文化交流英语汇报展示PPT
英语介绍课件ppt
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听力技巧与训练方法
多听多练
经常听英语音频、视频和播客,提高 对英语语音、语调和节奏的敏感度。
精听与泛听结合
听力练习题
通过做听力练习题,如听写、选择题 和判断题,提高听力理解和应试能力 。
精听有助于提高细节理解能力,泛听 有助于提高整体理解能力。
口语表达技巧与训练方法
清晰简洁
用简单易懂的语言表达,避免使用复 杂的词汇和句子结构。
听力与口语实践练习
英语演讲比赛
参加英语演讲比赛,提高口语表 达能力和自信心。
英语辩论俱乐部
加入英语辩论俱乐部,提高口语 表达和逻辑思维能力。
国际志愿服务
参加国际志愿服务活动,与不同 国家和文化背景的人交流,提高
口语实际运用能力。
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英语阅读与写作
阅读技巧与训练方法
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02
03
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略读与扫读
通过快速浏览全文,抓住文章 主旨和关键信息,提高阅读效
写错误。
段落分明
合理划分段落,使文章 层次分明,易于理解。
写作练习与反馈
多进行写作练习,并寻 求老师或同学的反馈,
不断改进。
阅读与写作实践练习
阅读英文原著
选择适合自己水平的英文原著 进行阅读,提高阅读能力和文
化素养。
写作实践
定期进行写作练习,如写日记 、短文等,培养写作习惯。
模拟考试与竞赛
参加模拟考试和英语写作竞赛 ,锻炼实际应试能力。
自然流畅
保持语速适中,避免停顿和重复,使 表达更加自然流畅。
口语表达技巧与训练方法
• 准确发音:注意发音准确,尤其是元音和辅音的 发音要标准。
口语表达技巧与训练方法
多模仿与跟读
英语文化交流ppt
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1 Abstract
Costeffective?
Appearance?
beauty camera?
Brand strength?
high quality and low price
The feel of a mobile phone,
people's aesthetic needs
Apple's phones tend to be real, and xiaomi's filters can make people more
price, and extremely competitive price. "high quality and low price“--- "sex price ratio"
"fan economy" business philosophy
"MI"
1 Iphone conference
the soul of development--innovation intellectual property rights
American education philosophy:
think independently, question everything and dare to innovate. UPSTO(美国专利商标局)
Chinese education is a cramming method
harsh natural environment the complex climate strong capacity to expand, compete and innovate individualism
商务英语与国际沟通商务礼仪与跨文化交流
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Respect principle
Respect others
In business activities, one should respect the cultural background, religious beliefs, customs, and habits of others to avoid offense and misunderstanding.
Language communication skills
Language use
Use simple, clear, and accurate language to express oneself; Pay attention to the mastery of tone, intonation, and speaking speed.
communication • Etiquette Practice in Business Occasions • The application of cross-cultural communication in
business activities • Suggestions for improving business English
Principle of self-discipline
Self restraint
In business activities, one should consciously abide by social ethics and professional ethics, and not do anything that harms the corporate and personal image.
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中西方传统节日文化差异英语ppt
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节日文化的差异和融合。
文化产业的推动
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通过发展文化产业,将中西方传统节日文化融合到一起,促进
文化产业发展。
社会团体的参与
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通过社会团体积极参与中西传统节日文化的交流与融合活动,
促进中西方文化交流。
中西传统节日文化融合的现状与前景
现状
目前,中西方传统节日文化融合还处于初级阶段,但已经取得了一些进展。 中西文化交流活动日益频繁,文化产业也在不断发展。
Wishing you a happy new year! 祝福你新年快乐!
Ring out the old year, ring in the new!旧岁已去,新 年已来!
Bid farewell to the old and greet the new!辞旧迎新!
Welcome the new year,goodbye to the old one!欢迎 新的一年,向过去说 再见!
Western传统节日时间
Solar calendar-based,such as Christmas,Easter,Halloween,etc.
节日来源差异
中国传统节日来源
Mostly derived from natural festivals,customs,and local cultural and historical traditions.
