最新外文翻译模板精编版
外文文献翻译模板
外文文献翻译模板广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部管理学部专业人力资源管理年级 2008级班级名称 08人力资源管理1班学号 150********学生姓名王凯琪指导教师2012年 5 月目录1 外文文献译文 (1)2 外文文献原文 (9)德国企业中老化的劳动力和人力资源管理的挑战本文的主要目的就是提供一个强加于德国公司的人力资源管理政策上的人口变化主要挑战的概况。
尽管更多方面的业务受到人口改变的影响，例如消费的改变或储蓄和投资，还有资金的花费，我们把注意力集中劳动力老龄化促使人事政策的变化上。
涉及广泛的人力资源管理政策，以有关进行创新和技术变化的招募问题为开端。
1 老化的劳动力及人力资源管理由于人口的变化，公司劳动力的平均年龄在未来将会更年长。
因此，劳动力高于50的年龄结构占主导地位的集团不再是一个例外，并将成为一个制度。
在此背景下，年长的工人的实际份额，以及最优份额，部分是由企业特征的差异加上外在因素决定的。
2 一般的挑战尽管增加公众对未来人口转型带来的各种挑战的意识，公司对于由一个老化劳动力引起的问题的意识仍然是相当低的。
事实上，只有25%的公司预计人口统计的变化在长远发展看来将会导致严重的问题。
然而，现在越来越多关于老化劳动力呈现的挑战和潜在的解决方案的文献。
布施提出了一种分析老员工一般能力的研究文集，并给出有关于年长工人的人力资源政策的实例。
目前，华希特和萨里提出一篇关于研究公司对于提前退休的态度和延长工作生涯的态度的论文。
在这些研究中，老员工的能力通常被认为是不同的，并不逊色，同时指出一个最优的劳动力取决于不同的公司的特殊要求。
一般来说，然而由于越来越缺少合格的员工，人口统计的变化将使得在各种人事政策方面上的压力逐渐增加。
特别是，没有内部人力资源部门的中小型企业，因此缺乏足够的特殊的基础设施，则面临着严峻的挑战。
与他们正常的大约两到五年的计划水平相反，他们将越来越多地要处理长期的个人问题和计划。
(范例)外文翻译格式
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译译文学生姓名：院（系）：经济管理学院专业班级：市场营销0301班指导教师：完成日期：2007年3 月22 日日本的分销渠道——对于进入日本市场的挑战与机会Distribution Channels in JapanChallenges and Opportunities for theJapanese Market Entry作者：Hokey Min起止页码：P22-35出版日期（期刊号）：0960-0035出版单位：MCB Univercity Press外文翻译译文：介绍尽管美国对日本的出口在过去两年已有大幅度的增长，然而美国对日本仍然存在着很大的贸易赤字。
尽管没有出现下降趋势，但越来越多的美国决策者及商务经理已经开始审查日本的贸易活动。
在这些人中，有一个很普遍的想法就是日本市场没有对美国产品开放，相反，美国市场对日本的贸易是开放的。
因此，克林顿政府试图采取强硬措施来反对日本的一系列贸易活动，包括商业习惯和政府政策，还企图通过贸易制裁的威胁来反对日本产品。
然而，这样的措施也会产生适得其反的结果。
它不仅会为美国消费者带来更高的商品价格和更少的商品选择，同时也会增加日本消费者的反美情绪。
最近Ginkota和Kotabe的调查表明：单独的贸易谈判不会提高美国商品进入日本市场的能力。
而对于提高美国公司进入日本市场能力的一个行之有效的方法就是研究日本近几个世纪以来所采用的商业活动。
由于法律障碍或者是日本公司对外封锁商业渠道，日本当地的分销渠道往往对外国公司不利，而这样的商业活动被认为是进入日本市场的主要障碍。
事实上，Yamawaki美国商品成功出口到日本市场在很大程度上取决于美国解决协议合同的能力。
尽管进入日本市场意义重大，然而对西方人而言，日本的经销体系经常会被人误以为是充满神秘感的。
这种误解源于日本复杂的分销惯例特征。
而这种分销惯例沿袭古老的而又严谨的建设体系。
在尝试美国贸易在日本市场成功获利减少不必要的贸易冲突过程中，我们揭露了日本分销中获利的事实，探索出了能成功进入日本市场的战略性武器。
外文翻译样本
The pricing and employment of resources: wage determination（外文原文标题：三号、Times New Romanp字体、居中，与正文空一行）The most important price you will encounter in your lifetime will most likely be your wage rate.It will be critical in determining your economic well-being.The following facts and questions may be of more than casual interest.Fact:Real wages and therefore living standards have increased historically in the United States. Question: what force account for these increases?Fact:Union workers generally receive higher wages than nonunion workers in the same occupation. Question: how are unions able to accomplish this wage advantage?Fact:The average salary for major league baseball players in 1991 was $890,844compareed to about $33000 for teachers. Questions: what causes differences in wages and incomes?Fact: Most people are paid a certain hourly wage rate. But some workers are paid by the number of units produced or receive commission and royalties. Question: what is the rationale for various compensation schemes?Having explored the strategic factors underlying resource demand, we now introduce supply as it characterizes the markets for labor, land, capital, and entrepreneurial ability, to understand how wages, rents, interest, and profits are determined.We discuss wages before other resource prices because to the vast majority of households the wage rate is the most important price in the economy; it is the sole or basic source of income. About there-fourths of the nation income is in the form of wages and salaries.（小四、Times New Romanp字体）资源的定价与使用：工资的确定（另起一页，三号、黑体、居中、与正文空一行）□□在人的一生中，你所碰到的最重要的价格，可能就是你的工资，它决定了你的经济状况和生活水平。
外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)
外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2、阅读2篇幅以上（10000字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是外国作者。
严禁采用专业外语教材文章。
4、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。
插图内文字及图名也译成中文。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）与论文格式要求相同。
下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。
