西方文化导论
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
西方文化导论Unit.pptx
_F_ Press de France Nouvelle.
5. Jazz was initially influenced by two kinds of Negro music: ragtime and blues.
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Text Study _4_3333 Comprehension Exercises
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
(1) Impressionism got its name from ________famous painting Impression: Sunrise.
A. Pissarro’s B. Monet’s C. van Gogh’s D. Paul Gauguin’s
Hofmann, who benefited from the movements like cubism,
_fa_u_v_i_s_m_ and expressionism.
3. Action painting is a branch of a_b_s_t_ra_c_t_e_x_p_r_e_s_s_io_n_is_m__ .
Comprehension Exercises
Fill in the blanks.
1. _N_e_w__Y_o_rk__ became a new centre of world art during and after
the WWII, taking over from Paris.
2. One of the representative of abstract expressionism is Hans
Unit10西方文化导论课件
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In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time. More radical modes of creation appeared, first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing and art. They were more rebellious, more radical, more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation. Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism.
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Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries. Many social and psychological problems found expression in cultural and literary form, thus representing the real mood and emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social, political and cultural contradictions and clashes.
西方文化导论课程设计 (2)
西方文化导论课程设计一、课程简介本课程旨在让学生对西方文化有一个全面、深入的了解，了解西方文化的发展历程、主要特征、哲学思想、艺术及音乐等方面的内容。
通过学习本课程，学生能够更好地理解西方文化的内在逻辑和精神内涵，并在此基础上进行跨文化的交流和沟通。
二、课程目标1.掌握西方文化的基本发展历程和主要特征；2.理解西方哲学思想的基本概念和核心内容；3.熟悉西方文艺（尤其是绘画和音乐）的主要流派和代表作品；4.能够运用所学知识分析和解读西方文化中的现象和事件；5.增强对跨文化交流的认识和能力。
三、课程大纲第一章西方文化的发展历程1.西方文化的来源和演变2.古典文化和中世纪文化3.文艺复兴和宗教改革4.现代时代和当代文化第二章西方哲学思想1.古希腊哲学思想2.基督教哲学思想3.文艺复兴以后的哲学思想4.当代哲学思想第三章西方文艺1.绘画艺术–文艺复兴时期的艺术–印象派和后印象派画家–现代派和当代艺术家2.音乐艺术–古典音乐的发展–流行音乐和摇滚乐–当代音乐和音乐创作四、教学方法本课程采用多种教学方法，包括但不限于：1.讲授2.群体讨论3.个案分析4.视频观看5.案例分析五、教学评估本课程考核包括平时成绩和期末考试两个部分，具体如下：1.平时成绩（50%）–课堂表现（20%）–课程作业（20%）–小组讨论和辩论（10%）2.期末考试（50%）–笔试（40%）–口试（10%）六、参考资料1.《西方文化：历史与文化》（郭晓勇）2.《西方哲学史》（戴季陶）3.《西方音乐史》（约瑟夫·科辛斯基）七、结语本课程为一门全面、系统地介绍西方文化的课程，旨在激发学生的跨文化兴趣和能力。
应用多种教学手段，培养学生的独立思考和创造能力，使其在未来的学习和工作中更具有竞争力。
西方文化导论
西方文化导论一、概述西方文化是指欧洲及其后裔国家的文化，是世界上最为重要和广泛影响的文化之一。
本文将介绍西方文化的起源、特点、发展以及对全球文化的影响。
二、起源与发展1. 古希腊文化的影响古希腊文化是西方文化的重要起源之一。
古希腊在哲学、政治、艺术、体育等方面取得了重大成就，对后世产生了深远影响。
2. 罗马帝国的传承罗马帝国继承并发展了古希腊文化，形成了独特的罗马文化。