公历4月4日至6日之间,人们扫墓祭祖、缅怀先人,同 时也会踏青游玩。
端午节
农历五月初五,也被称为龙舟节,这一天人们吃粽子、 赛龙舟、挂艾草等。
中秋节
农历八月十五,也被称为月圆节,人们赏月、吃月饼、 猜灯谜等。
冬至节
公历12月21日至23日之间,人们吃饺子、汤圆等传统 食品,同时也会进行一些祭祀活动。
中西方传统节日文化差异英语ppt
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Halloween
10月31日,也被称为万 圣节前夕,人们会穿上 各种鬼怪服装,玩“不 给糖就捣蛋”的游戏等 。
Thanksgivin g
11月的第四个星期四, 也被称为感恩节,庆祝 活动包括家庭聚餐、吃 火鸡等传统食品等。
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中西方传统节日文化差异
节日时间差异
中国传统节日时间
中国传统节日多与阴历相关,如春节、龙抬头、社日节等。
西方传统节日庆祝方式
西方传统节日庆祝方式多以宗教仪式、聚会和交换礼物为主,如圣诞节、复 活节等。
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中西方传统节日文化交流与融合
中西方传统节日文化的相互影响
中国文化影响
中国的春节和元宵节等传统节日已逐渐被西方社会接受和融合。
西方文化影响
西方的圣诞节和情人节等节日也对中国产生了影响,使中国传统节日文化在某种 程度上受到了挑战。
西方传统节日
Christmas
12月25日,也被称为西 方新年,庆祝活动包括 家庭聚餐、交换礼物、 挂圣诞树等。
Easter
Independe…
复活节,具体日期根据 农历计算,通常在公历4 月15日至5月15日之间 ,庆祝活动包括家庭聚 餐、寻找彩蛋等。
7月4日,美国独立日, 人们会举行烟火表演、 游行等庆祝活动。
语言和表达方式
中西方文化在语言和表达方式上也有很大的差 异,例如西方文化表达方式比较直接,而中国 文化表达方式比较含蓄。
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中西方传统节日概述
中国传统节日
春节
农历正月初一,也称为中国新年,庆祝活动包括家庭聚 餐、贴春联、挂灯笼、放鞭炮等。
元宵节
农历正月十五,也被称为灯节,人们在这一天吃元宵、 赏花灯、猜灯谜等。
跨国公司推广
2023翻译部多语种翻译成果PPT模板
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感谢您的观看
XX,a click to unlimited possibilites
汇报人:XX
Part 05
翻译案例分享
案例一:某国际会议翻译
背景:某国际会议在北京举行,需要多语种翻译 任务:为会议提供英、法、德、日、韩等多语种翻译 挑战:与会者来自不同国家,语言和文化背景各异 解决方案:采用先进的翻译技术和专业的翻译团队,确保翻译质量和准确性
案例二:某公司年报翻译
翻译背景:某公司需要翻译其年度报告,以便向全球投资者和合作伙伴展 示其业务和财务状况 翻译难点:专业术语、财务数据、图表和格式的翻译
Part 04
翻译质量评估和反馈
评估标准和方法
准确性:翻译内容是否准确 传达了原文的意思
完整性:翻译内容是否完整, 没有遗漏或添加
流畅性:翻译语言是否流畅, 符合目标语言的表达习惯
术语一致性:专业术语和行 业术语的翻译是否一致
文化差异处理:是否考虑到 目标语言的文化差异,进行 适当的翻译调整
反馈收集:通过客户反馈、 同行评审等方式收集翻译 质量的反馈信息,以便改 进翻译工作
技术资料类型:机械、电子、软件等 翻译难点:专业术语、复杂句式、图表等 翻译策略:采用术语库、翻译记忆库、人工翻译相结合的方式 翻译成果:准确、规范、专业的技术资料翻译,满足客户需求
Part 06
未来工作计划和展望
提升翻译质量和效率的计划
加强团队协作,提高翻译效率 定期组织翻译培训,提升翻译水平 引入先进的翻译工具和技术,提高翻译质量和效率 建立严格的质量控制体系,确保翻译质量
部门人员构成和分工
翻译部成员:包 括项目经理、翻 译人员、审校人 员、排版人员等
职责分工:项目 经理负责项目协 调和管理,翻译 人员负责翻译工 作,审校人员负 责审校翻译质量, 排版人员负责排 版和美化翻译成 果
英语展示(Cultural Differences)
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psychological process shared by many people
What do cultural differences include?
