山东中医药大学2014年考博真题
山东大学考博英语2014年真题
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and Vocabulary (总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the readers way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）A.willB.disposal √C.requestD.convenience解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
没有at ones will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at ones disposal“可自行支配”；at ones request“应某人请求”；at ones convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbed √D.concentrated解析：[解析] 近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbedin(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosure √C.contactD.connection解析：[解析] 固定搭配。
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题
2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题第一篇：2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题一、名词解释epicranial aponeurosis椎前筋膜iliotibial tract奇静脉肋膈隐窝二、面侧深区的境界及内容三、胸锁乳突肌区的境界及内容四、上纵隔的层级结构五、腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜的延续及临床意义六、盆筋膜壁层和盆筋膜壁层的配布七、肩关节及肩袖的组成八、胸部交感干的形成及节前节后纤维的走向九、上运动神经元和下运动神经元的鉴别十、肾筋膜的延续和临床意义第二篇：复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题04复旦考博入学试题——文史哲综合名词解释（6*5）：魔幻现实主义；类书；玄言诗；“形而上”；词汇学；？填空（10*1’）：[古今中外都有，难度不大，关键是范围广，不易复习，感觉只能靠平时积累] 选择（15*1’）：[感觉与填空差不多，如1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者是哪一位？] 论述（8题选三，3*15’）：1、请对儒家的几个代表人物的思想说说你的看法及其现实意义；2、谈谈人文学科对于科技和经济的导向作用；3、试述“垮掉的一代”创作思潮的特点及其对于中国青年文学的影响；4、乾嘉学派在文献整理方面的成就；5、民族和国家的文化交流对古代文学的影响；复旦大学——文史哲专业2003年博士研究生入学考试试题2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等六个方向。
一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）相对真理文字资治通鉴新感觉派五经元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）1、反映论是----的认识论。
2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的-------。
3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代5。
同光体发生年代6。
三言是指7。
甲骨文以前的成体系文字是------8。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论2014年考博真题试卷
山东中医药大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东中医药大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医基础理论 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、问答题（100） 1.阴阳学说基本内容和意义
第1页 共1页
2.经脉和络脉的区别和联系 3.何为合病？何为并病？两者区别和联系 4.五行相克规律的治则和治法？举例说明 5.何为体质学说？对中医学指导意义 6.辨证和辨病的区别和联系 7.肾阴虚导致闭经和崩漏的机理 8.何为气机和气化？联系 9.谈谈你对“三焦”的认识 10.心和肾的生理联系
历年中医药大学博士考题资料
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
山东大学考博英语2014年真题.doc
山东大学考博英语2014年真题(总分：95.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Grammar and V(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.Most good writers use every means at their ______ to make the reader"s way smooth and easy.（分数：0.50）A.willB.disposalC.requestD.convenience2.John was so ______ in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.（分数：0.50）A.engagedB.occupiedC.absorbedD.concentrated3.Too much ______ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.（分数：0.50）A.exposureB.disclosureC.contactD.connection4.And we maintain a reflexive, ______ affection for Uncle Ralph, the boring fellow with interminable stories of a time we never knew.（分数：0.50）A.hatefulB.distancedC.lovingD.close glaring5.______ a delay, the train will arrive in Shanghai at 6:30 a.m.（分数：0.50）A.ExceptB.BarringC.Apart fromD.On account of6.If something very substantial is not done next month, he cannot ______ his office.（分数：0.50）A.obtainB.secureC.haveD.retain7.Stores and supermarkets have been ______ with each other to attract customers.（分数：0.50）A.strivingB.vyingC.conqueringD.sprouting8.The boy was very naughty, his mother ______ punishment to make him obey.（分数：0.50）A.took advantageB.made useC.resorted toD.turned for9.If the heavy rain had ______ an extreme high tide, serious flooding would have resulted.（分数：0.50）A.happened toB.occurred toC.coincided withD.turned out10.The criminal was told he would be ______ from punishment if he said what he knew about the murder.（分数：0.50）A.immuneB.immigrantC.imminentD.infallible11.It is hard to tell whether we are going to have a ______ in the economy or a recession.（分数：0.50）A.concessionB.boomC.transmissionD.submission12.There is no ______ evidence that the diplomatic relations will be restored to normal between these two countries.（分数：0.50）A.tangibleB.touchableC.noticeableD.inevitable13.The mountain peak is ______ on the horizon.（分数：0.50）A.straddlingB.overlookingC.toweringD.dominant14.14, All the investors in stocks must be ______ to the risks in such investment.（分数：0.50）A.realisticB.alertC.accessibleD.awake15.The excursion will give you an even deeper ______ into our language and culture.（分数：0.50）A.inquiryB.investigationC.inputD.insight16.The Prime Minister denied that the president ______ any information about the transfer and transaction of the nuclear weapons in North Korea.（分数：0.50）A.kept silent aboutB.was privy toC.was knowledgeable aboutD.had a stake in17.