罗马法律、建筑、工程、道德观念等对西方文化产生了重要影响。
3. 基督教的兴起基督教的兴起标志着西方文化的新阶段。
基督教的价值观念、道德准则对西方社会产生了深远影响，并成为西方文化的重要组成部分。
4. 文艺复兴与启蒙运动文艺复兴和启蒙运动是西方文化发展的重要阶段。
文艺复兴时期，人们对古希腊和罗马文化进行了重新学习和研究，推动了艺术、文学、科学等领域的进步。
启蒙运动则强调理性、自由和人权，对政治和社会产生了重要影响。
三、西方文化的特点1. 个人主义西方文化强调个体的独立性和自由意志，鼓励个人追求幸福和成功。
2. 科学与技术的重视西方文化崇尚科学与技术的发展，注重实证主义和理性思维，推动了现代科学的进步。
3. 民主与法治西方文化倡导民主政治和法治社会，注重个人权利和平等，推动了现代民主制度的发展。
4. 艺术与文学的创新西方文化在艺术与文学领域具有创新精神，不断探索新的表达形式和艺术风格。
四、西方文化对全球的影响1. 语言和文学英语作为西方文化的代表语言，成为国际交流和商务的重要工具。
西方文学作品如莎士比亚的戏剧、浪漫主义文学等对全球文学产生了深远影响。
2. 科学与技术西方文化的科学与技术成果对全球产生了广泛影响，如工业革命、电子技术、计算机科学等。
3. 政治与法律西方文化的民主制度和法治观念对全球政治和法律体系的发展产生了重要影响。
4. 艺术与娱乐西方音乐、电影、时尚等艺术与娱乐形式在全球范围内受到广泛欢迎，成为全球流行文化的一部分。
五、结论西方文化作为世界上最重要和广泛影响的文化之一，其起源、发展、特点以及对全球的影响都具有重要意义。
Unit7西方文化导论
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The foremost figures in the Enlightenment were a group of French thinkers known as philosophers. The preeminent member of this group was the writer, historian, and poet Voltaire. He emerged as the Enlightenment’s chief critic of contemporary culture and religion. Another important member of this group was Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose writings greatly influenced the political thinking of the time. Also influential were the writings of Charles, Baron de Montesquieu, who challenged the idea of rule by a monarch and championed individual freedom. The philosopher Denis Diderot, in collaboration with Jean D’Alembert, planned and edited a multivolume encyclopedia designed to include all realms of knowledge. Many of the entries were written by other philosophies.
西方文化导论
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59BC—AD17 He was Octavian's contemporary. History of Rome: he began it between 2725BC and published it in instalments which at once brought him fame. The book consisted of 142 volumes.
His books:
The book of Satires The Odes Epistles
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Publius Ovidius Naso (43BC—AD17) He was born in a valley of the Apennines, eats of Rome, and was educated to Rome where he studied both rthetoric and law.
》 It includes battles against the Belgic tribes (combined with Gaul), and his crossing the sea and sailing up the Thames to invade Britain.
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Roman playwright (254—184BC) He was born in humble circumstances at Sarsina, Umbria, and once worked as a stagecarpenter.
西方文化导论考试范围
西方文化导论考试范围木星(Jupiter) Zeus the god of justice。
