植物学及园艺学英文版_botany_and_horticulture_(28)
植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture (86)
Major food crops
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Products
•
• •
Cork, rubber, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, aromatic oils for perfumes Valuable lumber Fibers and medicines
Economic Botany
Flowering Plants
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Like gymnosperms:
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Flowering plants have vascular tissues and produce seeds
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Unlike gymnosperms:
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Ovules of flowering plants are enclosed within an ovary
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ANGIOSPERM
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Traditional name for flowering plants
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A large, diverse phylum of plants that form flowers for sexual reproduction and produce seeds enclosed in fruitsvary Megaspore mother cell
DIPLOID (2n) SPOROPHYTE GENERATION Megasporangium (ovule)
Endosperm (3n) Zygote (2n)
7
Fruit
8
Embryo
Microspore mother cells within microsporangia Anther Seed Seed coat
植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture (95)
Stems
Monocots: small vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem. Dicots: large vascular bundles arranged in a ring around the stem.
Roots
Monocots: fibrous root system with no main tap root. Dicots: Main tap root, with smaller side roots branching off.
Flowers
Monocots: flower parts in 3’s
Dicots: flower parts in 4’s, 5’s, 6’s
Leaves
Monocots: parallel veins in leaves
Dicots: network of veins in the leaves
Vascular Tissue:
Xylem
• Sclerenchyma fibers • Long, tube-like cells, joined end-to-end, that transport water and minerals from soil to leaves. • Two types of cells: tracheids (in conifers) and vessel elements (in flowering plants).
Sclerenchyma
• Support tissue. • Elongated cells with thick cell walls. • Dead at maturity. • Forms long fibers, or smaller sclerids (such as stone cells in pears).
植物学及园艺学英文boanyandhoriculure3
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植物学研究的英文综述
植物学研究的英文综述Botany Study – A Literature Review.Botany, the scientific study of plants, encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including plant morphology, anatomy, physiology, genetics, ecology, and evolution. The field has a long and rich history, dating back to the earliest civilizations.Plant Morphology.Plant morphology is the study of the form and structure of plants. It includes the study of plant organs, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Plant morphology is important for understanding how plants grow and develop, and for identifying and classifying different plant species.Plant Anatomy.Plant anatomy is the study of the internal structure ofplants. It includes the study of plant tissues, such as xylem, phloem, and parenchyma. Plant anatomy is important for understanding how plants transport water and nutrients, and for providing support and protection.Plant Physiology.Plant physiology is the study of the functioning of plants. It includes the study of plant metabolism, transport, and growth. Plant physiology is important for understanding how plants respond to their environment and for developing new ways to improve crop yields.Plant Genetics.Plant genetics is the study of the inheritance oftraits in plants. It includes the study of genes, chromosomes, and DNA. Plant genetics is important for understanding how plants evolve and for developing new plant varieties with improved traits.Plant Ecology.Plant ecology is the study of the interactions between plants and their environment. It includes the study of plant communities, plant populations, and plant succession. Plant ecology is important for understanding how plants adapt to their environment and for managing plant communities for conservation and sustainable use.Plant Evolution.Plant evolution is the study of the evolutionaryhistory of plants. It includes the study of plant fossils, plant phylogenetics, and plant molecular biology. Plant evolution is important for understanding the diversity of plants and for understanding how plants have adapted to changing environmental conditions over time.Conclusion.Botany is a vast and complex field of study. It encompasses a wide range of disciplines, each of which contributes to our understanding of plants. Botany isessential for understanding the natural world and for developing new ways to use plants to meet human needs.植物学研究——文献综述。
植物学及园艺学英文版
Augmentation de la productivité agricole
◦ = augmentation des revenus des agriculteurs ◦ = baisse des prix de la nourriture donc augmentation du
- Horticulture: importance de la commercialisation
Améliorer la
资料仅供参考,不当之处，请联系改正。
compétitivité agricole africaine: options politiques et
institutionnelles
Ces exemples montrent:
◦ Importance de la recherche, privée et publique, et de l’investissement en RD dans l’agriculture
◦ Importance du cadre institutionnel et des infrastructures pour faire jouer pleinement les incitations de marché
◦ Successes in African Agriculture: Lessons for the Future, édité par Steven Haggblade and Peter B. R.
Hazell, Johns Hopkins University Press
Améliorer la
植物学的英文简介带翻译
horticulture. The knowledge gained from studying plants has broad applications, from improving crop yields and fighting plant diseases to developing new pharmaceuticals and understanding the impacts of climate change on plant species.
植物学还与其他科学学科密切相关，包括生态学、环境科学、农业和园艺学。
通过研究植物所获得的知识有广泛的应用，从提高作物产量和 bek闄哽īf.u软鹆诘淖稹⒋忻匚辰裣等┲
Overall, botany is a crucial field of study that has a significant impact on our lives. By understanding plants and their interactions with the environment, we can work towards a more sustainable future for our planet.
总的来说,植物学是一个重要的研究领域,对我们的生活产生了深远的影响。
通过了解植物及其与环境的相互作用,我们可以为地球的可持续发展努力工作。
关于植物学Botany_英语作文
关于植物学Botany
植物学，植物的研究中，占据了在人类知识的历史中特殊的地位。
对于几千年，这是认识的领域之一是人类有什么比模糊的见解更多。
这是不可能知道今天正是我们石器时代的祖先们对植物的认识，但我们可以观察到形成前工业社会仍然存在的植物，并详细了解他们的属性必须是非常古老的。
这是合乎逻辑的。
植物是食物甚至其他植物为万物金字塔的基础。
他们一直是非常重要的，不仅在食品的人的福利，而且在衣物，武器，工具，染料，药品，住房，以及许许多多其他的用途。
部落生活在亚马逊丛林中能够辨识几百种植物并知道每一种的许多特性。
对他们来说，植物学，因此，没有名称，并且可能甚至不作为“知识”在所有的特殊分支承认。
不幸的是，我们变得更加工业化距离越远，我们从与植物直接接触，和不太明显，我们的植物学知识的增长。
然而每个人在不知不觉中令人惊异的植物知识量，很少人会认不出玫瑰，苹果或兰花。
当我们的新石器时代的祖先，生活在中东的大约1万年前，发现某些草可收获丰富，它们的种子播种下一季产量中的第一个植物和人类的新的协会采取了重大步骤。
谷子被发现并从中流过的奇迹农业：种植作物。
从此，人类将越来越多地从一些植物控制生产生活，而不是一点点小这里一点，那里获取那些长野生和数以万计的经验和多年积累的许多知
识亲密品种与野生植株开始消失了。
植物学及园艺学英文版 botany and horticulture (26)
Kingdoms, Plantae (Plants) AND Animalia (animals). This was the same as Aristotle’s main categories.
name)
*Note: Phyla and family were not in Linnaeus’s classification system but were
added by modern scientists.
Levels of Classification
Remember: King Philip Came Over For Grandma’s Soup.
Explain Linnaeus’s system of classification, and identify the main criterion he used to classify organisms.
What are the seven levels of organization that Linnaeus used to categorize organisms?
Modern System a Nested HierarchySeven Levels of Organization
Linnaeus used an organisms morphology (form and structure), to categorize it.
His system is still being used today. His system allowed organisms to be grouped
植物学及园艺学英文版
that genetically works downstream of CTR1 and upstream of the key transcription factor EIN3.
Transcriptional regulation by EIN3 and EIN3-family members has emerged as a key aspect of ethylene responses. The major components of this transcriptional cascade
•Flower and Leaf Senescence: Ag preventative (vase life)
1. Introduction
● Hormones act as chemical messengers in the control of the molecular, biochemical, and physiological events underlying growth and t.
● Hormones also serve as essential integrators of developmental programs with the environmental signals. A basic challenge in biology is, therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie hormone action, in other words, how those chemical signals are sensed by and communicated within the cells to trigger the relevant responses.