______ there was not a soul around except some cars passing occasionally.（分数：0.50）A.Over nightB.At duskC.In the dead of nightD.Fortnight18.With facilities worth 30 to 50 billion dollars and 9,000 miles of roads in the national ______ park system alone, keeping up with needed repairs is.（分数：0.50）A.overwhelmingB.appallingC.dominantD.appealing19.The career I have chosen ______ opportunities yet it is fraught with heartbreak, despair and hardship.（分数：0.50）A.is laden withB.is lack ofC.is burdened withD.is in want of20.Science is based on experiment, on a willingness to ______ old dogma, on an openness to see the universe as it really is.（分数：0.50）A.encounterB.convertC.challengeD.formulate21.In the process of development we should ______ heart that social life is based on exchange.（分数：0.50）A.take fromB.take toC.take forD.take in22.What makes basketball the most ______ of sports is how these styles do not necessarily clash.（分数：0.50）A.aspiringB.intriguingC.conspiringD.famous23.She is too shy to ask a stranger the time, ______ speak to a room of people.（分数：0.50）A.much lessB.much moreC.still moreD.more or less24.A balance used for weighing drugs or jewels must be a ______ instrument, but this would be quite unsuitable for weighing coal, sand or blocks of stone.（分数：0.50）A.distinctionB.correctionC.precautionD.precision25.Motorcyclists should wear helmets to ______ them from injury.（分数：0.50）A.saveB.shieldC.shelterD.defend26.______ what has been said, it is unlike that population growth will be halted, either in the developed or in the undeveloped world.（分数：0.50）A.In view ofB.On behalf ofC.For the sake ofD.With the exception of27.This new book has received several reviews since its publication; but none of them have madea just ______ of the book.（分数：0.50）A.calculationB.evaluationC.profitD.register28.The spy gave General Washington a ______ report on enemy activities.（分数：0.50）A.confidentB.influentialC.confidentialD.substantial29.Henry"s news report covering the conference was so ______ that nothing had been omitted.（分数：0.50）prehensiveprehensibleC.understandingD.understandable30.In Scotland, as in the rest of the United Kingdom, ______ schooling begins at age 5 and ends at age 16.（分数：0.50）pellingB.forcedC.obligedpulsory二、Part Ⅱ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.（分数：10.00）A.as toB.for instanceC.in particularD.such asA.tighteningB.intensifyingD.fasteningA.sketchB.roughC.preliminaryD.draftA.illogicalB.illegalC.improbableD.improperA.publicityB.penaltyC.popularityD.peculiarityA.sinceB.ifC.beforeD.asA.sidedB.sharedpliedD.agreedA.presentB.offerC.manifestD.indicateA.ReleaseB.PublicationC.PrintingD.ExposureA.stormB.rageC.flareD.flashA.translationB.interpretationC.exhibitionD.demonstrationA.better thanB.other thanC.rather thanD.sooner thanA.changesB.makesC.setsD.turnsA.bindingB.convincingC.restrainingA.authorizedB.creditedC.entitledD.qualifiedA.withB.toC.fromD.byA.impactB.incidentC.inferenceD.issueA.statedB.remarkedC.saidD.toldA.whatB.whenC.whichD.thatA.assureB.confideC.ensureD.guarantee三、Part Ⅲ Reading Compr(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Passage One(总题数：1，分数：7.50)When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It"s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland"s laws against secret telephone taping. It"s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms. Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will. As an example of what"s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called MemberWorks with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, MemberWorks started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a "free trial offer" had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues. Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn"t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U. S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms. And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products,including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans. You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields "transaction and experience" information—mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They"ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn"t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in writing, that "all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential". Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn"t "sell" your data at all. It merely "shares" it and reaps a profit. Now you know.（分数：7.50）(1).Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people"s privacy ______.