定语从句专题讲解
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专题讲解:定语从句一. 知识疏理:
1. 定语从句
2. 先行词
3. 关系词的用法:包括关系代词与关系副词
二. 专题讲解:
一. 什么是定语从句?
定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语等来充当,也可以由一个句子来充当。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。充当定语功能的句子称为定语从句。
e.g: Tom is a hardworking student who always gets first in his class.
汤姆是一个用功的学生,他在班里总是第一名。(修饰名词student。)
e.g: Football is played over 80 countries, which makes it popular.
80多个国家都在踢足球,因此足球很流行。
(修饰整个主句Football is played over 80 countries。)
二. 先行词与关系词
1. 什么是先行词:被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
e.g: Don't forget the book that I told you to bring.
别忘了我让你带的书。(the book为先行词。)
2. 什么是关系词:引导定语从句的关联词为关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等,关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
关系代词有:that, which, who, whom, whose……
关系副词有:where, when, why, ……
e.g: I will never forget the days when I stayed in New York.
注意:
①关系词一般紧跟在先行词之后引导定语从句。定语从句总在被修饰的先行词后面。.
②在定语从句中,关系代词起着代词和连词的作用,关系副词起着副词和连词的作用。
③在定语从句中,关系词代替先行词,因此在定语从句中不能再重复作用相当于先行词的词。
下面的句子是错误的:
This is the right book that you are looking for the book.(应去掉the book。)
This is the right book that you are looking for it.(应去掉it。)
①常见的关系代词
指代对象代指人代指物既可指人也可指物
who, that 主格that which, that, whom, that 宾格whose
whose
and class make who/that a teacher Our e.g: chemistry is man can his lovely interesting.
我们的化学老师可以使他的课堂生动有趣。)。在定语从句中作主语,代指人who/ that(a mane.g: The books that/ which they bought were written by me.
他们买的那些书是我写的。)the books 在定语从句中作宾语,代指物
(that/which 。e.g: Make marks in places where you have questions.
.(在你有问题的地方做出标记在定语从句中作地点状语。为关系副词,where)e.g: I still remember the time when we first met scores of years ago.
我依然记得几十年前我们第一次见面的情景。
(when为关系副词,在定语从句中作时间状语。)
重点:关系代词选择三步骤:
步骤一:首先找出先行词。
e.g: The book that/which you just laid on the top shelf is mine.
你刚才放在高层书架上的书是我的。(the book是先行词,指物。)
步骤二:确定先行词在从句中所作的成分。
先行词the book在后面的定语从句中作laid的宾语,因此选择指物的关系代词which/that作宾语。
步骤三:确定关系代词的人称和数。
在此处由先行词the book可知是第三人称单数,如果关系代词作主语,则从句的谓语动词相应用单数。
三。关系代词的用法:
常用关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 等。这些关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。关系代词主要起三种作用:代替先行词、在定语从句中作成分、连接先行词与定语从句。
e.g: This is an old computer. It works much slower.
这是一台旧电脑。它工作起来速度较慢。
(普通代词it代替an old computer。)
This is an old computer which/that works much slower.
这是一台工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。
(关系代词which/ that代替an old computer。)
(1)who/whom的用法
二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语,whom在定语从句只作宾语。
e.g: In this earthquake, the number of people who lost homes reached as many as 250 000.
在这次地震中死亡的人数多达250 000。(who在定语从句中作主语。)
e.g: The man whom you met just now is my friend.
你刚才见到的那个人是我的朋友。(whom在定语从句作宾语。)
(2)whose的用法:whose一般指人,但有时也指物。在定语从句中作定语。
e.g: You're the only one whose advice he might listen to.
只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose在定语从句中作advice的定语。)
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个通过窗户可以俯看大海的房间。
(whose在从句中作window的定语。)
(3)which的用法:which一般指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语。
e. g: Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
足球是大多数男孩子喜欢的一项运动。(which在定语从句中作主语)
e. g: This is the pen which he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的那支钢笔。(which在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
(4)that的用法: that指人或物,在从句中可作主语或宾语,还可作表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。指人时相当于who或whom,指物时相当于which.
e. g: The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year is rising.
每年来参观这个城市的人的数量在增多。(that在定语从句中当主语)
e. g: Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
我今天上午见到的那个人在哪儿?(that在定语从句作宾语)
四.关系副词的用法:
常用的关系副词有where, when, why, that等。这些关系副词在定语从句中作状语。
(1)where的用法:在定语从句中作地点状语,指代地点。此时常可用in which, on which, at which, to which等结构代替。
e.g: Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.
(=Potato can be grown in places in which it is too cold to grow rice.)有些太冷不