Eating Dress
Customs and habits
individualism and collectivism
Values and beliefs
Foreigners
In order to show their enthusiasm, the Chinese like to give food to others.
If you eat at a foreigner's house, maybe there's only one dish on the tareigners are still afraid to wander around his house while you're visiting, even snooping around his privacy.
TOP ONE
01 Eating
Chinses
Chinese guests may prepare 8 to 10 dishes when they go to dinner.
TOP THREE
03 Gift giving
Chinses Foreigners
In order to show that they are not a greedy person, the Chinese are used to quietly putting the presents on the side and then unwrapping them after the guests leave.
communication.-有关交流的英语PPT
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By and large,
Communication (from Latin
commūnicāre, meaning "to
share") is a purposeful
activity of exchanging
information and meaning
across space and time
Part 2 : Engaging Your Audience
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3.Don’t send mixed messages. Make your words, gestures, facial expressions and tone match. Disciplining someone while smiling sends a mixed message and is therefore ineffective. If you have to deliver a negative message, make your words, facial expressions, and tone match the message.
Part1: Understanding the Basics of
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Communication Skills
3.Practice. Developing advanced communication skills begins with simple interactions. Communication skills can be practiced every day in settings that range from the social to the professional. New skills take time to refine, but each time you use your communication skills, you open yourself to opportunities and future partnerships.
大学英语跨文化交流第一章ppt课件
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精选ppt课件2021
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4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective
“Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning.”
精选ppt课件2021
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3. Culture Is Like the Water a Fish Swims In
精选ppt课件2021
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“Out of water” = Out of Context
As a schooled fish… “Water” is my culture Other Waters or Air are
3. Summarize the process of the formation of cultural identity.
精选ppt课件2021
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Chapter Outline
Culture
The Nature of Definitions Characteristics Cultural
Culture
How can we recognize it i精n选opptth课e件r2s02?1
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Can you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?
What and how people eat How to keep healthy How to raise children How to do business How to use time How to introduce people How to participate in ceremonies Rules for gestures Rules for facial expressions and eye contact Etiquette Work speed What is right or wrong, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, good or
英文跨文化交际课件ppt
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2. be more aware of your own behavior patterns and how they are shaped by Chinese culture.
3. know how to avoid or lessen misunderstanding in intercultural communication and be able to convey your ideas more successfully.
2023/12/29
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Activity 1 Forms of address
A. The young lady Marilyn in America addresses her
mother-in-law by her first name, Ellen. How do you account for this? Could the same thing happen in China? Why?
2023/12/29
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Activity 3
Farewells
“Good-bye” or “Bye-Bye” is acceptable both in English and Chinese, and it is a very formal way. English people also say “See you”, “See you later”, “Good night”, and “Have a nice day”.
【跨文化交流-外教】14 Power Distance
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landholdings in Guadalajara province. JULIE: But what’s his background?
What’s going on here?
CARLOS: I just told you. JULIE: I mean has he worked in trading
High Power Distance (cont.)
Power is rarely delegated or shared Those with power try to distinguish themselves as much as possible from those who do not have power Those with power are also expected to accept the responsibilities that go with power, specifically looking after those beneath them Subordinates are not expected to take initiative and are closely supervised
get the paperwork started. HASSAN: Did you speak to Ali?
What’s going on here?
AMANDA: The chief (boss)? He’s in meetings all day. Besides, its my division, and I’ve got hiring authority.
跨文化交流英文版
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LOGO
• 2. Relatives appellation terms 英语的亲属以家庭为中心,一代人为一个称谓板块,只区别男性、女 性,却忽视配偶双方因性别不同而出现的称谓差异。显得男女平等。 如: 英文“grandparents,grandfather,grandmother”,而中文“祖 辈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆”。 再如,父母同辈中的称谓:英文“uncle”和“aunt”,而中文“伯 伯、叔叔、舅舅等,姑妈、姨妈等”。 还有,英文中的表示下辈的“nephew和 niece”是不分侄甥的,表 示同辈的“cousin”不分堂表、性别。
Cultural differences in language expression
LOGO
• 1. Answer questions 中国人对别人的问话,总是以肯定或否定对方的话来确定用“对”或 者“不对”。如: “我想你不到20岁,对吗?” “是的,我不到20岁。” In English, to answer a question, according to the results of the facts is always true or not use "Yes" or "No". For example: “You're not a student,are you?” “Yes,I am.”