海王星(Neptune) 代表神Poseidon 海神冥王星(Pluto) 代表神普鲁陀Hades(冥府之神) 太阳(Sun)// 代表神阿波罗Apollo(太阳神) 金星(Venus) 代表神维纳斯Venus(爱与美之神Aphrodite) Athena雅典娜智慧女神月球(Moon) 露娜Luna，希腊人称之为瑟丽妮Selene和阿蒂蜜丝Artemis火星(Mars) 代表神马尔斯Ares(战神)水星(Mercury)// 代表神摩丘力Hermes(商业、旅行与偷窃之神)土星(Saturn) 代表神克隆纳斯(kronus)天王星(Uranus)-天王星是古希腊传说中的天界之神，最早的天神。
他也是克罗那斯（Cronus,土星）、独眼巨人（Cyclopes）和泰坦巨神（Titans，奥林匹亚众神的始祖）的父亲，妻子则是大地之母盖娅（Gaia）。
Athens Sparta polis城邦ruled by the leader owning aristocrat or the slave-turned king. archons首席执政官solon梭伦Cleisthenes 克里斯提尼Draco德拉古。
Socrates苏格拉底Plato 柏拉图The School of Athens 。
Apology辩解篇padres理想国Aristotle亚里士多德science logic。
Cynics 犬儒主义Epic poetry长篇史诗Homer Iliad Odyssey 奥德赛--Trojan war Lyric poetry Callimachus—Hymns Theocritus—The Syracusan Woman The GracesDrama 戏剧Aeschylus—Prometheus Bound，Agamemnon，the PersiansSophocles----Oedipus the king，Oedipus Complex恋母情结Electra，AntigoneEuripides ----Medea ，Trojan Women Electra Complex恋父情结Parthenon帕特农神殿Pantheon 万神庙Discobolis ，Disous Thrower 掷铁饼者Laocoon Group拉奥孔人物组雕Venus De Mile断臂维纳斯Julius Caesar 凯撒---Commentaries on the Gallic War ，The Civil War。
西方文化导论Unit5课件
习题二及答案
• 习题二： 分析中世纪欧洲文化的特点。
习题二及答案
答案： 中世纪欧洲文化的特点主要表现为宗教、封建主义和神秘主义等。
宗教在当时占据了主导地位，教会成为社会文化的核心力量。
习题二及答案
封建主义体制下，社会等级森 严，政治权力分散。
神秘主义则体现在人们对自然 和超自然力量的敬畏和崇拜上。
利用多媒体资源如视频、 图片等辅助学习，提高 学习效果。
与同学一起讨论学习内 容，互相交流心得，有 助于拓宽思路和加深理解。
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西方文化Unit5后
习题一及答案
• 习题一： 简述古希腊文化对西方文化的影响。
习题一及答案
答案：
古希腊文化对西方文化的影响深远，主要体现在哲学、艺术、政治和科学等方面。
悲剧等作品，以及其思想家们的哲学思想。
02
古罗马文化对西方文化的影响
古罗马文化作为西方文化的另一个重要源头，对西方法律、建筑、文学
等领域产生了重要影响。本单元重点介绍了古罗马文化中的法律制度、
建筑风格以及文学作品的特色和影响。
03
中世纪欧洲文化的发展
中世纪欧洲文化经历了从黑暗到文艺复兴的漫长过程，本单元重点介绍
哲学上，古希腊的苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德等哲学家奠定了西方哲学的基础， 他们的思想对后世产生了巨大的影响。
习题一及答案
艺术上，古希腊的建筑和雕塑风 格成为西方艺术的重要典范，其 美学观念对西方艺术的发展产生
了深远的影响。
政治上，古希腊的民主政治制度 为西方现代民主制度提供了借鉴
和启示。
科学上，古希腊的天文学、数学 和医学等学科的发展对西方科学 的发展起到了重要的推动作用。
了中世纪欧洲的文化背景、主要文学流派及其代表作品，以及中世纪文
西方文化导论人物对应的思想理论
西方文化导论人物对应的思想理论一、古希腊（小国寡民，城邦，民主，伦理）（一）苏格拉底1、知识即美德2、应由智者管理国家（二）柏拉图1、君主制，哲学王2、三大阶级：统治者、护卫者、生产者3、人治4、普及教育5、消灭私有财产，共妻共子（三）亚里士多德1、人是天生的政治动物2、城邦是最高的善3、批判柏拉图4、有限的私有财产5、肯定中产阶级的作用6、主张中庸的民主制度（混合政体）7、法治二、希腊化时代与古罗马（移民部落文化，法治，公民权扩大，血缘联系较弱）（一）伊壁鸠鲁学派1、快乐主义（直面死亡、不惧神、节欲、精神快乐、忍受痛苦）2、不参与政治3、享受灵魂安宁与社会安全4、国家产生于契约5、正义在于互利（二）犬儒学派1、享乐是恶2、抛弃家庭3、拒绝文明4、远离政治5、精神自由6、人人平等（三）斯多葛学派1、世界是一个整体，自然法，世界主义2、人人平等3、清心寡欲4、国家是自然的产物（四）波里比阿1、认为政体是循环的2、主张混合政体3、三权分立（执政官、元老院、民众大会）（五）西塞罗1、强调国家，突破传统城邦界限2、法治3、人人平等4、混合政体5、自然法（六）奥古斯丁1、人的原罪与上帝的恩典2、双城：天上之城与地上之城3、国家的工具性4、国家与教会的关系三、中世纪（王权与教权）教权派思想：1、尼古拉一世（教会独立，国家不得干涉教会）；2、格里高利七世（教会高于国家，教会永不犯错）；3、英诺森三世（教会是完整社会）；4、卜尼法斯八世（两剑论，王权服务于教权）（一）阿奎那1、承认国家的存在，但教会高于国家2、国家的起源是人有群居习性，需要指导、照顾和控制，国家的目的是谋取社会的共同幸福3、正义政体（一个自由人的社会是在为公众谋幸福的统治者的治理下）与不正义政体（统治者谋取私利）4、永恒法、自然法、人法和神法5、真正的幸福不能在物质欲望中实现四、16世纪西欧（一）马基雅维利1、国家是因为人性恶而产生的2、财产是国家生活的重要内容3、统治权是国家的根本问题4、法律与军队是统治权的基础5、主张政治与道德分离6、君主制是最现实的7、君主不受道德约束，可以不守信，不择手段，应使人民恐惧（二）马丁路德1、反对救赎，倡导因信得救2、否定教会中介3、主张廉价的民族教会4、两个政府理论5、主张君主制（三）加尔文1、《圣经》是唯一信仰权威2、主张预定论3、取消教皇与主教4、建立民主的教会组织5、教会与俗世权力分界分明6、主张贵族制（四）布丹1、接受亚里士多德的历史国家观2、家庭是国家的基础，代表公、私两大领域3、国家与社会之上有神法和自然法的权威4、公民分等级，对主权者负有忠诚和服从的义务5、国家目的是要满意人民在物质和非物质上的需要：福利、秩序和道德追求6、坚持国家主权（立法权是首先内容。