（分数：1.50）A.is practiced exclusively by the FBIB.is more prevalent in business circlesC.has been intensified with the help of the IRSD.is mainly carried out by means of secret taping(2).We know from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）A.the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protect private informationB.most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices of private businessesC.legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacy protectionwmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquire into customers" buying habits(3).When the "free trial" deadline is over, you"ll be charged without notice for a product or service if ______.（分数：1.50）A.you happen to reveal your credit card numberB.you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC.you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD.you find the product or service unsatisfactory(4).Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts as private because ______.（分数：1.50）A.it is considered "transaction and experience" information unprotected by lawB.it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC.its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD.its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the current protection policy(5).We can infer from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）A.banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB."free trial" practice will eventually be bannedC.privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD.consumers" privacy will continue to be invaded五、Passage Two(总题数：1，分数：2.50)Whether the eyes are "the windows of the soul" is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby"s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother"s back,infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the "proper place to focus one"s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one"s conversation partner".The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.（分数：2.50）(1).The author is convinced that the eyes are ______.（分数：0.50）A.of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB.something through which one can see a person"s inner worldC.of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD.something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate(2).Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ______.（分数：0.50）A.whose front view is fully perceivedB.whose face is covered with a maskC.whose face is seen from the sideD.whose face is free of any covering(3).According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner"s neck because ______.（分数：0.50）A.they don"t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB.they need not communicate through eye contactC.they don"t think it polite to have eye contactD.they didn"t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood(4).According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to ______.（分数：0.50）A.one temporarily glancing away from the otherB.eye contact of more than one secondC.improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD.constant adjustment of eye contact(5).To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ______.（分数：0.50）A.not to wear dark spectaclesB.not to make any interruptionsC.not to glance away from each otherD.not to make unpredictable pauses六、Passage Three(总题数：1，分数：7.50)A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One"s physical assets and liabilities don"t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best. Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individualsare more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers—a piece of paper relating an individual"s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some anaverage-looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.（分数：7.50）(1).According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a manager ______.（分数：1.50）A.a person"s property or debts do not matter muchB.a person"s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC.women should always dress fashionablyD.women should not only be attractive but also high-minded(2).The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ______.（分数：1.50）A.people do not realize the importance of looking one"s bestB.women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC.goodlooking women aspire to managerial positionsD.attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not(3).Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributes ______.（分数：1.50）A.they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB.they do not usually act according to the views they supportC.they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD.they tend to base their judgment on the individual"s accomplishments(4)."Good looks cut both ways for women" (Line 1, Para. 5) means that ______.