英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
外文翻译模板-IBM
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[2]外文原文所在书名或论文题目：
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外文资料译文规范说明
一、译文文本要求
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2．外文译文本文格式参照论文正文规范（标题、字体、字号、图表、原文信息等）；
3．外文原文资料信息列文末，对应于论文正文的参考文献部分，标题用“外文原文资料信息”，内容包括：
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4外文翻译模板
高等教育自学考试外文翻译汽车检测与维修专业（本科）市地：南阳市准考证号：姓名：河南科技大学高等教育自学考试办公室Fuel consumption those things The oil shortage and residents have the popularity of car, gasoline vehicles is spending has a family with big cost.Save oil, reduce oil consumption, increase of a litre of petrol driving distance is what we are concerned about the topic.Almost all the driving a line of the fuel-efficient talking about expert "oil saving the", said the two, on a psychological, two by technology.The psychological level, in the process driving ahead to see, beginners will flustered, a dozen steering wheel, and disorderly trample accelerator.Certain passenger company has been driving a 30 years of wang said：This time is not safety, and cost of oil.On the technical level, the once had an old drivers have so of summary：Early predicted, a moderate speed control throttle, with less, brakes, reduce switching.Certain passenger Co., LTD travel enterprise excellent drivers xu teacher said：Usually run at 80 yards, every increase 1 km per hour, fuel consumption by 0.5%, car every brake a, waste oil can let us driving two kilometers. So in city driving, often will meet the traffic lights, frequent brake, is neither oil and not environmental protection, what should you do?To listen to a bus company. 11 team car driver shao of 238 master answer：By control throttle.If, by the brake to control the speed, costly and dangerous. Of course, the vehicle maintenance and maintenance is normal fuel-efficient key.And to keep the normal flat tire pressure, don't too full more don't dry, spark plug, air filter these engine components to regularly clean.Let's listen to what insiders said.Many people think that design, fuel consumption increase is largely the incorrect caused by driving habits.Shenyang brilliance jinbei automobile Co., LTD. Vice President Mr. ChiYe said, also a car, two people driving, due to the different operation level, the difference of petrol consumption can be as high as 8%.The owner if improve her previous not science, not standard action can be received immediate effect of oil saving. 1. The slow start Start when, had better slow some, rapid start hurt car, also waste fuel.According to estimates, rapid started 10 times, about waste fuel 120 milliliter above.Car full load or start on the ramp, the best is a block, throttle moderate.No-load, with the second block after the start, can change into the three block, the higher the shift at the longer distance car.But blunt car when, want to note the engine should be harsh roar, because this most fuel consumption. 2. A moderate speed Maintain proper of the speed.Every car has its economic per hour, keep in economic speed is one of the most fuel efficient near, generally speaking, the car in 70 to 90 kilometers per hour (different and different models) when the most fuel efficient, when a high speed, the resistance of the car greatly increased (mainly air resistance).According to statistics, speed increased to 110 to 120 kilometers per hour when it would increase 25%.3. Reduce the brake In motion, if discover front situation to deal with in advance, can adopt the method of sliding block pick, try to reduce the emergency brake to reduce the energy loss that causes because of the brake.4. Reduce idling Try to minimize the motor ticking over.Stop when the idle engine fuel consumption far outweighthe normal road, therefore, long time don't start the vehicles, such as parking and person, the best flameout;Cold start-up, car not more than 1 minute temperature, keep a few minutes driving at low speed can.In addition on the driving is unfavorable to open a car window glass, because wave window will get off of destroying vehicles streamlined increase air resistance, so that the vehicle fuel consumption. 