西方文化导论叶胜年知识整理
西方文化导论叶胜年知识整理
西方文化导论是一门研究西方文化起源、发展和特点的学科，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和欣赏西方文化。
而西方文化导论的其中一位重要学者就是叶胜年。
叶胜年是一位中国著名的文化学者和作家，他对中西方文化有着深刻的理解和独特的见解。
他的著作《西方文化导论》是一部系统地介绍西方文化的经典之作。
在这本书中，叶胜年从多个角度对西方文化进行了全面而深入的剖析。
他首先介绍了西方文化的起源和发展历程，从古希腊罗马文明到基督教文化的兴起，再到文艺复兴和近代西方文化的形成，他对每个阶段的重要人物、事件和思想进行了详细的介绍。
叶胜年同时也对西方文化的核心价值观进行了深入的探讨。
他认为，自由、平等和人权是西方文化的重要特征，这些价值观在西方文化中起着重要的指导作用。
他还介绍了西方文化中的人文主义、个人主义和民主的思想，以及艺术、音乐、文学和哲学等领域的重要成就。
叶胜年还特别强调了西方文化的开放性和多元性。
他认为，西方文化的多样性源自于其长期以来与其他文化的交流和融合，例如希腊文化对罗马文明的影响，基督教对欧洲文化的塑造，以及欧洲与亚洲、非
洲等地区的文化交流。
他认为，正是这种开放性和多元性使得西方文化成为世界文化的重要组成部分。
除了对西方文化的研究，叶胜年还提出了一些对中国文化发展的启示。
他提倡我们应该借鉴西方文化的优点，同时保持自己的独特性，以推动中国文化的发展。
总之，叶胜年的《西方文化导论》为我们提供了一种深入了解和欣赏西方文化的视角，帮助我们更好地认识和对待不同文化之间的差异和交流。
这对于推动文化多样性和促进世界文化的交流与发展具有重要的意义。
西方文化导论课程设计
西方文化导论课程设计一、介绍本课程是关于西方文化的一门导论性课程，旨在为学生提供对西方文化基本概念和主要历史事件的了解。
本课程主要涉及西方哲学、艺术、文学、宗教、政治和社会等方面。
学生通过学习本课程，将能够对西方文化的影响有一个更深入的理解。
二、课程目标本课程的主要目标是：1.了解西方文化的基本概念和主要历史事件；2.理解西方哲学、艺术、文学、宗教、政治和社会的发展过程及其对现代社会的影响；3.学习如何分析、评价和比较西方文化和其他文化的异同；4.培养学生的批判思维和分析能力。
三、课程内容1.西方文化的概述–西方文化的定义和历史发展–西方文化和其他文化的比较2.西方哲学–古希腊哲学–文艺复兴时期的人文主义和理性主义–现代哲学3.西方艺术–古希腊艺术–文艺复兴时期的绘画和建筑–现代艺术4.西方文学–古希腊和罗马文学–文艺复兴时期的文学–现代文学5.西方宗教–基督教–伊斯兰教6.西方政治和社会–古希腊和罗马政治制度–民主制度和社会福利制度–现代社会和文化问题四、课程安排本课程共分为15周，每周授课3小时，具体安排如下：周次课程内容教学方法1-2周西方文化的概述讲授3-4周古希腊哲学讲授加讨论周次课程内容教学方法5-6周文艺复兴时期的人文主义和理性主义讲授加讨论7-8周古希腊艺术讲授加观摩9-10周基督教讲授加讨论11-12周民主制度和社会福利制度讲授加讨论13-14周现代社会和文化问题讲授加讨论15周总结和回顾讲授加讨论五、评分标准本课程的考核方式包括平时表现、小组报告和期末论文，具体占比如下：考核方式占比平时表现30%小组报告40%期末论文30%平时表现包括出勤率、课堂表现和作业完成情况；小组报告包括主题选择、内容撰写和演讲表现；期末论文要求学生对所学内容进行深入阐述和分析。
六、参考资料1.Bland, S. (2012). Introducing cultural studies:learning through practice. Sage.2.Connor, S. (2011). The Cambridge companion to postmodernism. Cambridge University Press.3.Eagleton, T. (2000). The idea of culture. Wiley-Blackwell.4.Roberts, K. (2003). The Cambridge companion to American realism and naturalism: from Howells to London. Cambridge University Press.。
西方文化导论XS106011 1.2 希腊城邦文化
德漠克利特 (约前460~前370)， 他提出“原子论”， 认为万物由极小的、 不可再分的“原子” 构成， 这是古代希腊 比较完整系统的唯 物论，也是欧洲最 早的原子学说。
Pythagoras， BC.570—BC.500年， 主要成就： 毕达哥拉斯定理 演绎方法在几何学的运用 数本原论 几何化的宇宙结构模型
四 希腊悲剧的“命运”主题
被 缚 的 普 罗 米 修 斯
埃斯库罗斯是希腊悲剧的真正创立者。
索福克勒斯的代表作
《俄狄浦斯王》
典型的命运悲剧。
被亚里士多德称为 “十全十美的悲 剧”。 人与命运的冲突
《美狄亚》
是一部为妇女的地 位低下和悲惨命运鸣不 平的作品，心理刻画细 腻。塑造了一个热情、 坚强、富有反抗性的女 性形像。