（分数：1.50）A.attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB.goodlooking women always get the best of everythingC.being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD.attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions(5).It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ______.（分数：1.50）A.handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB.physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC.physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellD.good looks are important for women as they are for men七、Passage Four(总题数：1，分数：7.50)Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called "footwear for yuppies (雅皮士，少壮高薪职业人士)". They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children"s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics(健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company"s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok"s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes." Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.（分数：7.50）(1).One reason why Reebok"s managerial personnel don"t like their shoes to be called "footwear for yuppies" is that ______.（分数：1.50）A.they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groupsB.new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC."yuppies" usually evokes a negative imageD.the term makes people think of prohibitive prices(2).Reebok"s view that "consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution" (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ______.（分数：1.50）A.the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling itB.the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC.the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD.consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores(3).Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ______.（分数：1.50）A.its supply of products fell short of demandB.too many distributors would cut into its profitsC.the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD.it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products(4).Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ______.（分数：1.50）A.does not want to further expand its retailing networkB.still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC.is still particular about who sells its productsD.still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products(5).What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike"s distribution problems?（分数：1.50）A.A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount storesB.A company should not limit its distribution networkC.A company should do follow-up surveys of its productsD.A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market八、Part Ⅳ Use of Langua(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52, and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years of gambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $ 35,000 a year, lost approximately $175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth of gambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casino issued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card", which when used in the casino earns points for meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user"s gambling activities. For Williams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin".1 . In 1997 he lost $21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997 he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boat docked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suing the casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted. It did know he had a problem. In March 1998 a friend of Williams"s got him involuntarily confined to a treatment center for addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams"s gambling problem. The casino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a "cease admissions" letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being.2 .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun... and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number for counseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams"s suit charges that the casino, knowing he was "helplessly addicted to gambling", intentionally worked to "lure" him to "engage in conduct against his will". Well.3 .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says "pathological gambling" involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less of money than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.4 . Pushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifying what once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin to physical disabilities.5 .Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varying degrees dependent on—you might say addicted to—revenues from wagering. And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers" dollars has become intense. The Oct.28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800 virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gambling has passed pornography as the Web"s most profitable business.A. Although no such evidence was presented, the casino"s marketing department continued to pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card without being detected.B. It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sense was his will operative?C. By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.D. Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it was broadly。