5. Reduce parking To try to reduce the number of parking.The onboard, foresees ahead, try to keep the car runs inertia, using the speed handling, shouldn't stop on the car, can park the car can be kept on, in order to reduce unnecessary oil consumption.6. Reduce switching To pay attention to reduce automobile switching frequency.Reverse the speed is low, fuel consumption than forward, in driving, should try to reduce automobile switching frequency, that really need to be switching, should try to use the opportunity to choose favorable terrain no-load ShunChe switching, avoid reverse switching, especially avoid sexual backing up many times turn.7. Let the vehicle to maintain low air resistance.At a high speed, a big part of the power to overcome the wind resistance.Therefore, try not to in the roof loading, or unreasonable modification.According to estimates, add a roof racks, will increase 5% of the fuel consumption.At high speed, don't think window than open air conditioning fuel efficient, open the window will greatly increase the air resistance, but will be more cost of oil.To be clear in unnecessary car, reduce the burden of car.8.Right shift.Don't make the engine driving with unnecessary high speed running, should as far as possible hangs in high-grade road, only when the engine is running smoothly when not hangs in low block.Equipped with automatic transmission speed up the car should be slow on the accelerator pedal, the choice of economic shift gearbox program, an early hangs in high gear, and the lag in low gear, and thus reducing fuel consumption.In the parking or slows down, as a vehicle of inertia, achieve the purpose of fuel economy.9.Maintain normal tire pressure level.Tyre pressure is insufficient, rolling resistance will greatly increase, tires migration or wear excessive is likely to increase fuel consumption.Therefore, the best monthly checks a tire pressure, and on the basis of the need for tyre conversion.In addition, choose radial tire, oblique tire fuel-efficient than the average 6% ~ 8%.10、On the right.The car is not on the label as the better, product oil type too high or low, can lead to burning not fully phenomenon, but high fuel consumption, appear even engine operation is not even wait for a phenomenon, serious can damage th e engine and other important parts.In addition, if it is convenient, go not add too full, increased automobile self-respect, will increase fuel consumption, come on timing in early morning, oily relatively better.11、Choose reasonable traffic lines.In the condition of each engine, low speed, load is the oil.And in city driving on the roads, more cars road crowded, often need to start parking, consumes a lot of fuel.So in every time before travel, drivers should make a good drivingplan, understand the roads, try to avoid the rush hour after a busy road, in order to avoid the traffic and wasted fuel and time.Even in their familiar stretch of driving, also be ready to listen to the radio traffic traffic report and the latest traffic information, keep driving smooth.12、Don't blindly use of power consumption equipment.Please according to the practical needs to use power consumption equipment, not blindly use to increase fuel consumption.After the wind heater, auxiliary headlights, window fan and air conditioning system power consumption are quite large, they will increase generator load and improve fuel consumption.For example, the wind window heater use after 10 hours, vehicle fuel consumption will increase by 1.0 liters. A car