英语作文：植物学Botany
英语作文：植物学BotanyBotany, the study of plants, occupies humans had anything more than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but form what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. This is logical. Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things even for other plants. They have always been enormously important to the welfare of people not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter, and a great many other purposes. Tribes living today in the jungles of the Amazon recognize literally hundreds of plants and know many properties of each. T o them, botany, as such, has no name and is probably not even recognized as a special branch of " knowledge" at all.Unfortunately, the more industrialized we become the farther away we move from direct contact with plants, and the less distinct our knowledge of botany grows. Yet everyone comes unconsciously on an amazing amount of botanical knowledge, and few people will fail to recognize a rose, an apple, or an orchid. When our Neolithic ancestors, living in the Middle East about 10,000 years ago, discovered that certain grasses could be harvested and their seeds planted for richer yields the next season the first great step in a new association of plants and humans was taken. Grains were discovered and from them flowed the marvel of agriculture: cultivated crops. From then on, humans would increasingly take their living from the controlled production of a few plants, rather than getting a little here and a little there from many varieties that grew wild- and theaccumulated knowledge of tens of thousands of years of experience and intimacy with plants in the wild would begin to fade away.。
园艺专业英语(课后翻译)
园艺专业英语翻译（中→英）Lesson1 part A1、protected (structure) horticulture is defined as a cultivation method taking use of heat keeping ,chillingprevention or cooling and rainproof facilities to prevent the crops production from being influenced or seriously done by natural seasons and to artificially create a microclimate environment suitable for growing horticultural crops in cold or hot weather hat actually unfavorable to the cropdevelopment .it is also termed as out-of-season culture ,season-off culture or forcing culture .because of the season in which horticultural crops are planted is hand for their growing in open field.2、Windbreak、cold –frame 、hot-frame、plastic-clad tunnel and greenhouse could provide a variety ofvegetable seeding for open field or protected culture or protect seeding of cold tolerant vegetableliving through the winter ,for early planting and acquirement of early mature products.3、In respect of structure type, the largest horticultural structure area in our country consists of plastictunnels and lean to houses, especially the energy-sawing solar greenhouse, which has become thedominant greenhouse type in the country. Presently the development of large greenhouse ormulti-span house has been initiated.Lesson2 part A4、In horticultural crop cultivation under structure the key point of environment management for growersis to create optimal complex of environmental conditions for crop growth and development, aspossibly as they can, according to properties and environmental demand of crop.Lesson3 part ALesson4 part A1、most soil amendments are consisted of the increasing of organic matters ,addition of specific nutritionalelements and ph adjustment2、the soil is an important constitute of the land loamy soil must consist of soul particles with properratio ,with equilibrium of nutrients ,in which contains some organic matter ,and with considerablemoistureLesson5 part ALesson6 part A1、sink demand of horticultural crops extremely affects photosynthetic ,for example ,leaf photosynthesisnoticeably decrease when potato tubers are removed during their growth short-term response may be stomato close effect ,but this cannot explain common continuous effects ,sometime when thesource-sink ratio increases significantly ,some old leaves can renew their photosynthesisfunctions ,on the other hand ,rapidly growing sinks sometimes compete with leaves for mobilizable nitrogen and this results in abscission of leaves and lower photosynthesis capacity.2、It is not clear yet that how the sink demand affect photosynthesis of leaves .the simplest explanation isthat photosynthesis accumulated in leaves restrain photosynthesis . however trials for examining this hypothesis usually obtained the opposite results .furthermore ,in practice ,photosynthates seemly not accumulate beside chloroplasts in mesophyll cells .thus ,more research work should be done onsource-sink relationship to improve yields of horticultural cropsLesson7 part A1、the development of horticultural crops product organs consist of maturity 、full ripeness and senescencestages .maturity includes physiological ripeness and horticultural ripeness the former means that in the last growth stage ,mature organs become full ripening and the later means the best growth stage of horticultural crops for harvest ,such as leaf vegetables ,when they are reaped ,they are notphysiological ripe ,and flower crops are harvested when thy flower.Full ripeness is the develop stage after fruit mature some fruits can get full ripeness in trees ,whilesome must ripen after separated from trees .after full ripen the flesh mealiness aroma strength proper acidity and sugar ,senescence is a stopping terminating process of living activity. In this stage,product organs quality of horticultural crops become bad and completely leaves their economicalvalue in the endLesson8 part A1、hormone produced