冲压模具专业技术外文翻译含外文文献
冲压模具外文文献教程文件
冲压模具外文文献Progressive DieProgressive die has the following advantages1) Class into the module is multi-process dies, in a mold can include punching, bending, forming and drawing a variety of multi-pass process, with a higher than the compound die labor productivity, but also can produce quite complex stampings;2) Progressive Die Operation Security, because staff do not have to enter the danger zone;3) Class Progressive Die Design, The process can be distributed. Do not focus on one station , there is no Compound Dies "Minimum wall thickness" problem. Therefore relatively high mold strength, longer life expectancy.4) Progressive Die Easy Automation That is easy to Automaticfeeding ,Autoout of parts Automatic lamination;5) Class Progressive die can be High-speed press production, because the workpiece can be directly down the drain and waste;6) Use Class Progressive die can be Reduce the presses, semi-finished products to reduce transport. Workshop area and storage space can be greatly reduced.Progressive Dies The disadvantage is that complex structure, manufacturing of high precision, long life cycle and high costs. Because of progressive die is a To the workpiece, the shape of successive out, each punch has a positioning error, is more difficult to maintain stability in the workpiece, the relative position of the one-off appearance. However, high precision parts, not all contours of all, the shape relative position requirements are high, you can be washed in the shape of the same station, on the relative position of demanding the same time, out of this part of the profile, thus ensuring precision parts.First, process pieces of carry approachProcesses and the determination of nesting is of the progressive die design a very important link. In considering the processes and nesting, we must first consider the process method of carriage parts.Bending parts there are two main ways to carry:1) Blanking station in the upper and lower pressure, so that after blanking process pieces and re-pressed into the material inside. Generally only about access to material thickness of thel/3, but has enough to process pieces with the material sent to the next process, within the workpiece in the working procedure have all been pressed into the material inside the remnant. Beyond that, after process pieces are washed curved shape, until the last escape from the Strip. The drop in this way conveying pairs of thick material is very effective, because the thin material easy to bagging, wrinkles, or bent, thus blanking out the flat blank song, not with the advance of material and stops in a station caused the accident.Simple blanking progressive die, sometimes in order to ensure that the workpiece is flat and has also taken off after the re-feed materials putpressure on people within the approach, in the latter process to workpiece pushed. Because blanking after being re-pressed into the workpiece can not be material in the thickness direction all entered the hole, so in the blanking die station after the plane, to the corresponding lower.2) Rush to need to bend some of the surrounding material, the rest of the parts remain in the article (Volume)Materials, there is no separation. As the hub of to the material, You may need to spend a long Progress in distance delivery.Second, the principle of work arrangements1)Blanking the workpiece to avoid the use of complex shapes convex mode. Rather more than the increase a process to simplify the convex mode shapes.2)"U"-shaped pieces can be divided into two out, as Figure7--76As shown in order to avoid material stretched, out of Workpiece dimensions vary.Figure7--76 U shaped pieces of curved process3)In the asymmetric bending, the workpiece slide easily can be shown in Figure7—77shown with teeth inserts were inserts into the bend Convex Mold and roof in order to prevent the workpiece sliding. The main disadvantage of this method is the a)After the procedure b)pre-process workpiece plane with prints. Also available on the heat treatment before Convex Mold and roof pre-perforated, after tryout after the sheet metal through the tryout will be two holes without sliding inlay Ping . If sliding is used tooth inserts.Figure7--77 To prevent the sheet metal bending generated when sliding1- Bending Convex Die 2- Cut off Convex Die 3- Roof 4- With teeth inserts 4) Bending or deep drawing of the workpiece, high-quality plastic surgery procedures should be added.5) Waste, such as continuous, should increase the cutting process, using waste cutter cut. Automatic press itself, as some waste cutter, you do not have to die to consider.6) Can be countersunk head hole punching. Figure7—78 shows the first hole punching of the workpiece . When clamping the punch die Xiaoping Tou both plane and concave hole stretch of artificial parts, and contact with each other in order to prevent inward deformation of holes. Clamping direction due to the strict size requirements, so the punch assembly when subject to a high degree of repair potential. Also can be used as shown in Figure 7-79 height adjustment body punch. The upper punch 3 face, contact with the slider 2. Slider right-hand side has opened a T-shaped slot to accommodate the screw 5 in the head. Rotating screw 5, then move along the slider 2. As the slider 2 and the mold base 4 in order to ramp contact with each other, while the punch 3 in the fixed plate is sliding in with l, consequent punch in the direction of the location of mold can be adjusted. Adjusted with the nut 6 fixed.Figure7--78 Stamp shen head hole1—Convex Die 2- DieFigure7--79 Punch height adjustment body1- Fixed Plate 2-Slider 3- Punch 4- On the mold base 5- Screw6- Nut7) There are strict requirements of local relative position within the shape, should consider the possibility of the same station on the out, in order to maintain accuracy. If there are really difficult to be broken down into two working bits. Be better placed in two adjacent stations.Third, the principle of stamping operations sequencing1)For pure blanking progressive dies, in principle, the first ,punch, followed by re-punching shape I expected, the final and then washed down from the Strip on the integrity of the workpiece. Carrier should be maintained of material of sufficient strength, can be accurate when sent to press.2)For the blanking bending progressive die should be washed before cut off part of the hole and bend the shape I expected, and then bending, and finally washed near the curved edge holes and the side hole-bit accuracy of the sidewall holes. Washed down by the final separation of parts.3) Drawing for the progressive die stamping , first make arrangement to cut processes, further drawing, the final washed down from the article on the workpiece material.4)For with the deep drawing, bending stamping parts, the first drawing, then I punched the surrounding material, followed by bending plus.5)For stamping with a stamping parts, in order to facilitate the metal flow and reduce the stamping force, stamping parts of neighboring I expected to be an appropriate resection, and then arrange stamping. The final re -Precision Die-Cut materials .If there are holes on the embossing position, in principle, should be embossed after the punching.6)For with the stamping, bending and stamping workpiece, in principle, is the first imprint ,And then punching Yu Liu, And then bending process.Fourth, nesting layout1) Nesting mapping, you can start with plane launch fig start, right designed to blanking station, left the design forming station. Step by step according to the actual situation after the amendment.2) Consider increasing the intensity to be an empty station molds. Continuous drawing more frequently when the first drawing after being a backup space industry in order to increase the number of drawing. High precision, complex shape of the workpiece should be less to set an empty station. Step away from the mold is greater than 16mm When more than set up an empty station. Interval accuracy The poor should not be easily added an empty station.3) Decided to process pieces of carry approach.4) Note that material rolling direction. Rolling direction affects not only the economic effects of nesting, but also affect the performance of the workpiece.5) Burr bending parts should be located in inside.6) Thin material used Guide is being sold, But do not side edge trimming. For thick material or heavy section materials, in order to avoid guide is being sold off the need to side edge trimming.7) According to the workpiece dimensions and the scale of production to determine a shape one pieces two documents or four parts, or more pieces.8) Stamping process does not allow any scattered debris left on the die surface.9) Residual material on the press to consider the possibility of other parts.。
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
冲压模具冷冲压加工毕业论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献
冲压模具冷冲压加工中英文对照资料外文翻译文献冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲模ft—在冷加_1.:中，将材料（金诚成非金城）加工成零件（成半成品）的一种特殊工艺装��,称为冷冲紅：：校�!：〔俗称冷冲校、冲fE—适在室溢下，利用安装在丨力机.卜.的校H.对材料施加压：力,使_乂：产生分离成塑忤：变形，从ffu获得所需零件的一种H::力加工方法，冲Hi校的形式很多，一般可按以卜几个主耍特征分类:I .报据.17力分类n)冲裁模沿封如或敞开的轮廊线使材料产生分离的模其.如落料模，冲孔模、切断根、切口模、切边視、剂切模等。
(2)齊曲模使板料宅述成其他！��料沿着货线（暫曲线）产生符曲变形，从而获得一记祐度和形状的丄件的桉A。
(3)拉深模楚把板料毛制成开口空：心作，成使:空心件进_��_改变形状和尺十的模具，(4)成形校足将毛或半成沾工仲抜图n校的形状寅接&制成形.而材木i乂产生部塑性货肜的椋:A,如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模，起伏成形模、翻iMJ,整肜校2 .根椐.1.:序组合程度分类(1)印-工序模在liK力机的一次行程中，_U完成一道冲HCI：序的模其。
(2) R合椒只n—个工位，在力机的一次行程中，在kii一:L位上同时完成两进或两逝以h冲Ha工序的模-A,(3)级进模（也称连续报>在宅坏：的送进方IH h, A冇两个或史多的工位，在所力机的一次行程中，在:4、同的‘L:位.卜.逐次完成碑道或例道以上冲tKT_序的校』：毛。
沖；��冲模全称为冷冲丨丨丨模與.冷冲压校A·足一种应用十模妈行业冷冲Hi校:A及其配件所露高性能结构陶资材科的制���方法，高件能陶资模及.It配件材料由氧化销、氣化紀粉中加���谱兀巢构成，制备工艺足将氧化格溶液、氣化紀溶液、氧化销溶液、氧化紀洛液按一定比例混仓配成母液，滴入碳酸試按’采用：]彳沉淀方法合成模-A及；H；配_ft陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应:�成的沉淀找滤水、干燥，般烧得到高性能陶瓷模A及其配件材料超微粉，押经过成塑、烧结、精加工，便得到jS；性能陶瓷楨爲及其_配件树料。
冲压模具外文英语文献翻译
外文翻译Heat Treatment of Die and MouldOriented Concurrent DesignLI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue-yu,LUOZhong—hua,ZHANG YanAbstract：Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design methodwhich belongs to serial pattern。
It is well known that heattreatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrentdesign for heat treatment process of die and mould was developedin order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatmentprocess. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrentcircumstance and the relevant model was built. Theseinvestigations can remarkably improve efficiency，reduce costand ensure quality of R and D for products.Key words:die design; heat treatment；mouldTraditional die and mould design,mainly by experience or semi—experience，is isolated from manufacturing process。
冲压模具外文英语文献翻译
外文翻译Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue —yu,LUO Zhong —hua,ZHANG YanTraditional die and mould design,mainly by experience or semi —experience ，is isolated from manufacturing process.Before the design is finalized ，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again ，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture ，assembly and service life ．Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly ，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind them ．As die and mould industry develops ，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture ，assembly and wear —resistant properties by request. Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as over —hard and —soft and assembly ．Traditionally the heat treatment process was made out according to the methods and properties brought forward Abstract:Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongsto serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to thedies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die andmould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heattreatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrentcircumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations canremarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D forproducts.Key words:die design; heat treatment; mouldby designer．This could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought. These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent. Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of development pattern from serial to concurrent will be realized．Concurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the error．The concurrent pattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a revolution against serial pattern．In the present work．the heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development，and the systemic and profound research was performed．1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(see Fig．1).With regard to serial pattern，the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwards．Meanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling，cost accounting and sales departments．These problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foreground．Whereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasers．This is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the cost．Heat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designing．In this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials．2 Integration of Heat Treatment CAD／CAE for Die and MouldIt can be seen from Fig．2 that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frame．After information input via product design module and heat treatment process generated via heat treatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide the mesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysis after heat—treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such as overheat,over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technology．Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM are integrated into this system．The concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branch．That makes for optimizing the heat treatment process and ensuring the process sound．2.1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heat treatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould can be discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based on the shape of die and mould．Modeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment are workable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics，phase transformation kinetics，phase stress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etc．For example，3-D heat—conducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression and asymmetric die and mould，and M ARC software models for microstructure transformation was used．Computer can present the informations of temperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperature field,microstructure field and stress field．If the property can be coupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer．2.2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properlyselected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined．It is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fully．Since computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with large—scale calculation has been overcome．By simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required period after heat treatment．it is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process．2.3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in Fig．3．The database is the foundation of making out heat treatment process．Generally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database and process database．It is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and process．Although it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of tests．The materials database includes steel grades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades parallel tables．The process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heat preservation time and cooling velocity．Based on the database，heat treatment process can be created by inferring from rules．2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD／CAE systemtransfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control device．Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability of tool and the clamping apparatus can be judged．The whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no man—made interference．3 Key Technique3.1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure，stress and propertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructure—stress interaction．The three factors can all influence the property (see Fig．4)．During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come into being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructure and temperature—microstructure—and stress-property interact on each other．Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed,but the universal mathematic model has not been built．Many models fit the test nicely，but they cannot be put into practice．Difficulties with most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation exists．Even so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes great progress．3.2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure for die and mould involves design,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so on．They should have own database and mode1．They are in series with each other by the entity—relation model．Through establishing and employing dynamic inference mechanism，the aim of optimizing design can be achieved．The relation between product model and other models was built．The product model will change in case the cell model changes．In fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mould．After heat treatment model is integrated into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the system．After searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restricted by geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，is obtained．If the restriction is disobeyed，the system will send out the interpretative warning．All design cells are connected by communication network．3.3 Management and harmony among membersThe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating among item groups．Because each member is short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonized．Firstly,each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up- and-down working procedure in order to avoid conflict．Secondly，development plan should be made out and monitor mechanism should be established．The obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hindered．Agile management and harmony redound to communicating information，increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancy．Meanwhile it is beneficial for exciting creativity，clearing conflict and making the best of resource．4 Conclusions(1) Heat treatment CAD／CAE has been integrated into concurrent design for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts．(2)Die and mould development is performed on the same platform．When the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform．(3)Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cost．References：[1] ZHOU Xiong-hui，PENG Ying-hong．The Theory and Technique of Modern Die and Mould Design and Manufacture[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Jiaotong University Press 2000(in Chinese)．[2] Kang M，Park& Computer Integrated Mold Manufacturing[J]．Int J Computer Integrated Manufacturing，1995，5：229-239．[3] Yau H T，Meno C H．Concurrent Process Planning for Finishing Milling and Dimensional Inspection of Sculptured Surface in Die and Mould Manufacturing[J]．Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)：2709—2725．[4] LI Xiang，ZHOU Xiong-hui，RUAN Xue-yu．Application of Injection Mold Collaborative Manufacturing System [J]．JournaI of Shanghai Jiaotong University，2000，35(4)：1391-1394．[5] Kuzman K，Nardin B，Kovae M ,et a1．The Integration of Rapid Prototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing[J]．J Materials Processing Technology，2001，111：279—285．[6] LI Xiong，ZHANG Hong—bing，RUAN Xue-yu，et a1．Heat Treatment Process Design Oriented Based on Concurrent Engineering[J]．Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2002，14(4)：26—29．文献出处：LI Xiong,ZHANG Hong-bing,RUAN Xue—yu,LUO Zhong—hua,ZHANG Yan.Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design[J].Journal of Iron and Steel Research，2006,13(1):40- 43，74模具热处理及其导向平行设计李雄，张鸿冰，阮雪榆，罗中华，张艳摘要：在一系列方式中，传统模具设计方法存在许多缺点。
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译 中英文翻译 外文文献翻译
冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。
板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。
如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。
当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。
站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。
落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。
而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。
根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。
图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。
一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。
板料成形的原理如图2所示。
拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。
拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。
在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。
模具设计相关专业毕业论文(外文原文+翻译)之翻译[管理资料]
![模具设计相关专业毕业论文(外文原文+翻译)之翻译[管理资料]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/63ac390ff705cc1754270968.png)
可行成形图在汽车覆盖件冲压工艺高效设计的应用Dae-Cheol Ko a，Seung-Hoon Cha b，Sang-Kon Lee c，Chan-Joo Lee b，Byung-Min Kim d,*a ILIC, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan609-735, South Koreab Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koreac PNU-IFAM, Joint Research Center, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koread School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea摘要：本文提出使用可行的成形图来表示无断裂和起皱的安全区域，进而有效和快速地设计冲压工艺方法。
要确定可行的成形图，有限元分析对应于正交实验设计的过程变量组合。
随后，基于成形极限图的有限元分析，确定断裂和起皱的特征值。
所有组合的特征值在整个过程中，通过人工神经网络训练进行了一系列预测。
可行的成形图从所有组合的过程变量中最终确定。
以汽车覆盖件如转动架和车轮毂的冲压工艺作为实例来验证利用成形图的进行过程设计有效性。
有限元模拟结果与实验模拟结果比较表明，利用可行的成形图来进行冲压工艺的设计是有效的并适用于实际的过程。
冲压模具英文参考文献(精选120个最新)
冲压模具是在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
冲压，是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。
下面是搜索整理的冲压模具英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
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【毕业设计】冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译
【关键字】毕业设计冲压模具毕业设计外文翻译篇一：模具外文文献及翻译The mold designing and manufacturingThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country,the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturingindustry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the threeinvestments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise'sdevelopment also rapid quietly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with thedemand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to,large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and thestate-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center theupscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizationalreform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase;"The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked,take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal areadevelopment quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. Atpresent develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province isGuangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, centerupscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete","small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accountsfor the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% aboveXX years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and exportbalances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad productlevel low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our countrymold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent inthe passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continuesto use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term hasnot obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, butalso has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. Atpresent enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urinemold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along withthe time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitterand the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low.Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperationabilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparativelylarge-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlationtechnology fallThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often canaffect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding toolsteel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, onthe international economical globalization development tendency is day by dayobvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our countrymold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold marketwill continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on themold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will takea broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can becomethe mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation tothe mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese moldindustry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archerytarget aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics,the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering.The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product tolarger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, themold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having thechart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, themanagement information, the management internationalization direction develops.Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technologyshould be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthroughAlong with thenational economy total quantity and the industry product technologyunceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demandquantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both canmeet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially atpresent domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the moldand can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long篇二：冲压模具设计毕业设计开题报告题目：院系：专业：学生：学号：指导老师：毕业设计开题报告冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计三峡大学机械与材料学院机械设计制造及其自动化三峡大学机械与材料学院冲压工艺分析与弯曲冲孔模具的设计开题报告一、课题的来源课题来源于生产实际，探讨冲压加工中较常见零件的工艺方法和结构设计。
冲压模具英文翻译原文
j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/j m a t p r o t ecContact pressure evolution at the die radius in sheet metal stampingMichael P.Pereira a,∗,John L.Duncan b,Wenyi Yan c,Bernard F.Rolfe da Centre for Material and Fibre Innovation,Deakin University,Pigdons Road,Geelong,VIC3217,Australiab Professor Emeritus,The University of Auckland,284Glenmore Road,RD3,Albany0793,New Zealandc Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Monash University,Clayton,VIC3800,Australiad School of Engineering and IT,Deakin University,Geelong,VIC3217,Australiaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received27March2008 Received in revised form 18July2008Accepted17August2008Keywords:Contact pressureSheet metal stamping Tool wearBending-under-tension a b s t r a c tThe contact conditions at the die radius are of primary importance to the wear response for many sheet metal forming processes.In particular,a detailed understanding of the con-tact pressure at the wearing interface is essential for the application of representative wear tests,the use of wear resistant materials and coatings,the development of suitable wear models,and for the ultimate goal of predicting tool life.However,there is a lack of infor-mation concerning the time-dependant nature of the contact pressure response in sheet metal stamping.This work provides a qualitative description of the evolution and distribu-tion of contact pressure at the die radius for a typical channel forming process.Through an analysis of the deformation conditions,contact phenomena and underlying mechanics, it was identified that three distinct phases exist.Significantly,the initial and intermediate stages resulted in severe and localised contact conditions,with contact pressures signif-icantly greater than the blank material yield strength.Thefinal phase corresponds to a larger contact area,with steady and smaller contact pressures.The proposed contact pres-sure behaviour was compared to other results available in the literature and also discussed with respect to tool wear.©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn recent years,there has been an increase in wear-related problems associated with the die radius of automotive sheet metal forming tools(Sandberg et al.,2004).These problems have mainly been a consequence of the implementation of higher strength steels to meet crash requirements,and the reduced use of lubricants owing to environmental concerns. As a result,forming tools,and the die radii in particular, are required to withstand higher forming forces and more severe tribological stresses.This can result in high costs due∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+61352273353;fax:+61352271103.E-mail address:michael.pereira@.au(M.P.Pereira).to unscheduled stoppages and maintenance,and lead to poor part quality in terms of surfacefinish,geometric accuracy and possible part failure.If the side-wall of a part is examined after forming,a demarcation known as the‘die impact line’is easily visible (Karima,1994).This line separates the burnished material that has travelled over the die radius and the free surface that has not contacted the tooling,clearly indicating that severe sur-face effects exist at the die radius.It is therefore important to understand the contact phenomena at this location of the tooling.0924-0136/$–see front matter©2008Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.08.010j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 209(2009)3532–354135331.1.Bending-under-tension testThe bending-under-tension test –in which a strip is bent over a cylindrical tool surface and pulled against a speci-fied back tension –has been used in the laboratory for many years to simulate conditions at the die radius (Ranta-Eskola et al.,1982).The literature contains numerous experimental investigations that examine surface degradation over the die radius after repeated or continuous bending-under-tension operations.For example,in independent studies with differ-ing test conditions and materials,Mortensen et al.(1994),Hortig and Schmoeckel (2001)and Attaf et al.(2002),each visu-ally observed wear in two localised regions on the die radius.More detailed examination of the worn die radius surface,through measurement of surface roughness (Christiansen and De Chiffre,1997),determination of wear depth (Eriksen,1997)and scanning electron microscope imaging (Boher et al.,2005),has also confirmed the existence of similar localised wear regions.In addition to the experimental analyses,Mortensen et al.(1994),Hortig and Schmoeckel (2001)and Attaf et al.(2002),each conducted finite element analyses of the bending-under-tension process.In all cases,the finite ele-ment models predicted the existence of distinct contact pressure peaks on the die radius surface,correlating well with the regions of localised ing in situ sensors Hanaki and Kato (1984)and more recently Coubrough et al.(2002)experimentally demonstrated that similar contact pressure peaks exist at locations on the die radius near the entry and exit of the strip during the bending-under-tension test.It is evident that despite covering a wide range of die materials (both coated and un-coated),lubrication,surface roughness,bend ratio and work-piece materials,each of thestudies discussed in the preceding paragraphs were found to exhibit similar characteristic two-peak contact pressure distributions and localised regions of wear over the die radius.These results,and the documented power law rela-tion between wear and normal load for sliding contacts (Rhee,1970),indicate that contact pressure is of primary significance to the wear response.1.2.Sheet metal stampingThe contact conditions occurring during sheet metal stamping operations have not been studied as extensively as those of the bending-under-tension process.Through finite element anal-yses of axisymmetric cup-drawing processes,Mortensen et al.(1994)and Jensen et al.(1998)identified that time-dependant contact conditions occur at the die radius,as opposed to the ‘stationary’conditions of the bending-under-tension test (Hortig and Schmoeckel,2001).In recent numerical studies on a plane strain channel forming process,Pereira et al.(2007,2008)also reported time-dependant plex contact conditions over the die radius were found to occur,with regions of highly localised and severe contact pressure.Selected results of the finite element analysis by Pereira et al.