经济学原理4
曼昆经济学原理第四版课后习题中文答案_百度文库
产大量物品与劳务，才能使本国居民享有在国际贸易环境下的高生活水平。
2．假定社会决定减少消费并增加投资。
A．这种变化会如何影响经济增长?答：当社会决定减少消费并增加投资时，会使社会的储蓄增加，更多的资源用于生产资本品，结果，资本存量增加，引起生产率提高和 GDP 增长得更为迅速。
B．哪些社会群体会从这种变化中获益?哪些集团会受到损害?答：拥有资本品的人会从这种变化中获益，如拥有较多的物质资本和人力资本的人。
而那些依靠政府援助的人将从这种变化中受损，因为社会减少了现期物品与劳务的消费。
3．社会选择把多少资源用于消费和把多少资源用于投资。
这些决策中的一部分涉及私人支出；另一些涉及政府支出。
A．说明代表消费的一些私人支出形式，以及代表投资的一些私人支出形式。
国民收入账户把学费作为消费支出的一部分。
按你的看法，把资源用于教育是一种消费的形式，还是一种投资的形式。
答：如家庭购买食物和服装是消费的私人支出形式，而个人购买新住房、企业对厂房和设备的投资是代表投资的私人支出形式。
资源用于教育即可以看作是一种消费的形式，也可以看作是一种投资的形式。
B．说明代表消费的一些政府支出形式，以及代表投资的一些政府支出形式。
按你的看法，我们应该把政府用于医疗计划的支出作为一种消费的形式，还是投资的形式？你能区分青年人的医疗计划和老年人的医疗计划吗？答：社会保险、国防和退伍军人津贴等是代表消费的一些政府支出形式，政府修筑铁路、核电站是代表投资的一些政府支出形式。
政府用于医疗计划的支出是一种对人力资本的投资。
与老年人的医疗计划相比，青年人的医疗计划更接近对人力资本的投资。
4．投资于资本的机会成本是什么？你认为一国有可能对资本“过度投资”吗？人力资本投资的机会成本是什么？你认为一国可能对人力资本“过度投资”吗？解释之。
答：投资于资本的机会成本是牺牲现期的物品和劳务的消费。
一国有可能对资本“过度投资”。
人力资本投资也有机会成本。
当学生上学时．他们放弃了他们本可以赚到的收入。
曼昆_经济学原理答案_英文版chp4
Chapter 4The market forces of supply and demandSolutions to text problemsQZ What is a market? What does it mean for a market to be competitive? (page 60)A market is a group of buyers (who determine demand) and a group of sellers (who determine supply) of a particular good or service. A competitive market is one in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.QZ List the determinants of the demand for pizza. Give an example of a demand schedule for pizza, and graph the implied demand curve. Give an example of something that would shift this demand curve. Would a change in the price of pizza shift this demand curve? (page 66)The determinants of the quantity of pizza demanded should include price, income, prices of related goods, tastes, expectations and the number of buyers.Here is an example of a demand schedule for pizza:Price of pizza slice Number of pizza slices demanded$0.00 100.25 90.50 80.75 71.00 61.25 51.50 41.75 32.00 22.25 12.50 0The demand curve is graphed in Figure 4.1.Figure 4.1Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 31Examples of things that would shift the demand curve include changes in income, prices of related goods like soft drink or hot dogs, tastes, and expectations about future income or prices.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this demand curve; it would only move from one point to another along the curve.QZ List the determinants of the supply of pizza. Give an example of a supply schedule for pizza, and graph the implied supply curve. Give an example of something that would shift this supply curve. Would a change in the price of pizza shift this supply curve? (page 71)The determinants of the quantity of pizza supplied include the price of pizza, the prices of inputs into pizza production, the technology for producing pizza, expectations about things like the future price of pizza and the number of suppliers of pizza.Here is an example of a supply schedule for pizza:Price of pizza slice Number of pizza slices supplied$0.00 00.25 1000.50 2000.75 3001.00 4001.25 5001.50 6001.75 7002.00 8002.25 9002.50 1000The supply curve is graphed in Figure 4.2.Figure 4.232 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualExamples of things that would shift the supply curve include changes in prices of inputs like tomato sauce and cheese, changes in technology like more efficient pizza ovens or automatic dough makers, and changes in expectations about the future price of pizza.A change in the price of pizza would not shift this supply curve; it would only move from one point to another along the curve.QZ Analyse what happens to the market for pizza if the price of tomatoes rises. Analyse what happens to the market for pizza if the price of hamburgers falls. (page 75)If the price of tomatoes rises, the supply curve for pizza shifts to the left because of the increased price of an input into pizza production, however there is no effect on demand. The shift to the left of the supply curve causes the equilibrium price to rise and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4.3 shows.Figure 4.3Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 33 If the price of hamburgers falls, the demand curve for pizza shifts to the left because the lower price of hamburgers will lead consumers to buy more hamburgers and less pizza, but there is no effect on supply. The shift to the left of the demand curve causes the equilibrium price to fall and the equilibrium quantity to decline, as Figure 4.4 shows.Figure 4.434 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualQuestions for review (page 79)1 A competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has anegligible impact on the market price.2The quantity of a good that buyers demand is determined by the price of the good, income, the prices of related goods, tastes, expectations and the number of buyers.3The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded. The demand curve is the downward-sloping line relating price and quantity demanded. The demand schedule and demand curve are related because the demand curve is simplya graph showing the points in the demand schedule.4The demand curve slopes downward because of the law of demand—other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good falls. People buy less of a good when its price rises, both because they can't afford to buy as much and because they switch to purchasing other goods.5 A change in consumers' tastes leads to a shift of the demand curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the demand curve.6The quantity of a good that sellers supply is determined by the price of the good, input prices, technology, expectations and the number of suppliers.7 A supply schedule is a table showing the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity aproducer is willing and able to supply. The supply curve is the upward-sloping line relating price and quantity supplied. The supply schedule and the supply curve are related because the supply curve is simply a graph showing the points in the supply schedule.8The supply curve slopes upward because when the price is high, suppliers' profits increase, so