because people by what they understand are best led to what they understand not. --George Herbert∙To illustrate one thing by its resemblance to another has been always the most popular and efficacious art of instruction. There is indeed no other method of teaching that of which anyone is ignorant but by means of something already known; and a mind so enlarged by contemplation and enquiry that it has always many objects within its view will seldom be long without some near and familiar image through which an easy transition may be made to truths more distant and obscure. --Samuel Johnson12 ImageryForming mental images of a scene using descriptive words, especially making use of the human senses.13 Simile明喻is a comparison between two different things that resemble each other in at least one way. In formal prose the simile is a device both of art and explanation,comparing an unfamiliar thing to some familiar thing (an object, event, process, etc.) known to the reader.When you compare a noun to a noun, the simile is usually introduced by like:∙I see men, but they look like trees, walking. --Mark 8:24∙After such long exposure to the direct sun, the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked bacon.∙The soul in the body is like a bird in a cage.When a verb or phrase is compared to a verb or phrase, as is used: ∙They remained constantly attentive to their goal, as a sunflower alwaysturns and stays focused on the sun.∙Here is your pencil and paper. I want you to compete as the greatest hero would in the race of his life.Often the simile--the object or circumstances of imaginative identity (called the vehicle, since it carries or conveys a meaning about the word or thing which is likened to it)-precedes the thing likened to it (the tenor). In such cases, so usually shows the comparison:∙The grass bends with every wind; so does Harvey.∙The seas are quiet when the winds give o're; / So calm are we when passions are no more. --Edmund WallerBut sometimes the so is understood rather than expressed:∙As wax melts before the fire,/ may the wicked perish before God. --Psalm 68:2bWhenever it is not immediately clear to the reader, the point of similarity between the unlike objects must be specified to avoid confusion and vagueness. Rather than say, then, that "Money is like muck," and "Fortune is like glass," a writer will show clearly how these very different things are like each other: ∙And money is like muck, not good except it be spread. --Francis Bacon ∙Fortune is like glass--the brighter the glitter, the more easily broken.--Publilius Syrus∙Like a skunk, he suffered from bad publicity for one noticeable flaw, but bore no one any ill will.∙James now felt like an old adding machine: he had been punched and poked so much that he had finally worn out.∙This paper is just like an accountant's report: precise and accurate but absolutely useless.Many times the point of similarity can be expressed in just a word or two: ∙Yes, he is a cute puppy, but when he grows up he will be as big as ahouse.∙The pitching mound is humped too much like a camel's back.And occasionally, the simile word can be used as an adjective:∙The argument of this book utilizes pretzel-like logic.∙This gear has a flower-like symmetry to it.Similes can be negative, too, asserting that two things are unlike in one or more respects:∙My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun. . . . --Shakespeare∙John certainly does not attack the way a Sherman tank does; but if you encourage him, he is bold enough.Other ways to create similes include the use of comparison:∙Norman was more anxious to leave the area than Herman Milquetoast after seeing ten abominable snowmen charging his way with hunger in their eyes.∙But this truth is more obvious than the sun--here it is; look at it; its brightness blinds you.Or the use of another comparative word is possible:∙Microcomputer EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) resembles a chalk board in that it is used for consultation instead of figuring, and shows at each glance the same information unless erased and rewritten.∙His temper reminds me of a volcano; his heart, of a rock; his personality, of sandpaper.∙His speech was smoother than butter. . . .--Psalm 55:21So a variety of ways exists for invoking the simile. Here are a few of the possibilities:But a simile can sometimes be implied, or as it is often called, submerged. In such cases no comparative word is needed:∙The author of this poem is almost in the position of a man with boxes and boxes of tree ornaments, but with no tree to decorate. The poet has enough imagery handy to decorate anything he can think of, if only he can fix upon a "trim invention." The "sense" he does locate is obscured;the ivy hides the building completely.∙When I think of the English final exam, I think of dungeons and chains and racks and primal screams.∙Leslie has silky hair and the skin of an angel.14 Allusion引用典故、暗指、间接提及Allusion is a short, informal reference to a famous person or event:∙You must borrow me Gargantua's mouth first. 'Tis a word too great for any mouth of this age's size. --Shakespeare∙If you take his parking place, you can expect World War II all over again.