fuel can, in addition to driving habits outside, the car itself technology condition quality is the key to sparingly, and technical condition quality and the maintenance of the vehicle has a direct relationship.The car maintenance and adjustment, and affect the engine performance and car driving resistance, according to the statistics, poor maintenance of engine oil consumption will increase by 10% ~ 20%.And, of course, and the parts just few fuel-efficient part of, so many owners often do not pay attention to this, automobile maintenance WeiHengXun expert introduction, the owner in the usual driving life must develop regular maintenance the habit of love, it is necessary to the oil saving. 1. Maintenance empty filters The role of the air filter is cleansing into the air in cylinder, if go more than standard and too dirty, will bar air flow, and cause increased fuel consumption.The experiment proved that such as fuel is toodirty, oil surface will increase fuel consumption too high above 20%.So should pay attention to often maintains, every time after cleaning besmear again some oil film, the bottom of the lubricating oil to the scale filling standards. 2. Remove carbon The combustion chamber more carbon, easy to cause the mixture of spontaneous combustion, causing power down, if carbon too much, can increase fuel consumption of about 8%, so in the secondary maintenance and remove the cylinder cover for other reasons to serious clearing of Chambers and the tops of the pistons carbon, reducing fuel consumption. 3. Maintenance muffler Muffler is to reduce the noise and of the design.Its function is to eliminate the main part of the noise, reduce pollution, but on the other hand it also hinder the waste gas discharge, part of the power consumption.If the muffler rupture is damaged, will further hinder the elimination of the waste gas flow, increase fuel consumption.Therefore usually want to pay attention to the function of the muffler, such as the discovery of damage shall be promptly phenomenon exclusion or replacement. 4. Check the spark plug The spark plug is will introduce the cylinders engine high, in between electrodes produced sparks, lit the mixture.According to the experiments：A spark plug does not work, to burn fuel 25%;Two don't work will burn fuel more than 60%.In addition the spark plug gap size, how much carbon etc. All the power and have a direct effect on consumption.Attention in use are correctly adjust good spark plug gap, the gap between the adjustment according to the provisions of the car must be th e standard and cylinder pressure to adjust the actual.In engine too easily when broken fire, too small sparkis weak, and it is not easy to ignite the mixture, easy to cause the carbon, form a short circuit and can't jump fire, which affects the normal work, reduce the power, increased fuel consumption. 5. Adjust the tire pressure Because the tyres in the standard inflated, after a period of time off part of nature, and tyre pressure drop, to travel resistance, the service life of tires and fuel consumption have a major influence.So in the driving need to check the tire pressure, and ensure the normal range. 6. Ensure the braking performance Good braking device can improve the average speed of the car technology and transportation efficiency, if the braking performance is bad, it will be difficult to guarantee safety, also influences the engine fuel consumption.Therefore correctly maintenance, adjust good braking system, which is also one of the aspects of safety oil saving.In use to guarantee the normal work of the brake system performance and prevent the brake wouldn't work, brake bite, brake wandering hair and brake instability and failure.7. Running down Don't in the car seat jacket of overweight or items.The car is heavier, the more fuel consumption.To always clean up after car the luggage compartment, spare things, whether it be a pair of rarely used tennis shoes, or half a tank with left oil, will increase the weight of the car, which will increase the pocket of your burden.8. Maintenance regularly engine Every year at least the engine for a preventive maintenance, because the engine long disorders can more fuel consumption油耗那些事儿由于石油短缺以及居民拥有小汽车的普及，汽油费支出已是拥有车辆家庭的一项不小的开支。