近5年 中医基础理论考博真题
2016—2020年中医基础理论考博真题上海中医药大学中医基础理论2019年考博真题试卷名词解释(5题，每题4分，共20分)1.土爱稼穑2，阴病治阳3.审证求因4.湿性黏滞5.塞因塞用论述题(5题，每题8分，共40 分)1.营气与卫气有何异同，营卫失和的临床表现2.水湿痰饮的区别与联系3.何为十二经脉的表里关系?其特点与其意义如何?4.外燥与内燥的异同5.脾与精，气，血，津液的生理联系湖南中医药大学2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上。
写在试题纸上或其他地方--律不给分。
、名词解释1.肝主疏泄2.肺主治节3.循经取穴4. 内生五邪5.塞因塞用6.阴病治阳7.精血同源8. 心肾不交二、简答题1. 脾胃的关系。
2. 饮的分类。
3. 药邪的形成及致病特点。
4.风邪致病的特点。
5.心主神明与脑主神明的认识。
6. 三焦的认识。
7.脏腑之别。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论2018年考博真题考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一-律不给分。
论述题: .1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有赢状，至虚有盛候。
7.试述”阴病治阳，阳病治阴”与”阴中求阳，阳中求阴”有何异同?8.试述湿邪致病特点，及与外湿有何异同?9.谈谈对益火补土法的认识及临床中的应用。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论考博真题1.风邪性质和致病特征，为什么说风为百病之长?2.从病机转化角度说明寒证转化为热证的转变形式?3.虚实的病机机制?2018年山东中医药大学博士考试中医基础理论试题1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有羸状，至虚有盛候。
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。
根据句意，只有B项符合题意。
2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。
absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。
concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。
根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。
故答案为C。
3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。
2014考博真题
单选(1×50)：距离上颌窦最近的牙；翼下颌间隙内容；舌神经与颌下腺导管的关系
安氏错颌分类舌骨上肌群腺淋巴瘤病理变化活动期牙周炎病理变化
骨化纤维瘤与骨纤维异常增殖的区别翼突钩位置口腔鳞癌最常见的类型下颌骨内侧面结构解剖生理主观题
名解（2×5）
边缘嵴wilson曲线肌力轨道面侧深区味觉传导
简答（5×3）
面部协调关系
面瘫的分型、表现及解剖基础
牙合力及其影响因素
组织病理主观题
名解：咽囊（英文）朗格汉斯细胞（英文）棘层松解（英文）牙龈化脓性肉芽肿釉质龋表层简答：继发性牙本质、修复性牙本质之间区别、表现、病理变化
静止期牙周炎的病理变化；举出两例含牙源性外胚间充质成分的牙源性上皮性肿瘤，并描述病理变化。
山东中医药大学历年考试真题中内答案
肺系篇2008-6哮证的治疗原则。
当宗丹溪“未发以扶正气为主，既发以攻邪气为急”之说，以“发时治标，平时治本”为基本原则。
发时攻邪治标，祛痰利气，寒痰宜温化宣肺，热痰当清化肃肺，寒热错杂者，当温清并施，表证明显者兼以解表，属风痰为患者又当祛风涤痰。
反复日久，正虚邪实者，又当兼顾，不可单纯拘泥于祛邪。
若发生喘脱危候，当急予扶正救脱。
平时应扶正治本，阳气虚者应予温补，阴虚者则予滋养，分别采取补肺、健脾、益肾等法，以冀减轻、减少或控制其发作。
如《景岳全书·喘促门》说：“扶正气者，须辨阴阳，阴虚者补其阴，阳虚者补其阳。
攻邪气者，须分微甚，或散其风，或温其寒，或清其痰火。
然发久者，气无不虚，故于消散中宜酌加温补，或于温补中宜量加消散，此等证候，当倦倦以元气为念，必致元气渐充，庶可望其渐愈。
若攻之太过，未有不致日甚而危者”，堪为哮病辨治的要领，临证应用的准则。
2013-4.谈谈哮病的中医药治疗优势及不足。
优势：西医多偏重于急性发作期的治疗 , 虽然症状得到控制 , 但哮喘的慢性炎症生理改变仍然存在。
中医药的优势在于不仅“发则制其标”更在于“缓则治其本” , 不仅针对治疗肺 , 也兼治其他脏器来提高肺的功能。
一是治疗重点应放在缓解期的治疗,其目标是减少患者哮喘发作的频率及发作时的严重程度, 主要治法为健脾化痰、培土生金。
即使是在缓解期, “宿痰内伏”始终是本病的病根, 而“脾为生痰之源”, 故健脾化痰是主要的治疗方法。
常用方为六君子汤, 对于体质较差, 经常因感冒诱发本病的患者, 也可采用玉屏风散加减。
肾主纳气 , 肺的呼吸功能需要肾的纳气作用来协助 ,肺气久虚 , 久病及肾 , 可导致肾不纳气 , 出现动则气喘的症状 , 若肾的气化失司 , 关门不利 , 则上为喘息 ,咳逆倚息而不得平卧 , 肾为肺的“子脏”使用“金水相生法”用于肺虚不能输布津液以滋肾。
哮喘反复发作又导致肾阴不足 , 精气不能上滋于肺 , 而致肺肾阴虚者 , 方用生脉地黄汤和金水六君煎。
山东中医药大学中内考博真题
山东中医药大学历年考博真题2000 年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中” “类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）2001 年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？2002 年中医内科1.中医痿证与西医的神经系统哪些疾病有关2.治痿独取阳明的含义3.无痰无不作眩的病机含义怎样理解“病痰饮者当以温药合之”高血压如何辨证，降压中药有哪些4.胸闷病机、症状、治法、代表方剂5.天王补心丹、朱砂安神丸、黄连阿胶汤、知柏地黄汤心悸如何区别应用，方药组成6.湿邪困脾的脉症特点7.活血化瘀在急慢性白血病中如何应用8.消渴病机、症状，消渴肾脏病时真武汤、济生肾气丸适应症多时什么，方药组成。
2003 年中医内科1.名词解释：逆流挽舟、提壶揭盖、延痹、关格、绝汗2.结合腹痛的病机，谈谈痛证的治疗大法3.气臌、血臌的临床特征、治法、方药4.治疗虚劳时，运用补益法应注意的问题5.何谓“厥证”？《内经》如何论述的？6.运用《内经》的阴阳营卫的观点，阐述寤寐的生理、病理7.古代文献对脑的生理功能的认识8.痹证在古代的分类方法、近代如何分类？9.高脂血症的病因病机10.病例分析题：述其正确的诊断、证型、方药2004 年中医内科1.失眠的主要病因病机有哪些？如何理解“胃不合则卧不安”？2.从汗为心之液的基本理论，结合临床简述心病与汗证在病机上的关联及主要的治法方药。
2014年博士英语试卷 完整原题版
2014MD全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPER ONEPart 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a questionabout what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hearthe question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following exampleYou will hearWoman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pintsC. About 4 pintsD. About 7 pints2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work.C. Take some sleeping pills.D. Work harder to forget all her troubles.3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor.B. He won’t complain anything.C. He is in good condition.D. He couldn’t be worse.4. A. She is kidding.B. She will get a raise.C. The man will get a raise.D. The man will get a promotion.5. A. Her daughter likes ball games.B. Her daughter is an exciting child.C. She and her daughter are good friends.D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.6. A. She