阿里斯托芬的作品 《云》、《鸟》
雅典的喜剧从诞生之日开始，就与解
构神圣、讥讽时弊紧密地联系在一起。
从悲剧到喜剧的转化反映了时代精神
的演变，而这种时代精神的演变恰恰 揭示了从希腊城邦时代向希腊化时代 转化的文化实质。
六 希腊古典时期的自然哲学与科学
22
地
亚 亚 平 德 宁 里 罗马 半 亚 岛
31
任何感性的物质，都不可能互相归 结，都只能由带有它本身特质的更小的 种子来解释；万物的种了在宇宙创生时 处于混沌的混为一体状态，只是在宇宙 巨大漩涡运动中才开始分离的。
赫拉克利特的唯物辩证思想： 火是万物的本原， 一切皆流，一切皆变， 人不能两次走入同一条河流。 “斗争是万物之父”，认识到 对立统一道理。 列宁称他为“辩证法的奠基 人”。
28
一个是柏拉图在《泰阿泰德篇》中记述 了一段故事，说的是泰勒斯夜里专注于观察 天空，不小心掉进了井里，而被被一位女奴 笑话。 另一个故事是亚里士多德在《政治学》 中提到的。他运用天文学知识预测到来年橄 榄将大丰收，发了大财。
西方文化导论课后习题答案_1
西方文化导论课后习题答案(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths andsocial life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greekculture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and stylesin painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity insteadof divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
西方文化导论Unit3
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
Comprehension Exercises
True or False Questions.
___ F (1) The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first 10 books. ___ T (2) The Old Testament was written in Hebrew, including the three parts: Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. ___ F (3) Exodus describes how Aaron led the people of Israel out of Egypt in the 13th or 14th centuries BC, including their life in Egypt and how they suffered from oppression. ___ T (4) The Prophets mainly introduces all kinds of prophets. ___ T (5) Apocrypha books are not included in the canon of the Old Testament because of their uncertain authorship or legendary.
A. 586 BC
B. 450 BC
C. 330 BC
D. 586
Text Study
Comprehension Exercises
西方文化导论ancientGreece教案
西方文化导论：古希腊教案一、教学目标1. 了解古希腊的历史背景、地理环境及其对文化的影响。
2. 掌握古希腊的哲学思想、文学艺术及其对后世的影响。
3. 理解古希腊的政治制度、社会结构及其对现代民主制度的启示。
4. 培养学生的批判性思维能力、跨文化交际能力及自主学习能力。
二、教学内容1. 古希腊历史背景：荷马时代、古风时代、古典时代等。
2. 古希腊地理环境：希腊半岛、爱琴海、地中海等。
3. 古希腊哲学思想：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等。
4. 古希腊文学艺术：悲剧、喜剧、史诗、雕塑、建筑等。
5. 古希腊政治制度：城邦制度、民主制度、寡头政治等。
6. 古希腊社会结构：贵族、平民、奴隶等。
三、教学方法1. 讲座法：教师讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学、艺术等知识。
2. 讨论法：学生分组讨论古希腊政治制度、社会结构等话题。
3. 案例分析法：分析古希腊著名城邦雅典的政治、经济、文化等特点。
4. 比较法：比较古希腊与其他文明古国的异同，如古埃及、巴比伦等。
四、教学评价1. 课堂参与度：学生提问、回答问题、讨论等积极性。
2. 小组讨论报告：学生对古希腊政治制度、社会结构的深入分析。
4. 期末考试：考查学生对古希腊文化导论的整体掌握情况。
五、教学资源1. 教材：西方文化导论相关教材、古希腊历史、哲学、文学等著作。
2. 课件：教师制作的课件、图片、地图等。
3. 影视资料：关于古希腊的纪录片、电影等。
4. 网络资源：相关古希腊文化的网站、学术文章等。
六、教学安排1. 第1-2周：古希腊历史背景及地理环境2. 第3-4周：古希腊哲学思想及其影响3. 第5-6周：古希腊文学艺术的特点及成就4. 第7-8周：古希腊政治制度与社会结构5. 第9-10周：古希腊文化对后世的影响及现代启示七、教学活动1. 第1-2周：讲座、讨论、案例分析等方式介绍古希腊历史背景及地理环境。
2. 第3-4周：讲座、小组讨论、比较等方式探讨古希腊哲学思想及其影响。
西方文化导论ancientGreece教案