∙Plan ahead: it wasn't raining when Noah built the ark. --Richard Cushing ∙Our examination of the relation of the historian to the facts of history finds us, therefore, in an apparently precarious situation, navigating delicately between the Scylla of an untenable theory of history as an objective compilation of facts . . . and the Charybdis of an equally untenable theory of history as the subjective product of the mind of the historian . . . . --Edward Hallett CarrNotice in these examples that the allusions are to very well known characters or events, not to obscure ones. (The best sources for allusions are literature, history, Greek myth, and the Bible.) Note also that the reference serves to explain or clarify or enhance whatever subject is under discussion, without sidetracking the reader.Allusion can be wonderfully attractive in your writing because it can introduce variety and energy into an otherwise limited discussion (an exciting historical adventure rises suddenly in the middle of a discussion of chemicals or some abstract argument), and it can please the reader by reminding him of a pertinent story or figure with which he is familiar, thus helping (like analogy) to explain something difficult. The instantaneous pause and reflection on the analogy refreshes and strengthens the reader's mind.。
SAT写作提分必备修辞手法 牢记这些就能使你的作文拿到高分
1.Alliteration(押头韵)Alliteration指的是使用首字母或起首声韵相同的词，常常是相邻的两个或以上的词的起首辅音的重复(但也有元因的alliteration)，以增加语言的节奏感，吸引读者的眼球，使语言表达更加生动有趣。
在现代英语中，alliteration更多的广泛见于报刊文章的标题和书名及各类广告中。
比如大家熟悉的简奥斯汀的小说《傲慢与偏见》(Pride and Prejudice)就是个典型的alliteration。
还有阅读里经常见到的safe and sound(安然无恙)、tit for tat(以牙还牙)和谚语Dumb dogs are dangerous(不叫的狗最危险)等都是alliteration的典范。
美国的知名品牌Coca-Cola，以及笔者所在城市温哥华的一个知名品牌Best Buy都可以看做是alliteration。
TIME曾经报道中国对国有企业放权，让国企融入市场经济，该文里有一句话大意说政府让国企sink or swim，这也是个alliteration，意思是让国企自生自灭，就像进入大海一样，你要么能swim，要么就sink。
广告语言和新闻语言，因为要吸引读者眼球，使用alliteration是很好的一种方式。
当然，即使在一些普通的文章给里，alliteration的运用也是随处可见的，如：She sells sea shells by the sea shore.The sly snake slithered slyly through the sand.下面给出一些经典的alliteration的范例，让大家更进一步熟悉这种写作中会被常常用到的修辞格。
Row row your boat.这个alliteration鼓励人们自力更生，锐意进取。
使劲地划好你的船!The world believes in the wonder worker, not in the words of wisdom.(人们只相信创造奇迹的劳动者，而不是那些智慧的说辞)本句中，wonder worker是一个alliteration，words of wisdom也是个alliteration。
SAT阅读常见修辞手法有哪些
美联英语提供：SAT阅读常见修辞手法有哪些两分钟做个小测试，看看你的英语水平/test/liuxue.aspx?tid=16-73675-0今天我们来看两种SAT阅读很常见的但是却有些令大家摸不着头脑的修辞方法：Exaggeration/hyperbole定义：A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect。
它是通过夸张的描述而达到某种修辞效果。
Understatement：低调陈述定义：A figure of speech which contains an understatement of emphasis, and therefore the opposite of hyperbole, Often used in everyday speech and usually with laconic or ironic intentions.这种修辞格是故意使用有节制的措辞来陈述事实，故意轻描淡写，借低调与弱化语言形式来表示强调。
我们来看一个例子：“I take further comfort in the fact that the human species managed to produce pretty decent creative work during the 5,000 years that preceded 1710, when the Statute of Anne, the world’s first modem copyright law, passed the British parliament. Sophocles, Dante, da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Shakespeare,Newton, Cervantes, Bach-- all found reasons to get out of bed in the morning without expect ing to own the works they created.”The use of the phrase “pretty decent” conveysA.solemn detachmentB.cheerful celebrationC.ironic understatementD.lingering doubtE.reluctant approval作者想要告诉读者：在世界上第一部知识产权法到来之前的几千年历史长河中，人类也创造了“pretty decent(还不错的)”艺术作品。
【考生须知】SAT写作关于暗喻与转喻的修辞手法
Metaphor (暗喻)暗喻和明喻的区别就是，暗喻没有比喻词，Mary is like flower是明喻，但Mary is flower就是个暗喻了。
在实际运用中，暗喻的本体往往不出现，需要根据上下文去判断暗喻的本体是什么。
暗喻的形式也多种多样，我们介绍几个最常见的形式。
1. 最最常见的就是A is B的结构了，其中A为本体，B为喻体，如：The world is a stage, and we are just players.(生活是舞台，我们只是演员)Happiness is a perfume you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops on yourself.(快乐如同香水，你自己身上没有几滴香水如何让别人芬芳)Life is a book: our birth is cover, but we have to fill the contents with our own hands.(生活如同书：出生是封面，但内容要我们自己去填满)2. 暗喻句采用形容词，如：She has a photographic memory for detail.(他对细节有如同照相机般的记忆)The mountainous waves swallowed up the ship.(巨浪吞噬了船只)The volcanic fires of his nature had burnt down.(他的脾气如火山般爆发了)3.暗喻句采用动词，如：He was so hungry that he wolfed down the large dish of food within seconds.(他是如此饥饿，以至于几秒就把一盘食物狼吞虎咽下去)Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.(有些书浅尝即可，有些书可以囫囵吞枣，但小部分的书需要细细咀嚼，慢慢消化) Finally the talk broke ice and an agreement was reached.(最终，谈判破冰，协议达成)She was walking on air when she received the job offer.(拿到工作录用后，她高兴得上天了)4. 暗喻句采用of短语型，如：The flower of freedom is blossoming in our nation.(自由之花在我们国家盛开)The tree of liberty has taken root in this beautiful land.(自由之树在这篇美丽的土地上生根)His eyes is burning with a flame of hopes.(他的眼里燃烧着和希望的光芒)The snake of traffic moved slowly.(蜿蜒的车流缓缓移动)The wife was eager to escape from the prison of her home.(妻子渴望逃离监狱般的家)Metonymy(转喻)转喻是不说明本体，而是借用与该人或物相关的名词来代替本体，就是用B来代替A。
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SAT阅读中英文修辞手法（3）
修辞题是SAT阅读中常见的考点。
本文就为童鞋们全面介绍一下SAT阅读涉及到的21种修辞手法，其中包括像明喻、类比、拟人、双关等等，建议大家在备考SAT阅读的时候有针对性地进行复习。
3. Metonymy 借喻，转喻
借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。
指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种。
就是借用甲来表示乙，但前提条件是甲必须与乙关系密切和本质上有相似之处。
(1) 以容器代替内容，例如:
The kettle boils.
水开了。
The room sat silent.
全屋人安静地坐着。
(2) 以资料.工具代替事物的名称，例如：
Lend me your ears, please.
请听我说。
(3) 以作者代替作品，例如：
a complete Shakespeare
莎士比亚全集
(4) 以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如：
I had the muscle, and they made money outof it.我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱。