高中英语外研版选修六教师用书Module 5 Cloning

Module 5Cloning
【美文阅读】
The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity(实体；实际存在物). The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone.
Researchers have cloned a wide range of biological materials, including genes,_cells,_tissues and even entire organisms, such as a sheep.
Over the last 50 years, scientists have conducted cloning experiments in a wide range of animals using a variety of techniques. In 1979, researchers produced the first genetically identical mice by splitting mouse embryos in the test tube and then implanting the resulting embryos into the wombs of adult female mice. Shortly after that, researchers produced the first genetically identical cows, sheep and chickens by transferring(使转移；使调动) the nucleus of a cell taken from an early embryo into an egg that had been emptied of its nucleus.
It was not until 1996, however, that researchers succeeded in cloning the first mammal from a mature (somatic) cell taken from an adult animal. After 276 attempts, Scottish researchers finally produced Dolly, the lamb from the udder(牛、羊等的)乳房) cell of a 6-year-old sheep. Two years later, researchers in Japan cloned eight calves from a single cow, but only four survived.
Besides cattle and sheep, other mammals that have been cloned from somatic cells include: cat, deer, dog, horse, mule, ox, rabbit and rat. In addition, a rhesus monkey has been cloned by embryo splitting.
【诱思导学】
1．What is cloning?
________________________________________________________________________ 2．When was the mammal cloned?
________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 1.The term cloning describes a number of different processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity. The copied material, which has the same genetic makeup as the original, is referred to as a clone. 2.It was cloned in 1996.
Period ⅠPreviewing
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
初步掌握本课文中的词汇，浅层次理解课文，了解相关的背景知识。

●课标解读
本课时主要是通过学生对学案所给出的内容的学习，了解本课文中所出现的词汇，初步了解课文以及相关的背景知识，对下一堂课对课文的全面理解起到一个铺垫作用。

●教学地位
本模块的主题是“克隆”，阅读课文的第一部分介绍小说《弗兰肯斯坦》的故事梗概，第二部分是小说节选。

要求学生掌握相关词汇，培养相关语言技能。

了解高科技的迅速发展有可能给人类的未来带来巨大的正面或负面影响；增强科学伦理意识，努力学习文化知识，运用科技发展成果为人类的和平、幸福和发展做贡献。

(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
T：Look at the pictures and discuss：
1．When was the film made?
2．Who was the author of the novel Frankenstein?
3．What is the young man in the picture doing?
4．What does the monster look like?
5．Guess what is the ending of the story?
在看图说话的过程中，教师帮助学生复习和学习词汇。

……
●教学流程设计
导入新课⇒学生阅读“美文阅读”与“诱思导学”(见学案第60页)。

⇒学生就“美文阅读”进行讨论，统一答案。

⇒让学生快速阅读课文，(见课本第58－59页)并完成“篇章结构”(见学案第60页)。

⇒师生共同讨论并统一答案。

⇒学生再次阅读课文(课本第58－59页)并完成“语篇理解”(见学案第61页)。

⇓
学生讨论，并让学生代表发表他们讨论得出的答案。

老师予以更正。

⇐让学生完成“知识初探”部分(见学案第61页)。

⇐老师指导学生讨论，共同找出答案。

⇐学生再次仔细阅读课文，(课本第58－59页)进行深度理解，并完成“课文缩写”(见学案第61页)。

⇐学生共同讨论，并让学生发表各自见解，最后统一答案。

⇓
让学生根据所给出的表格进行自我评估(见学案第61页)。

⇒老师布置作业，让学生看课本第57－59页并完成课本第58页1、2、3、4题，预习学案Period Ⅱ(见学案第62页)，列举出英式英语和美式英语的异同。

Ⅰ.篇章结构
阅读文章，然后完成下面表格(每空不超过3词)
Part 1
The story of Frankenstein
Frankenstein, a young Switzerland scientist from Geneva, creates an terrified ugly
monster who has human 1.________.
When Frankenstein 2.________to create a wife for him, the monster 3.________
Frankenstein's brother, best friend and new wife.
The scientist 4.________the creature to the Arctic in order to destroy him, but he dies
there. Finally the monster ends his own life.
Part 2
Extract from Frankenstein
It was a cold November night, my candle was almost 5.________when the creature
6.________hard and moved its arms and legs.
The monster is the ugliest thing I had ever seen, his black hair and white teeth
7.________his yellow eyes, his wrinkled yellow skin and black lips.
I didn't want to see the monster, so I rushed into my room, 8.________the bed and then
had a terrible dream.
When I woke, shaking with fear, I saw the monster was standing by my bed, his mouth
opened and he 9.________，then seemed to smile. I was so terrified that 10.________I thought, “I wish I had not done this terrible thing, I wish I was dead！”
【答案】 1.emotions 2.refuses 3.murders 4.chases
5．burnt out 6.breathed7.contrasted horribly with8.threw myself on9.made a sound 10.again and again
Ⅱ.语篇理解
阅读P58－59的Reading and V ocabulary部分，从每题所给的3个选项中选择最佳答案1．What did Frankenstein happen to learn when he was studying at university?
A．He learned how to clone humans.
B．He learned how to give life to lifeless matter.
C．He learned how to create monsters.
2．By which did we know the creature is intelligent and has human emotions?
A．The creature loved and respected his master Frankenstein.
B．The creature is more creative than his master Frankenstein.
C．He wanted Frankenstein to create a wife for him and hated him because of his refusal.
3．When Frankenstein managed to give the creature life, he was________.
A．disgusted B．excited C．sad
4．What did Frankenstein regret?
A．He regretted that he had not made the creature beautiful.
B．He regretted that he had created the creature.
C．He regretted that he had taken the creature home.
5．Why did Frankenstein have dreams?
A．He was too happy to see the creature full of life.
B．He was too terrified of the horrible creature.
C．He wished for a new and creative life.
【答案】 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B
Ⅲ.课文缩写
用所给单词或短语的正确形式完成课文缩写
destroy; emotions; chases; give life to; create; terrified; intelligent; refuses; murders; resemble
Frankenstein, a young scientist, discovers the secret of how to 1.________ lifeless matter and 2.________ creatures that 3.________ human beings. Unfortunately, the creature makes the people around 4.________，moreover, he is 5.________ and has human 6.________. When Frankenstein 7.________ to create a wife for him, he hates Frankenstein, and 8.________ his brother and wife. In order to 9.________ the creature, he 10.________ him to the Arctic, where he dies and the monster disappears into the ice and snow.
【答案】 1.give life to 2.create 3.resemble 4.terrified 5.intelligent 6.emotions 7.refuses8.murders
9．destroy10.chases
Ⅰ.词义搭配
1．fear A．go after with the intent to catch
2．terrify B．kill intentionally and with premeditation
3．wing C．any strong feeling
4．chase D．show unwillingness towards
5．disgust E．an anxious feeling
6．emotion F．either of the pair of parts that a bird, insect, bat, etc. used to fly
7．murder G．draw air into, and expel out of the lungs
8．refuse H．fill with terror; frighten greatly
9．breathe I．move fast
10．rush J．strong feelings of dislike
【答案】 1.E 2.H 3.F 4.A 5.J 6.C7.B8.D
9．G10.I
Ⅱ.短语填空
burn out; contrast with; throw oneself on...; make a sound; again and again; put out1.The old man ______________ the bench and fell asleep.
2．Don't make the same mistakes__________.
3．Any electric light bulb will eventually __________.
4．____________ the fire before going to bed.
5．The ship ______________ the blue sea.
6．There is somebody ing! Keep down and don't __________.
【答案】 1.threw himself on 2.again and again 3.burn out 4.Put out 5.contrasted with 6.make a sound
Ⅲ.句型背诵
1．While_studying_at_university,_he discovers the secret of how to create life.
在他上大学时，他发现了如何创造生命的秘密。

2．It_was on a cold November night that I saw my creation for the first time.
我是在11月一个寒冷的晚上首次看到我的作品的。

3．Feeling_very_anxious,_I prepared the equipment that would give life to the thing that lay at my feet.
它躺在我的脚边，我紧张不安地准备赋予它生命所需的设备。

4．I hid in the garden and stayed there till morning, terrified_by_what_I_had_done.
由于害怕我所做的事情，我藏身花园，一直待到天亮。

5．I_wish_I_had_not_created_this_creature,_I wish I was on the other side of the world, I wish I could disappear!
但愿我没有制造出那个家伙，但愿我身处世界的另一边，但愿我可以消失得无影无踪！
Period ⅡIntroduction & Reading and V ocabulary
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
重点词汇的理解与应用。

●课标解读
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。

(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。

(3)通过对这些词汇的理解能够更深层次的理解课文，并通过课文加深对这些词汇的理解，更加熟练的运用这些词汇。

(4)通过对本课文的理解，让学生学会用一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时和表示将来用法的句子和段落完成有关语言的区别表达，提高学生的书面表达能力。

●教学地位
单词和短语是构成句子的最小单位，在语言学习中起至关重要的作用，所以理解和正确运用英语单词和短语是英语学习的重点所在。

(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
Do you enjoy reading science fictions? What is your favorite one? Then show some pictures about Frankenstein. The teacher asks “ Have you ever read Frankenstein? How much do you know about it？” Show some pictures about Mary Shelley.(通过对这些问题的回答和老师的指点引入本课的主题——《弗兰肯斯坦》。

)
●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。

⇒导入新课⇒让学生就
“课堂互动探究”(见学案第62页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。

⇒让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。

⇒老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。

⇓
布置作业。

让学生完成课本第59页第5题，“课时作业”和预习Period Ⅲ(见学案第64页)。

⇐让学生完成“自我评估”(学案第64页)。

⇐让学生再次阅读课文(课本第58－59页)，以加深对所学单词与短语的理解。

1．terrify vt.使惊恐；使受惊吓
He terrifies everyone who sees him. (P57)
他使每个看到他的人害怕。

The thunderstorm terrified the child.
雷雨把那个小孩吓坏了。

His sudden appearance terrified them.
他突然出现，把他们吓了一跳。

①terrify sb. into doing sth. 胁迫/恐吓某人做某事
terrify sb. out of doing sth. 胁迫某人不要做某事
②terrified adj.感到害怕的；感到恐惧的
be terrified at因……而害怕
be terrified of sb./sth. 害怕某人或某物
be terrified of doing sth. 害怕做某事
be terrified that... 害怕……
③terrifying adj. 令人害怕的；令人恐惧的
The child was terrified of being left alone in the house.那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。

She was terrified at the deafening explosion.
她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。

The tidal wave formed a terrifying wall of water.
海啸形成一堵骇人的水墙。

完成句子
①现在，令我们感到最害怕的是我们自己头脑中的想法。

Now, it's the thoughts in our head that ________ us the most.
②我害怕坐飞机——我宁愿坐船。

I'm ________ flying. I'd rather go by sea.
③他突然出现，把他们吓了一跳。

They ____________ his sudden appearance.
【答案】①terrify②terrified of③were terrified at/by
单项填空
④The murder________ the girl into telephoning her parents to bring some money and the girl was really frightened and did as he wanted.
A．terrified B．forced
C．persuaded D．argued
【解析】句意：凶手恐吓那个女孩给父母打电话拿钱来，那个女孩吓坏了并按照他说的做了。

terrify sb.into doing sth.恐吓某人做某事；force sb. into doing sth.强迫某人做某事；persuade sb. into doing sth.劝服某人做某事；argue sb. into doing sth.劝服某人做某事。

根据句子的语境，A最符合语境。

【答案】 A
2．disgust vt. 使厌恶；使作呕n. 厌恶，嫌恶
Why was the young scientist so disgusted when he first saw the monster？(P58)
为什么年轻的科学家一看到那个怪物就感到恶心？
His ideas disgust me; they are terrible.
他的一些想法使我很反感，它们实在是太可怕了。

I was disgusted to see the picture on Page1 of Sunday's feature section.我看到周日的特写专栏第一页上的照片，感到很厌恶。

be disgusted to see/hear/find... 厌恶地看到/听到/发现……
be disgusted at/by/with... 讨厌/唾弃某物；对……作呕
with disgust反感地；厌恶地
in disgust愤愤地；厌烦地，反感地
to one's disgust令某人厌恶的是
Sam threw his books down in disgust and stormed out of the room.萨姆愤愤地扔下书，气冲冲地走出房间。

Much to their disgust, they were treated unfairly there.令他们厌恶的是，他们在那里受到了不公平的待遇。

完成句子
①她厌恶地转过脸去。

She turned away ______________.
②________________(令我非常愤慨)，they refused to help me.
③她对他的行为充满了厌恶。

His behavior filled her ______________.
【答案】①with/in disgust②Much to our disgust③with disgust
3．While_studying_at_university,_he discovers the secret of how to create life. (P58)在上大学时，他就发现了创造生命的秘密。

While studying...是省略形式的时间状语从句，其完整形式是“While he was studying...”，这种结构为“连接词＋分词”。

产生这种现象的条件有两个：
(1)连接词通常是时间、条件、让步状语从句的引导词。

如：while, until, when, before，unless，if，even if，although等。

(2)从句的主语与主句的主语一致或是it，且谓语含有be动词。

Unless (you are) invited, you should remain silent at the meeting.除非受到邀请，你应当在会议上保持沉默。

Even if (I am) invited, I won't go.
即使被邀请，我也不去。

【对接高考】
(2012·陕西高考)All the photographs in this book, ________ stated otherwise, date from the 1950s.
A．unless B．until C．once D．if
【解析】考查状语从句。

句意：除被标明的以外，书中其余所有的图片都可以追溯到20世纪50年代。

所填词表条件，从句用了省略句，引导词意思是：除非，如果不，选A。

【答案】 A
把下列句子省略的部分补充完整
①When pleted, the park will be open to the public.
________________________________________________________________________
②While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.
________________________________________________________________________
③She stood at the gate as if waiting for someone.
________________________________________________________________________
④Though surprised to see us, the teacher gave us a warm wele.
________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】①When it is pleted, the park will be open to the public.②While I was in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Great Wall.③She stood at the gate as if she was waiting for someone.④Though he was surprised to see us, the teacher gave us a warm wele.
4．burn out(火)燃尽；烧坏；耗尽；筋疲力尽
My candle was almost burnt out when, by its tiny light, I saw the yellow eye of the creature open. (P59)
我的蜡烛几乎要燃烧完了，借助这微弱的烛光，我看见他的黄色的眼睛睁开了。

The hotel was pletely burnt out.该旅馆毁于大火。

She's in danger of burning herself out.她有累垮的危险。

The rocket engine burned out.火箭发动机熄灭了。

【教师备课资源】
burn away继续燃烧；逐渐烧完；烧光；烧毁
burn down全部焚毁；火势减弱
burn for希望获得；渴望
burn off(晨雾等)消散；烧去；烫去；逐渐烧完
burn oneself out耗尽精力；精疲力竭
burn up烧完；烧尽；烧光；激怒
burn with被……充满；被……所煎熬；急于
根据语境写出下列burn out的含义
①The plane was pletely burnt_out after the crash.
________________________________________________________________________
②We were burned_out and had to live with relatives.
________________________________________________________________________
③If you often burn the midnight oil, you'll burn_yourself_out.
________________________________________________________________________
④Her anger seems to have burned_out.
________________________________________________________________________
【答案】①烧毁②烧掉(某人)的家③(使)耗尽；(使)精疲力尽④逐渐消失
5．contrast with与……形成对照
But these things contrasted horribly with his yellow eyes, his wrinkled yellow skin and black lips. (P59)
但却与他的黄眼睛，皱巴巴的黄色皮肤以及黑嘴唇形成了骇人的对比。

Her actions contrasted sharply with her promise.
她的行动与她的诺言有天壤之别。

It is interesting to contrast these two writers.
将这两个作家加以比较是很有趣的。

Their plans contrast sharply with ours.
他们的计划与我们的截然不同。

contrast with sb./sth.通过对比显出差异，形成对照
contrast n．对照
in contrast to/with与……对比起来；与……形成对照
by contrast相比之下
In contrast with traditional media, Internet advertising has a lot of advantages.
相对于传统媒体，互联广告有许多优势。

By contrast, he was much more frank.
相比之下，他坦率得多。

完成句子
①________ their system(和他们的体制对照)，ours seems out of date.
②She had almost failed in the exam, but her sister, ________(相比之下)，had done very well.
③You can not________ his works________(把……和……相比)hers, for they are sharply of different styles.
【答案】①In contrast with (to)②by contrast
③contrast；with
6．fear n．& v．害怕；担忧
I woke, shaking with fear. (P59)
我醒了过来，吓得浑身战栗。

Crusoe stared at the footprint, full of fear.
克鲁索盯着脚印，心里充满了恐惧。

They are unlikely to get there on time, I fear.
我恐怕他们不可能准时到达那里。

fear to do sth.不敢做……
fear doing sth.担心；担忧
for fear of以免；唯恐；由于怕……
for fear that以免；唯恐；生怕
with fear害怕地
out of fear出于恐惧
The child was shaking with fear.小孩吓得发抖。

He left an hour early for fear of missing the train.
他提早一小时离开，唯恐错过那次火车。

用fear的相关短语完成句子
①I dare not tell you what he said，________(怕)he should be angry with me.
②Shut the window________(以免)the rain.
③She has always________(怕)cats.
④He appeared calm, but his heart was beating wildly________(害怕地)．
【答案】①for fear that②for fear of③feared
④with fear
7．Again_and_again I thought，“I wish_I_had_not_done this terrible thing，I wish l was dead！” (P59)
我不止一次地想：“但愿我当时没做这么可怕的事，但愿我死掉了。

”
(1)again and again反复地；再三地
I've told you again and again not to do that.
我三番五次地告诉过你，不要做那种事。

He made a promise of help, as I pleaded with him again and again.我再三央求，他才答应帮
忙。

(2)wish v．意为“希望，想要，但愿，祝愿”。

后接宾语从句时，从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气。

表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用过去完成时；表示与目前相反的愿望，从句用一般过去时；表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，从句用“would/could＋动词原形”。

I wish you hadn't told me all this.
我希望你当初没把这一切都告诉我。

I wish I didn't have to go to work today.
但愿我今天不用上班。

I wish you would be more respectful to your father.
我希望你对你父亲更尊重些。

完成句子
①他向我们频频挥手告别。

He waved goodbye to us ________.
②我希望你不要看不起这种工作。

I wish you________________________ this kind of work.
【答案】①again and again②wouldn't look down on
单项填空
③How I wish I________ my parents' advice when I was young!
A．followed B．had followed C．follow D．could follow
【解析】句意：我多么希望年轻时能听从父母的意见啊！wish后面的从句要用虚拟语气，因为是和过去事实相反，所以用过去完成时。

【答案】 B
Period ⅢIntegrating Skills & Grammar
(教师用书独具)
●教学目标
重点词汇的理解与语法的掌握。

●课标解读
(1)熟记学案中所列出的单词和短语。

(2)通过学案中所给出的重点单词和重点短语的学习，让学生能够正确理解和使用这些单词和短语，能够运用这些词语造句。

(3)通过对语法的教学让学生能够理解并能够运用这些语法知识，能够准确运用虚拟语气。

●教学地位
语法是学生感到比较难以掌握的东西。

让学生正确理解和掌握语法知识是让学生学好英语的关键，所以应给学生创设一个语境，让学生理解该语法的应用，而不要让学生死记硬背语法条文，应从理解的基础上去运用这些语法。

(教师用书独具)
●新课导入建议
通过对学生作业的检查导入本堂新课。

●教学流程设计
老师检查上堂课所布置的作业，检查学生对学案预习的情况。

⇒导入新课⇒让学生就“要点讲练”(见学案第64页)进行讨论，让学生各自发表自己的见解，然后让各个讨论组派代表汇报各自讨论结果。

⇒让学生针对各自不同的意见展开讨论，然后老师给出详细正确答案。

⇒老师针对难点和重点词汇进行讲解，并补充学案中所遗漏的重点词汇，补充一些必要的练习。

⇓
布置作业。

让学生完成课本第62－63页1、2、3、4题，预习学案Period Ⅳ(见学案第68页)。

⇐自我评估(见学案第67页)。

⇐师生共同讨论“当堂双基达标”并给出答案，并对难以理解的或有争议的地方给出详解。

⇐让学生完成“当堂双基达标”(见学案第67页)。

⇐老师对语法部分进行点拨。

让学生掌握本单元语法知识。

⇐让学生讨论完成“语法精析”部分(见学案第66页)并让各个讨论组发表各自见解。

1．beneficial adj.有益的，有用的
Do you think cloning may be beneficial/helpful to humans? Give at least one reason.(P61)你认为克隆技术对人类有益/有帮助吗？说出至少一个原因。

Let's go out for a walk, for fresh air is beneficial to your health.
咱们出去走走吧，新鲜空气有益于你的健康。

Calcium is beneficial to our bones.
钙对我们的骨骼有益。

be beneficial to sb./sth.对……有益的(to为介词)
benefit from/by从……受益
for the benefit of为了……的利益
be of benefit有益，有好处
完成句子
①阅读使我受益匪浅。

I have____________ reading.
②当今世界形势对人民非常有利。

The situation in the world today ____________ the people.
③工人们正在城里建造一座桥。

这项工程对每个人都有利。

Workers are building a bridge in this city. This project is ____________to everyone.
【答案】①benefited a lot from②is very beneficial to
③of benefit/beneficial
2．cure v. 治愈，治疗n. 治愈，疗法；药(剂)
We could use cloning to cure illnesses. ( P61)
我们可以使用克隆(技术)来治疗疾病。

The doctor has cured many people of such a disease.
那位医生使许多患这种病的人恢复了健康。

We have to cure the child of bad habits.
我们必须纠正孩子的坏习惯。

There is no effective cure for colds except rest.
除了多休息，没有有效的方法可以治疗感冒。

cure sb. (of sth.)治愈某人(的病等)；纠正/消除(弊病等) a cure for...……的一种治疗法
curable adj.可治愈的
cure/treat
cure
作为动词，多用于疾病方面，强调结果，意为“治好”，是及物动词，其主语可以是医生，也可以是某种药。

表示“治好某人的某种疾病”，要用cure sb. of sth.来表
示。

treat “治疗”为普通用语，意义广泛，强调治疗的动作，用于treat sb.for sth.结构中。

用cure/treat的适当形式填空
①When I left hospital I was pletely________.
②A famous doctor is ________ her for her illness.
【答案】①cured
②treating
完成句子
③这个年轻的医生治好了这个病人的怪病。

The young doctor ________ the patient ________his strange illness.
④医生尝试了许多方法去给小女孩治病。

The doctor tried many ways__________ the little girl.
【答案】③cured; of④to treat/of treating
3．be identical to和……一样，与……一致
A clone is an organism which is genetically identical to another one. (P64)一个克隆物是基因与另一个生物个体完全相同的生物体。

This picture is identical to one my mother has.
这张照片和我母亲的那张一模一样。

His voice is identical to yours.他的声音和你的一样。

be identical with/to和……一样，与……一致
be identical in在……方面一样/一致
identity n．同一性，一致；身份
identify v．识别，认同，把……和……看成一样
identify sth. with sth. 认为……等同于
identify sb./sth. by sth.根据/凭借……辨认出
The two words are identical in meaning.
这两个字的字义完全一样。

One can not identify happiness with wealth.
幸福和财富不能混为一谈。

Can you identify the man by his picture?
你能根据这个人的照片辨认出他吗？
①他的帽子同我的一模一样。

His hat ______________ mine.
②他们的衣服在外观上是一样的。

Their clothes ______________ appearance.
③我与小说中的那个女主人公感同身受。

I ______________ the heroine of the novel.
【答案】①is identical to②are identical in③identified with
4．resist vt. 抵抗，反抗，抗拒(其后常跟名词、代词、v-ing形式作宾语，而不跟不定式)
...for example, a prize cow which can resist bacteria or disease, or to sow a cloned crop which can resist rot or pests.(P65)……例如：(克隆)能抵御细菌或疾病的优选奶牛，种植能够抵抗枯病或虫害的克隆作物。

I can never resist an ice cream.
我一见到冰淇淋就忍不住想吃。

He found it hard to resist buying these books.
他发现见到这些书要想不买很难。

resist sth. /sb.抵抗/反抗/抗拒……
resist doing sth.抵抗、忍住做某事
resist an attack 反击
resistance n ．(to)抵抗力/性；对抗(力) resistant adj .(to)抵抗的，抗……的，耐……的
There has been a lot of resistance to this new law. 反对这项新法律的人很多。

A healthy diet creates a body resistant to disease. 保健饮食有助于增强体内对疾病的抵抗力。

完成句子
①他们抵抗不了侵略。

They were unable to ________ the invasion. ②我忍不住要把秘密告诉他。

I couldn't________________ the secret.
③我们预料到我们的计划会遇到一些人的反对。

We anticipated that we would meet a certain amount of ________________ our plan. 【答案】 ①resist ②resist telling him ③resistance to 5．rely on 依靠，依赖；信赖
But to rely on a few cloned animals or crops would restrict the biodiversity of the breed. (P 65)但是，仅仅依赖少数几种克隆动植物会限制生物品种的多样性。

Now that you are grown-up, you should not rely on your parents.既然你长大了，就不应该依赖你的父母。

Don't rely on him to do anything, he's just a talker. 什么事都不要依靠他，他光会说空话。

We rely on his finishing the work today. 我们信赖他今天能完工。

rely on 主要用于下列结构：
rely on/upon ＋⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧
n ./pron .
n ./pron . for sth.
sb. doing/to do
that-clause
完成句子
①你可以信赖我对你的帮助。