(2008)are given in Fig.1,where the dynamic nature of the con-tact pressure distribution can be seen.Additionally,the Mises stress contours show the corresponding deformation of the blank and provide an indication of where yielding occurs.Although each of the above investigations report time-dependant contact conditions for sheet metal stamping processes,the authors in each case provide little explanation into the reasons for the identified contact behaviour.Further analysis of this phenomenon has not been found in the liter-ature.Fig.1–Mises stress contours and normalised contact pressure distributions predicted by finite element analysis at the three distinct stages during a channel forming process (see Section 4.1for more details).The regions in white in the Mises contours indicate values of stress below the blank material initial yield strength.3534j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541 1.3.MotivationIn order to understand tool wear in sheet metal stamp-ing,or to use representative tests(bending-under-tension,slider-on-sheet,etc.)to characterise the wear response of toolmaterials and coatings,knowledge of the local contact condi-tions that occur during the stamping operation is essential.Asdiscussed,the contact pressure is of particular significance.However,a description of the evolution and distribution ofcontact stresses experienced by sheet metal forming tool-ing,including an explanation for this behaviour,has not beenfound in the literature.In this work,a qualitative description of the contact pres-sure evolution at the die radius and the associated stressdistributions in the blank during a channel forming processis given.The description is based on experimental observa-tions and the results offinite element analyses.Through ananalysis of the deformation conditions,contact phenomenaand underlying mechanics,it will be shown that three dis-tinct phases exist.Due to the unique deformation and contactconditions that are found to occur,the initial and intermedi-ate stages exhibit localised regions of severe contact pressure,with peak contact stresses that are significantly greater thanthe blank material yield strength.Thefinal stage,which canbe considered as steady state with regards to the conditions atthe die radius,corresponds to a larger contact area with stableand smaller contact pressures.It is noted that the magnitude of the contact stress peakswill depend on variables such as back tension on the sheet,thedie radius to sheet thickness ratio,and the clearance betweenthe punch and die.These effects are not investigated in thiswork.The objective of this work is to provide an understandingof an important aspect of sheet metal forming,rather thana quantitative analysis of a specific case.This should assistin understanding die wear,which is an increasing problemwith the implementation of higher strength sheet in stampedautomotive components.2.The sheet metal stamping processThe stamping or draw die process is shown schematically inFig.2.Sheet metal is clamped between the die and blank-holder and stretched over the punch.The sheet slides overthe die radius surface with high velocity in the presence ofcontact pressure and friction,as it undergoes complex bend-ing,thinning and straightening deformation(Fig.2c).In themost rudimentary analysis of sheet metal forming,bending isneglected and the deformation is studied under the action ofprincipal tensions(Marciniak et al.,2002).The tension is theforce per unit width transmitted in the sheet and is a prod-uct of stress and thickness.For two-dimensional plane straindeformation around the die radius,the well-known analysisindicates that the contact pressure p isp=TR=1R/t(1)where 1is the longitudinal principal stress,T is the longitu-dinal tension,R is the die radius,t is the sheet thickness,and Fig.2–(a)The beginning of a typical sheet metal stamping process.(b)The motion and forces exerted by the tools cause the blank to be formed into a channel shape during the stamping process.(c)Forces acting on the sheet at the die radius region.R/t the bend ratio.Due to the effect of friction,the longitudinal tension in the sheet varies along the die radius.If the tension at one point,j,on the die radius is known,then the tension at some other point,k,further along the radius can be found according to:T k=T j exp( Âjk)(2)whereÂjk is the angle turned through between the two points, and is the coefficient of friction between the tool and sheet surfaces.j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413535Eq.(1)provides a useful relationship that shows the contactpressure is inversely proportional to the bend ratio.Given thatthe tension is usually close to the yield tension and that thebend ratio in typical tooling is often less than10,Eq.(1)indi-cates that the contact stress is an appreciable fraction of theyield stress.This implies that the assumption of plane stressin the strip may not be valid.Additionally,a numerical studyof a bending-under-tension process with a bend ratio of3.3revealed that the restraint forces attributed to bending(andunbending)were almost50%of the total restraint forces onthe sheet(Groche and Nitzsche,2006).Although Eqs.(1)and(2)can be modified to include the work done in bending andstraightening,these simple models are unlikely to adequatelydescribe the contact pressure distribution.Furthermore,such an analysis assumes that the sheetslides continuously over the die radius under steady-state-type conditions analogous to a bending-under-tensionprocess.However,as discussed in Section1,several studies inthe literature have shown that the contact conditions are notsteady during typical sheet metal stamping.For these reasons,it is evident that a more detailed analysis,including examina-tion of the stress states and yielding in the sheet,is required inorder to understand the complex and time-dependant contactconditions at the die radius.3.Contact pressure at the die radiusIn this work,a qualitative description of the developmentof peak contact pressures at the die radius for the channelforming process shown in Fig.2is given.For simplicity,thedeformation of the sheet is considered as a two-dimensional,plane strain process.A linear-elastic,perfectly plastic sheetmaterial model,obeying a Tresca yield criterion is used.Thematerial curve is shown in Fig.3,where theflow stress is S,with zero Bauschinger effect on reverse loading.It is assumedthat if there is a draw-bead,it is at some distance from the dieradius so that the sheet entering the die radius is undeformedbut has some tension applied.In this study,the deformation and contact conditions at thedie radius for a typical sheet metal forming process are dividedinto three distinct phases(Fig.4).A material element on theblank,Point A,is initially located at the beginning of the dieradius,as shown in Fig.4a.At this instant,contact islimitedFig.3–Simplified plane strain material response with reverseloading.Fig.4–Three distinct phases of deformation and contact, which occur during the channel forming process:(a)initial deformation,(b)intermediate conditions,and(c)steady-state conditions at die radius.to a line across the die radius.During the next stage,Point A has travelled around the die radius,but has not yet reached the exit or tangent point(Fig.4b).At this instant,the material in the side-wall(between the die radius and punch radius) remains straight and has not previously contacted the tools.A state of approximately steady conditions at the die radius is reached in Fig.4c,where Point A is now in the side-wall region.3.1.Initial deformationAt the start of the forming stroke,contact between the blank and die occurs near the start of the die radius at an angle of Â=˛,as shown in Fig.5a.The Mohr circle of stress at the con-tacting inner surface and the stress distribution through the thickness of the sheet are given schematically in this diagram. The regions of plastic deformation in the sheet are indicated by shading.The sheet is bent by the transverse force F shown,so that a compressive bending stress 1exists on the upper surface.Due to the initial lack of conformance of the blank to the radius, contact occurs almost along a line,resulting in a contact pres-sure P˛that can be very high.As a result,the normal stress 3, which is equal to−P˛,is greatest at the surface and diminishes to zero at the outer,free surface.At this location,approx-3536j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y 209(2009)3532–3541Fig.5–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the initial deformation stage—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zone are shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of (b)contact pressure and (c)bending moment in the sheet.imately plane stress conditions exist and the sheet yields under tension at the plane strain yield stress S .The transverse stress 2at the inner surface will have an intermediate value,since the process is plane strain.In the plastic case,this is the mean of the other principal stresses.In the elastic case,this is only approximately so.The bending stress and contact pressure at the inner sur-face generate a high compressive hydrostatic stress,such that yielding can be suppressed (the diameter of the Mohr circle is <S ).This phenomenon is supported by the finite element simulation results of the case study shown in Fig.1a.The bending moment m is greatest at the contact line,as shown in Fig.5c;yet plastic bending only takes place either side of thisregion,where the inhibiting compressive hydrostatic stress is lower.The result is that a very high-pressure peak occurs at the contact line,greater in magnitude than the sheet yield stress (Fig.5b).This initial line contact,causing a localised peak contact pressure,is a momentary event.3.2.Intermediate conditionsAs the punch draws the sheet to slide into the die cavity,Point A moves away from the start of the radius,as shown in Fig.6a.Due to the plastic bending of the sheet that occurs near the beginning of the die radius,in the vicinity of Â=0◦,the mate-rial entering the die radius has greater conformance with thej o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413537Fig.6–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the intermediate conditions—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zones are shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of(b)contact pressure and(c)bending moment in the sheet.die radius surface.This causes a reduction in contact pressure, due to the change from line contact in Fig.5to a broader con-tact area in Fig.6.Consequently,the compressive hydrostatic stress is reduced and plastic deformation at the blank surface occurs(the diameter of the Mohr circle is S).The bending moment on the sheet is greatest near the Point A,as shown in Fig.6c,such that the strip may be over-bent at this point,causing a loss of contact between the sheet and the die radius.A similar effect can exist over the nose of the punch in vee-die bending(Marciniak et al.,2002).As such,a second contact point with the die occurs further along the radius,at Â=ˇ.Point A,which began at the start of the radius,has not yet reached the tangent point atˇ.Hence,the material currently atˇis largely undeformed,despite the fact that the angle of wrap of the blank over the die radius is relatively large.With similar contact conditions to the initial deformation stage,line contact occurs atˇ.As seen previously,these conditions result in high contact pressure,large compressive hydrostatic stress, and can suppress plastic deformation at the blank surface as supported by the case study in Fig.1b.Fig.6b shows the contact pressure distribution for the inter-mediate stage.The magnitude of the contact pressure at the start of the radius is less than the yield stress,where con-tact is distributed over a wider area.Conversely,a sharp peak exists at the tangent point atˇ,where the sheet is still being bent and the contact area is small.In many punch and die3538j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541configurations,the punch displacement needed to draw the material from the beginning of the die radius(Point A in this case)around to the tangent point is significant.Therefore,the intermediate phase may be long and the maximum contact angle,ˇmax,quite large.3.3.Steady-state conditions at the die radiusSteady-state conditions at the die radius are reached when Point A,which began at the start of the die radius,has moved around and become part of the side-wall,as shown in Fig.7a. New material is plastically bent as it enters the die radius from the blank-holder region.Here,the contact pressure and stress distributions are similar to those of the intermediate stage, due to the bending and conformance of the blank to the die radius.Beyond this region,the sheet remains in contact with the die without further plastic deformation,and the resulting contact pressure is small.Further along the radius,under the action of an increasing opposite moment,the sheet is partially straightened,whereFig.7–(a)Schematic of the blank to die radius interface during the steady-state deformation stage—the stress distribution through the thickness and the Mohr’s circle at the surface of the contact zones are shown.The stress distribution through the thickness at two locations in the side-wall region is also shown.Corresponding distributions around the die radius of (b)contact pressure and(c)bending moment in the sheet.j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–35413539it loses contact with the die radius.A second,smaller con-tact pressure peak occurs at the locationÂ= .This peak can be explained,at least in part,by examining the sim-plified analysis presented in Section2.According to Eq.(1), the contact pressure is proportional to the tension in the sheet—which itself increases with increasing angleÂalong the radius,according to Eq.(2).Therefore,the contact pressure increases with angle along the radius,causing a peak pressure near the sheet exit point,indicated by P in Fig.7b.Here,the sheet unloads elastically and the stress distribution is shown (the diameter of the Mohr circle is<S).Beyond the contact pressure peak,the bending moment on the sheet becomes reversed,as shown in Fig.7c,and straightening begins at the tangent point.The straightening process continues beyond the contact point;the extent of which depends on the tooling conditions and the tension gen-erated by the blank-holder.‘Side-wall curl’is a well-known phenomenon in channel forming and is greatest with smaller blank-holder tension.As a result of the curl in the side-wall,the angle of contact is less than in the intermediate stage,where the entire side-wall was approximately straight. This indicates that there is a region on the die radius that only makes contact with the blank during the intermediate stage—i.e.an intermediate-only contact region.It is worth emphasizing that,despite the approximately steady contact conditions that occur at the die radius during this stage,the forming process itself does not reach a true steady state.This is because the blank continues to experi-ence significant deformation and displacement as it is drawn over the die radius by the action of the moving punch.As a result,there will be a continual reduction in theflange length and a subsequent changing of contact conditions in the blank-holder region.4.DiscussionIn Section3,a qualitative description of the deformation and contact pressure response at the die radius of a sheet metal stamping process was given.This section will discuss the identified response,with particular reference to results from other analyses in the literature,comparison to the bending-under-tension process,and wear at the die radius.4.1.Correlation withfinite element model predictionsIn recent studies,Pereira et al.(2007,2008)usedfinite element analysis to examine the contact pressure at the die radius for a channel forming process.A2mm thick high strength steel blank was formed over an R5mm die radius(R/t=2.5), with a punch stroke of50mm.The contact pressure response predicted by Pereira et al.(2008)was re-plotted at three dis-tinct instances in Fig.1.In thisfigure,the contact pressure is normalised by the constant Y,which can be considered as theflow stress of the blank material if a perfectly plas-tic approximation of the material stress–strain response was adopted(see Marciniak et al.