by seed influence fruit setting ,fruit growth and the balance of hormones in plant2、Stone fruits can no t set their fruits when their embryos develop abnormally. pome fruits can set withoutseeds ,but flesh cells grow slowly3、Gibberellins was produced after pollination with seed development gibberellins promotes synthesis ofauxin , therefore ,promotes fruit setting .the fruit set and fruit growth is similar between the ovule not pollinated treated by gibberellins and those which has seed4、Gibberellins produced by apple seeds apparently restrain flower differentiation and result in alternatefruiting .alternate fruiting is not normal in pear and many stone fruits .it is because the earlyoccurrence of gibberellins synthesis peak which is not concurrent with flower differentiationinitiation.Lesson13 part A1、pruning of fruit trees is a practice involves the heading back cuts and the thinning cuts of branches forgood framework ,for regulating contradiction between growth and fruiting ,for maintaining theequilibrium between vegetative growth and propagative growth and for good sunlight exposure, to fruit early to achieve high yield and to get commodity with high quality2、the pruning methods are best determined by the characteristics of fruit species and cultivars ,the climatethe soil condition and the crop developing stages and growth status .in order to get the best result ,it is useful to combine pruning with other cultural practices like fertilization ,irrigation, etc3、Reinvigoration of trees is better performed annually, which can keep fruit from stimulating excessivesprouts .remove dead branches, sprouts and some crossing shoots. Secondly, large branches should be thinned out gradually to open tree chamber and to improve distribution of sunlight in order tosimulate fruiting.Lesson15 part A1、temperature is an critical element in biological ,chemical and physiological processes of all plant species2、Temperature regulates the rate of chemical reactions ,leading to the adjustment of plant growth rate.3、As a important contributing factor to climate .temperature play an important role in adaptability andgrowth ,date of plant thus the horticultural crop types which can be cultured in a specific area rely on temperature4、Most plants can live and grow in the range of 0 to 50℃ .however low-temperature sensitivity limit thesuccessful cultivated regions of plantsLesson16 part A1、sprinkler irrigation is often used in maintaining and flower beds which has the specialty the uniformwater amount in its coverage .however, water waste occur when sprinkler is not limited in the area need irrigation .in addition ,evaporation result in some water loss too。
中国农业大学学科目录中英文对照
25
Chemistry
95 有机化学
(0703)
96 物理化学（含：化学物理）
97 高分子化学与物理
98 自然地理学
地理学
26
Geography
99 人文地理学
(0705)
100 地图学与地理信息系统
27
大气科学 (0706) Atmospheric Sciences
101 气象学 102 大气物理学与大气环境
142 劳动经济学
经济学 Economics
36
应用经济学 Applied Economics
(0202)
143 统计学 144 数量经济学 145 国防经济 146 法学理论 147 法律史 148 宪法学与行政法学 149 刑法学
法学
150 民商法学（含劳动法学、社会保障法学）
37
Science of Law
Science
(1203)
126 农业经济史*
127 行政管理
128 社会医学及卫生事业管理
公共管理
34
Science of Public Management (1204)
129 教育经济与管理 130 社会保障
131 土地资源管理
132 农村发展与管理*
图书情报与档案管理 133 图书馆学 Science of
8
Practaculture
30 草学
Science
31 一般力学与力学基础
力学
32 固体力学
9
Mechanics
（0801）
33 流体力学
34 工程力学
35 机械制造及其自动化
机械工程
10
Mechanical Engineering
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Fig. 2 The ethylene signaling pathway and its genetically characterized components. The signaling pathway components are shown in their sequential order of action. Components drawn in white represent active forms, whereas gray ovals represent their inactive versions. Binding of ethylene to the receptors, represented by ETR1, leads to activation of ethylene responses. Dotted oval represents EIN3 degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway due to action of EBF1 and EBF2. Arrows indicate activation steps, whereas a blocked arrow depicts repression of downstream elements by CTR1.
● One of the most dramatic effects of ethylene on plant morphogenesis is the classical ‘‘triple response’’ exhibited by darkgrown seedlings exposed to ethylene. The triple response in Arabidopsis is characterized by (1) exaggerated curvature of the apical hook, (2) radial swelling of the hypocotyl, and (3) inhibition of hypocotyl and root growth
● This process can be divided into three main steps: (1) signal perception, (2) signal transduction or a cascade of biochemical events that ultimately leads to the induction of the final step,(3) the response.
● Among the plant hormones, ethylene distinguishes itself by its simple hydrocarbon chemical structure (C2H4) and its gaseous nature. This simple molecule, however, plays a major role in plant growth and development by influencing a wide range of complex physiological processes throughout the entire plant life cycle, from seed germination to flowering, fruitripening, elegant genetic, molecular, and biochemical studies are uncovering a largely linear pathway that transduces the ethylene signal from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the nucleus
Fig. 1 Phenotypes of dark-grown three-day-old seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana. The plant on the left was grown without hormonal supplementation, whereas the plant on the right was exposed to 10 mM ethylene precursor ACC and thus shows a typical triple response.
植物学及园艺学英文版 _botany_and_horticulture_(28)
1. Introduction
● Hormones act as chemical messengers in the control of the molecular, biochemical, and physiological events underlying growth and development.