they supply more output to the market. The result is the law of supply—other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied of the good also rises.9 A change in producers' technology leads to a shift in the supply curve. A change in price leads to amovement along the supply curve.10The equilibrium of a market is the point at which the demand and supply curves intersect. At the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good that buyers are willing and able to buy exactly balances the quantity that sellers are willing and able to sell. If the price is above the equilibrium price, sellers want to sell more than buyers want to buy, so there is a surplus. Sellers try to increase their sales by cutting prices; that continues until they reach the equilibrium price. If the price is below theequilibrium price, buyers want to buy more than sellers want to sell, so there is a shortage. Sellers can raise their price without losing customers; that continues until they reach the equilibrium price. 11When the price of beer rises, the demand for pies declines, because beer and pies are complements and people want to buy less beer. When we say the demand for pies declines, we mean that the demand curve for pies shifts to the left as in Figure 4.5 below. The supply curve for pies isn'taffected. With a shift to the left in the demand curve, the equilibrium price and quantity both decline, as the figure shows. Thus the quantity of pies supplied and demanded both fall. In summary, supply is unchanged, demand is decreased, quantity supplied declines, quantity demanded declines, and the price falls.Chapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 35Figure 4.512 Prices play a vital role in market economies because they bring markets into equilibrium. If the priceis different from its equilibrium level, quantity supplied and quantity demanded aren't equal. The resulting surplus or shortage leads suppliers to adjust the price until equilibrium is restored. Prices thus serve as signals that guide economic decisions and allocate scarce resources.Problems and applications (page 80)1 a The cyclone damages the banana harvest, reducing the supply of bananas. This can be seen inFigure 4.6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for bananas. The new equilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price. Figure 4.6P r i c e o f p i e sQuantity of bananasP r i c e o f b a n a n a sQuantity of pies36 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s Manualb People often go to the pictures during school holidays so demand for picture tickets is highduring school holidays. When school holidays end, fewer people go to the pictures. The result, as shown in Figure 4.7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price of picture tickets is thus lower when school holidays end, as the figure shows. Figure 4.7c When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve for petrol tothe left, as shown in Figure 4.8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium price of petrol. With a higher price for petrol, the cost of operating a big car, like a Ford Falcon, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Ford Falcons will decline, as people in the market for cars won't find Falcons as attractive. In addition, some people who already own Falcons will try to sell them. The result is that the demand curve for used Falcons shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to the right, as shown in Figure 4.9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of used Falcons.Figure 4.8Quantity of theatre tickets P r i c e o f t h e a t r e t i c k e t sP r i c e o f p e t r o l Quantity of petrolChapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 37Figure 4.92 The statement that ‘an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied’ is false, in general. As Figure 4.10 shows, the increase in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve were perfectly inelastic, as shown in Figure 4.11. Figure 4.10P r i c e o f u s e d F o r d F a l c o n sQuantity of used Ford Falcons38 Principles of Economics, Third edition, Instructor’s ManualFigure 4.113 a If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they'll want larger vehicles forhauling their kids around, so the demand for station wagons will increase. Supply won't be affected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 4.12 shows. Figure 4.12Quantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sChapter 4: The market forces of supply and demand 39b If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the costs of producing a station wagon rise (a risein input prices), so the supply of station wagons decreases. Demand won't be affected. The result is a rise in the price of station wagons and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 4.13 shows.Figure 4.13c The development of new automated machinery for the production of station wagons is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase in supply. Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of station wagons and an increase in the quantity, as Figure 4.14 shows.Figure 4.14d The rise in the price of minivans affects station wagon demand because minivans are substitutesfor station wagons (that is, there's a rise in the price of a related good). The result is an increase in demand for station wagons. Supply isn't affected. In equilibrium, the price and quantity of station wagons both rise, as Figure 4.12 shows.P r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sQuantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sQuantity of Station Wagonse The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock market crash reduces their income, leading toa reduction in the demand for station wagons, since station wagons are a normal good. Supply isn’t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 4.15 shows. Figure 4.154 Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline in aninput price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply of computers, as