(2002)for an explanation of the approximation method and calculation of Y).As such,the use of the normalised contact pressure allows better comparison between the analysis employing a blank material with con-siderable strain hardening(Fig.1)to that which assumes the blank material has zero strain hardening(Figs.5–7).The normalised contact pressure distributions in Fig.1 clearly demonstrate the existence of the three phases iden-tified in Section3.Notably,thefirst two stages in Section3 correspond to the single transient phase reported in the pre-vious numerical study(Pereira et al.,2008).The discrepancy is caused by the fact that the initial contact stage,which is a momentary event,is easily overlooked without a detailed analysis of the deformation and contact conditions occurring at the die radius.The results by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)verify that the ini-tial and intermediate phases of the process result in the most severe and localised contact loads.Fig.1shows that at the regions of line contact,identified in Sections3.1and3.2,the peak contact pressures are well in excess of Y.In fact,the maximum contact pressure for the entire process was found to occur during the intermediate stage,with a magnitude of approximately3times the material’s initial yield strength (Pereira et al.,2008).Examination of the Mises stress plots in Fig.1at the regions of line contact also confirm the hypothesis of suppressed plasticity due the localised zones of large con-tact pressure,and hence large compressive hydrostatic stress.The results in Fig.1c confirm that the contact pressure is significantly reduced during the steady phase,with the mag-nitude of pressure less than Y due to the increased contact area.Thefinite element results also show that the maximum angles of contact between the blank and die radius during the intermediate and steady phases are approximately80◦and 45◦,respectively(Pereira et al.,2008).This confirms the exis-tence of an intermediate-only contact region,corresponding to the region of45◦<Â≤80◦for the case examined.parison to the bending-under-tension testThe identified steady-state behaviour at the die radius during the stamping process shows numerous similarities to a typical bending-under-tension test.For example,the stress distribu-tions through the thickness of the sheet shown in Fig.7a, compare well to those proposed by Swift(1948),in his analysis of a plastic bending-under-tension process for a rigid,per-fectly plastic strip.Additionally,the angle of contact and shape of contact pressure distributions presented in Figs.7b and1c, show good correlation with the results recorded by Hanaki and Kato(1984)for experimental bending-under-tension tests.The separatefinite element studies of bending-under-tension processes by Hortig and Schmoeckel(2001)and by Boher et al.(2005)also show similarly shaped two-peak contact pressure distributions.The distributions are char-acterised by large and relatively localised pressure peaks at the beginning of the contact zone,with smaller and more distributed secondary peaks at the end of the con-tact zone.Additionally,these investigations each show that the angle of contact is significantly less than the geomet-ric angle of wrap,confirming the existence of the unbending of the blank and curl that occurs in the side-wall region. These attributes of the bending-under-tension test have direct similarities to the contact pressure response predicted by Pereira et al.(2008)and described previously in Section 3.3,despite the obvious differences in materials,processes,3540j o u r n a l o f m a t e r i a l s p r o c e s s i n g t e c h n o l o g y209(2009)3532–3541bend ratios and back tensions considered.Although there are numerous similarities,direct quantitative comparison between the bending-under-tension test and the steady-state phase of the channel forming process cannot be made,due to the differences in the application of the back and forward tensions.4.3.Contradictions withfinite element model predictionsAs stated in Section1,there are a limited number of other investigations in the literature that examine the time-dependant contact pressure response of sheet metal stamping processes.Finite element analyses by Mortensen et al.(1994) and Jensen et al.(1998)predicted that time-dependant contact conditions do occur.However,these results do not show the same trends as presented in this study and shown by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)in previousfinite element investigations. This section will briefly discuss the possible reasons for such discrepancies.Firstly,considering thefinite element analysis of a cup-drawing process by Mortensen et al.(1994),the predicted contact pressure over the die radius was presented at only three distinct intervals during the process.By comparison, Pereira et al.(2008)recorded the contact pressure at approx-imately140intervals throughout thefinite element results history,in order to completely characterise the complex pressure evolution.Therefore,it is likely that the transient effects,which are reported in this study,were not captured by Mortensen et al.(1994)due to the limited number of instances at which the contact pressure was recorded.Thefinite element investigation by Jensen et al.(1998) examined the contact conditions at approximately100inter-vals during a cup-drawing process,but also did not observe a severe and localised transient response,as seen in this study. (Significantly varied and localised contact conditions were observed at the end of the process,but these were identi-fied to be due to the blank-rim effect,and are not relevant to this study.)Close examination of the results by Jensen et al. (1998)show that some localised contact conditions do occur at the beginning of the process—however,these appear rela-tively mild and were not discussed in the text.This reduced severity of the transient response,compared to that predicted by Pereira et al.(2008),can be partly explained by the fact that the actual contact pressure at the die radius was not shown by Jensen et al.(1998).Instead,Z xt,which was defined to be a function of contact pressure and sliding velocity,was used to characterise the contact conditions.This could have effec-tively reduced the appearance of the initial localised contact conditions,due to the slower sliding velocity shown to exist during the initial stage.Additionally,Jensen et al.(1998)used 20finite elements to describe the die radius surface,compared to240elements used by Pereira et al.(2008).The reduced num-ber of elements at the die radius surface can have the effect of averaging the extremely localised contact loads over a larger area,thus reducing the magnitude of the observed contact pressure peaks.Finally,the different processes examined(cup drawing vs.channel forming)may also result in a different transient response.4.4.Relevance to tool wearWear is related to contact pressure through a power law rela-tionship(Rhee,1970).Therefore,the regions of severe contact pressure during the initial and intermediate stages may be particularly relevant to tool wear at the die radius.Thefinite element investigations by Pereira et al.(2007,2008)showed that the maximum contact pressure for the entire process occurs in the intermediate-only contact region,at approximately Â=59◦,indicating that the intermediate stage is likely to be of primary significance to the wear response.This result was val-idated by laboratory-based channel forming wear tests,for the particular case examined(Pereira et al.,2008).However,for each stamping operation,it can be seen that the relative sliding distance between the blank and die radius associated with the initial and intermediate stages is small—i.e.no greater than the arc length of the die radius surface.In comparison,the steady contact pressure phase cor-responds to a much larger sliding distance—i.e.the sliding distance will be approximately in the same order of magnitude as the punch travel.Therefore,despite the smaller contact pressures,it is possible that the steady phase may also influ-ence the tool life;depending on the process conditions used (e.g.materials,surface conditions,sliding speed,lubrication) and the resulting wear mechanisms that occur.The existence of an intermediate-only contact zone(i.e.the region <Â≤ˇmax),is convenient for future wear analyses.Due to the lack of sliding contact in this region during the steady-state phase,any surface degradation of the die radius at angles ofÂ> must be attributed to the intermediate stage of the sheet metal stamping process.Therefore,it is recommended that future wear analysis examine this region to assess the importance of the intermediate contact conditions on the overall tool wear response of the sheet metal stamping pro-cess.The existence of the initial and intermediate stages high-light that the bending-under-tension test,due to its inherently steady nature,is unable to capture the complete contact con-ditions that exists during a typical sheet metal stamping process.Therefore,the applicability of the bending-under-tension test for sheet metal stamping wear simulation may be questionable.5.SummaryIn this work,a qualitative description of the development of peak contact pressures at the die radius for a sheet metal stamping process was given.It was shown that three distinct phases exist:(i)At the start of the process,the blank is bent by the actionof the punch and a high contact pressure peak exists at the start of the die radius.(ii)During the intermediate stage,the region of the sheet that was deformed at the start of the die radius has not reached the side-wall.Therefore,the side-wall remains straight and the arc of contact is a maximum.The largest pressure,which is significantly greater than the sheet materialflow stress,exists towards the end of the die。
冲压模具外文文献
冲压模具外文文献Progressive DieProgressive die has the following advantages1) Class into the module is multi-process dies, in a mold caninclude punching, bending, forming and drawing a variety of multi-pass process, with a higher than the compound die labor productivity, butalso can produce quite complex stampings;2) Progressive Die Operation Security, because staff do not have to enter the danger zone;3) Class Progressive Die Design, The process can be distributed. Do not focus on one station , there is no Compound Dies "Minimum wall thickness" problem. Therefore relatively high mold strength, longer life expectancy. 4) Progressive Die Easy Automation That is easy to Automatic feeding ,Autoout of parts Automatic lamination;5) Class Progressive die can be High-speed press production, because the workpiece can be directly down the drain and waste;6) Use Class Progressive die can be Reduce the presses, semi-finished products to reduce transport. Workshop area and storage space can be greatly reduced.Progressive Dies The disadvantage is that complex structure, manufacturing of high precision, long life cycle and high costs. Because of progressive die is a To the workpiece, the shape of successive out, each punch has a positioning error, is more difficult to maintainstability in the workpiece, the relative position of the one-off appearance. However, high precision parts, not all contours of all, the shape relative position requirements are high, you can be washed in the shape of the same station, on the relative position of demanding the same time, out of this part of the profile, thus ensuring precision parts. First, process pieces of carry approachProcesses and the determination of nesting is of the progressive die design a very important link. In considering the processes and nesting, we must first consider the process method of carriage parts.Bending parts there are two main ways to carry:1) Blanking station in the upper and lower pressure, so that after blanking process pieces and re-pressed into the material inside. Generally only about access to material thickness of thel/3, but has enough to process pieces with the material sent to the next process, within the workpiece in the working procedure have all been pressed into the material inside the remnant. Beyond that, after process pieces are washed curved shape, until the last escape from the Strip. The drop in this way conveying pairs of thick material is very effective, because the thin material easy to bagging, wrinkles, or bent, thus blanking out the flat blank song, not with the advance of material and stops in a station caused the accident.Simple blanking progressive die, sometimes in order to ensure that the workpiece is flat and has also taken off after the re-feed materialsput pressure on people within the approach, in the latter process to workpiece pushed.Because blanking after being re-pressed into the workpiece can notbe material in the thickness direction all entered the hole, so in the blanking die station after the plane, to the corresponding lower.2) Rush to need to bend some of the surrounding material, the restof the parts remain in the article (Volume)Materials, there is no separation. As the hub of to the material, You may need to spend a long Progress in distance delivery.Second, the principle of work arrangements1)Blanking the workpiece to avoid the use of complex shapes convex mode. Rather more than the increase a process to simplify the convex mode shapes. 2)"U"-shaped pieces can be divided into two out, asFigure7--76As shown in order to avoid material stretched, out of Workpiece dimensions vary.Figure7--76 U shaped pieces of curved process3)In the asymmetric bending, the workpiece slide easily can be shown in Figure7—77shown with teeth inserts were inserts into the bend Convex Mold and roof in order to prevent the workpiece sliding. The main disadvantage of this method is the a)After the procedure b)pre-process workpiece plane with prints. Also available on the heat treatment before Convex Mold and roof pre-perforated, after tryout after the sheet metal through the tryout will be two holes without sliding inlay Ping . If sliding is used tooth inserts.Figure7--77 To prevent the sheet metal bending generated whensliding1- Bending Convex Die 2- Cut off Convex Die 3- Roof 4- With teeth inserts4) Bending or deep drawing of the workpiece, high-quality plastic surgery procedures should be added.5) Waste, such as continuous, should increase the cutting process, using waste cutter cut. Automatic press itself, as some waste cutter, you do not have to die to consider.6) Can be countersunk head hole punching. Figure7—78 shows thefirst holepunching of the workpiece . When clamping the punch die Xiaoping Tou both plane and concave hole stretch of artificial parts, and contact with each other in order to prevent inward deformation of holes. Clamping direction due to the strict size requirements, so the punch assembly when subject to a high degree of repair potential. Also can be used as shown in Figure 7-79 height adjustment body punch. The upper punch 3 face, contact with the slider 2. Slider right-hand side has opened a T-shaped slot to accommodate the screw 5 in the head. Rotating screw 5, then move along the slider 2. As the slider 2 and the mold base 4 in order to ramp contact with each other, while the punch 3 in the fixed plate is sliding in with l, consequent punch in the direction of the location of mold can be adjusted. Adjusted with the nut 6 fixed .Figure7--78 Stamp shen head hole1—Convex Die 2- DieFigure7--79 Punch height adjustment body1- Fixed Plate 2-Slider 3- Punch 4- On the mold base 5- Screw6- Nut7) There are strict requirements of local relative position withinthe shape, should consider the possibility of the same station on the out, in order to maintain accuracy. If there are really difficult to be broken down into two working bits. Be better placed in two adjacent stations.Third, the principle of stamping operations sequencing1)For pure blanking progressive dies, in principle, the first ,punch, followed by re-punching shape I expected, the final and then washed down from the Strip on the integrity of the workpiece. Carrier should be maintained of material of sufficient strength, can be accurate when sent to press.2)For the blanking bending progressive die should be washed beforecut off part of the hole and bend the shape I expected, and then bending, and finally washed near the curved edge holes and the side hole-bit accuracy of the sidewall holes. Washed down by the final separation of parts.3) Drawing for the progressive die stamping , first make arrangement to cut processes, further drawing, the final washed down from thearticle on the workpiece material.4)For with the deep drawing, bending stamping parts, the first drawing, then I punched the surrounding material, followed by bending plus.5)For stamping with a stamping parts, in order to facilitate themetal flow and reduce the stamping force, stamping parts of neighboringI expected to be an appropriate resection, and then arrange stamping. The final re -Precision Die-Cut materials .If there are holes on the embossing position, in principle, should be embossed after the punching.6)For with the stamping, bending and stamping workpiece, inprinciple, is the first imprint ,And then punching Yu Liu, And then bending process. Fourth, nesting layout1) Nesting mapping, you can start with plane launch fig start, right designed to blanking station, left the design forming station. Step by step according to the actual situation after the amendment.2) Consider increasing the intensity to be an empty station molds. Continuous drawing more frequently when the first drawing after being a backup space industry in order to increase the number of drawing. High precision, complex shape of the workpiece should be less to set an empty station. Step away from the mold is greater than 16mm When more than set up an empty station. Interval accuracy The poor should not be easily added an empty station. 3) Decided to process pieces of carry approach.4) Note that material rolling direction. Rolling direction affectsnot only the economic effects of nesting, but also affect theperformance of the workpiece. 5) Burr bending parts should be located in inside.6) Thin material used Guide is being sold, But do not side edge trimming. For thick material or heavy section materials, in order to avoid guide is being sold off the need to side edge trimming.7) According to the workpiece dimensions and the scale of production to determine a shape one pieces two documents or four parts, or more pieces. 8) Stamping process does not allow any scattered debris left on the die surface.9) Residual material on the press to consider the possibility of other parts.。