西方文化导论：古希腊教案一、教学目标1. 了解古希腊的历史、地理和文化背景。
2. 掌握古希腊的哲学、文学、艺术等重要成就。
3. 理解古希腊对后世西方文化的影响。
二、教学内容1. 古希腊历史概况：古希腊的地理环境、城邦制度、重要历史事件等。
2. 古希腊哲学：苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家的主要思想。
3. 古希腊文学：荷马史诗、悲剧、喜剧等文学形式及其代表作品。
4. 古希腊艺术：建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式的发展和特点。
5. 古希腊对后世西方文化的影响：政治、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的影响。
三、教学方法1. 讲授法：讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的知识。
2. 案例分析法：分析古希腊的重要历史事件、文学作品、艺术作品等。
3. 讨论法：引导学生探讨古希腊文化对后世的影响。
四、教学准备1. 教材：西方文化导论教材相关章节。
2. 课件：古希腊历史、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的图片、资料。
3. 参考资料：关于古希腊的额外阅读材料。
五、教学过程1. 导入：简要介绍古希腊的地理环境和城邦制度，激发学生的兴趣。
2. 历史概况：讲解古希腊的重要历史事件，如希波战争、伯里克利改革等。
3. 哲学思想：介绍苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德等哲学家的主要思想。
4. 文学作品：分析荷马史诗、悲剧、喜剧等文学形式及其代表作品。
5. 艺术形式：讲解古希腊建筑、雕塑、绘画等艺术形式的发展和特点。
6. 影响分析：讨论古希腊文化对后世西方政治、哲学、文学、艺术等方面的影响。
7. 总结：回顾本节课的重点内容，强调古希腊文化的意义和影响。
六、教学评估1. 课堂参与度：观察学生在讨论和提问中的积极性。
2. 作业完成情况：评估学生对古希腊文学作品的阅读理解和分析能力。
七、教学拓展1. 组织学生参观博物馆或艺术展览，欣赏古希腊的艺术作品。
2. 邀请专家进行讲座，深入讲解古希腊的历史、哲学、文学等方面的知识。
3. 开展角色扮演活动，让学生亲身体验古希腊的文化氛围。
西方文化导论(第二版)
西方文化导论(第二版)概述西方文化导论是一本系统介绍和探讨西方文化的教材，第二版在第一版的基础上进行了内容的更新和扩充。
本文档将对第二版的主要章节进行概述和简要介绍。
第一章：文化概念与西方文化特点第一章主要介绍了文化的概念以及西方文化的特点。
通过对文化的定义和内涵进行探讨，帮助读者建立对文化的基本理解。
接着，本章列举了西方文化的特点，包括个人主义、进步和创新、法治精神等方面。
通过对西方文化特点的分析，读者将更好地理解西方社会的价值观和行为准则。
第二章：古希腊文化的形成与发展第二章主要讲述了古希腊文化的形成与发展。
通过对古希腊城邦制度、民主思想、哲学和艺术的详细介绍，读者可以了解到古希腊对西方文化的深远影响。
本章还探讨了古希腊神话、奥林匹克运动会等与古希腊文化相关的重要话题。
第三章：罗马文化的兴盛与衰落第三章主要介绍了罗马文化的兴盛与衰落。
通过对罗马帝国的建立、法律制度、建筑艺术等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到罗马文化的辉煌。
同时，本章还探讨了罗马帝国的衰落原因，包括内外因素的影响，为读者呈现了一个全面的罗马文化画卷。
第四章：基督教与中世纪文化第四章主要探讨了基督教与中世纪文化的关系。
通过对基督教教义、圣经、修道院制度等方面的介绍，读者可以更好地理解基督教对于西方文化的影响。
本章还讲解了中世纪文化的典型特征，包括封建制度、骑士精神等，为读者呈现了一个中世纪文化的全景图。
第五章：文艺复兴与人文主义第五章主要介绍了文艺复兴与人文主义运动。
通过对文艺复兴时期的艺术、文学、科学等方面的讲解，读者可以了解到文艺复兴对于西方文化的重要意义。
本章还探讨了人文主义的核心观点与价值观，为读者呈现了一个充满思想与创新的时代。
第六章：启蒙运动与近代西方文化第六章主要探讨了启蒙运动与近代西方文化。
通过对启蒙运动的起源、思想家以及影响的介绍，读者可以了解到启蒙运动对于近代西方文化的深刻影响。
本章还讲解了近代西方文化的主要发展特点，包括科学理性主义、人权思想等方面。
Unit2西方文化导论
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
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Interpretation of Cultural Terms
the growth of literature. The Roman Empire subdued Spain, Gaul, etc. and annexed Egypt and most of Europe. He was viewed as a god in the hearts of the Romans as a result.
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
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The History of Ancient Rome
Origin: small village in central Italy
During 700 BC–800 BC, Seven Hill Ally took shape and cities and tribes came into being.