shown in Figure 4.16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises, as the figure shows. Figure 4.16Quantity of Station WagonsP r i c e o f S t a t i o n W a g o n sSince computer software is a complement to computers, the increased equilibrium quantity of computers increases the demand for software. As Figure 4.17 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.Figure 4.17Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the increased equilibrium quantity of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 4.18 shows, the result is a decline in both theequilibrium price and quantity of typewriters.Figure 4.185 a When an outbreak of ‘foot and mouth’ disease hits sheep farms in New Zealand, it raises inputprices for producing woollen jumpers. As a result, the supply of woollen jumpers shifts to the left, as shown in Figure 4.19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity of woollen jumpers. Figure 4.19b A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets, reducing thedemand for woollen jumpers. The result, shown in Figure 4.20, is a decline in both theequilibrium price and quantity of woollen jumpers.Figure 4.20Quantity of woollen jumpers P r i c e o f w o o l l e n j u m p e r sQuantity of woollen jumpersP r i c e o f w o o l l e n j u m p e r sc Kylie wearing a woollen jumper raises the demand for woollen jumpers, as shown in Figure4.21. The result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of woollen jumpers. Figure 4.21d The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of woollen jumpers. As Figure 4.22shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in the equilibriumquantity of woollen jumpers.Figure 4.22P r i c e o f W o o l l e n J u m p e r sQuantity of Woollen Jumpers Quantity of Woollen JumpersP r i c e o f W o o l l e n J u m p e r s6 A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year-olds who need sitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 4.23. The result is a higher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased number of 15-year-olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 4.24. The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 4.23Figure 4.247Since tomato sauce is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantity demanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for tomato sauce, causing both price and quantity of tomato sauce to fall. Since the quantity of tomato sauce falls, the demand for tomatoes by tomato sauce producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price of tomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts down, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise. The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, so the demand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall. Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!8 a Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price for cigaretteswould increase demand for cigars and pipe tobacco.b An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and pipe tobacco. Theresult, as shown in Figure 4.25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of cigars and pipe tobacco.Figure 4.25c The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigars and pipetobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce total tobacco usage,policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and pipe tobacco, or pursue sometype of public education program.9Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure 4.26).If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, so suppliers would reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demanded would exceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there is neither surplus nor shortage. Figure 4.2610 a If the price of flour falls, since flour is an ingredient in bagels, the supply curve for bagels wouldshift to the right. The result, shown in Figure 4.27, would be a fall in the price of bagels and arise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. Since cream cheese is a complement to bagels, the rise in quantity demanded of bagels increases the demand for cream cheese, as shown in Figure 4.28.The result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of cream cheese. So, a fall in theprice of flour indeed raises both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibriumquantity of bagels.Figure 4.27Figure 4.28What happens if the price of milk falls? Since milk is an ingredient in cream cheese, the fall in the price of milk leads to an increase in the supply of cream cheese. This leads to a decrease in the price of cream cheese (Figure 4.29), rather than a rise in the price of cream cheese. So a fall in the price of milk couldn't have been responsible for the pattern observed.Figure 4.29b In part (a), we found that a fall in the price of flour led to a rise in the price of cream cheese anda rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. If the price of flour rose, the opposite would be true;it would lead to a fall in the price of cream cheese and a fall in the equilibrium quantity ofbagels. Since the question says the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen, it couldn't have been caused by a rise in the price of flour.What happens if the price of milk rises? From part (a), we found that a fall in the price of milk caused a decline in the price of cream cheese, so a rise in the price of milk would cause a rise in the price of cream cheese. Since bagels and cream cheese are complements, the rise in the price of cream cheese would reduce the demand for bagels, as Figure 4.30 shows. The result is adecline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. So a rise in the price of milk does cause both a rise in the price of cream cheese and a decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.Figure 4.3011 a As Figure 4.31 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supply makes sense because thepicture theatre has a fixed number of seats no matter what the price.Figure 