冲压模具外文翻译
Punching die has been widely used in industrial production.In the traditional industrial production,the worker work very hard,and there are too much work,so the efficiency is low.With the development of the science and technology nowadays,the use of punching die in the industial production gain more attention, and be used in the industrial production more andmore.Self-acting feed technology of punching die is also used in production, punching die could increase the efficience of production and could alleviate the work burden，so it has significant meaning in technologic progress and economic value.The article mainly discussed the classification,feature and the developmental direction of the pnnching technology. Elaborated the punching components formation principle, the basic dies structure and the rate process and the principle of design; and designed some conventional punching die:the die for big diameter three direction pipe which solved the problom of traditional machining,the drawing and punching compound die with float punch-matrix,the drawing and cutting compound dies with unaltered press,the compound die for the back bowl of the noise keeper,the design of the compound die which could produce two workpieces in one punching,the bending die for the ring shape part ,the bending die which used the gemel ,automate loading die for cutting, the drawing,punching and burring compound dies with sliding automated loading,the punching die for the long pipe with two row of hole,the drawing die for the square box shape workpiece and the burring die for the box shape workpiece.The punching dies that utilized the feature of the normal punch shaped the workpiece in the room temperature,and its efficiency and economic situation is excellent.The dies here discussed can be easily made,conveniently used, and safely operated.And it could be used as the reference in the large scale production of similar workpieces.CAD and CAM are widely applied in mould design and mould making. CAD allows you to draw a model on screen, then view it from every angle using 3-D animation and, finally, to test it by introducing various parameters into the digital simulation models(pressure, temperature, impact, etc.) CAM, on the other hand, allows you to control the manufacturing quality. The advantages of these computer technologies are legion: shorter design times(modifications can be made at the speed of the computer),lower cost, faster manufacturing, etc. This new approach also allows shorter production runs, and to makelast-minute changes to the mould for a particular part. Finally, also, these new processes can be used to make complex parts.Computer-Aided Design(CAD)of MouldTraditionally, the creation of drawings of mould tools has been atime-consuming task that is not part of the creative process. Drawings are an organizational necessity rather than a desired part of the process.Computer-Aided Design(CAD) means using the computer and peripheral devices to simplify and enhance the design process .CAD systems offer an efficient means of design, and can be used to create inspection programs when used in conjunction with coordinate measuring machines and other inspection equipment.CAD data also can play a critical role in selecting process sequence.A CAD system consists of three basic components: hardware, software, users. The hardware components of a typical CAD system include a processor, a system display, a keyboard, a digitizer, and a plotter. The software component of a CAD system consists of the programs which allow it to perform design and drafting functions. The user is the tool designer who uses the hardware and software to perform the design process.Based on the 3-D data of the product, the core and cavity have to be designed first. Usually the designer begins with a preliminary part design, which means the work around the core and the cavity could change. Modern CAD systems can support this with calculating a split line for a defined draft direction, splitting the part in the core and cavity side and generating therun-off or shut-off surfaces. After the calculation of the optimal draft of the part, the position and direction of the cavity, slides and inserts have to bedefined .Then in the conceptual stage, the positions and the geometry of the mould components---such as slides, ejection system, etc.----are roughly defined. With this information, the size and thickness of the plates can be defined and the corresponding standard mould can be chosen from the standard catalog. If no standard mould fits these needs, the standard mould that comes nearest to the requirements is chosen and changedaccordingly---by adjusting the constraints and parameters so that any number of plates with any size can be used in the mould. Detailing the functional components and adding the standard components complete themould(Fig.23.1).This all happens in 3-D. Moreover, the mould system provides functions for the checking, modifying and detailing of the part .Already in this early stage, drawings and bill of materials can be created automatically. Through the use of 3-D and the intelligence of the mould design system, typical 2-D mistakes---such as a collision between cooling andcomponents/cavities or the wrong position of a hole---can be eliminated at the beginning. At any stage a bill of materials and drawings can becreated---allowing the material to be ordered on time and always having an actual document to discuss with the customer or a bid for a mould base manufacturer.The use of a special 3-D mould design system can shorten development cycles, improve mould quality, enhance teamwork and free the designer from tedious routine work. The economical success, however, is highly dependentupon the organization of the workflow. The development cycles can be shortened only when organizational and personnel measures are taken. The part design, mould design, electric design and mould manufacturing departments have no consistently work together in a tight relationship. Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM)of MouldOne way to reduce the cost of manufacturing and reduce lead-time is by setting up a manufacturing system that uses equipment and personnel to their fullest potential. The foundation for this type of manufacturing system is the use of CAD data to help in making key process decisions that ultimately improve machining precision and reduce non-productive time. This is called as computer -aided manufacturing (CAM).The objective of CAM is to produce, if possible, sections of a mould without intermediate steps by initiating machining operations from the computer workstation.With a good CAM system , automation does not just occur within individual features. Automation of machining processes also occurs between all of the features that make up a part, resulting in tool-path optimization. As you create features ,the CAM system constructs a process plan for you .Operations are ordered based on a system analysis to reduce tool changes and the number of tools used.On the CAM side, the trend is toward newer technologies and processes such as milling to support the manufacturing of high-precision injection moulds with 3-D structures and high surface qualities. CAM software will continue to add to the depth and breadth of the machining intelligence inherent in the software until the CNC programming process becomes completely automatic. This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools that require a more flexible combination of machining operations. CAM software will continue to automate more and more of manufacturing's redundant work that can be handled faster and more accurately by computers , while retaining the control that machinists need.With the emphasis in the mould making industry today on producing moulds in the most efficient manner while still maintaining quality, moludmakers need to keep up with the latest software technologies-packages that will allow them to program and cut complex moulds quickly so that mould production time can be reduced. In a nutshell, the industry is moving toward improving the quality of data exchange between CAD and CAM as well as CAM to the CNC, and CAM software is becoming more "intelligent" as it relates to machining processes_resulting in reduction in both cycle time and overall machining time. Five-axis machining also is emerging as a "must-have" on the shop floor-especially when dealing with deep cavities.And with the introduction of electronic data processing(EDP)into the mould making industry, new opportunities have arisenin mould-making to shorten production time, improve cost efficiencies and higher quality.冲压模具已广泛应用于工业，在传统的工业生产，工人工作很辛苦，有太多的工作，所以效率是很低.在科学和技术的今天，使用的冲压模具开发在实业生产获得更多的关注，并在工业生产中越来越被关注.冲压模具用饲料技术也可用于生产，冲压模具可提高生产的有效性，可以减轻工作负担，因此在科技进步和经济价值具有重要意义。
冲压模具类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
模具工业是国民经济的基础工业，是国际上公认的关键工业，工业发达国家称之为“工业之母”。
模具成型具有效率高，质量好，节省原材料，降低产品成本等优点。
采用模具制造产品零件已成为当今工业的重要工艺手段。
模具在机械，电子，轻工，纺织，航空，航天等工业领域里，已成为使用最广泛的工业化生产的主要工艺装备，它承担了这些工业领域中60%--80%产品零件，组件和部件的加工生产。
“模具就是产品质量”，“模具就是经济效益”的观念已被越来越多的人所认识和接受。
在中国，人们已经认识到模具在制造业中的重要基础地位，认识更新换代的速度，新产品的开发能力，进而决定企业的应变能力和市场竞争能力。
在目前用薄钢板制造发动机罩盖的传统还是会持续相当一段时间，所以有必要在钢板的基础上通过利用计算机软件的功能分析零件的工艺性能（结构合理，受力，是否容易冲出破面、、、），发现现有零件的不足之处，讨论并确定改进这些不足之处，进而改善模具的设计，改良冲裁方式；最终实现产品的改良，改善产品的力学性能，外观，使用效果，和造价等等。
冲压加工是通过模具来实现的，从模具角度来看，模具生产技术水平的高低，已成为衡量一个国家产品制造水平高低的重要标志，因为模具在很大程度上决定着产品的质量、效益和新产品的开发能力。
“模具是工业生产的基础工艺装备”也已经取得了共识。
据统计，在电子、汽车、电机、电器、仪器、仪表、家电和通信等产品中，60%～80%的零部件都要依靠模具成形。
用模具生产制件所具备的高精度、高复杂程度、高一致性、高生产率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比拟的。
同时，冲压加工也创造了巨大的价值增值，模具是“效益放大器”，用模具生产的最终产品的价值，往往是模具自身价值的几十倍、上百倍。
目前全世界模具年产值约为600亿美元，日、美等工业发达国家的模具工业产值已超过机床工业，从1997年开始，我国模具工业产值也超过了机床工业产值。
其中冲压模具在所有模具（锻造模、压铸模、注塑模等）中，无论从数量、重量或者是从价值上都位居榜首。
冲压模具外文翻译
Punching die has been widely used in industrial production.In the traditional industrial production,the worker work very hard,and there are too much work,so the efficiency is low.With the development of the science and technology nowadays,the use of punching die in the industial production gain more attention, and be used in the industrial production more andmore.Self-acting feed technology of punching die is also used in production, punching die could increase the efficience of production and could alleviate the work burden，so it has significant meaning in technologic progress and economic value.The article mainly discussed the classification,feature and the developmental direction of the pnnching technology. Elaborated the punching components formation principle, the basic dies structure and the rate process and the principle of design; and designed some conventional punching die:the die for big diameter three direction pipe which solved the problom of traditional machining,the drawing and punching compound die with float punch-matrix,the drawing and cutting compound dies with unaltered press,the compound die for the back bowl of the noise keeper,the design of the compound die which could produce two workpieces in one punching,the bending die for the ring shape part ,the bending die which used the gemel ,automate loading die for cutting, the drawing,punching and burring compound dies with sliding automated loading,the punching die for the long pipe with two row of hole,the drawing die for the square box shape workpiece and the burring die for the box shape workpiece.The punching dies that utilized the feature of the normal punch shaped the workpiece in the room temperature,and its efficiency and economic situation is excellent.The dies here discussed can be easily made,conveniently used, and safely operated.And it could be used as the reference in the large scale production of similar workpieces.CAD and CAM are widely applied in mould design and mould making. CAD allows you to draw a model on screen, then view it from every angle using 3-D animation and, finally, to test it by introducing various parameters into the digital simulation models(pressure, temperature, impact, etc.) CAM, on the other hand, allows you to control the manufacturing quality. The advantages of these computer technologies are legion: shorter design times(modifications can be made at the speed of the computer),lower cost, faster manufacturing, etc. This new approach also allows shorter production runs, and to makelast-minute changes to the mould for a particular part. Finally, also, these new processes can be used to make complex parts.Computer-Aided Design(CAD)of MouldTraditionally, the creation of drawings of mould tools has been atime-consuming task that is not part of the creative process. Drawings are an organizational necessity rather than a desired part of the process.Computer-Aided Design(CAD) means using the computer and peripheral devices to simplify and enhance the design process .CAD systems offer an efficient means of design, and can be used to create inspection programs when used in conjunction with coordinate measuring machines and other inspection equipment.CAD data also can play a critical role in selecting process sequence.A CAD system consists of three basic components: hardware, software, users. The hardware components of a typical CAD system include a processor, a system display, a keyboard, a digitizer, and a plotter. The software component of a CAD system consists of the programs which allow it to perform design and drafting functions. The user is the tool designer who uses the hardware and software to perform the design process.Based on the 3-D data of the product, the core and cavity have to be designed first. Usually the designer begins with a preliminary part design, which means the work around the core and the cavity could change. Modern CAD systems can support this with calculating a split line for a defined draft direction, splitting the part in the core and cavity side and generating therun-off or shut-off surfaces. After the calculation of the optimal draft of the part, the position and direction of the cavity, slides and inserts have to bedefined .Then in the conceptual stage, the positions and the geometry of the mould components---such as slides, ejection system, etc.----are roughly defined. With this information, the size and thickness of the plates can be defined and the corresponding standard mould can be chosen from the standard catalog. If no standard mould fits these needs, the standard mould that comes nearest to the requirements is chosen and changedaccordingly---by adjusting the constraints and parameters so that any number of plates with any size can be used in the mould. Detailing the functional components and adding the standard components complete themould(Fig.23.1).This all happens in 3-D. Moreover, the mould system provides functions for the checking, modifying and detailing of the part .Already in this early stage, drawings and bill of materials can be created automatically. Through the use of 3-D and the intelligence of the mould design system, typical 2-D mistakes---such as a collision between cooling andcomponents/cavities or the wrong position of a hole---can be eliminated at the beginning. At any stage a bill of materials and drawings can becreated---allowing the material to be ordered on time and always having an actual document to discuss with the customer or a bid for a mould base manufacturer.The use of a special 3-D mould design system can shorten development cycles, improve mould quality, enhance teamwork and free the designer from tedious routine work. The economical success, however, is highly dependentupon the organization of the workflow. The development cycles can be shortened only when organizational and personnel measures are taken. The part design, mould design, electric design and mould manufacturing departments have no consistently work together in a tight relationship. Computer-Aided Manufacturing(CAM)of MouldOne way to reduce the cost of manufacturing and reduce lead-time is by setting up a manufacturing system that uses equipment and personnel to their fullest potential. The foundation for this type of manufacturing system is the use of CAD data to help in making key process decisions that ultimately improve machining precision and reduce non-productive time. This is called as computer -aided manufacturing (CAM).The objective of CAM is to produce, if possible, sections of a mould without intermediate steps by initiating machining operations from the computer workstation.With a good CAM system , automation does not just occur within individual features. Automation of machining processes also occurs between all of the features that make up a part, resulting in tool-path optimization. As you create features ,the CAM system constructs a process plan for you .Operations are ordered based on a system analysis to reduce tool changes and the number of tools used.On the CAM side, the trend is toward newer technologies and processes such as milling to support the manufacturing of high-precision injection moulds with 3-D structures and high surface qualities. CAM software will continue to add to the depth and breadth of the machining intelligence inherent in the software until the CNC programming process becomes completely automatic. This is especially true for advanced multifunction machine tools that require a more flexible combination of machining operations. CAM software will continue to automate more and more of manufacturing's redundant work that can be handled faster and more accurately by computers , while retaining the control that machinists need.With the emphasis in the mould making industry today on producing moulds in the most efficient manner while still maintaining quality, moludmakers need to keep up with the latest software technologies-packages that will allow them to program and cut complex moulds quickly so that mould production time can be reduced. In a nutshell, the industry is moving toward improving the quality of data exchange between CAD and CAM as well as CAM to the CNC, and CAM software is becoming more "intelligent" as it relates to machining processes_resulting in reduction in both cycle time and overall machining time. Five-axis machining also is emerging as a "must-have" on the shop floor-especially when dealing with deep cavities.And with the introduction of electronic data processing(EDP)into the mould making industry, new opportunities have arisenin mould-making to shorten production time, improve cost efficiencies and higher quality.冲压模具已广泛应用于工业，在传统的工业生产，工人工作很辛苦，有太多的工作，所以效率是很低.在科学和技术的今天，使用的冲压模具开发在实业生产获得更多的关注，并在工业生产中越来越被关注.冲压模具用饲料技术也可用于生产，冲压模具可提高生产的有效性，可以减轻工作负担，因此在科技进步和经济价值具有重要意义。
