多元智力理论

1.Background

Howard Earl Gardener’s work has been marked by a desire not to just describe the world but to help to create the condition to change it. The scale of his contribution can be gauged from following comments in his introduction to the tenth anniversary edition of Howard Gardener’s classic work Frames Of Mind. The theory of multiple intelligences :

霍华德厄尔加德纳的研究不只是描述这个世界,而是造条件去改变它。他的贡献在十周年纪念版的《霍华德加德纳的经典智力结构》这本书中有所介绍。多元智能的理论:

In the heyday of the psychometric and behaviorist eras, it was generally believed that intelligence was a single entity that was inherited; and that human beings – initially a blank slate – could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way. Nowadays an intelligences, quite independent of each other; that each intelligence has its own strengths and constraints; that the mind is far from unencumbered at birth; and that it is unexpectedly difficult to teach things that go against early’naïve’ theories of that challenge the natural lines of force within an intelligence and its matching domains.

全盛时期的心理和行为主义时代,人们普遍认为,智力是一个单一的实体,是可以继承的;而人类——最初就像一张白纸可以通过训练学习任何东西,只需要有一个适当的方式。而现在越来越多研究表明智能,是相互独立的,每个智能都有自己的长处和限制,出生时大脑是没有负担的;但意外很难教授知识，这违背了早期的“自然”的理论,挑战自然的力量促使知一种智能及其匹配的区域发展。

One of the main impetuses for this movement has been Howard Gardner’s work. He has been, in Smith and Smith’s terms, a paradigm shifter. Howard Gardner has questioned the idea that intelligence is a single entity, that it results from a single factor, and that it can be measured simply via IQ test. He has also challenged the cognitive development work of Piaget. Bringing forward evidence to show that at any one time a child may be at very different stages for example, in number development and spatial/ visual maturation, Howard Gardner has successfully undermined the idea that knowledge at any one particular developmental stage hangs together in a structured whole.

这一运动的主要动力之一,是霍华德·加德纳的理论。霍华德·加德纳质疑认为智力是一个单一的实体,从单因素结果来看,它可以简单地通过智商测试来衡量。他还质疑皮亚杰的认知发展理论。他提出证据证明，在任何时候，孩子都可能会处于非常不同阶段,例如在数量上发展和空间/视觉成熟方面。霍华德·加德纳已经成功地削弱了这样的想法：知识在任何一个特定发展阶段都是与一个结构化的整体挂钩。

2. Overview of Multiple Intelligence

Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as’ the capacity to solve proems or to fashion products that are valued in one more cultural setting’s (Gardner & H a tch 1998). He reviewed the literature using eight criteria or’s of an intelligence:

2。多元智能的概述

霍华德·加德纳认为智力在某种社会或文化环境或文化环境的价值标准下，个体用以解决自己遇到的真正的难题或生产及创造出有效产品所需要的能力。他回顾了文献使用八个标准

Potential isolation by brain damage.

The existence of idiots savants, prodigies and other exceptional individuals.

An identifiable core operation or set of operations.

A distinctive development history, along with a definable set of’ end-state’ performances.

An evolutionary history and evolutionary plausibility.

Support from experimental psychological tasks.

Support from psychometric findings.

Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system. (Howard Gardner 1983:62-69)

潜在的孤立的脑损伤。

白痴天才的存在,天才和其他特殊的个人。

一个可识别的核心操作或一组操作。

独特的发展历史,以及一组可定义的“最终状态”表现。

一个进化历史和进化的合理性。

实验心理任务的支持。

心理研究结果的支持。

对编码符号系统。

Candidates for the title’ an intelligence’ had to satisfy a range of these criteria and must include, as a prerequisite, the ability to resolve’genuine problems of difficulties’(ibid:60) within certain cultural settings. Making judgements about this was, however, reminiscent more of an artistic judgement than of a scientific assessment’(ibid:60)

Howard Gardner initially formulated a list of seven intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two are ones that have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what Howard Gardner called’ personal intelligences’(Gardner 1999:41-43)

必须满足这些标准和必须拥有这些先决条件,才能在特定的文化背景下解决“真正困难的问题”。做出这种判断时,然而,人们联想到更多的感性判断而非科学评估”

霍华德·加德纳最初制定的列表包括七种智能。他的清单是临时的。前两个是那些在学校通常体现的价值;接着的三个与艺术相关联;和最后两个是霍华德·加德纳所说的“个人智能”

Linguistic intelligence involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity use language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information.. Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic intelligence.

语言智能，包括口语和书面语言的能力,学习语言的能力和使用语言的能力，利用这些能力完成特定的目标。这项智能包括有效地使用语言的能力清楚地表达自己的想法,和可以将语言作为一种记忆信息的方式。作家、诗人、律师和演说家，霍华德·加德纳认为他们拥有着