4.31b Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. The equilibrium quantity is 800tickets. cPriceQuantity demandedQuantity supplied$4 1400 800 8 1100 800 12 800 800 16 500 800 20 200800The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demanded to quantity supplied. The equilibrium quantity is 800 tickets.P r i c e o f p i c t u r e t h e a t r e t i c k e t sQuantity of picture theatre tickets 80012The executives are confusing changes in demand with changes in quantity demanded. Figure 4.32 shows the demand curve prior to the marketing campaign (D1), and after the campaign (D2). The marketing campaign increased the demand for champagne, as shown, leading to a higher equilibrium price and quantity. The influence of the higher price on demand is already reflected in the outcome.It's impossible for the scenario outlined by the executives to occur.Figure 4.3213 At equilibrium Q S=Q D. Therefore here:1400 + 700P = 1600 – 300P1000P = 200P = $0.20The equilibrium price is $0.20 per bar of chocolate. Substitute this into either Q S or Q D to get the equilibrium quantity of 1540 bars of chocolate.。
微观经济学学习笔记(曼昆经济学原理)04章节
经济学习笔记第4章供给与需求的市场力量一、重要名词解释市场：由某种物品或服务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。
竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
（竞争市场一般指完全竞争市场。
完全竞争，又称为纯粹竞争，是指不存在任何阻碍和干扰竞争因素的市场情况，亦即没有任何垄断因素的市场结构。
完全竞争市场需要具备四个条件：市场上有大量的买者和卖者；市场上每一个厂商提供的商品都是同质的；所有的资源具有完全的流动性；信息是完全的。
）需求量：买者愿意并且能够购买的一种物品的数量。
需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点。
需求表：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的表格。
需求曲线：表示一种物品的价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。
低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。
替代品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的增加的两种物品。
互补品：一种物品价格的上升引起另一种物品需求量的减少的两种物品。
供给量：卖者愿意并且能够出售的一种物品的数量。
供给定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，该物品的供给量增加的观点。
供给表：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的表格。
供给曲线：表示一种物品的价格与供给量之间关系的图形。
均衡：市场价格达到使供给量与需求量相等的水平时的状态。
均衡价格/市场出清价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。
均衡数量：均衡价格下的供给量与需求量。
过剩：供给量大于需求量的状态，也称为超额供给状态。
短缺：需求量大于供给量的状态，也称为超额需求状态。
供求定理：认为任何一种物品的价格都会自发调整，使该物品的供给与需求达到平衡的观点。
（供求定理是指在其他条件不变的情况下，需求变动分别引起均衡价格和均衡数量的同方向变动；供给变动分别引起均衡价格的反方向变动和均衡数量的同方向变动。
）二、重要摘抄1.供给与需求是使市场经济运行的力量。
经济学原理第四章课后题答案
第四章供给与需求的市场力量复习题：1、什么是市场竞争？简单描述除了完全竞争市场之外的市场类型。
答：竞争市场是有许多买者与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。
除了完全竞争市场之外，还有垄断市场。
在这个市场上只有一个卖者，他决定价格。
这个卖者被称为垄断者。
还有寡头市场，在这个市场上有几个并不总是主动竞争的卖者，他们提供相似或相同的产品。
通常情况下，寡头们会尽力联合起来，防止剧烈的竞争，收取较高的市场价格。
还有垄断竞争市场，这是一个有许多提供相似但不相同产品的企业的市场结构。
由于各自提供的产品不同，每个企业对产品的价格有一定的影响力。
2、什么因素决定买者对一种物品的需求量？答：物品的价格、买者的收入、相关物品的价格、买者的嗜好、预期决定买者对一种物品的需求量。
3、什么是需求表和需求曲线？它们如何相关联？为什么需求曲线向右下方倾斜？答：需求表是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格，需求曲线是表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。
需求曲线将需求表用图形的形式表现出来，需求表是需求曲线上假设干个点的坐标的数字表格排列。
需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为在其他条件不变的情况下，随着价格上升，需求量会减少。
4.消费者嗜好的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动，还是需求曲线的移动？价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动，还是需求曲线的移动？答：消费者嗜好的变化引起了需求曲线的移动，价格的变化引起了沿着需求曲线的变动。
5、波匹的收入减少了，结果他买了更多的菠菜。
菠菜是低档物品还是正常物品？波匹菠菜的需求曲线是什么样的？答：菠菜对波匹来说是低档物品。
因为波匹的收入减少了，他对菠菜的需求量反而增大。
波匹菠菜的需求曲线是向右下方倾斜的。
6、什么因素决定了卖者对一种物品的供给量？答：价格、投入价格、技术、预期决定了卖者对一种物品的供给量。
7、什么是供给表和供给曲线？它们如何相关联？为什么供给曲线向右上方倾斜？答：供给表是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格，供给曲线是表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。
经济学原理第四讲
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劳动供给富有弹性的理由
许多可以调整工作时间长短的工人 一些有第二个赚钱人的家庭 许多老年人可以选择什么时候退休 从事地下经济活动的工人 (如从事非法活动
的人)
无谓损失和税收收入随税收变动而变动
随着每一次税率增加，税收无谓损失的增加 要快于政府的税收收入。
随着税率增加，无谓损失迅速扩大 随着税率增加，税收收入先增加，后减少。 当税率太大时，市场收缩非常大，以致于税
0
1
2
3
4 要油漆的房子数量
用供给曲线衡量生产者剩余
油漆房子的价格
$900 800
价格 = 800美元
总生产者剩余 (500美元)
供给
乔治亚的生产者剩余
600
（100美元）
500
格拉玛的生产者剩余 （300美元）
0
1
2
3
4 要油漆房子的数量
生产者剩余
价格
供给
价格以下和供给曲线以上的面积衡量 市场的生产者剩余。
Tax Revenue
0
Tax Size
经济学原理课后参考答案
经济学原理课后参考答案经济学基础第⼀章1、什么是经济学? 如何理解资源的有限性和⼈类欲望的⽆限性？答：（1）经济学是研究社会经济问题的⼀门社会科学，经济学研究的是社会如何利⽤稀缺的资源以⽣产有价值的商品，并将它们分配给不同的⼈。
（2）资源的有限性和⼈类欲望的⽆限性是对⽴统⼀的关系，对⽴性表现在：相对于⼈类⽆限多样性的欲望⽽⾔，经济资源的数量、质量和种类总是不⾜的。
统⼀性表现在：⼈类欲望的⽆限性和资源的有限性同时存在，要求⼈们在有限的资源的多种⽤途中进⾏权衡⽐较，有效地利⽤资源，更好地满⾜⼈们的欲望。
2、试举例说明学习经济学和现实⽣活的意义。
答：（1）学习经济学能更好地理解经济现象。
例如，今年的苹果、⾹蕉等外来⽔果价格出现了显著上涨，并且持续到现在。
⽔果价格上涨是什么因素引起的？它对⼈们的⽣活会产⽣什么影响？学习了经济学就能合理解释这⼀现象----由于西南地区出现严重⼲旱，导致外来⽔果供应量骤减，使之供不应求，价格上涨。
（2）理解和评价政府的经济政策。
例如，2008年底国家决定投资4万亿对国民经济的拉动作⽤有多⼤？2009年号召全国搞低碳经济，低碳经济将如何展开？(3)指导企业经济决策。
例如，企业在不同时期会⾯临不同决定。
当市场不景⽓，企业遭受亏损，是停⽌⽣产还是继续⽣产？是否要做⼴告？做什么样的⼴告？解决这些问题，需要现代管理决策⼯具，⽽经济学是现代决策⼯具的理论基础。
（4）能避免运⽤经济理论是常见的错误倾向。
例如，合成谬误的例⼦，只有⼀个家庭购买轿车会⼤⼤⽅便出⾏，⽽当所有的家庭都拥有了⾃⼰的私家车之后，道路、停车场可能车满为患，反⽽不如⼤家都乘坐公交⽅便。
3、微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的关系是什么？答：微观经济学与宏观经济学既相互区别⼜相互联系。
区别表现在：（1）从研究对象上看，微观经济学研究单个经济单位元，宏观经济学研究整个国民经济的活动；（2）从解决问题上看，微观经济学解决资源的有效配置问题，⽽宏观经济学解决资源的充分利⽤问题；（3）从中⼼理论上看，微观经济学是价格理论，宏观经济学是国民收⼊决定理论；（4）从研究⽅法上看，微观经济学是个量分析，宏观经济学是总量分析。
马克思主义政治经济学原理(四)
马克思主义政治经济学原理(四)(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：50，分数：50.00)1.在简单商品经济条件下，商品生产者的劳动从社会分工看是A．具体劳动 B．社会劳动 C．复杂劳动 D．生产劳动A.B. √C.D.2.私人垄断形成的物质基础是A．产业革命 B．固定资本更新C．生产集中 D．资本积累A.B.C. √D.3.在资本主义社会中，按照平均利润规律的要求，商品按A．社会生产价格出售 B．个别生产价格出售C．社会价值出售 D．垄断价格出售A. √B.C.D.4.我国现阶段的外资经济A．是一般的资本主义经济 B．是国家资本主义经济C．是合作经济 D．是公私合营经济A.B. √C.D.5.国家运用货币政策调节经济，其中心是调节货币供应量。
中央银行在金融市场上买卖政府债券，从而调节货币供应量，这叫A．公开市场业务 B．调整有价证券C．调整再贴现率 D．调整法定准备金率A. √B.C.D.6.商业资本是商品资本的独立化形式，其职能是A．为剩余价值的生产准备条件 B．生产产品并创造剩余价值C．销售商品，实现包括剩余价值在内的商品价值D．销售商品、实现商品的使用价值A.B.C. √D.7.分析资本有机构成的理论前提是A．资本积累 B．资本主义扩大再生产C．资本划分为生产资本和流通资本 D．资本划分为不变资本和可变资本A.B.C.D. √8.把社会总产品分为生产资料和消费资料，其根据是A．资本的不同部分价值周转的不同方式B．资本的不同部分在循环中的不同职能C．资本的不同部分在价值增殖中的不同作用D．社会总产品在社会总资本再生产过程中的最终用途A.B.C.D. √9.战后，随着垄断统治的加强、垄断资本跨部门发展，出现的国内垄断组织的新形式是A．托拉斯 B．康采恩 C．跨国公司 D．混合联合公司A.B.C.D. √10.超额剩余价值是变相的相对剩余价值，这是因为它们A．都绝对延长了剩余劳动时间 B．都延长了必要劳动时间C．都缩短了必要劳动时间．而相对延长了剩余劳动时间D．都延长了工作日长度A.B.C. √D.11.经济规律产生和发生作用的客观经济条件主要是指A．社会经济规律 B．社会经济形态C．一定的社会生产力与社会生产关系的状况D．劳动者与生产资料的结合方式A.B.C. √D.12.能够发生价值增殖的资本是产业资本，产业资本循环中生产剩余价值的阶段是A．购买阶段 B．生产阶段C．销售阶段 D．流通阶段A.B. √C.D.13.平均利润率趋势下降的根本原因是A．不变资本的节省 B．所用资本和所费资本的差额C．资本总量的减少D．社会生产技术进步和资本有机构成的提高A.B.C.D. √14.A．50%和100 B．10%和130 C．20%和120 D．30%和140A.B.C. √D.15.资本家加速资本周转的目的是A．加速固定资本磨损 B．提高剩余价值率C．提高年剩余价值率 D．加速资本集中A.B.C. √D.16.我国现阶段，国家企事业单位的职工利用业余时间从事劳动而获得的收入是A．按劳分配收入 B．经营收入C．风险收入 D．劳动收入A.B.C.D. √17.资本的价值构成是指A．不变资本和可变资本的比例 B．固定资本和流动资本的比例C．生产资料和劳动力的比例 D．货币资本和生产资本的比例A. √B.C.D.18.决定商品价值量的社会必要劳动时间以简单劳动为尺度。