冲压模具技术外文文献翻译中英文
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)英文原文Stamping technologyIntroductionIn the current fierce market competition, the product to market sooner or later is often the key to the success or failure. Mould is a product of high quality, high efficiency production tool, mold development cycle of the main part of the product development cycle. So the customer requirements for mold development cycle shorter, many customers put the mould delivery date in the first place, and then the quality and price. Therefore, how to ensure the quality, control the cost under the premise of processing mould is a problem worthy of serious consideration. Mold processing technology is an advanced manufacturing technology, has become an important development direction, in the aerospace, automotive, machinery and other industries widely used. Mold processing technology, can improve the comprehensive benefit and competitiveness of manufacturing industry. Research and establish mold process database, provide production enterprises urgently need to high speed cutting processing data, to the promotion of high-speed machining technology has very important significance. This article's main goal is to build a stamping die processing, mold manufacturing enterprises in theactual production combined cutting tool, workpiece and machine tool with the actual situation of enterprise itself accumulate to high speed cutting processing instance, process parameters and experience of high speed cutting database selectively to store data, not only can save a lot of manpower and material resources, financial resources, but also can guide the high speed machining production practice, to improve processing efficiency, reduce the tooling cost and obtain higher economic benefits.1. The concept, characteristics and application of stampingStamping is a pressure processing method that uses a mold installed on a press machine (mainly a press) to apply pressure to a material to cause it to separate or plastically deform, thereby obtaining a desired part (commonly referred to as a stamped or stamped part). Stamping is usually cold deformation processing of the material at room temperature, and the main use of sheet metal to form the required parts, it is also called cold stamping or sheet metal stamping. Stamping is one of the main methods of material pressure processing or plastic processing, and is affiliated with material forming engineering.The stamping die is called stamping die, or die. Dies are special tools for the batch processing of materials (metal or non-metallic) into the required stampings. Stamping is critical in stamping. There is no die that meets the requirements. Batch stamping production is difficult. Without advanced stamping, advanced stamping processes cannot be achieved.Stamping processes and dies, stamping equipment, and stamping materials constitute the three elements of stamping. Only when they are combined can stampings be obtained.Compared with other methods of mechanical processing and plastic processing, stamping processing has many unique advantages in both technical and economic aspects, and its main performance is as follows;(1) The stamping process has high production efficiency, easy operation, and easy realization of mechanization and automation. This is because stamping is accomplished by means of die and punching equipment. The number of strokes for ordinary presses can reach several tens of times per minute, and the high-speed pressure can reach hundreds or even thousands of times per minute, and each press stroke is Y ou may get a punch.(2) Since the die ensures the dimensional and shape accuracy of the stamping part during stamping, and generally does not destroy the surface quality of the stamping part, the life of the die is generally longer, so the stamping quality is stable, the interc hangeability is good, and it has “the same” Characteristics.(3) Stamping can process parts with a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as stopwatches as small as clocks, as large as automobile longitudinal beams, coverings, etc., plus the cold deformation hardening effect of materials during stamping, the strength of stamping and Thestiffness is high.(4) Stamping generally does not generate scraps, material consumption is less, and no other heating equipment is required. Therefore, it is a material-saving and energy-saving processing method, and the cost of stamping parts is low.However, the molds used for stamping are generally specialized, and sometimes a complex part requires several sets of molds for forming, and the precision of the mold manufacturing is high and the technical requirements are high. It is a technology-intensive product. Therefore, the advantages of stamping can only be fully realized in the case of large production volume of stamping parts, so as to obtain better economic benefits.Stamping is widely used in modern industrial production, especially in mass production. A considerable number of industrial sectors are increasingly using punching to process product components such as automobiles, agricultural machinery, instruments, meters, electronics, aerospace, aerospace, home appliances, and light industry. In these industrial sectors, the proportion of stamped parts is quite large, at least 60% or more, and more than 90%. Many of the parts that were manufactured in the past using forging = casting and cutting processes are now mostly replaced by light-weight, rigid stampings. Therefore, it can be said that if the stamping process cannot be adopted in production, it isdifficult for many industrial departments to increase the production efficiency and product quality, reduce the production cost, and quickly replace the product.2. Basic process and mould for stampingDue to the wide variety of stamped parts and the different shapes, sizes, and precision requirements of various parts, the stamping process used in production is also varied. Summarized, can be divided into two major categories of separation processes and forming processes; Separation process is to make the blank along a certain contour line to obtain a certain shape, size and section quality stamping (commonly referred to as blanking parts) of the process; forming process refers to The process of producing a stamped part of a certain shape and size by plastic deformation of the blank without breaking.The above two types of processes can be divided into four basic processes: blanking, bending, deep drawing and forming according to different basic deformation modes. Each basic process also includes multiple single processes.In actual production, when the production volume of the stamped part is large, the size is small and the tolerance requirement is small, it is not economical or even difficult to achieve the requirement if the stamping is performed in a single process. At this time, a centralized scheme is mostly used in the process, that is, two or more singleprocesses are concentrated in a single mold. Different methods are called combinations, and they can be divided into compound-graded and compound- Progressive three combinations.Composite stamping - A combination of two or more different single steps at the same station on the die in one press stroke.Progressive stamping - a combination of two or more different single steps on a single work station in the same mold at a single working stroke on the press.Composite - Progressive - On a die combination process consisting of composite and progressive two ways.There are many types of die structure. According to the process nature, it can be divided into blanking die, bending die, drawing die and forming die, etc.; the combination of processes can be divided into single-step die, compound die and progressive die. However, regardless of the type of die, it can be regarded as consisting of two parts: the upper die and the lower die. The upper die is fixed on the press table or the backing plate and is a fixed part of the die. During work, the blanks are positioned on the lower die surface by positioning parts, and the press sliders push the upper die downwards. The blanks are separated or plastically deformed under the action of the die working parts (ie, punch and die) to obtain the required Shape and size of punching pieces. When the upper mold is lifted, the unloading and ejecting device of the moldremoves or pushes and ejects the punching or scrap from the male and female molds for the next punching cycle.3. Current status and development direction of stamping technologyWith the continuous advancement of science and technology and the rapid development of industrial production, many new technologies, new processes, new equipment, and new materials continue to emerge, thus contributing to the constant innovation and development of stamping technology. Its main performance and development direction are as follows:(1) The theory of stamping and the stamping process The study of stamping forming theory is the basis for improving stamping technology. At present, the research on the stamping forming theory at home and abroad attaches great importance, and significant progress has been made in the study of material stamping performance, stress and strain analysis in the stamping process, study of the sheet deformation law, and the interaction between the blank and the mold. . In particular, with the rapid development of computer technology and the further improvement of plastic deformation theory, computer simulation techniques for the plastic forming process have been applied at home and abroad in recent years, namely the use of finite element (FEM) and other valuable analytical methods to simulate the plastic forming process of metals. According to the analysis results, the designer can predict the feasibility and possiblequality problems of a certain process scheme. By selecting and modifying the relevant parameters on the computer, the process and mold design can be optimized. This saves the cost of expensive trials and shortens the cycle time.Research and promotion of various pressing technologies that can increase productivity and product quality, reduce costs, and expand the range of application of stamping processes are also one of the development directions of stamping technology. At present, new precision, high-efficiency, and economical stamping processes, such as precision stamping, soft mold forming, high energy high speed forming, and dieless multi-point forming, have emerged at home and abroad. Among them, precision blanking is an effective method for improving the quality of blanking parts. It expands the scope of stamping processing. The thickness of precision blanking parts can reach 25mm at present, and the precision can reach IT16~17; use liquid, rubber, polyurethane, etc. Flexible die or die soft die forming process can process materials that are difficult to process with ordinary processing methods and parts with complex shapes, have obvious economic effects under specific production conditions, and adopt energy-efficient forming methods such as explosion for processing. This kind of sheet metal parts with complex dimensions, complex shapes, small batches, high strength and high precision has important practical significance; Superplastic forming of metal materialscan be used to replace multiple common stampings with one forming. Forming process, which has outstanding advantages for machining complex shapes and large sheet metal parts; moldless multi-point forming process is an advanced technology for forming sheet metal surfaces by replacing the traditional mold with a group of height adjustable punches. Independently designed and manufactured an international leading-edge moldless multi-point forming equipment, which solves the multi-point press forming method and can therefore be Changing the state of stress and deformation path, improving the forming limit of the material, while repeatedly using the forming technology may eliminate the residual stress within the material, the rebound-free molding. The dieless multi-point forming system takes CAD/CAM/CAE technology as the main means to quickly and economically realize the automated forming of three-dimensional surfaces.(2) Dies are the basic conditions for achieving stamping production. In the design and manufacture of stampings, they are currently developing in the following two aspects: On the one hand, in order to meet the needs of high-volume, automatic, precision, safety and other large-volume modern production, stamping is To develop high-efficiency, high-precision, high-life, multi-station, and multi-function, compared with new mold materials and heat treatment technologies, various high-efficiency, precision, CNC automatic mold processing machine toolsand testing equipment and molds CAD/CAM technology is also rapidly developing; On the other hand, in order to meet the needs of product replacement and trial production or small-batch production, zinc-based alloy die, polyurethane rubber die, sheet die, steel die, combination die and other simple die And its manufacturing technology has also been rapidly developed.Precision, high-efficiency multi-station and multi-function progressive die and large-scale complex automotive panel die represent the technical level of modern die. At present, the precision of the progressive die above 50 stations can reach 2 microns. The multifunctional progressive die can not only complete the stamping process, but also complete welding, assembly and other processes. Our country has been able to design and manufacture its own precision up to the international level of 2 to 5 microns, precision 2 to 3 microns into the distance, the total life of 100 million. China's major automotive mold enterprises have been able to produce complete sets of car cover molds, and have basically reached the international level in terms of design and manufacturing methods and means. However, the manufacturing methods and methods have basically reached the international level. The mold structure and function are also close to international Level, but there is still a certain gap compared with foreign countries in terms of manufacturing quality, accuracy, manufacturing cycle and cost.4. Stamping standardization and professional productionThe standardization and professional production of molds has been widely recognized by the mold industry. Because the die is a single-piece, small-volume production, the die parts have both certain complexity and precision, as well as a certain structural typicality. Therefore, only the standardization of the die can be achieved, so that the production of the die and the die parts can be professionalized and commercialized, thereby reducing the cost of the die, improving the quality of the die and shortening the manufacturing cycle. At present, the standard production of molds in foreign advanced industrial countries has reached 70% to 80%. Mould factories only need to design and manufacture working parts, and most of the mold parts are purchased from standard parts factories, which greatly increases productivity. The more irregular the degree of specialization of the mold manufacturing plant, the more and more detailed division of labor, such as the current mold factory, mandrel factory, heat treatment plant, and even some mold factories only specialize in the manufacture of a certain type of product or die The bending die is more conducive to the improvement of the manufacturing level and the shortening of the manufacturing cycle. China's stamp standardization and specialized production have also witnessed considerable development in recent years. In addition to the increase in the number of standard parts specialized manufacturers, the number ofstandard parts has also expanded, and the accuracy has also improved. However, the overall situation can not meet the requirements of the development of the mold industry, mainly reflected in the standardization level is not high (usually below 40%), the standard parts of the species and specifications are less, most standard parts manufacturers did not form a large-scale production, standard parts There are still many problems with quality. In addition, the sales, supply, and service of standard parts production have yet to be further improved.中文译文冲压模具技术前言在目前激烈的市场竞争中, 产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。