LOGO
Describe various indicators of cultural differences
1.Power distance Power distance in an organization that is in the power of the concentration degree and leadership of the dictatorship degree. 2.Uncertainty avoidance index In any society, people for uncertain, vague, faces an uncertain future situation, will feel the face is a threat, which is always trying to be prevented.
英语ppt 中韩文化交流与差异
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signed a cease-fire agreement
cultural differences
Apparel
Diet etiquette Social etiquette
Holiday celebrations
social etiquette
• about Shake hands ritual Chinese: when to shake hands with others, just stretched out his right hand. South Koreans: when to shake hands with others, if you are seniors, with two hands to shake hands, or holding a right hand to shake hands. • about greeting etiquette Chinese: met an acquaintance, it will shout. South Koreans: never.
reflection
• Of course, the success of Republic of Korea in the name of Dragon Boat Festival inscription gives our culture reminder: in economic development under the period of social transformation, we must attach importance to the protection of traditional culture, or, in the era of globalization, our cultural identity and cultural roots will would be lost. • Only timely excavate and protect our intangible cultural heritage can we have the creativity that thousands of years do not fall ,and the cultural expression and happiness way which rooted in the Chinese culture ground,and Clear identity of the individual and the nation when we faced up with the future.
文化交流英语中国茶文化
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Famous white tea
• 银针白毫:Silver Needle White fur • 安吉白茶:Anji White Leaf • 寿眉:Longevity Eyebrow
Compressed tea
• This is the kind tea which is compressed and hardened into a certain shape. As compressed tea is black in color in its commercial form, so it also known in China as ―dark tea(黑茶)‖. Most of the compressed tea is in the form of brick, it is therefore generally called ―brick tea‖
Famous compressed tea
• • • • 饼茶:Cake tea 砖茶:Brick tea 沱茶:Pea-top tea 普洱茶:Pu'er tea
Part 2
Chinese Tea Brewing Methods
• 功夫茶:Kung Fu Tea • 盖碗茶:Gaiwan Tea • 茶娘式:Chaniang or Mother Tea
The steps for making kung fu tea :
1. Warm the cups and teapot first by pouring hot water over them.
2. Spoon some tea leaves into the teapot with a tea shuffle . The tea funnel should be used if the opening of the teapot is small.
英语演讲比赛_精美PPT模板
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第九届英语文化周开幕式The Final Match(My dear friends,the competition is beginning,please switch off your cell phones, thanks for your cooperation. (比赛即将开始,为了保证比赛的顺利进行,请您将您的手机处于关闭状态,谢谢合作!)You could see顶尖选手优中选优活跃多姿,展示自我You could see比拼强强相遇激烈精彩强者更强,见贤思齐竞赛内容与规则竞赛内容与规则LOGO竞赛内容:命题演讲和情景交流,时间分别为3分钟命题演讲题目:中澳:Studying Abroad BuildsBridges to Opportunities其他系:New College, My New Life要求:•演讲稿为英文•内容积极向上•紧扣主题,文体不限(诗歌除外)•稿件须原创作品情景交流即参赛者抽取一个场景题目,由外籍主考官对参赛者进行一对一的现场交谈,内容涉及以下几个方面:1)迎送、住宿安排、宴请、陪同购物、游览、就诊等;2)企业介绍:历史、现状等;3)产品介绍:类型、性能、规格、市场、小说等;4)涉外业务:合作意向、投资意向、签订合同、人员培训、专家待遇、议价、折扣、订货、交货、投诉等。
项目分值要求演讲内容50脱稿演讲,声音洪亮,语言语调漂亮,演讲内容紧扣主题,主题鲜明、深刻,格调积极向上,语言自然流畅,富有真情实感。
情景交流50内容充实完整,能就主题发挥;应答敏捷,答案明确;语言丰富,用语准确。
展示用英语展示自我带动学习气氛张扬个性自我思维立于学习引导学习深挖潜力,创造新锐English SpeechContest>>评分采用100分制(命题演讲、情景交流各50分),选手比赛结束后,评委当场打分去掉一个最高分,去掉一个最低分,取其他分数的平均分(计小数点后1位)。
文化交流英语汇报展示PPT
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3
世 界 青 年 说
3.Special TV program 视频请戳
4
4.International travel study
Have you ever visw you feel about it?