hurt her uncle.B. She hurt her ankle.C. She has a swollen toe.D. She needs a minor surgery.7. A. John likes gambling.B. John is very fond of his new boss.C. John has ups and downs in the new company.D. John has a promising future in the new company.8. A. She will get some advice from the front desk.B. She will undergo some lab tests.C. She will arrange an appointment.D. She will get the test results.9. A. She’s an odd character.B. She is very picky.C. She is easy-going.D. She likes fashions.10.A. At a street corner.B. In a local shop.C. In a ward.D. In a clinic.11.A. Sea food. B. Dairy products.C. Vegetables and fruits.D. Heavy foods.12.A. He is having a good time.B. He very much likes his old bicycle.C. He will buy a new bicycle right away.D. He would rather buy a new bicycle later.13.A. It is only a cough.B. It’s a minor illness.C. It started two weeks ago.D. It’s extremely serious.14.A. The woman is too optimistic about the stock market.B. The woman will even lose more money at the stock market.C. The stock market bubble will continue to grow.D. The stock market bubble will soon meet its demise.15.A. The small pills should be taken once a day before sleep.B. The yellow pills should be taken once a day before supper.C. The white pills should be taken once a day before breakfast.D. The large round pills should be taken three times a day after meals.Section BDirection:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, readthe four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue16.A. Because he had difficulty swallowing it.B. Because it was upsetting his stomach.C. Because he was allergic to it.D. Because it was too expensive.17.A. He can’t play soccer any more.B. He has a serious foot problem.C. He needs an operation.D. He has cancer.18.A. A blood transfusion.B. An allergy test.C. A urine test.D. A biopsy.19.A. To see if he has cancer. B. To see if he has depression.C. To see if he requires surgery.D. To see if he has a food allergyproblem.20.A. Relieved.B. Anxious.C. Angry.D. Depressed.Passage One21.A. The cause of COPD.B. Harmful effects of smoking.C. Men more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.D. Women more susceptible to harmful effects of smoking.22.A. 954.B. 955.C. 1909.D. 1955.23.A. On May 18 in San Diego. B. On May 25 in San Diego.C. On May 18 in San Francisco.D. On May 25 in San Francisco.24.A. When smoking exposure is high.B. When smoking exposure is low.C. When the subjects received medication.D. When the subjects stopped smoking.25.A. Hormone differences in men and women.B. Genetic differences between men and women.C. Women’s active metabolic rate.D. Women’s smaller airways.Passage Two26.A. About 90,000.B. About 100,000.C. Several hundreds.D. About 5,000.27.A. Warning from Goddard Space Flight Center.B. Warning from the Kenyan health ministry.C. Experience gained from the 1997 outbreak.D. Proper and prompt Aid from NASA.28.A. Distributing mosquito nets.B. Persuading people not to slaughter animals.C. Urging people not to eat animals.D. Dispatching doctors to the epidemic-stricken area.29.A. The higher surface temperatures in the equatorial part of the Indian Ocean.B. The short-lived mosquitoes that were the hosts of the viruses.C. The warm and dry weather in the Horn of Africa.D. The heavy but intermittent rains.30.A. Warning from NASA.B. How to treat Rift Valley fever.C. The disastrous effects of Rift Valley fever.D. Satellites and global health – remote diagnosis.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirection:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are tochoose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then markyour answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.A good night’s sleep is believed to help slow the stomach’s emptying, produce asmoother, less abrupt absorption of sugar, and will better __________ brain metabolism.A. regulateB. activateC. retainD. consolidate32.The explosion and the oil spill below the surface of the Gulf of Mexico left mymind in such a ________ that I couldn’t get to sleep.A. catastropheB. boycottC. turmoilD. mentality33.Coronary heart attacks occur more commonly in those with high blood pressure,in the obese, in cigarette smokers, and in those _________ to prolonged emotional and mental strain.A. sympatheticB. ascribedC. preferableD. subjected34.Most colds are acquired by children in school and then ___________ to adults.A. conveyedB. transmittedC. attributedD. relayed35.Several of the most populous nations in the world ________ at the lower end ofthe table of real GDP per capita last year.A. fluctuatedB. languishedC. retardedD. vibrated36.Presently this kind of anti-depressant is still in clinical _______, even though theconcept has been around since 