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
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Comprehension Exercises
Multiple choice.
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Comprehension Exercises
(1) Ancient Roman culture is the culture from the formation of ____ to the end of the Roman Empire, which had lasted about 1200 years throughout.
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
Unit8西方文化导论PPT课件
Generally realism is based on the mode of reproducing reality, while romanticism focuses on emotion and nature and ontological naturalism refers more to reality being limited to the observable world.
Interpretation of Cultural Terms
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Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744 – 1803) 赫尔德：A German philosopher, poet, and literary critic. He is associated with the periods of Enlightenment, Sturm und Drang (“狂飙突进”运动), and Weimar Classicism(魏玛古典主义).
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of feeling. By the 1830s and 1840s, the Romantic Movement began to wane, while the trend towards realism started to rise. Realism in fact, as a reaction to romanticism, shared and maintained its focus upon the freedom of the artistic mind. But compared with romanticism, realism puts more value upon the mind and observations of the outside world. Realism emphasizes the truthful and objective representation of reality. In literature, prose fiction, especially the novel, becomes its most often employed means to achieve the goal. Naturalism is the further development of realism in the sense that a naturalistic representation tends more to expose the essence of the object by means of inherent social and environmental factors. Realism preceded impressionism in the 19th century and survived into the 20th century, notably as the social realism of left-wing movements in art and literature.
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西方文化Greek Culture1. A war was fought between Greece and Troy: 1200BC2.Marked the high point of development in Greek culture in the 5th B.C:(1)The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century B.C.(2)The establishment of democracy and(3)The flourishing of science , philosophy, literature , art and historical writing in AthensRoman culture1. 与Greek相同之处：1. The Romans had a lot in common with Greeks (P13)2.Both the ….3.4.52. Architecture : The pantheon, Pont du Gard, The Colosseum1. Patheon is the best preserved Romantemple.2.Pont du Gard is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct (P16-17)3.Colosseum is an enormous amphitheatre.The bible and Christianity1.Christianity is the most influential in the West.2.Judaism and Christianity 的关系(P17)（1）It was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity（2）Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine3.The old Testament:(1) The old Testament+ the New Testament = The Bible (P18)(2)The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God(3)The New Testament is the doctrine of Jesus ChristThe middle Agesgeneral introduction1.The middle Ages 年份, A.D 476-1453 (P28)2.In A.D. 476 Germanic general killed the last Roman emperor and took control3.Eastern Roman Empire continued, the power of ancient Rome was gone4. A great many Germanic kingdoms grow into England, France, Spain, Italy and Germany.5.In 5th and 11th centuries, western Europe was frequent wars and invasions.Why is the MA called “Age of Faith”(p29)1.During the Medieval Times there was no central government to keep order. The onlyorganization was the Christian church2.In the Late Middle Ages, almost everyone in Western Europe is Christian and a member …3.Christian 掌权政治法律。
It shaped people’s livesThe crusades1.Important effect of The crusades : (P31)(1)Although the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had animportant effect…And they greatly influenced the history of Europe(2)…H elped to break down feudalismwhich ,in turn led to rise of the monarchies.(3)…Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals…(4)Resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention….And the rise of townsand trade in western Europe paved the way for the growth of strong national government.Art and ArchitectureRomanesque(罗马式建筑) (P36)1.“Romanesque”=“In the Roman manner”…Gothic art 与Romanesque art 的区别1.Romanesque art is religious.2.Romanesque sculpture and painting are often imbued with symbolism and allegory.3.…churches are stone ..but the feeling of uncertainty and insecurity was still there.Gothic1.The Gothic style started in France2.…I t was given direction by a different aesthetic and philosophical spirit and reflected a muchRenaissance and Reformation1.Renaissance: 14th and mid 17th century (P37)2.Renaissance means revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture Renaissance in Italy:The Rise of HumanismThe main element of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during Italian Renaissance?1.At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy is the assertion of the greatness of man.2.Related to this is the belief in the promotion of wealth and pleasure and a frank admirationfor the beauty of human body.3.In art and literature during the Italian Renaissance…interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God and the House of God to the beauty of human body in all its…Renaissance ArtHow did Italian Renaissance art break away from medieval tradition? (P39)1.Art broke away from the domination of the church….Artists are commissioned by the churchto paint the design became a separate stratum like writers and poets doing noble …2.Themes of painting changed into …..all aspect of nature and man3.Artists …put many of the principle of ancient civilization into their work.4.Artists introduced in their works scientific theories..The seventeenth century1.in the 17th century Europe advanced from the Middle Ages to the modern times. P562.This advance began in science…, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes.3.The triumphs of science revived human pride. This new outlook shattered the … and boughtabout modern philosophy..4.The new science and philosophy gave a great push to political struggle ..thebourgeoisie, andother classes. The 17th century saw the intense…,shown in revolution in England and absolute monarchy in France…Two merits shared by the great scientists (P61)简答题：科学哲学观如何形成1.They showed boldness in framing hypotheses2.They all had immense patience in observation3.The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientificand philosophical thinking.French Classicism这个属于The seventeenth century里边的，就放在左边了The difference between classicism and French classicism of the 17th century P68-69 1.Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return toworks of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle.2.but French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival.3.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.Three notice characteristics of French classicism or French neoclassicism P691.Man was viewed as a social being consciously and willingly subject to discipline2.Rationalism was believed to be able to discovet r the best principles of human conduct and….3.French classicism was fond of using classical forms, classical themes and values.French classicism of the 17th century was a new type of classicism.Baroque Art（巴洛克艺术）1.Baroque art flourished first in Italy. P712.It then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlandsin the north.3.It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis onlight and colour（注重光与色的效果，气势雄伟，有感性吸引力）｛代表人物及其作品：P71-721.Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini （贝尔尼尼）1.2.3. David(大卫), The Ecstasy of St. Theresa(圣特雷萨的沉迷2.Michelangelo Caravagio（卡拉瓦乔）1.2 first painter to 强光黑影突出主角画面The calling of St. Matthew\ Thecardsharps3.Francesco Borromini （普罗密尼） 1.2 对..进行大胆改变4.Peter Paul Rubens （鲁本斯）1.2.3. greatest painter of Flemish school, 对扩散Baroque重大贡献，主要作品Queen of France\ The raising of the cross5.Diego Velasquez （委拉斯开兹）1. The maids of honorArt and Architecture in France P731.France was the richest and the most powerful country in Europe.2.Louis XIV was the greatest patron that history has known....As a result, France surged aheadin architecture.3.The masterpieces of architecture in France are East Front of the Louvre(卢浮宫朝东的一面)and Palace of Versailles Garden Front（凡尔赛宫朝花园的一面）.The Age of Enlightenment p74-751.The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France originating in France.It attracted widespread support…….. of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.2.The Enlightenment is sometimes “the Age of Reason” because it characterizes the efforts bycertain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice.Rococo Art（洛可可）P871.Rococo art appeared during the reign of Louis XIV and Louis XV in France.2.The name of Rococo has been interpreted as being made up of two French words, rocaille,meaning rock and coquille, meaning shell.3.Rococo style in art is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration.4.Rococo art is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork and foliage and ithas a curving and elastic pattern.5.Rococo art was not a style in fine arts, but a style in such minor arts as furniture, tapestriesclocks and ceiling chandeliers.代表作：Salon de la PrincessesRomanticismWhat is Romanticism? P911.Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed inEurope in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.2.Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations above those of society.Romantic literature:Romantic Literature works, diversified in character and daring in spirit, all depicted man’s eager search for individual freedom, pure sentiments and ideal beauty.Romantic music: P921.Music in the Romantic period echoed ever more closely the new ideas and themes in art andliterature.2.There occurred an onrush of expressive program music, art song and operas which all borethe characteristic of originality and difference(新颖别致的).3.The musical romantics allowed more freedom in form, stressed the role off humansentiments, imagination and love of nature and drew extensively on folk music in their compositions.4.The musical romantics also became conscious of their national feelings and tried hard to givethem a full expressionArt and Architecture P102-104RealismWhy is it that Balzac has been called “the French Dickens” and Dickens has been called“the English Balzac”? p119Impressionism in Art p1271.Impressionism was a form of artistic expression in the 19th century.2.Impressionism in painting began in the mid-19th century Paris.3.The term “impressionism” first appeared… it was taken directly from the title of Monet’sImpression: Sunrise (1872)4.Generally speaking, the impressionists aimed at capturing the fleeting image of a scene takenin by the eye in real life and recreating the transitory experience with brushstrokes. Impressionist artists （知道一些）0 p127-128Modernism and Other TrendsWhat was meant by modernism and when did the Modernist movement begin? P1301. a complex and diverse international movement in all creative arts, originating about the endof the 19th century2.made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurismWhy has Modernism been called “the tradition of the new”?… its was characterized by a conscious rejection of established rules, traditions and conventions. It provided fresh ways of looking at…Why has Modernism also been called the “dehumanization of art”? P1311.It pushes into the background traditional humanisticnotions of the individual and society.It restates, in new terms, the same questions…What is the term “modernist” usually reserved for?1.… for more experimental and innovative modern works…2.The modern tradition is pluralistic…New Ideas and Thoughts—Sigmund Freud p132-134P155 PART TWO Ⅱ连线题1.前边黄色部分是添的2.Art and Architecture p102-104& Impressionist artists p127-1283.&Sigmund Freud p132-134 内容太多，没写进来。