冲压模具设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,the availability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from one forming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transferpresses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations are performed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a much broader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,throughwhich the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
冲裁模具外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
RED CDBlanking is the use of molds to produce separate sheet stamping processes subjects, including blanking and punching. It can be made into parts, but also for the bending, drawing, forming and other processes to prepare rough. Washed down from the Board Division on the shape of the parts required (or rough) called off the branches.The shape of the workpiece out of the hole required (red to go to waste) is called punching.Figure I-1 of the washer, from falling branches and punching two processes to complete. Production practice, we die blanking process of a certain understanding of the structure, but perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge up to truly understand the nature of the blanking process, a better design of the development process and die. The following deformation on the blanking process, the quality of stamping parts, stamping die design and stamping die size blade structural design issues discussed. .Shown in Figure 1-2 blanking by the deformation process can be seen that the composition of the punch and the upper and lower concave edge chess, material on the concave mold, punch the material deformation gradually decreased until the completion of all the separate blanking. With the punch of the external forces acting on material changes in the number of the material on the external force changes in quantity, material deformation within the continuous development.The deformation of the blanking process is divided into three stages 1, elastic deformation stagePunch contact with material force as the punch pressure, the material is elastic compression and bending, and squeeze into the die hole. Then the stress does not exceed the material yield limit, if the punch relief, material or restitution, so that elastic deformation stage.2, plastic deformationPunch to pressure, the stress reaches the yield limit of material, some metal is squeezed into the die hole, producing plastic shear deformation, are shining maggot cut surface. For convex, concave feel there is room between the depression, it is the plastic shear deformation is also accompanied by the bending and stretching.3, fault isolation stageMaterials continue to increase external and internal stress increasing, convex, because the incision die stress concentration, shear strength over the first internal stress, micro-crack appears. Mold continuing under pressure, convex, concave mold cavities of the micro-crack edge to the material constantly within the share capital, then pulled off material separation. Such as convex, concave die gap was reasonable, the upper and lower crack coincide with each other. 'Stress and strainFurther analysis of blanking time of stress and strain state of deformation zone and help to the understanding of the blanking process. Die and punch in the edge of the joint line to take 'cell body, "whose stress-strain diagram shown in Figure 1-3. Can be seen from the figure, it seemsMetal fracture line AB that is cutting edge on-line) at 45 degrees. The main uranium direction I was pulling stress and tensile deformation, tensile stress the goldIs a fiber elongation; its vertical axis 2 is the compression stress direction and compressive deformation, the fiber extrusion pressure; in the tangential direction of the stress and strain is very small, negligible; and principal stress direction at 45. Direction to the direction of maximum shear stress between the punch and die clearance, elongation and tear off the metal, resulting in broken fracture surface roughness, and with a burr.The process can also blanking blanking force deformation curves of the figure is confirmed. Figure 2-9 (materials), is punching a 3 mm thick material punching power and punch of the curve. Can be seen from the diagram:In the process of blanking blanking force size is constantly changing. AB section of the equivalent of punching the elastic deformation stage, BC Section for the plastic deformation stage. When the material internal stress to shear strength began to crack when the material, CD segment for the crack propagation until the material isolated rupture in order teams, DE Dan launch materials introduced die mouth piece.The deformation process of blanking the red plant parts are not smooth vertical section, the section has three areas, namely, with rounded corners, bright band and the fault zone.Rounded band is in the process of blanking the beginning of plastic deformation. Since the bending and stretching metal fibers formed, soft material than hard Branch rounded large.Light zone is the second phase of deformation produced plastic shear deformation of metal forming, has a smooth vertical surface, bright band of theentire cross section of 1 / 2 to 1 / 3 of the light bandwidth of soft materials, hard materials with a narrow bright . With the mechanical properties of materials, space, mold structural changes.Fault is equivalent to the third stage of the blanking process, mainly due to the role of tensile stress, the continuous expansion of China cracks down payments second fiber extension, so a very rough surface is not smooth, and there Liaoduo. In the section on the same punch with these characteristics, but the distribution of the three regions opposite position and blanking.Blanking addition to drag a section of rough dimensions, there are points dome curved, not flat, face a burr, so blanking requirements apply only to an Blanking.Section Drawing gapBlanking time requires not only the shape of call times out of line drawing parts, there should be a certain quality requirements, quality of stamping pieces is cut surface quality, dimensional accuracy and form error. Cut surface should be flat, smooth, no crack and tear, mezzanine and other defects, glitches small parts, the surface should be flat as possible, that is a small vaulted arch, size, degree of precision required to ensure the drawings do not exceed the tolerance range.Factors that affect the quality of stamping pieces range from the actual production that, convex, concave die gap size and power uniformity, pattern edge state, the mold structure and manufacturing precision, quality materials, and so on all affect Na blanking. However, we must find out which plays a decisive role in the quality of the blanking factor. Gap is a.Section 1 on the quality of blankingComparison of straight, smooth, and no burr. In this case, the quality of parts that is a good cross section.When the gap is too hours of up and down the crack does not coincide with each other. . . .When the gap is too large cracks do not overlap. . . . (See 2-11)If the gap uneven distribution of local spikes. . . Uneven wear, increased, so clearance is not only to use reasonable and die on the manufacture and adjustment of space even when the guarantee.2. Gap on the Dimensional AccuracyBlanking Stamping dimensional accuracy refers to the actual size and nominal size of the margin, the difference is smaller the higher the precision. difference between living in two areas packet error, one blanking punch or diewith the size of the deviation, one mold itself create bias.Blanking and convex, die size deviation was mainly due to:Workpiece (waste) from the concave mold release, as caused by elastic recovery. Deviation may be positive, it could be negative.Factors affecting the value of this deviation are:1, convex, concave mold gap. Big gap. . . Tensile obvious effect, elastic recovery materials and parts to drop less than the die size, punching pieces. . Small gap. . .2, material properties. Material properties and dimensional accuracy of packages since it will then determine the material properties of its material form in the amount of blanking. Outline of the elastic deformation of the soft small amount of elastic recovery after blanking also small, so the workpiece accuracy. Hard steel elastic recovery greater precision on the lower parts.3, workpiece shape and size. Workpiece thickness and shape of post degree only-J also have an impact, thin elastic recovery of material punching shield large,-t pieces of low accuracy. The more complex the shape of the workpiece, die and create and adjust the gap when the more difficult to ensure uniform, so the greater the size of deviations.4. Blade-like quality video straight to the section noon5. Gap on the impact of blanking forceThe smaller the gap, blanking deformation area of the higher hydrostatic pressure, the greater the material change Kang force. Blanking force, the greater the contrary, when the gap increases, lower resistance, blanking force also decreases, but the value is not reduced (see Figure 2-14)Life on the sidelines of the impact of mold (see materials abbreviated talk) Section III to determine clearance punch and dieThus, convex and concave clearance on blanking die quality morning, punching power, tool life has a great impact, so the mold design - will select a reasonable gap to ensure Blanking section of good quality punching required is small, high-die life. But the difference of quality, precision, blanking force requirements in many aspects of cooperation were identified gap is not limited to the same - a value, but close to each other, taking into account the deviation of model county manufacturing and use of wear and tear,Therefore, production is often to select an appropriate range of reasonable space, as long as the gap falls within this range can be out of good parts, the scope of the minimum value, said minimum clearance Zmin reasonably small. Most reasonable position that the biggest gap Zmax. At least a reasonable gap ZMi n can be with the board perpendicular to the section, without a significant glitch. In the largest gap Zmax "section can still be satisfied with the quality: just not with the board vertical. Taking into account the die wear and tear during use to increase the gap, so when the design and manufacture a new model to use the smallest reasonable space ZminReasonable methods to determine gap calculated with the experience to determine and French.One theory to define the lawTheory to define the main basis for the law is to ensure that cracks coincide in order to get a good cross section. Group 1 began the process of blanking the instantaneous crack q triangles from the graph we can find space z AB c βtg h t Z )(20-=Type in: A, - convex molded into the depth; β - the maximum shear stress direction and the angle between the vertical;Can be seen from the above formula, gap z and the material thickness t, the relative cut into the depth h. / T and the crack orientation day. Relevant, but to another with the material properties and β is related to the more rigid material, h. / T smaller. Therefore, we can see from the style, the main factors affecting the value gap is the material properties and thickness. The more rigid material more thick, the necessary and reasonable value of the larger gap. Table 1-3 for the popular press materials, h. / T and β approximation.A variety of materials h. / T and β value is still no accurate determination of value, and. Production is not convenient to use this method, so widely used empirical formula with the graph method.Second, the experience to determine methodsExperience to determine the nature of law is based on the material and thickness, press-type to determineThe formula: K-factor related with the material properties. t - thickness of material.Kt Z =minSoft materials such as 08, l0, brass, copper Z = (0.08-0.1) tIn hardwood Section: A3, A 4,20,25. Z = (0.1-0.I 2) tHard materials such as A5, 50 ... ... and so Z = (0.1-0.14) tLower limit of thin materials which take.Third, the chart methodIn addition, you can directly determine the space look-up table values (such as teaching materials 2-3,2-4,2-5 table) Table 2-5 is the former Ministry of Machinery Industry, "blanking clearance," Technical Guidance Document (JB/z271-86 ) recommended clearance value.Over the past China's general information on using Soviet gap value, from the use of the experience, the gap value is generally small. One reason for this is the classification space is not used according to the characteristics of production, the other is only as the main basis for precision stamping parts, without considering the King and the chess section with a life of quality and other important factors, so many problems exist in production. For example: Wear + blanking force. . .Therefore, in practice, in addition to special requirements of the workpiece outside the vertical section, as far as possible large gap.In addition, my experience in practice should:(1) z-punching to take the value of bigger than expected drop.(2) red holes get bigger when the z value, to prevent broken punch.(3) Carbide Die z value should be 30% larger than the steel.(4)J die orifice is cone-shaped than straight smaller z value.(5) high-speed stamping dies easily when the heat, f value should get bigger.(6) when the punch and die wall thin. To prevent cracking up, should be enlarged punching z.IV Size Calculation of Cutting EdgeDie edge dimensions and tolerances directly affect the dimensional accuracy Blanking, also is sufficient to guarantee a reasonable gap. Therefore, the correct calculation of the mold edge mold design dimensions and tolerances are small - the work of great importance.Dimensions and tolerances in calculating the cutting edge should follow the following principles:1. Taking into account the drop size depends on the materials and parts die size, while punching pieces depends on the size of the punch dimensions of the blanking die design should be to die as the base is difficult to stay in the punch on the gap; Design Punching model should be based on the punch as the base, orange on the gap left in the concave. (There is a taper section, and the big endblanking parts die size = size, empty pieces of red punch small end size = size) 2. Taking into account the wear and tear will foot a larger die, the punch size decreases, in order to ensure the life of mold, the basic blanking die size should be taken close to or equal to the minimum limit of size of the workpiece; Piercing Punch basic dimensions shall be taken as close to the or equal to the maximum limit of size of workpiece, using the smallest reasonable gap value. 