You may ____________ you.
②你相信彼得，他说到做到。

You can________________ whatever he promises.
③我们不要指望他能及时赶到。

We can't ________________in time.
【答案】①rely on me to help/my helping②rely on Peter to do③rely on his / him ing
观察下列从P58－59 Reading and V ocabulary中选取的句子，体会虚拟语气的用法。

①I wish I had not created this creature, I wish I was on the other side of the world, I wish I could disappear!
②She looked well and happy but as I kissed her lips, they became pale, as if she were dead.
③He put out a hand, as if he wanted to keep me there, but I ran out of the room.
④I wish I had not done this terrible thing, I wish I was dead!
[自我总结]
虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中：
1．表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句用____________。

2．表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生：条件状语从句用____________。

【答案】 1.一般过去时 2.过去完成时
虚拟语气(Ⅰ)
语气(mood)是一种动词形式，表示说话人的意图或态度。

英语中有陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。

虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望、假想或建议。

一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中使用虚拟语气，表示不可能实现的愿望。

宾语从句中的谓语动词有以下三种形式。

用法宾语从句中谓
语动词的形式
例句
表示目前不可能实现的愿望动词过去式(be用were) I wish I were not so busy.但愿
我不那样忙碌。

表示过去不可能实现的愿望had＋动词的-ed形式She wished she had stayed at home.她后悔的是她(当时)要是留在家里就好了。

表示将来不可能实现的愿望would/could＋动词原形I wish you wouldn't smoke any more.我希望你不要再抽烟
了。

二、虚拟语气用于条件状语从句的结构
虚拟情况虚拟条件句主句
与现在事实相反的虚拟语气If＋主语十动词的过去式(be
动词用were)
主语＋should/ would/ could/
might＋动词原形
与过去事实相反的虚拟语气If十主语＋had＋过去分词主语＋should/ would/ could/ might＋have＋过去分词
与将来事实相反的虚拟语气
①If＋主语十动词的过去式
②If＋主语＋were to＋动词原
形③If＋主语＋should＋动词
原形
主语＋should/ would/ could/
might＋动词原形
三、使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：
1．当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。

If you had listened to my advice just now, you would be better now.如果刚才你听我的建议，现在你会好得多。

2．if省略句
在条件句中，可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，变为倒装句式。

Were I at school again, I would study harder.
如果我能再回到学校，我会更加努力学习。

Had you e earlier, you would catch the bus.
如果来得早一点，你就能赶上公共汽车了。

若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用缩略形式。

如：我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.
如果不是因为费用，我现在就出国了。

但不能说：Weren't it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
3．用介词短语代替条件状语从句。

常用的介词用with，without，but for等。

What would you do with a million dollars？如果你有一百万美元你会做什么？
We couldn't have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(＝if we hadn't got your
help)没有你的帮助我们不可能提前完成工作。

But for the rain(＝If it hadn't been for the rain), we would have finished the work.如果不是下雨，我们已经完成工作了。

4．含蓄条件句
有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句。

I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.(副词)
那天我病了，要不然我就参加运动会了。

A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.(定语从句)
一个人不喝水，大约七天就会死亡。

I might have given you more help, but I was too busy.
(连词)我应该给你更多的帮助，但我太忙了。

Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.(独立主格结构)
每件事都考虑到了，他们应该很快提高产量。

Ⅰ.单项填空
1．(2012·北京高考)We ________ the difficulty together, but why didn't you tell me?
A．should face B．might face
C．could have faced D．must have faced
【解析】虚拟语气考点，对过去的虚拟，本能……。

【答案】 C
2．(2012·福建高考)We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we________ more places of interest yesterday.
A．visited B．had visited
C．would visit D．would have visited
【解析】本题考查虚拟语气的用法。

本题关键是从时间状语yesterday知道是对过去的虚拟，前半句是个过去的客观事实“我们在那个小山村迷路”，otherwise否则后半句是用对过去的虚拟would have done，答案为D项。

对虚拟语气的做法主要是看时间状语或是看里面的关键词是对什么时间的虚拟，这就很容易了。

【答案】 D
3．(2012·山东高考)If we ________ adequate preparations, the conference wouldn't have been so successful.
A．haven't made B．wouldn't make。