经济学讲义
Topic11，经济学十大原理经济学是研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。
原理一：人们面临权衡取舍天下没有免费的午餐：为了得到一个东西，我们不得不放弃另外的东西：大炮与黄油（国防与国内消费品）；衣服与食品；空闲时间与工作；效率与公平效率是指从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益。
平等是指将这些资源的成果平均地分配给社会成员。
在设计政府政策的时候，这两个目标往往是不一样的。
当政府想要把经济蛋糕切为更为均等的小块时，这块蛋糕本身也变小了。
权衡取舍很重要原理二：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西决策需要比较可供选择的行动方案的成本与利益：上大学OR工作？学习OR约会？上课OR睡觉？机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
湖人队球员科比选择退学转而从事职业运动，就赚了几百万美元。
原理三：理性人考虑边际量（Margin）理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人边际变动：对行动计划的微小增量变动。
如：当考试临近时，你的决策不是在放弃考试和一天24小时看书之间的选择，而是是否多花一小时时间复习功课而不是看电视。
理性人通常通过比较边际利益和边际成本来做出决策水和钻石的价格原理四：人们会对激励做出反应激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西边际成本和边际利益的改变会刺激人做出反应。
当边际利益超过边际成本，人们会改变决策，政策改变了激励，人们就会改变自己的行为安全带的使用减少了开车谨慎程度，结果：车祸次数增加，司机死亡下降，但行人危险增加原理五：贸易可以使每个人的状况都变得更好贸易使每个人都可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，通过与其他人的交易，人们可以按较低的成本获得各种各样的物品和劳务竞争能获得贸易的好处原理六：市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济企业决定雇佣谁和生产什么；家庭决定为哪家企业工作，以及用自己的收入购买什么。
经济学家亚当斯密：家庭和企业在市场上相互交易，他们仿佛被一只“看不见的手”所指引，并导致合意的市场结果。
4经济学原理 第四章
（2）生产的正外部性
机器人 价格
技术溢出 效应的价值
Hale Waihona Puke 供给(私人成本 供给 私人成本) 私人成本 社会成本
均衡 最优
社会成本＝私人成本 ＋外在成本（外在成 本＜0） 社会最适量＞市场均衡量
需求(私人价值 需求 私人价值) 私人价值 0
市场量 最适量
机器人数量
（2）生产的正外部性
社会成本＜私人成本 需求曲线和社会成本曲线相交决定最优 生产水平。 市场量少于社会希望的需求量。
管制和庇古税
实际上，庇古税规定了污染权的价格。正如 市场把物品分配给那些对物品评价最高的买 者一样，庇古税把污染分配给那些减少污染 成本最高的工厂。无论环境保护署选择的污 染水平是多少，它都可以用税收以最低的总 成本达到这个目标。
科斯定理说明，私人经济行为者可以解 决他们之间的外部性问题。无论权利的 初始分配如何，有关各方总是能够达成 一种协议，使每个人都可以变好， 而且 结果是有效率的。
科斯定理为何重要？ 科斯定理为何重要？
科斯定理告诉人们，私人解决外部性问题 比想象的更为有效：因为理性的个人总是 有谈判的动因。 科斯定理指导我们寻找出私人不能解决外 部性问题的正确原因(right reason)，即什 么原因造成科斯谈判失败。 这些正确的原因包括： 初始产权界定不清楚（而与如何界定无关） 产权转让受到人为限制，交易成本过高
二、外部性的私人解决方法 Private Solutions to Externalities
并不总是需要政府行为来解决外部性问题。 1.私人解决方法的类型 私人解决方法的类型: 私人解决方法的类型 a.道德规范和社会约束 b.慈善组织 c.把不同经营类型的商业组织合并 d.利益各方签定合约
政治经济学原理 第四章 资本与剩余价值的具体形式
3、部门内部的竞争和超额利润的形成。
（1）超额利润是超过平均利润的利润，是超额剩余价值 的转化形式，由商品的个别生产价格低于社会生产价 格的差额构成。 （2）超额利润反映的是同一部门内部不同企业之间的关 系。生产价格形成后，利润率趋于平均化并没有排除 各个部门投资者和同一部门内部各企业之间利润率的 差别，生产率较高的企业由于商品的个别成本低于社 会平均成本，仍然可以得到超额利润。
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二、商业利润 （一）商业利润 1、商业利润是商业资本从产业资本那里瓜分到的一部分剩余 价值，体现的是商业资本和产业资本共同瓜分剩余价值和 剥削雇佣劳动者的关系。 2、商业利润的真正来源是产业工人创造的一部分剩余价值。
（1）单纯的商品买卖不会创造价值和剩余价值。商业利润的 真正来源是产业资本转让给商业资本的产业工人创造的一 部分剩余价值 。 （2）流通领域的贱买贵卖，是商业资本取得商业利润的途径。 由于商业资本投资于商业，帮助产业资本完成商品的销售 任务，实现商品的价值和剩余价值，因此，产业资本不能 像自产自销那样独占产业工人创造的全部剩余价值，必须 把其中一部分以商业利润的方式转让给商业资本。
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（四）部门内部的竞争与超额利润
1、部门内部的竞争，是同一生产部门生产同类商品的不 同企业之间，为获得超额利润而展开的竞争。 2、部门内部的竞争“使商品的各种不同的个别价值形成 一个相同的市场价值和市场价格”。 （1）市场价值是由部门内部竞争而形成的商品的社会价 值，是把价值同市场供求和竞争关系联系起来的范畴， 离开部门内部竞争，社会必要劳动时间决定商品的社会 价值就是一句空话。 （2）市场价格是市场价值的货币表现，是商品在市场进 行交换的价格。市场价格由市场价值决定，并受市场供 求关系的影响。平均利润率形成后，市场价格就表现为 社会生产价格的货币表现。 15
第4章 自然资源的经济学原理
自然资源的自然供给：是指实际存在于自然界的各种自 然资源的可得数量。
全球的自然资源总数量是固定的，既非人力所能创造， 也不会随价格和其他社会经济因素的变化而增减。某一 国家区域或某一用途的自然资源而言，其自然供给也是 有限度的。
自然资源的自然供给
二、自然资源的供给
2. 自然资源的经济供给
自然资源的经济供给：在自然资源的自然供给范围内， 某用途的资源供给随该用途收益的增加而增加的现象。
一、价值确定的基本理论
3. 效用价值论 边际效用价值论是在对抗古典经济学劳动价值论的背景 下，逐渐出现的。19世纪70年代初，由英国的杰文斯、 奥地利的门格尔和法国的瓦尔拉斯提出，后由奥地利的 庞巴维克和维塞尔加以发展的经济学的价值理论之一。 核心观点认为商品价值并非有劳动决定而是由效用决定。
一、价值确定的基本理论
马克思主义的劳动价值论主要包括以下内容： 1) 劳动二重性：具体劳动创造使用价值，抽象劳动创造 价值 2) 社会必要劳动时间决定价值量 ( 生产条件、熟练程度、 劳动强度) 3)商品生产过程是劳动过程和价值形成过程的统一。 4) 价值由购买生产资料的不变资本 C 、可变资本 U 和劳动 创造的剩余价值M，即价值=C+U+M。
五、自然资源供需平衡实例分析
实例：水资源供需分析 水资源供给：一个区域的水资源供给依赖于水文因素和 水利工程建设，短时间之内水资源的供给量是一定的， 不会随水价的变动而涨落。 水资源需求：大致可以分为农业用水、城市用水。随着 工业和城市的扩大和发展，城市用水需求增加，假设农 业用水需求仍不变。 水资源价格：政府基于两方面的需求，制定水价P
一、价值确定的基本理论
2. 地租论 在经济学中，地租有两种意义： 第一种是地主将土地出租给佃户，主佃之间有一种租佃 契约，规定佃户按期缴纳租金给地主，这种地租称契约 地租或商业地租。 第二种是由土地本身的价值带来的报酬，由于所有权转 化到土地所有者手中，称经济地租或纯地租。 前者是后者在封建土地制度下的一种特殊形式，后者则 是各种土地制度下都存在的普遍形式。这里所讨论的地 租是指经济地租或纯地租。 主要包括：级差地租、绝对 地租、垄断地租。
经济学原理曼昆课后答案chapter4
Problems and Applications1. a. Cold weather damages the orange crop, reducing the supply of oranges. This can beseen in Figure 4-6 as a shift to the left in the supply curve for oranges. The newequilibrium price is higher than the old equilibrium price.Figure 4-6b. People often travel to the Caribbean from New England to escape cold weather, sodemand for Caribbean hotel rooms is high in the winter. In the summer, fewer peopletravel to the Caribbean, since northern climes are more pleasant. The result, as shownin Figure 4-7, is a shift to the left in the demand curve. The equilibrium price ofCaribbean hotel rooms is thus lower in the summer than in the winter, as the figureshows.Figure 4-7c. When a war breaks out in the Middle East, many markets are affected. Since much oilproduction takes place there, the war disrupts oil supplies, shifting the supply curve forgasoline to the left, as shown in Figure 4-8. The result is a rise in the equilibrium priceof gasoline. With a higher price for gasoline, the cost of operating a gas-guzzlingautomobile, like a Cadillac, will increase. As a result, the demand for used Cadillacs will decline, as people in the market for cars won't find Cadillacs as attractive. In addition,some people who already own Cadillacs will try to sell them. The result is that thedemand curve for used Cadillacs shifts to the left, while the supply curve shifts to theright, as shown in Figure 4-9. The result is a decline in the equilibrium price of usedCadillacs.Figure 4-8Figure 4-92. The statement that "an increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooksdemanded, but not the quantity supplied" is false, in general. As Figure 4-10 shows, theincrease in demand for notebooks results in an increased quantity supplied. The only way the statement would be true is if the supply curve were perfectly inelastic, as shown in Figure 4-11.Figure 4-10Figure 4-113. a. If people decide to have more children (a change in tastes), they'll want larger vehiclesfor hauling their kids around, so the demand for minivans will increase. Supply won'tbe