中文译文模板--外文翻译
中文翻译题目(模版)
摘要：
摘要部分需空两格进行书写，单倍行距，字体为宋体4号字体。
摘要内容需符合原翻译内容。
介绍：
正文部分一律用宋体4号字，单倍行距。
对于文献翻译中的公式一律需要用mathtype手写输入，不能针对文献翻译内容截图。
每一个公式都有相应的公式编号，采用右对其的方式。
例如：
eff=2p m (1)
f
1
对于文献翻译中的图表可以进行截图，但是对于图表的注解一律用中文说明，例如：
图1: 驱动电压和消光比的关系图
总结：
本论文主要的研究内容是，
参考文献：(文献字体为4号字体为Times New Roman)
1、
2、。
外文文献翻译译文【范本模板】
在激光作用下核压力容器钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能摘要：设计间接热冲压工艺，利用有限元法对零件的几何尺寸和力学性能进行了预测.在间接热冲压过程的情况下，生产性能与适应车身部件,冷却路径造成扩散和扩散控制的相变。
通过人脸的相变引起的体积膨胀为面心立方（FCC）为体心立方（BCC）和体心四方（BCT）马氏体的形成导致相变诱导株的整体应力热冲压的车身部件的计算是很重要的。
计算的应力和应变状态正确，它是必要的模型的扩散和扩散控制的相变现象，考虑到间接热冲压过程的边界条件。
现有的材料模型进行分析和扩展以提高计算铁氧体、珍珠岩的数量和分布,其预测的准确性，整个退火过程中贝氏体和马氏体.工业用新方法在有限元程序LS-DYNA 971实现关键词：核钢稳压器压水反应堆反应堆压力容器结构完整性焊接韧性SA508钢通常用于民用核反应堆的关键部件,如反应堆压力容器。
核部件通常采用电弧焊接工艺，但与设计为未来的新建设项目超过60年的生活，新的焊接技术正在寻求.在这种探索性的研究,为第一时间，自体激光焊接6毫米厚的进行SA508 Cl。
3钢板使用16千瓦激光系统在4千瓦的功率运行。
这个显微组织和力学性能（包括显微硬度、抗拉强度、延伸率等夏比冲击韧性)的特点和结构进行了比较电弧焊接.基于移动体热的三维瞬态模型源模型也发展到模拟激光焊接热循环，以估计冷却速率的过程。
初步结果表明，激光焊接工艺可以无宏观缺陷的焊缝，激光焊接的强度和韧性在这项研究中的联合，得到的值,在焊接的母材条件。
反应堆压力容器的寿命和安全运行（RPV)，这是核电站中最关键的部件之一.取决于高温压力容器材料的耐久性，高压力和放射性环境.具有较高强度，韧性和抗辐照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的发电容量和核电厂的设计寿命［1 ］，[ 2 ］，[ 3 ］，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，［7 ］，［8 ]和[ 6 ].SA508钢已经用于许多RPV？的压水反应堆制造因为他们提供的结合强度，延展性好，断裂韧性,相对于机械性能的均匀性，和他们的经济［9 ］、[ 10 ］、[ 11 ]和［12 ］.无人机是采用焊接厚环形锻件或SA508钢板在一起。
大连理工大学本科外文翻译模板
学部（学院）：
专
业：
学 生 姓 名：
学
号：
指 导 教 师：
完 成 日 期：
大连理工大学 Dalian University of Technology
外文翻译要求： 1．毕业设计（论文）外文翻译的译文不得少于 5 千汉字。 2．译文内容必须与题目（或专业内容）有关，且正式出版日期为近 5 年内的外文
图、表、公式如果不加入到译文中，则必须在相应位置空一行。标出图名、表名或 公式编号。 参考文献：略（翻译到此为止，此行不省略）
–1–
翻译外文的翻译外文的中文题目（宋体、三号、加粗）
author（外文，不翻译，小三）
工作单位（中文，宋体、四号） 摘要：(原文中如果无摘要，此内容不写)
要求忠于原文，语意流畅。 关键词： (黑体、小四) （此处空一行）
每段落首行缩进 2 个汉字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进 2 个汉字，字体：宋体， 字号：小四，行距：多倍行距 1.25，间距：段前、段后均为 0 行，取消网格对齐选项。
大连理工大学本科外文翻译
外文的中文题目
The title of foreign language
注：此处为外文的中文题目（宋体、二号、字体 加粗），外文原题目（Times New Roman 三号、 字体加粗）。 阅后删除此文本框。
注：此处按照实际情况填写即 可，打印（宋体、小四） 阅后删除此文本框。
期刊。 3．外文原文、译文应用标准 A4 纸单面打字成文。 4．译文的基本格式与外文格式相同，页边距：上 3.5cm，下 2.5cm，左 2.5cm、右
2.5cm；页眉：2.5cm，页眉：译文的中文题目，页脚：2cm。文中标题为宋体，小四号， 字体加粗。
中外翻译模板英语作文
中外翻译模板英语作文英文回答：Template for Translation between Chinese and English。
Introduction。
Translation is a complex and challenging task that requires a deep understanding of both the source and target languages. In order to produce accurate and fluent translations, it is essential to use a structured approach that takes into account the linguistic and cultural differences between the two languages. This template provides a step-by-step guide to translating between Chinese and English, with a focus on preserving the meaning and tone of the original text.Step 1: Understand the Source Text。
Begin by carefully reading the source text andidentifying the main ideas and supporting points. Pay attention to the tone and style of the writing, as well as any cultural references or idioms that may require special attention. Use a dictionary or online resources to look up any unfamiliar words or phrases.Step 2: Analyze the Target Language。
外文文献翻译范例
StatusComplete
Type：Office
Location：Hong Kong
Construction started：18 April 1985
Completed：1990
Opening：17 May 1990
HeightAntenna spire：367.4 m (1,205.4 ft)
2011年6月8日
外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：
【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出 版 社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文）
原文网址：/TALLEST_TOWERS/t_sears.htm
译文