3. Sampling edge of manufacturing tolerances, the workpiece should be to ensure the accuracy and timeliness based clearance requirements. At the same time easy to mold manufacturing tolerance is too large, then out of the parts may be disqualified, or one can guarantee a reasonable gap; too small. And to die is difficult to mold manufacturing costs.Accuracy and precision blanking dies relationship tableSpecial Note: If the size of the workpiece is not marked tolerance. I T14 without tolerances according to class to deal with, and die according to I D 11 manufacturing (non-graphic parts). Or by I T 6-7 class manufacturing (for round parts).Mold processing method according to the different calculation methods are divided into two kinds of edge1. Separate punch and die machiningSeparate processing: refers to the punch and die are processed separately by the respective drawings, mold the size of the gap processed by guarantee. Therefore, to calculate and mark out the punch and die dimensions and tolerances. This method is suitable for round or shape of a simple piece.(1) Blanking Die Blanking piece size based degree d, according to the above principles, first determine the small scale and then reduce the die size in order to ensure a reasonable punch clearance. Knife-edge part of the incidence graph of the size shown.Edge blanking die size is calculated as follows:d D D δθχ+∆-=0)(min )2(p P c D D δθ--=(2) The punching die set punching size of d. (Standard tolerance) calculated according to the principles of the punch first determine the size. Further increasing the die size in order to ensure a reasonable minimum edge clearance associated with some of the dimensions in Figure 2-13 (b) below.Red edge aperture size is calculated as follows:)(p p d d δχ-∆+=d p d c d d δ++=0min )2(Symbol meaning:X-tolerance zone offset factor, the purpose is to avoid all bias limit most blanking size (other omitted)Its value and accuracy of the workpiece.Tolerance band offset coefficient of 2-7 x to be investigated, or obtained by the following relationsWorkpiece accuracy of IT10 above: x = 1Workpiece accuracy of IT11 ~ 13: x = 1.75Fine piece head IT14: x = 0.5In order to ensure a reasonable space, mold manufacturing tolerances must meet the following conditionsConvex, concave mold separate processing advantages are: convex, concave mold with interchangeable, easy to mold batch processing.Convex, concave mold separate processing disadvantage: in order to ensure a reasonable gap. Require higher levels of mold manufacturing tolerances, mold making more difficult.(Based on the use of examples to explain -6,2-7 table)2. Punch and die with the processingFor complex shapes or thin material workpiece. In order to facilitate mold, should be used with the process. This method is first processed basis documents (when blanking die, punch when the punch), and then base the actual size of the Huai items to do with the other documents (when blanking punch, punch when punch), and then base the actual size of the Huai items to do with the other documents (when blanking punch, punch die when), in another space on the revised smallest reasonable value. Therefore, when used with the process, simply reference documents marked size and tolerance, another mark only basic dimensions. And marked "punch-foot small scale only by the actual preparation of the die to ensure the single gap" (blanking time); or "die size of the actual size of the preparation by the punch to ensure the side gap.." (When punching ). With the process, the base parts of the manufacturing tolerance 6f (or long) is no longer limited by the gap value, or even appropriate to enlarge manufacturing tolerances, so relatively easy to manufacture molds. Most factories have recently used this combined approach. Benchmark parts manufacturing tolerances generally preferable to A / 4For some the shape of complex stamping parts. For each part of the size of the different nature of the wear law is different, it must be a specific analysis. Calculated separately.Figure 2-20a for the blanking parts and die size ,2-20b for the punching pieces and punch size, in these two diagrams: A class size is worn larger size, such size should be charged formula feed die size (2 • 2) calculation, B Class size is worn by people of such small size scale should be punching punch size formula (2-4) calculation; C Class size is worn the same size, of such size, the size of the workpiece in the middle of the basic dimensions as the mold, and then standard deviation can be symmetrical, the specific formula as follows:V blanking forceCutting edge technology, including separation of materials needed for punching power and discharge power, pushing pieces of power and top pieces ofpower. After blanking. Washed down the workpiece (or waste) as elastic recovery and expansion will be within the infarct in the die hole. Similarly, the scrap piece〕〔or out of the hole on the elastic contraction because of tight coupling on the punch. ? Called the discharge power;? Named top material (pieces) force;? Called push material (pieces of) force.The purpose of calculating power stamping process is it?Reasonable choice is to press tonnage. (Of course choose not to consider the tonnage presses, as well as tables, press structure... Shut height, etc.) Select press when you press and public pressure (N) must make a big or equal to the total pressure during blankingFirst, the calculation of punching forceFlat blade used in production Die Blanking, the blanking force can be calculated as follows;τLtσ=P≈KItK-safety factor, and generally the skin = 1.3. It takes into account mold edge wear and blunting the punch and the die gap is uneven material thickness deviation of the performance factors, such as Ko.Blanking of high strength material or thick material and large size parts, the need to force a larger punch. If the blanking press more than the tonnage of the existing plant, it is necessary to reduce the blanking force.1. Heating blankingMaterial shear strength in the heated state decreased significantly, which can reduce the blanking force. However, heating the material will produce oxide, will be deformation, therefore applied only to thick or the surface quality and precision of less demanding jobs. Lower τ2. Ladder arrangement blanking punchIn the multi-blanking punch in the punch made of different degrees south, a ladder Boubou set (Figure 2-18), will enable each punch the maximum blanking force of wood come together. Thereby reducing the total blanking force. Punchheight difference between the thickness determined by: t <3mm, h = tt> 3mm h = 0.5tWhen the punch by step layout 'symmetrically as possible. At the same time should do a small punch shorter, longer doing big punch, so to avoid a small punch side material flow because the pressure caused by tilt or break situation.3. Oblique incision Die Blanking Figure 2-u-shaped cloth ladder A model aimed Knife-edge blanking level, the entire flat edge on the contact sheet to the rather oblique knife edge blanking die, because edge is inclined, not simultaneously cut into the knife-edge blanking time, but gradually punching material, so very dry by punching a small section of the post. Thus lower. Second, the calculation of other blanking forceMany factors affect these forces, mainly the mechanical properties and thickness, die gap, the workpiece shape and size and lubrication conditions. Therefore, the general experience with the following formula:Fx = KF (K look-up table 2-10)The overall strength based on the actual die stamping process concrete analysis of the structure.冲裁冲裁是利用模具使板科产生分离的冲压工序，包括落料与冲孔。
冲压模具英文文献
Forming DiesForming dies, often considered in the same class with bending dies, are classified as tools that form or bend the blank along a curved axis instead of a straight axis. There is very little stretching or compressing of the material. The internal movement or the plastic flow of the material is localized and has little or no effect on the total area or thickness of the material. The operations classified as forming are bending, drawing, embossing, curling, beading, twisting, spinning, and hole flanging.A large percentage of stampings used in the manufacturing of products require some forming operations. Some are simple forms that require tools of low cast and conventional design. Others may have complicated forms, which require dies that produce multiple forms in one stroke of the press. Some stampings may be of such nature that several dies must be used to produce the shapes and forms required.A first consideration in analyzing a stamping is to select the class of die to perform the work. Next to be considered is the number of stampings required, and this will govern the amount of money that should be spent in the design and building of the tools. Stampings of simple channels in limited production can be made on a die classed as a solid form die. It would be classified under channel forming dies. Others-the block and pad type-are also channel forming dies. Such operations as curling, flanging, and embossing as well as channeling employ pressure pads.A forming die may be designed in many ways and produce the same results; at this point the cost of the tool, safety of operation, and also the repairing and reworking must be considered. The tool that is cheapest and of the simplest design may not always be best because it may not produce the stamping to the drawing specifications. Where limited production is required, and a liberal tolerance is allowed in a stamping, a solid form die can be used.Drawing DiesDrawing is a process of changing a flat, precut metal blank into a hollow vessel without excessive wrinkling, thinning, or fracturing. The various forms produced may be cylindrical or box-shaped with straight or tapered sides or a combination of straight, tapered, or curved sides. The size of the parts may vary from 0.250″(6.35mm)diameter or smaller, to aircraft or automotive parts large enough to require the use of mechanical handling equipment.Die Design PrinciplesCoining Dies. In backward extruding dies the punch is always smaller in diameterthan the die cavity in order to give theclearance between punch and dieequaling the desired wall thickness ofthe part to be produced. The punch isloaded as a column. To minimizepunch failure it is desirable to coin theslugs to a close fit in diameter to assureconcentricity. Figure 8-66 illustrates acoining die to prepare a slug forbackward extrusion. Coining the slugto fit the diepot and coining the upperend to fit and guide the free end of the punch will minimize punch breakage of the extruding die.Backward Extrusion Dies. A typical backward extrusion die is shown in Figure8-67. The use of a carbide die cavitywill minimize wear due to excessivepressures. The carbide insert is shrunkinto a tapered holder. The holder has a1◦ side taper that prestresses thecarbide insert to minimize expansionand fatigue failure. The inserts arewell supported on hardened blocks.The extruding punch is guided by aspring-loaded guide plate which inturn is positioned by a tapered pilotingring on the lower die. Ejection of thefinished part from the die is bycushion or pressure cylinder. Figure 8-68illustrates a backward extrusion die withan unusual punch penetration ratio of 5：1 made possible with a modified flat-endpunch profile.Forward Extrusion Dies. Figure 8-69 is an example of a typical forwardextrusion die in which the metal flows inthe same direction as the punch, but at agreater rate owing to change in the cross-sectional area. The lower carbide guidering is added to maintain straightness. The nest above the upper carbide guide ring serves as a guide for the punch during the operation. Figure 8-70 illustrates anotherforward extrusion die in which the punch creates the orifice through which the metal flows. The extruding pressure is applied through the punch guide sleeve.Combination Extruding Dies. A typical combination forward and backward extrusion die is shown in Figure 8-71. In this die, the two –piece pressure anvil acts as a bottom extruding punch and a shedder. The upper extruding punch is guided by a spring-loaded guide plate into which the guide sleeve is mounted. To maintainconcentricity between the punch anddie, the punch guide sleeve iscentered into the die insert.Punch Design.The mostimportant feature of punch design isend profile. A punch with a flat endface and a corner radius not over0.020″(0.51mm) can penetrate threetimes its diameter in steel, four to sixtimes its diameter in aluminum. Apunch with a bullet-shaped nose orwith a steep angle will cut through the phosphate coat lubricant quicker than a flat-end punch. When the lubricant is displaced in extrusion, severe galling and wear of the punch will take palce. The punch must be free of grinding marks and requires a 4µ in.(0.10µm) finish, lapped in the direction of metal flow. The punch should be made of hardened tool steel or carbide. In some backward extrusion dies a shoulder is provided on punch to square up the metal as it meets this shoulder.Pressure Anvil Design. The function of the pressure anvil is to form the base of the diepot, to act as a bottom extruding punch, and to act as a shedder unit to eject the finished part. Heat treatment and surface finish requirements are the same for pressure anvils and for punches.Diepot Design. To resist diepot bursting pressure, the tool steel or carbide die ring is shrunk into the shrink ring or die shoe. The die shoe is normally in compression. A shrink fit of 0.004″per in.(0.004mm per mm) of diameter of the insert is desirable. Material, heat treatment, and finish requirements of the diepot are the same as for the punch. The recommended material for shrink rings is a hot-worked alloy tool steel which is hardened to Rc 50-Rc 52. A two-piece diepot insert is sometimes used for complex workpiece shapes.Punch Guide Design. The guide ring minimizes the column loading on the punch above the diepot. The spring-loaded guide sleeve pilots the punch into the diepot and maintains concentricity between them. The guide ring can also act as a stripper. The proper use of guide sleeves permits higher penetration ratios.成型模成型模具，通常被认为是与弯曲模属于同一类，被作为工具，沿着弯曲的轴线而非直线轴线使工件半成品成型或弯曲。
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(4)冲压一般没有切屑碎料生成，材料的消耗较少,且不需其它加热设备,因而是一种省料,节能的加工方法,冲压件的成本较低。
但是,冲压加工所使用的模具一般具有专用性,有时一个复杂零件需要数套模具才能加工成形,且模具制造的精度高，技术要求高，是技术密集形产品。所以，只有在冲压件生产批量较大的情况下，冲压加工的优点才能充分体现,从而获得较好的经济效益。
冲压模具技术外文翻译(含外文文献）
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前言
在目前激烈的市场竞争中,产品投入市场的迟早往往是成败的关键。模具是高质量、高效率的产品生产工具,模具开发周期占整个产品开发周期的主要部分。因此客户对模具开发周期要求越来越短,不少客户把模具的交货期放在第一位置,然后才是质量和价格。因此，如何在保证质量、控制成本的前提下加工模具是值得认真考虑的问题。模具加工工艺是一项先进的制造工艺,已成为重要发展方向，在航空航天、汽车、机械等各行业得到越来越广泛的应用。模具加工技术，可以提高制造业的综合效益和竞争力。研究和建立模具工艺数据库,为生产企业提供迫切需要的高速切削加工数据,对推广高速切削加工技术具有非常重要的意义。本文的主要目标就是构建一个冲压模具工艺过程,将模具制造企业在实际生产中结合刀具、工件、机床与企业自身的实际情况积累得高速切削加工实例、工艺参数和经验等数据有选择地存储到高速切削数据库中,不但可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力，而且可以指导高速加工生产实践，达到提高加工效率,降低刀具费用，获得更高的经济效益。
3．冲压技术的现状及发展方向
随着科学技术的不断进步和工业生产的迅速发展，许多新技术、新工艺、新设备、新材料不断涌现,因而促进了冲压技术的不断革新和发展。其主要表现和发展方向如下：
(1)冲压成形理论及冲压工艺方面冲压成形理论的研究是提高冲压技术的基础。目前，国内外对冲压成形理论的研究非常重视，在材料冲压性能研究、冲压成形过程应力应变分析、板料变形规律研究及坯料与模具之间的相互作用研究等方面均取得了较大的进展。特别是随着计算机技术的飞跃发展和塑性变形理论的进一步完善，近年来国内外已开始应用塑性成形过程的计算机模拟技术,即利用有限元(ＦEM）等有值分析方法模拟金属的塑性成形过程，根据分析结果,设计人员可预测某一工艺方案成形的可行性及可能出现的质量问题，并通过在计算机上选择修改相关参数,可实现工艺及模具的优化设计。这样既节省了昂贵的试模费用，也缩短了制模具周期。
(1) 冲压加工的生产效率高,且操作方便，易于实现机械化与自动化。这是因为冲压是依靠冲模和冲压设备来完成加工，普通压力机的行程次数为每分钟可达几十次，高速压力要每分钟可达数百次甚至千次以上,而且每次冲压行程就可能得到一个冲件。
(2)冲压时由于模具保证了冲压件的尺寸与形状精度，且一般不破坏冲压件的表面质量,而模具的寿命一般较长,所以冲压的质量稳定,互换性好，具有“一模一样”的特征。
冲压所使用的模具称为冲压模具,简称冲模。冲模是将材料（金属或非金属）批量加工成所需冲件的专用工具。冲模在冲压中至关重要，没有符合要求的冲模，批量冲压生产就难以进行；没有先进的冲模,先进的冲压工艺就无法实现。冲压工艺与模具、冲压设备和冲压材料构成冲压加工的三要素,只有它们相互结合才能得出冲压件。
与机械加工及塑性加工的其它方法相比，冲压加工无论在技术方面还是经济方面都具有许多独特的优点,主要表现如下；
上述两类工序,按基本变形方式不同又可分为冲裁、弯曲、拉深和成形四种基本工序，每种基本工序还包含有多种单一工序。
在实际生产中,当冲压件的生产批量较大、尺寸较少而公差要求较小时，若用分散的单一工序来冲压是不经济甚至难于达到要求。这时在工艺上多采用集中的方案,即把两种或两种以上的单一工序集中在一副模具内完成，称为组合的方法不同,又可将其分为复合-级进和复合－级进三种组合方式。
复合冲压——在压力机的一次工作行程中，在模具的同一工位上同时完成两种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方法式。
级进冲压——在压力机上的一次工作行程中，按照一定的顺序在同一模具的不同工位上完面两种或两种以上不同单一工序的一种组合方式。
复合－级进——在一副冲模上包含复合和级进两种方式的组合工序。
冲模的结构类型也很多。通常按工序性质可分为冲裁模、弯曲模、拉深模和成形模等;按工序的组合方式可分为单工序模、复合模和级进模等。但不论何种类型的冲模,都可看成是由上模和下模两部分组成,上模被固定在压力机工作台或垫板上,是冲模的固定部分。工作时,坯料在下模面上通过定位零件定位,压力机滑块带动上模下压，在模具工作零件(即凸模、凹模）的作用下坯料便产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需形状与尺寸的冲件。上模回升时，模具的卸料与出件装置将冲件或废料从凸、凹模上卸下或推、顶出来，以便进行下一次冲压循环。
2.冲压的基本工序及模具
由于冲压加工的零件种类繁多,各类零件的形状、尺寸和精度要求又各不相同，因而生产中采用的冲压工艺方法也是多种多样的。概括起来，可分为分离工序和成形工序两大类;分离工序是指使坯料沿一定的轮廓线分离而获得一定形状、尺寸和断面质量的冲压(俗称冲裁件）的工序;成形工序是指使坯料在不破裂的条件下产生塑性变形而获得一定形状和尺寸的冲压件的工序。
冲压加工在现代工业生产中，尤其是大批量生产中应用十分广泛。相当多的工业部门越来越多地采用冲压法加工产品零部件，如汽车、农机、仪器、仪表、电子、航空、航天、家电及轻工等行业。在这些工业部门中，冲压件所占的比重都相当的大，少则６0%以上，多则90%以上。不少过去用锻造＝铸造和切削加工方法制造的零件,现在大多数也被质量轻、刚度好的冲压件所代替。因此可以说，如果生产中不能采用冲压工艺,许多工业部门要提高生产效率和产品质量、降低生产成本、快速进行产品更新换代等都是难以实现的。
1.冲压的概念、特点及应用
冲压是利用安装在冲压设备(主要是压力机)上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形,从而获得所需零件（俗称冲压或冲压件)的一种压力加工方法。冲压通常是在常温下对材料进行冷变形加工，且主要采用板料来加工成所需零件，所以也叫冷冲压或板料冲压。冲压是材料压力加工或塑性加工的主要方法之一,隶属于材料成型工程术。