affected. The result is a rise in both price and quantity, as Figure 4-12 shows.Figure 4-12Figure 4-13b. If a strike by steelworkers raises steel prices, the costs of producing a minivan rise (a risein input prices), so the supply of minivans decreases. Demand won't be affected.The result is a rise in the price of minivans and a decline in the quantity, as Figure 4-13shows.c. The development of new automated machinery for the production of minivans is animprovement in technology. The reduction in firms' costs results in an increase insupply. Demand isn't affected. The result is a decline in the price of minivans and an increase in the quantity, as Figure 4-14 shows.Figure 4-14Figure 4-15d. The rise in the price of station wagons affects minivan demand because station wagonsare substitutes for minivans (that is, there's a rise in the price of a related good). Theresult is an increase in demand for minivans. Supply isn't affected. In equilibrium,the price and quantity of minivans both rise, as Figure 4-12 shows.e. The reduction in peoples' wealth caused by a stock-market crash reduces their income,leading to a reduction in the demand for minivans, since minivans are a normal good.Supply isn’t affected. As a result, both price and quantity decline, as Figure 4-15shows.4. Technological advances that reduce the cost of producing computer chips represent a decline inan input price for producing a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply ofcomputers, as shown in Figure 4-16. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantityrises, as the figure shows.Figure 4-16Figure 4-17Since computer software is a complement to computers, the increased equilibrium quantity ofcomputers increases the demand for software. As Figure 4-17 shows, the result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.Since typewriters are substitutes for computers, the increased equilibrium quantity of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure 4-18 shows, the result is a decline in both theequilibrium price and quantity of typewriters.Figure 4-185. a. When a hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton crop, it raises input prices forproducing sweatshirts. As a result, the supply of sweatshirts shifts to the left, asshown in Figure 4-19. The new equilibrium has a higher price and lower quantity ofsweatshirts.Figure 4-19b. A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy leather jackets,reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in Figure 4-20, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 4-20c. The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning calisthenics inappropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure 4-21. Theresult is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 4-21d. The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of sweatshirts. As Figure4-22 shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price and an increase in theequilibrium quantity of sweatshirts.Figure 4-226. A temporarily high birth rate in the year 2005 leads to opposite effects on the price of babysittingservices in the years 2010 and 2020. In the year 2010, there are more 5-year olds who needsitters, so the demand for babysitting services rises, as shown in Figure 4-23. The result is ahigher price for babysitting services in 2010. However, in the year 2020, the increased numberof 15-year olds shifts the supply of babysitting services to the right, as shown in Figure 4-24.The result is a decline in the price of babysitting services.Figure 4-23Figure 4-247. Since ketchup is a complement for hot dogs, when the price of hot dogs rises, the quantitydemanded of hot dogs falls, thus reducing the demand for ketchup, causing both price andquantity of ketchup to fall. Since the quantity of ketchup falls, the demand for tomatoes byketchup producers falls, so both price and quantity of tomatoes fall. When the price oftomatoes falls, producers of tomato juice face lower input prices, so the supply curve for tomato juice shifts down, causing the price of tomato juice to fall and the quantity of tomato juice to rise.The fall in the price of tomato juice causes people to substitute tomato juice for orange juice, sothe demand for orange juice declines, causing the price and quantity of orange juice to fall.Now you can see clearly why a rise in the price of hot dogs leads to a fall in price of orange juice!Figure 4-258. a. Cigars and chewing tobacco are substitutes for cigarettes, since a higher price forcigarettes would increase demand for cigars and chewing tobacco.b. An increase in the tax on cigarettes leads to increased demand for cigars and chewingtobacco. The result, as shown in Figure 4-25 for cigars, is a rise in both the equilibriumprice and quantity of cigars and chewing tobacco.c. The results in part (b) showed that a tax on cigarettes leads people to substitute cigarsand chewing tobacco for cigarettes when the tax on cigarettes rises. To reduce totaltobacco usage, policymakers might also want to increase the tax on cigars and chewingtobacco, or pursue some type of public education program.9. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity of 81 pizzas (Figure 4-26).If price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed quantity demanded, so supplierswould reduce their price to gain sales. If price were less than $6, quantity demanded wouldexceed quantity supplied, so suppliers could raise their price without losing sales. In both cases, the price would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there's neithersurplus nor shortage.Figure 4-2610. a. If the price of flour falls, since flour is an ingredient in bagels, the supply curve for bagelswould shift to the right. The result, shown in Figure 4-27, would be a fall in the price ofbagels and a rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.Since cream cheese is a complement to bagels, the rise in quantity demanded of bagelsincreases the demand for cream cheese, as shown in Figure 4-28. The result is a rise inboth the equilibrium price