5
Introduction
Students are selected by Scientific association and come to Japan ,having communication in education ,technology and so on.
(4)ailment
文化冲击(突然处于一个与前 n. 小病;不安
大不相同的社会和文化环境中 (5)symptom
因而感到困惑、忧虑、烦恼的 n. [临床] 症状;征兆
心情)
(6)precipitate
(2)transplant
v. 使(坏事等)突然发生;使
v. 移植;移栽;使移居
突然陷入(某种状态);使沉
n. 移植;移植器官;被移植物; 淀;猛抛,猛地落下;冷凝成
移居者
为雨或雪等
(3)abroad
adj. 鲁莽的,仓促的;突如其
adv. 在国外;到海外
来的;猛地落下的
adj. 往国外的n. 海外;异国
n. 沉淀物
1-2
(10)a fish out of water
(7)result from
离水之鱼;不得其所的人;
1.expand communications' range
2.narrow the gap between different countries
3.accelarate the delivery of messages
高中英语课件文化交流
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文化交流1.1In this part you will read a passage about the friendship in cyberspace(网络空间). Try to get the general idea of the passage and answer the questions after reading it.Online FriendsIn so many ways, cyberspace mirrors the real world. People ask for in-formation, play games, and share hobby tips. Others buy and sell products. Still others look for friendship, or even love. Unlike the real world, however, your knowledge about a person is limited to words on a computer screen. Identity(身份)and appearance mean very little in cyberspace. Rather, a person's thoughts -or at least the thoughts they type -are what really count. So even the shyest person can become a chat-room star. Usually, this "faceless" communication doesn't create problems. Identity doesn't really matter when you're in a chat room discussing politics or hobbies. In fact, this emphasis on the ideas themselves makes the Internet a great place for exciting conversation. Where else can so many people come together to chat about their interests? But some Internet users want more than just someone to chat with. They're looking for serious love relationships. Is cyberspace a good place to find love? That answer depends on whom you ask. Some of these relationships actually succeed. Others fail miserably. Of course, if the Internet is properly used it can bring much benefit to you.Michel and Xiao Li have been e-friends for five years. Michel live in Bologne(博洛涅), France, and Xiao Li lives in Wuhan, Hubei. Although they have never met each other, they are best friends. They talk to each other by e-mail or telephone, and they always try to help each other. Michel is very interested in Chinese culture and the Chinese language. He often asks questions about life in China. Xiao Li is also curious about life in France. Both friends think their friendship is fun and useful. They have learned many new things about life, and they have also learnt more about their own cultures.1.Can you always depend on your online friends? Why?答(参考):No. Because only by communicating with each other on line, you can't really know about a person.2.Some people say that middle school students can't go on the Internet. Do you think so? Why?答(参考):No, I don't think so. Because students can also learn a lot of knowledge throughthe Internet, but you can't be too crazy about it and don't do too much which has nothing to do with your study.3.If an online friend asked to meet you somewhere, what should you do?答(参考):You must be careful because what you have learnt about him through the Internet may not be true.4.What are the advantages and disadvantages of having friends from other countries?答(参考):Advantages: You can learn about the culture and the language of other countries.Disadvantages: It's too far away from each other and you can't communicate with each other face to face. And perhaps you can't learn about him completely.1.2Read the following passage and finish the exercises after it.The British are among the world's greatest readers of newspaper. It's been ever since most people could read. But why do people want to do nothing but reading while traveling to work in a train? Perhaps they are tired or else they sit behind a newspaper to shut themselves off from the world. All the same, most men would notice a woman struggling with a heavy case and jump up to help her and a pretty girl opposite wouldn't escape their attention either. In this case, a paper is useful because they can have a good look at her from behind it without her knowing. Perhaps they don't all do nothing but read. There are some stories of girls and young women who met in the rush hour, and got married, and went on traveling on the same train, hand in hand.1.The main idea of this passage is that_______.A. people in Britain are great newspaper readersB. why people read newspapers when they travel by trainC. people do nothing but read in a trainD. when people go to work in a train, they do different things解析:本文主要说明英国人在火车上读报是因为别的某种目的,而不是真正为了读报,所以答案为B。
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(4)ailment
文化冲击(突然处于一个与前 n. 小病;不安
大不相同的社会和文化环境中 (5)symptom
因而感到困惑、忧虑、烦恼的 n. [临床] 症状;征兆
心情)
(6)precipitate
(2)transplant
v. 使(坏事等)突然发生;使
v. 移植;移栽;使移居
突然陷入(某种状态);使沉
PART TWO
Intercultural Encounters
Contents
1.New technology
2.Globalization of the economy
3.Special TV program
4.International travel study
1
1.New
technology
(15)censure
V.审查,检查;审查官(检查 员)的总称;审查处,检查处, 指责,责难,批评;弹劾; 不信任投票;纪律处分
(16)ethnocentrism
n. 民族优越感
2 2.THE CONCEPT OF CULTURE SHOCK
• Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social
STAFF
Material PPT
Report
• Intercourse.Culture shock can be anything from climate, food, language, clothing to behavior, population density, political and economic environment, etc.There are both physical factors and more spiritual factors.In a new cultural environment, culture shock makes the affected people at a loss, and even the whole psychological balance and value judgment standards are completely lost.