建筑师：Bruce Graham, design partner, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
地点：Chicago
甲方：Sears Roebuck and Company
工程师：Fazlur Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.项目年份：2008
香港1985年4月18日开工建设1990年完成1990年5月17日开幕高度天线尖顶三百六十七点四米2418英尺屋顶三百一十五点米10335英尺顶层二百八十八点二米九百四十五点五英尺技术细节地上楼层数724层楼建筑面积一十三点五万平方米1450000平方英尺电梯数45由奥的斯电梯公司生产的设计与施工主要承建商香港建设控股有限公司引文需要熊谷组香港贝聿铭建筑师事务所建筑师事务所谢尔曼西贡有限公司sl的托马斯博阿达莱斯利罗伯逊结构工程师协会rllp参考文献对中国塔简称中银大厦银行是中环香港最知名的摩天大楼之一
外文翻译的格式样式
外文翻译格式样式
;.
1 / 3
标题〔黑体小二加粗居中〕
〔宋体小四空一行〕
外文作者署名〔楷体小四号居中〕
〔宋体小四空一行〕
1内容〔黑体三号加粗〕
1.1 内容〔黑体四号加粗〕
坡是地壳表部一切具有空面的地体，具有一定的坡度和高度，包括人工坡、自然坡以及崩滑体。
在重力、化、侵和其它地作用下，坡不断地生化，
力重新分布，并且随着〔宋体小四号〕⋯⋯
明：以上外文翻译的格式，文前附有被翻的外文原件复印件，了反
映文稿的科学依据和者尊重他人研究成果的度及向者提出有关信息的出，要
求者按著 /名 /出版事序排列注明，同学遵照行。
期刊：著者，名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号〔期号〕，起始。
籍：著者，名、版次〔第一版不注〕，出版地，出版者，出版年，起始。
;.
2 / 3
;.
3 / 3。
外文文献翻译(最终版)【范本模板】
造纸机的烘缸摘要：本篇阐述的是有关的造纸机的干燥烘缸。
烘缸是中空的，烘缸的缸体内表面沿长度方向有沟槽。
大多数的集水器沿管道轴向延伸套管。
吸水管的设计是从每个集水器到一个总槽对于由此吸入的冷凝水。
一个虹吸管被连接到每个集水器收集的冷凝水。
虹吸管道是绝缘,以降低内部和外部的温度差异。
虹吸管有固定的形状和间隔以至于虹吸管从凹槽中能尽可能从除掉大量凝结水,与凹槽附近的虹吸管道相比,剩下的套管长度要达到更均匀套管,为了达到更均匀的干燥性能,烘缸的缸体在宽度方向有网格。
例如，虹吸管的吸入管道附近可能有一个更大的直径或可能会有一个更强的负压式凝聚力在管道附近地区。
关键词：烘缸，设计，冷凝水，虹吸管1 造纸机的烘缸1。
1 烘缸的设计背景本发明涉及造纸机的烘干装置或其它类似的过道,更特别地，是指为了在宽度方向达到均匀烘干.烘缸包括一个套管在他的内表面有沟槽和在里面提供一个虹吸功能的，烘缸是从凹槽内吸取冷凝水的。
虹吸管的排列一般包括大量的元素.现在描述，冷凝水的收集在哪个点上的,也就是，在缸体的套管的周边内，提供了小型吸吮管道。
这些周边的凹槽的设计，冷凝水的集水器位于套管的里面，套管被连接到许多小的虹吸管用于接收由此产生的凝结水迷途。
冷凝水收集器是连接到虹吸管道，相反的，，一般来说，大幅度径向延长套管。
相反，导致弯管轴向延伸主要是凝结水的排水线.尽管造纸机有许多的改进，特别是在造纸机的干燥部分, 认为在它的宽度，已经有一系列的连续的问题,纸网是不均匀的潮湿(或不均匀的干燥）。
尤其在大的烘缸对于生产定量很轻的绉纸, 在整个烘缸的长度上，干燥的均匀度是决定性的纸的数量和质量。
干燥状况微小的不同都会对纸网的质量产生很不利的影响.在造纸设备上提高生产的纸质量和造纸设备的结合一直是现代研究首要考虑的.纸的剖面烘干的均匀度已经被努力反复研究。
本研究却很困难,因为有许多来源的扰动导致纸面的干燥不良。
以下可能性应注意，在纸的某个部位出现的水分能被在纸网的部分被拔出,这可能因此而被归因于造纸机的流浆箱的故障，例如,从箱体传送到唇板，在过程中出现问题,在湿部到网部出现问题，堵塞压力辊的抽吸孔,在喷淋管道出现问题，等等.更近一步说，在热风罩的操作也可能出现问题的，在一个压力辊的辊型设计故障可能导致干燥的不均匀。
外文翻译原文模板
1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。
英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。
外文翻译模板
外文翻译模板(总12页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--杭州电子科技大学毕业论文外文文献翻译要求根据《普通高等学校本科毕业设计（论文）指导》的内容，特对外文文献翻译提出以下要求：一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但总字符要求不少于万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文标题尾部用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文（全文，格式为word）。
不能翻译中国学者的文章，不能翻译准则等有译文的着作。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式1.题目:采用小三号、黑体字、居中打印；段前二行，段后二行。
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右，上下各，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、外文原文格式1.题目:采用小三号、Times New Roman、居中打印；段前二行，段后二行。
2.正文:采用小四号、Times New Roman，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右，上下各，页面统一采用A4纸。
五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目），并按“封面、封面、译文、外文原文、考核表”的顺序统一装订。
毕业论文外文文献翻译毕业论文题目Xxx翻译题目指翻译后的中文译文的题目学院会计学院（以本模板为准）专业XXXXXX（以本模板为准）姓名XXXXXX（以本模板为准）班级XXXXXX（以本模板为准）学号XXXXXX（以本模板为准）指导教师XXXXXX（以本模板为准）译文管理者过度乐观与债务、股权融资之间的选择1本文采取了一家成长较快速的公司作为样本，比较债务融资和股权融资后的长期股票业绩。
万能英文作文模板英语翻译
万能英文作文模板英语翻译The title of this article is "The All-Purpose English Essay Template."Writing an essay in English can be a daunting task for many students. However, with the right approach and a solid essay template, the process can become much more manageable. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive English essay template that can be used for a wide range of essay topics and types.Introduction:The introduction is the first paragraph of the essay and serves to introduce the topic and provide some background information. It should also include a thesis statement, which is a concise summary of the main point or argument of the essay.Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs make up the bulk of the essay and should each focus on a specific point or argument related to the thesis statement. Each body paragraph should follow a similar structure, including a topic sentence, supporting evidence, and a concluding sentence.Topic Sentence: The topic sentence introduces the main point or argument of the paragraph.Supporting Evidence: This can include examples, statistics, quotations, or any other evidence that supports the topic sentence.Concluding Sentence: The concluding sentence wraps up the paragraph and transitions to the next point or argument.Conclusion:The conclusion is the final paragraph of the essay and should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the thesis statement. It can also include some final thoughts or reflections on the topic.Now that we have outlined the basic structure of the essay, let's take a look at how this template can be applied to different types of essays.Argumentative Essay:An argumentative essay presents a balanced analysis of a topic and argues for a specific position. The essay template can be used to present the main argument in the introduction, followed by body paragraphs that present supporting evidence and counterarguments. The conclusion can then summarize the main points and restate the argument.Persuasive Essay:A persuasive essay aims to convince the reader to adopt a certain point of view or take a particular action. The essay template can be used to present the main argument in the introduction, followed by body paragraphs that present supporting evidence and persuasive language. The conclusion can then summarize the main points and call the reader to action.Expository Essay:An expository essay presents a balanced analysis of a topic without taking a specific position. The essay template can be used to present the main topic in the introduction, followed by body paragraphs that present different aspects of the topic. The conclusion can then summarize the main points and provide some final thoughts on the topic.Narrative Essay:A narrative essay tells a story and often includes personal experiences or anecdotes. The essay template can be used to introduce the main story in the introduction, followed by body paragraphs that present the sequence of events. The conclusion can then wrap up the story and provide some final reflections.In conclusion, having a solid essay template can greatly simplify the process of writing an essay in English. By following the basic structure outlined in this article, students can effectively organize their thoughts and present their ideas in a clear andcohesive manner. With practice and refinement, this essay template can be a valuable tool for tackling a wide range of essay topics and types.。
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2020年外文翻译模板精编版精品好文档，推荐学习交流华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号：201001000826姓名：郑蓓所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电力1002指导教师：刘英培原文标题：Simulation of PMSM Vector Control System based on Non-linear PID and Its Easy DSP Realization2014年4月10日基于非线性PID永磁同步电机矢量控制系统仿真及其DSP实现摘要本文给出空间矢量脉宽调制（SVPWM）的基本原理，以及构建两条闭合回路矢量控制永磁同步电机（PMSM）的仿真模型方法。
同时，在速度闭环对于新型非线性PID控制器进行了研究。
仿真结果表明它具有无超调和小速度脉动良好的动态和静态性能。
此外，利用在MATLAB中嵌入式目标为TI C2000（C2000 ETTI）的工具，我们将SVPWM仿真模型转换成可执行代码，并下载到TMS320F2812，实现基于DSP永磁同步电机的开环控制。
这种方法避免了繁琐的编程工作，缩短了系统开发周期，实现了同步模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机矢量控制系统的目标。
1 引言永磁同步电机被广泛使用在交流伺服系统，因为它有如快速响应，出色的操控性能，尺寸小和重量轻等优点。
最近，SVPWM技术逐渐取代了传统的SPWM。
SVPWM的目的是产生磁通矢量来接近交流电机实际气隙磁通圆，通过在逆变器装置调整切换时间和控制电功率的通断模式。
相较于SPWM，SVPWM 技术降低了谐波含量和开关损耗，其直流电压利用率也提高了很多。
此外，它很容易被数字化。
因此，我们在本文应用SVPWM技术。
原文出处及作者：Wang Song; Shi Shuang-shuang; Chen Chao, "Simulation of PMSM vector control system based on non-linear PID and its easy DSP realization," Control and Decision Conference, 2009.CCDC '09. Chinese , vol., no., pp.949,953, 17-19 June 2009ETTI C2000提供结合Simulink和TI DSP一起进行系统开发的方法。
首先，把所支持的Simulink模块 TMS320F2812组成一个模型文件。
然后，修改实时车间，以便配置参数自动转换成模型文件到C代码。
实时车间的用法是可以在CCS创建项目，编译，链接和将可执行文件下载到目标系统F2812。
本文实现了在实验板F2812进行实时测试。
结果表明，这个新颖而简便的方法，可以实现在相同的Simulink环境里在线仿真硬件和软件。