and quantity of cream cheese. So, a fall in the price of flourindeed raises both the equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantityof bagels.Figure 4-27Figure 4-28What happens if the price of milk falls Since milk is an ingredient in cream cheese, the fall in the price of milk leads to an increase in the supply of cream cheese. This leads to a decrease in the price of cream cheese (Figure 4-29), rather than a rise in the price of cream cheese. So a fall in the price of milk couldn't have been responsible for the pattern observed.Figure 4-29Figure 4-30b. In part (a), we found that a fall in the price of flour led to a rise in the price of creamcheese and a rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. If the price of flour rose, theopposite would be true; it would lead to a fall in the price of cream cheese and a fall inthe equilibrium quantity of bagels. Since the question says the equilibrium price ofcream cheese has risen, it couldn't have been caused by a rise in the price of flour.What happens if the price of milk rises From part (a), we found that a fall in the priceof milk caused a decline in the price of cream cheese, so a rise in the price of milk would cause a rise in the price of cream cheese. Since bagels and cream cheese arecomplements, the rise in the price of cream cheese would reduce the demand for bagels,as Figure 4-30 shows. The result is a decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. Soa rise in the price of milk does cause both a rise in the price of cream cheese and adecline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.11. a. As Figure 4-31 shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant supply makes sensebecause the basketball arena has a fixed number of seats no matter what the price.Figure 4-31b. Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. The equilibrium quantityis 8,000 tickets.c.Price Quantity Demanded Quantity Supplied$ 414,0008,000811,0008,000128,0008,000165,0008,000202,0008,000The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demanded to quantitysupplied. The equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.12. The executives are confusing changes in demand with changes in quantity demanded. Figure4-32 shows the demand curve prior to the marketing campaign (D1), and after the campaign (D2).The marketing campaign increased the demand for champagne, as shown, leading to a higherequilibrium price and quantity. The influence of the higher price on demand is alreadyreflected in the outcome. It's impossible for the scenario outlined by the executives to occur.Figure 4-32。
经济学原理(第四章)备考题
B、规模报酬递减
C、规模报酬不变
D、需视具体情况而定
窗体底端
答案：1、D 2、D 3、A 4、D 5、B 6、B 7、C 8、B
9、B 10、A
B、成本增加了
C、生产要素的价格按相同比例提高了
D、生产要素的价格按不同比例提高了
6.当投入要素中只有一种要素可变时，该可变要素的投入量与产量的变化可分为三个阶段，其合理使用区域即经济区
Ｃ、第三区域
Ｄ、第二区域的一部分
7.随着劳动投入要素的不断增加，劳动的边际产量在开始阶段上升，然后出现下降的趋势，那么，当总产量达到最大时（ ）。
D、边际产量曲线一定在平均产量曲线的最高点与之相交
9.规模报酬递减是在下述情况下发生的（ ）。
A、连续地投入某种生产要素而保持其它生产要素不变
B、按比例连续增加各种生产要素
C、不按比例连续增加各种生产要素
D、以上都正确
10.假设生产函数的形式为q=x^(2-α）· y^α，其中0<α<1，则该生产技术为（ ）。
A、平均产量等于边际产量
B、边际产量大于平均产量
C、平均产量大于边际产量
D、平均产量等于零
8.下列说法中错误的一种说法是（ ）。
A、只要总产量减少，边际产量一定是负的
B、只要边际产量减少，总产量也一定减少
C、随着某种生产要素投入量的增加，边际产量和平均产量增加到一定程度趋于下降，其中边际产量的下降一定先于平均产量
经济学原理（第四章 生产理论）
窗体顶端
单选题
1.如果规模报酬不变，单位时间里增加了20%的劳动使用量；但保持资本量不变，则产出将（ ）。
A、增加20%
B、减少20%
经济学原理习题四
1.一种物品的价格从8美元上升到12美元,需求从110单位减少为90单位。
用中点法计算的弹性是 B
A.1/5
B.1/2
C.2
D.5
2.企业可以在一定时期内进入和退出一个市场意味着在长期中 C
A.需求曲线更有弹性
B.需求曲线更少弹性
C.供给曲线更有弹性
D.供给曲线更少弹性
3.随着时间的推移,技术进步增加了消费者的收入并降低了智能手机的价格。
如果需求的收入弹性大于而且如果需求的价格弹性大于 A ,那么这些力量都会增加消费者对智能手机的支出。
下列哪个A , B组合符合条件? C
A.0,0
B.0,1
C.1,0
D.1,1
4.一场风暴摧毁了蚕豆苗的一半。
当需求非常富有弹性还是非常缺乏弹性时,这个事件对农民的伤害更大? A
A.非常富有弹性
B.非常缺乏弹性
16.如果政府永久性地提高香烟价格,这项政策 B
A.过从现在起1年内吸烟量的影响更大
B.对从现在起5年内吸烟量的影响更大
a公务乘客的需求价格弹性为[填空1]
b度假乘客的需求价格弹性为[填空2]
正确答案:
0.23;1.32
18.考虑针对吸烟的公共政策。
a .研究表明,香烟的需求价格弹性大约是0.4。
如果现在每盒香烟为5美元,并且政府想减少20%的吸烟量,那么它应该将香烟价格提高到多少?[填空1]
b .如果政府永久性地提高香烟价格,这项政策对从现在起1年内吸烟量的影响更大,还是对从现在起5年内吸烟量的影响更大?[填空2]年
正确答案:8.33;5。
经济学原理第4章 充分就业
充分就业时的失业(shī yè)
为什么失业总是(zǒnɡ shì)存在？ 两个广泛的原因：
– 寻找工作 – 工作配给
第四十五页,共七十二页。
充分就业时的失业(shī yè)
寻找工作 找到一个可接受的空位工作的活动
影响工作寻找量的其他因素： – 人口(rénkǒu)变动 – 失业津贴 – 结构变动
• 劳动生产率：每小时劳动的实际GDP • 三个影响(yǐngxiǎng)劳动生产率的因素是： • 物质资本 • 人力资本 • 技术
第八页,共七十二页。
实际(shíjì)GDP与就业
劳动生产率：物质资本 在其他条件不变的情况下,我们(wǒ men)使
用的物质资本越多,我们(wǒ men)的劳动 生产率就越高。
第九页,共七十二页。
实际(shíjì)GDP与就业
劳动生产率：人力资本 人们从教育和在职培训中得到的知识和 技能 。 (jìnéng)
干中学可以使劳动生产率可靠地提高。
第十页,共七十二页。
实际(shíjì)GDP与就业
劳动生产率：技术(jìshù)
技术对劳动生产率的深远影响。
第十一页,共七十二页。
25
年 美 元 15
工作寻找增加(zēngjiā), 失业率高于自然率
LS
寻找工作引起处于 自然率的失业
第二十页,共七十二页。
劳动(láodòng)市场---劳动 (láodòng)供给
劳动供给量是经济中所有家庭方案工作的 劳动时数。 劳动供给是在所有其他影响(yǐngxiǎng)工 作方案的因素都不变时,劳动供给量与实 际工资率之间的关系。
第二十一页,共七十二页。
劳动(láodòng)供给
经济学10大原理
经济学10大原理
1. 放弃其他的选择来追求自己的利益 - 人们面临有限的资源，
需要在不同的选择之间做出决策，并选择对自身利益最大化的选项。
2. 比较优势原理 - 个人、团队或国家应该专注于他们擅长的事物，并通过交换与他人分享这些产品或服务，以实现资源的最优分配和效率提高。
3. 供求平衡原理 - 当需求增加时，价格上升，供应减少；当需
求减少时，价格下降，供应增加。
供求的平衡决定了价格的制定和市场的走势。
4. 投资与效率增长原理 - 投资于资本、技术和教育等方面可以
提高生产效率，实现长期的经济增长。
5. 激励原理 - 个体的行为受到激励的驱动，人们会根据激励来
做出选择和决策，支配着市场行为和经济活动。
6. 机会成本原理 - 做出某种选择时，必然会放弃其他的选择，
这些放弃的选择所带来的成本就是机会成本，需要在决策中考虑。
7. 外部性原理 - 经济活动可能会对除参与者之外的人产生影响，这些影响称为外部性。
当外部性存在时，市场不能有效地实现资源的最优配置，需要政府干预。
8. 市场失灵原理 - 市场在某些情况下可能无法达到最优状态，导致资源未能有效配置，需要政府干预以改善市场效率。
9. 政府作用原理 - 政府在经济中的角色是提供公共产品、管理市场失灵并纠正不公平现象，以及维持宏观经济稳定。
10. 公平与效率的权衡原理 - 在经济活动中，追求效率可能会导致不公平，追求公平可能会牺牲效率。
需要在公平和效率之间做出权衡，寻找最佳的平衡点。
经济学原理各章重点
《经济学原理》微观经济学第一章需求与供给的一般原理一、需求：在一个给定的时间内，在各种可能的价格水平上,消费者愿意并且能够购买的商品和服务的数量.二、供给：子一个特定的时间内，在各种可能的价格水平上，厂商愿意并且能够出售的商品或服务的数量.三、需求曲线(课本P15页）四、供给曲线（课本P21页）五、分析并说明引起需求和供给变动的因素1.需求:(1)自身价格——负相关 (2)收入水平—-正相关(3)偏好-—正相关(4）相关商品价格:替代品-—正相关互补品——负相关（5）预期-—正相关2. 供给 : (1）自身价格—-正相关（2）投入生产要素成本——负相关（3）生产的技术水平——正相关 (4）相关商品价格-—负相关(5)预期——正相关六、需求弹性与供给弹性1。
需求弹性:在一定时期内，作为自变量的商品价格每变动百分之一，该商品的需求量搬动的敏感度。
影响因素:(1）商品的性质——生活必需品小、奢侈品大(2)商品的可替代性—-负相关（3)某种商品支出在消费者预算中的比重——正相关(4)商品用途的广泛性--正相关(5）时间的长短—-正相关2。
供给弹性：在一定时期内,某种商品的供给量的相对变动对于该种商品价格相对变动的反应程度. 七、均衡价格（书P24页）市场实现均衡时的价格，也就是商品的需求量和供给量相等时的价格，称为均衡价格。
八、均衡数量的形成与变动（书P26页）供求定律：供求的变动与均衡价格和均衡数量变动之间的内在联系。
如果供给不变，需求增加，那么均衡价格就会上升，均衡数量相应增加.反之则反。
如果需求不变，供给增加，那么均衡价格就会下降，均衡数量相应增加。
反之则反.第二章消费理论一、效用的基本概念效用（U）：消费者从消费商品和服务或从其他消费行为中得到的满足程度或偏好水平。