1.expand communications' range
2.narrow the gap between different countries
3.accelarate the delivery of messages
2
22.G. glolboablizaal itizoantoi of tnheoefcont home ye c o n o m y
Student Harvest
1.better understanding of other culture
2.learn significance of technology
3.gain motivation to build our coutry
Sakura Project
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION
(宝石)光彩夺目的
v. 支撑;放置;用……撑住
n. (Orient) (美)奥里安 (人名)
(某物);(马等挺直前腿) 骤停
1-3
(12)hjallocate vt. 分配;拨出;使坐落于 vi. 分配;指定 (13)habitually adv. 习惯地;日常地 (14)hostility n. 敌意;战争行动
起因于;由……造成
浑身不自在
(8)Intercourse
(11)prop
n. 性交;交往;交流
(9)orient v. 朝向;确定方位;使适应 n. (诗、文)东方国家
n. 支柱,支撑物;支持者; 道具;(橄榄球中的)支柱 前锋;(语法)结构词; (马快跑时的)骤停;(戏 剧、电影的)道具;(非正
adj. (诗、文)东方(国家) 式)道具管理员;(非正式, 的;(太阳等)冉冉升起的; 飞机的)螺旋桨
4 4.THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE SHOCK
• Culture shock is not all negative.In fact, the existence of culture shock shows that we live on a planet where people live in their own way and our planet is enriched.What is worrying is that in such a global village with developed communication, transportation and media, the impact of the world on people is becoming less and less.But after another round of culture shock, the perspective should be richer, people can understand more about different cultural backgrounds, different lifestyles, and have a deeper understanding that our planet is indeed a colorful and multicultural planet.
APEC
3
世 界 青 年 说
3.Special TV program 视频请戳
4
4.International travel study
Have you ever visited school
abroad ?
How you feel about it?
5
Introduction
Students are selected by Scientific association and come to Japan ,having communication in education ,technology and so on.
5 5.THE WAYS TO GET OVER THE CULTURE SHOCK
• (1)It is necessary to learn the host country’s language
• (2)Get to know its people’s interest • (3)Get to know its people’s values • (4)Communicate and correspond with your family
n. 移植;移植器官;被移植物; 淀;猛抛,猛地落下;冷凝成
移居者
为雨或雪等
(3)abroad
adj. 鲁莽的,仓促的;突如其
adv. 在国外;到海外
来的;猛地落下的
adj. 往国外的n. 海外;异国
n. 沉淀物
1-2
(10)a fish out of water
(7)result from
离水之鱼;不得其所的人;
Intercultural Communication
About dture Shock
Intercultural Encounters
PART ONE
Culture Shock
1-1
1.word and phrases
(1)culture shock
3
3.THE MANIFESTATION OF CULTURE SHOCK (manifestation [manifɛsta(ɑ)sjɔ̃]
表示;表明,表达,表现,表露,显示;示威运
动,示威游行)
• The manifestations of culture shock are depression, depression, confusion, anxiety, and loneliness.