2 SVPWM的原理定子磁通空间矢量以一个恒定的速度以及不变的幅度旋转，当它是由3相正弦电压供给时。
同时，移动磁通矢量形成了一个圆形的空间旋转磁场。
同样是真正的电压矢量。
当磁通矢量在空间中旋转一个时期，电压矢量也旋转经过一定时间的切线的磁链圆。
因此，它的轨迹与磁链圆重合。
SVPWM的是一种使用8空间电压矢量生成磁链圆接近定子磁链圆电机的技术。
图1显示了一个典型的3相电压型逆变器电路。
如果我们定义在上桥臂晶体管的状态上和下是关闭为1，否则为0，则在逆变器中有八个通断模式。
变频器的八个输出电压如图2所示。
开关模式（000）和（111）分别是零电压向量«Skip Record If...»（000）、«Skip Record If...»（111），而另一些是所谓有效的非零电压矢量，其振幅是1.5V dc。
给定一个任意的输出电压矢量，我们可以通过与其相邻的有效电压向量合成它。
例如，区间1的一个输出电压矢量可表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(2) 其中T s、T4、T6分别是«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»、«Skip Record If...»的运行时间。
图1 三相电压型逆变器图2 电压空间矢量3 系统模型3.1 永磁同步电机数学模型[1]我们使用d-q旋转坐标系，将其固定在转子轴分析永磁同步电机的稳态和动态性能，研究表明它比其他坐标更加方便。
在d-q旋转坐标，电压方程为表示如下：«Skip Record If...»(3)磁通的方程可描述为：«Skip Record If...»(4) 转矩方程为：«Skip Record If...»(5) 用（3）中«Skip Record If...»和«Skip Record If...»替换（4）中的，特此，我们得到（5）如下：«Skip Record If...»(6) 永磁同步电机具有运动方程：«Skip Record If...»(7) 下表1中列出了上述方程中涉及参数。
表1 方程中的参数3.2 SVPWM仿真模型[4]在论文[4]中，构建SVPWM模型的方法是成熟的。
在此基础上，我们做一个更可行的模型在加入死区时间后。
图3示出的SVPWM仿真模型有五个模块：扇区判断，XYZ计算，有效向量的运行时间，晶体管的运行时间以及SVPWM脉冲的产生。
图3 SVPWM模型3.3 非线性PID控制器的结构PID控制器已在电气传动，伺服控制，化学工程与其他领域获得广泛应用因为其简单的控制原理以及很强的适应性。
在PID控制器中，积分效应还可以降低系统的稳态误差，提高其稳定性能。
但是，如果过大，就会导致积分饱和以及较大超调。
至于微分效应，它能捕捉敏感信号误差的趋势，这意味着微分具有一定程度的可预测性。
然而，微分只能作用于动态的过程，因为它可以表示为误差的增量，以时间增量的比值。
此外，它对噪声非常敏感，这很容易导致系统不稳定。
随着被控对象的变化和更高的控制精度的需求，常规PID控制算法很难获得良好的控制效果。
永磁同步电机，作为我们的研究对象，是具有高非线性，强耦合，时变特点的系统。
因此，选择一个复合控制策略是必要的。
如非线性PID，模糊PID 和微分先行PID。
在本文中，我们选择在速度环的非线性PID。
非线性PID模型如图4所示，它由一个PID控制器，一个PI控制器和开关装置构成。
取速度误差作为切换条件。
当它小于在一定值时，选择PI控制器工作，否则，选择PID控制器。
这种方法不仅可以降低脉动速度和超调，同时也显著加快了仿真速度。
非线性PID控制器的参数列于表2。
图4 非线性PID控制器表2 非线性PID控制器的参数3.4 整个系统的仿真模型结合上述的块，完成两个闭环矢量控制仿真模型的永磁同步电机，如图5所示。
PI控制器在电流回路中的参数是为KP=8和KI=3，死区时间是2 s。
图5 双环矢量控制仿真模型4 仿真与实验结果在模型中使用永磁同步电机参数列于表3。
表3 永磁同步电机参数设置400rad/ s作为参考速度以及无负荷起动电机，则在0.02秒添加7N.m 负载转矩。
该模拟时间为0.08s和SVPWM载波周期是0.0001s。
图6和图7分别显示了在PI控制策略和非线性PID控制下速度和转矩的波形。
图7告诉我们，在施加非线性的PID后几乎没有任何超调，以及实际转速跟踪参考速度快且准确。
此外，该速度脉冲在增加负载转矩后非常小。
图8表示三相电流的波形。
图6 PI控制下速度和转矩波形图7 非线性PID控制下速度和转矩波形图8 三相电流5易于实现DSP的开环系统本实验采用CCS3.1软件和MATLAB R2007a，硬件是大盛实验箱和IPM-PS21267。
通过ETTI C2000建立在MATLAB/ Simulink的模型，在那之后，我们需要手工配置一些模拟/配置参数。
在求解器选项中，选择固定步长和离散式。
在实时车间，选择目标文件作为CCSlink_ert.tlc并且在实时车间/链接为CCS改变项目选项来调试。
然后，连接JTAG仿真和PC实验箱。
最后，单击工具/实时车间/构建模型，它可以生成可执行代码并自动下载到目标F2812。
本文说明了通过在SIMULINK中建立一个模型，它可以产生F2812 SVPWM脉冲的简单方便方法。
死区时间为2 s的仿真模型显示在图9中。
在图9中，不同的V d，V q产生的SVPWM脉冲占空比不同。
该SVPWM脉冲，通过扩展接口J77在大盛实验箱中产生，我们可以通过示波器观察到。
PWM3和PWM4的波形显示在图10。
把PWM3和PWM4放到同一水平线以便得到死区时间。
图11示出了死时间是2μs。
图9 F2812中的SVPWM脉冲产生模型图10 PWM3和PWM4的波形开环控制系统的结构显示在图12。
供应在IPM的IGBT与SVPWM脉冲由F2812产生的，然后电机将转动。
图11 死区时间2μs图12 开环控制系统结构6结论在本文中，提出了一种新型的基于非线性PID控制和 SVPWM的PMSM两条闭合环矢量控制系统。
仿真结果表明，系统性能已经通过应用非线性PID控制器和矢量控制策略改进。
该系统具有无超调，快速响应和更低速度脉动的优势。
此外，它是不敏感的负载转矩。
在本文的最后一部分，我们提出了一个简单的方法，在ETTI C2000的基础上，该方法可以输出 SVPWM脉冲F2812。
它避免一行一行编辑DSP代码。
因此，它可以大大提高系统开发速度，同步实现模拟和DSP实现永磁同步电机控制系统。
未来的工作将集中在两个方面。
第一种是继续对永磁同步电机控制策略的研究，旨在提高控制精度和鲁棒性。
另一种是通过将编码器和其他以形成闭环保护电路，在ETTI C2000的基础上下载到F2812，实现交流伺服系统的数字化的永磁同步电机。
7参考文献[1].Guo Qing-ding, Sun Yi-biao, Wang Li-mei, The Modern AC Servo System ofPMSM[M],China Electric Power Press , Beijing, 2006.[2].Li Zhen-fang, Su Tao, Huang Xiao-yu, DSP Program Development DSP--MATLAB Debug and Direct Goal Code Generation [M]. Xi’an Electronics and Technology University Press, Xi’an, 2007.[3].Wang Xiao-ming, Wang Ling, The DSP Control on Motor [M]. BeihangUniversity Press_Beijing_2004.[4].Wang Zhengguang, Jin Jianxun, Guo Yonguang, Modeling and Simulation ofPMSM Control System Based on SVPWM, Proceeding of the 27th ChineseControl Conferece, 2008, 724-729.[5].Xu D G, Wang H, Shi J Z. PMSM Servo System with Speed and TorqueObserver. Annual Power Electronics Spe-cialists Conference, 2003, 34(1):241-245.[6].Ke Zhao, Hanying Gao, Abdolrezali, Li Sun, Study on a Novel Control System ofPMSM, Proceeding of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control andAutomation, 2006, 8231-8236.。