总效用(TU）：消费者在一定时间内消费一定量的商品所得到的效用总和或总的满足程度.边际效用(MU)：在一定时间内消费者增加一个单位商品的消费所引起的总效用增加量。
经济学-第四章 生产理论
一种可变投入品生产函数可被下表所描述：
劳动力数 量（L） 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 资本数量 （K） 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 总产量 （TP） 0 10 30 60 80 95 108 112 112 108 100 平均产量 （AP） 10 15 20 20 19 18 16 14 12 10 边际产量 （MP） 10 20 30 20 15 13 4 0 -4 -8
二、边际收益递减规律
注意几点：
• （1）收益递减规律具有独立于经济制度或其它社 会条件而发生作用的普遍性或一般性。 • （2）边际收益递减规律作用前提之一“技术水平” 不变，它不否认技术条件变化可能导致劳动生产 率提高。 • （3）规律表述有“最终”二字修饰条件。也就是 说，某一投入边际收益并非自始至终递减，它有 可能在一定范围内呈现增加趋势。
K 5 E
4 3
2 1 D C A B Q3=90 Q2=75 Q1=55 3 4 L 5
0
1
2
2、等产量线的特征
（1）等产量线是一条 向右下方倾斜的曲 线。 （2）在同一平面图上 可以有无数条等产 量线，不同的等产 量线代表不同的产 量水平。
K 5 E
4
3 2 1 B D A C Q3=90 Q2=75 Q1=55 3 4 5 L
K A
利率（PK）变化使等成 本线以B点为轴心旋转。
O
B1
B2
B3
L
四、生产要素的最适组合
1、既定成本下 产量最大 2、既定产量下 成本最低
• 等成本线和等产量线 的切点。这时： • MPL / MPK = PL / PK， 即两种投入品的边际 产量比率等于它们的 价格比率。或者： • MPL / PL = MPK / PK， 即两种投入品的边际 产量与其价格比率相 等。
经济学十大原理
人们如何做出决策
原理二： 原理二： 某种东西的成本是为了得到它而放弃的东西 一种东西的机会成本是为了得到这种东西所 放弃的东西。这是某种东西的真实成本。上大学 的机会成本显然包括你的学费。它还包括你可以 用于工作的时间的价值，这种价值按你的潜在工 资评价。它不包括你的食宿费，因为无论你上不 上学，都要吃饭睡觉。
人们如何做出决策
原理四： 原理四：人们会对激膀做出反应
由于理性人评价活动的边际成本与边际利益 所以，当这些成本或利益变动时，他们就做出反 应。例如，当汽车的价格上升时，买者有少买汽 车的激励，而汽车制造商有雇用更多工人并生产 更多汽车的激励。公共政策可以改变活动的成本 或收益。例如，对昂贵游艇的奢侈品税提高了其 售价，并不鼓励人们购买。一些政策会有不合意 的结果，因为这些政策以一种未预见到的方式改 变了行为。
选择题
12．下列哪一种关于市场经济的表述是正 12． 确的? 确的?
市场参与者仿佛由一只“看不见的手”指引 行事，产生了使社会福利最大化的结果。 b. 税收有助于沟通生产者与消费者的成本与利 益。 c. 在有足够大的电脑时，中央计划者可以比市 场更有效地指导生产。 d. 市场体制的力量倾向于在消费者中平等地分 配资源。 a.
选择题
13． 13．美国工人享有高生活水平是因为 a. b. c. d. e. 美国的工会维护了高工资。 美国保护自己的工业免受国外竞争。 美国有高的最低工资。 美国工人的生产率高。 以上每一项都不是。
选择题
14． 14．高而持久的通货膨胀的原因是 a. b. c. d. 工会使工资增加得太多了。 欧佩克使石油价格上升得太高了。 政府增加的货币量太多了。 管制使生产成本增加得太多了。
a. b. c. d.
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• For a given elasticity of supply, the buyer pays a larger share of the tax, the more inelastic is the demand for the good.
In Figure 7.2(a), the market is efficient with marginal benefit equal to marginal cost.
Total surplus—the sum of 2. Consumer surplus and 3. Producer surplus—is maximized.
2. A $10 tax on sellers of MP3 players shifts the supply curve to S + tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
3. The buyer’s price rises to $105—an increase of $5 a player.
4. The seller’s price falls to $95—a decrease of $5 a player.
5. The quantity decreases to 2,000 players a week.
6. The government’s tax revenue is $20,000.
Tax Incidence
Tax incidence is the division of the burden of a tax
between the buyer and the seller. When a good is taxed, it has two prices:
• A price that includes the tax • A price that excludes the tax Buyers respond to the price that includes the tax. Sellers respond to the price that excludes the tax.
2. A $10 tax on buyers shifts the demand curve to D – tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
3. The buyer’s price rises to $105—an increase of $5 a player.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Tax Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity of Supply
Perfectly Inelastic Supply: Seller Pays and Efficient Perfectly Elastic Supply: Buyer Pays and Inefficient Figures 7.4(a) and 7.4(b) illustrate these two extreme cases.
Marginal benefit equals marginal cost, so the outcome is efficient.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.3(b) shows tax incidence in a market with perfectly elastic demand— the market for pink pens.
Excess burden is the amount by which the burden of a tax exceeds the tax revenue received by the government.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity
The equilibrium quantity is less than the efficient quantity and a deadweight loss arises.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.2 shows the inefficiency of taxes.
The burden of the tax equals the tax revenue plus the deadweight loss.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Excess burden is the
deadweight loss from a tax.
The excess burden is (3,000 $10 2), which equals $15,000.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.3(a) shows tax incidence in a market with perfectly inelastic demand— the market for insulin.
A tax of 20¢ a dose raises the price by 20¢, and the buyer pays all the tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Tax Incidence, Inefficiency, and Elasticity of Demand
Perfectly Inelastic Demand: Buyer Pays and Efficient Perfectly Elastic Demand: Seller Pays and Inefficient Figures 7.3(a) and 7.3(b) illustrate these two extreme cases.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Taxes and Efficiency
A tax places a wedge between the buyers’ price (marginal benefit) and the sellers’ price (marginal cost).
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.1(b) shows what happens when the government taxes sellers of the MP3 players.
1. With no tax, the price is
$100 and 5,000 players a week are bought.
2 Explain how a price ceiling works and show how a rent ceiling creates a housing shortage, inefficiency, and unfairness.
3 Explain how a price floor works and show how the minimum wage creates unemployment, inefficiency, and unfairness.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.1(a) shows what happens when the government taxes buyers of the MP3 players.
1. With no tax, the price is $100 and 5,000 players are bought.
A tax of 10¢ a pink pen lowers the price received by the seller by 10¢, and the seller pays all the tax.
A deadweight loss arises, so the outcome is inefficient.
CHAPTER CHECKLIST
4 Explain how a price support in the market for an agricultural product creates a surplus, inefficiency, and unfairness.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
5. The government collects its tax revenue.
6. A deadweight loss arises.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
The loss of consumer surplus and producer surplus is the burden of the tax.
7.1 TAXES ON BUYERS AND SELLERS
Figure 7.2(b) shiency. A $10 tax shifts the supply curve to S + tax.
1. Marginal benefit exceeds 2. Marginal cost. 3. Consumer surplus and 4. Producer surplus shrink.
• For a given elasticity of demand, the seller pays a larger share of the tax, the more inelastic is the supply of the good.