1900s.A. trialsB. applicationsC. implicationsD. endeavors37.Studies revealed that exposure to low-level radiation for a long time may weakenthe immune system, ________ aging, and cause cancer.A. haltB. postponeC. retardD. accelerate38.The mayor candidate’s personality traits, being modest and generous, _______people in his favor before the election.A. predisposedB. presumedC. presidedD. pressured39.With its graceful movements and salubrious effects on health, Tai Chi has a strong________ to a vast multitude of people.A. flavorB. thrillC. appealD. implication40.If you are catching a train, it is always better to be _______ early than even afraction of a minute too late.A. infinitelyB. temporarilyC. comfortablyD. favorably Section BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence, Choose theword or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the originalsentence if it is substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answeron the ANSWER SHEET.41.All Nobel Prize winners’ success is a process of long-term accumulation, in whichlasting efforts are indispensable.A. irresistibleB. cherishedC. inseparableD. requisite42.The Queen’s presence imparted an air of elegance to the drinks reception atBuckingham Palace in London.A. bestowedB. exhibitedC. imposedD. emitted43.Physicians are clear that thyroid dysfunction is manifest in growing children in theform of mental and physical retardation.A. intensifiedB. apparentC. representativeD. insidious44.The mechanism that the eye can accommodate itself to different distances hasbeen applied to automatic camera, which marks a revolutionary technique advance.A. yieldB. amplifyC. adaptD. cast45.Differences among believers are common; however, it was the pressure ofreligious persecution that exacerbated their conflicts and created the split of the union.A. eradicatedB. deterioratedC. vanquishedD. averted46.When Picasso was particularly poor, he might have tried to obliterate the originalcomposition by painting over it on canvases.A. duplicateB. eliminateC. substituteD. compile47.For the sake of animal protection, environmentalists deplored the constructionprogram of a nuclear power station.A. disapprovedB. despisedC. demolishedD. decomposed48.Political figures in particular are held to very strict standards of marital fidelity.A. loyaltyB. moralityC. qualityD. stability49.The patient complained that his doctor had been negligent in not giving him a fullexamination.A. prudentB. ardentC. carelessD. brutal50.She has been handling all the complaints without wrath for a whole morning.A. furyB. chaosC. despairD. agonyPart III Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.For years, scientists have been warning us that theradiation from mobile phones is detrimental to our health,without actually having any evidence to back these __51__ up. However, research now suggests that mobile phone radiation has at least one positive side effect: it can help prevent Alzheimer’s, __52__ in the mice that acted as test subjects.It’s been suspected, though never proven, that heavy use of mobile phones is bad for your health. It’s thought that walking around with a cellphone permanently attached to the side of your head is almost sure to be __53__ your brain. And that may well be true, but I’d rather wait until it’s proven before giving up that part of my daily life.But what has now been proven, in a very perfunctory manner, is that mobile phone radiation can have an effect on your brain. __54__ in this case it was a positive rather than negative effect.According to BBC news, the Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center conducted a study on 96 mice to see if the radiation given off by mobile phones could affect the onset of Alzheimer’s.Some of the mice were “genetically altered to develop beta-amyloid plaques in their brains” __55__ they aged. These are a marker of Alzheimer’s. all 96 mice were then “exposed to the electro-magnetic __56__ generated by a standard phone for two one-hour periods each day for seven to nine months.” The lucky things.__57__ the experiment showed that the mice altered to be predisposed to dementia were protected from the disease if exposed before the onset of the illness. Their cognitive abilities were so unimpaired as to be virtually __58__ to the mice not genetically altered in any way.Unfortunately, although the results are positive, the scientists don’t actually know why exposure to mobile phone radiation has this effect. But it’s hoped that further study and testing could result in a non-invasive __59__ for preventing and treating Alzheimer’s disease.Autopsies carried out on the mice also concluded no ill-effects of their exposure to the radiation. However, the fact that the radiation prevented Alzheimer’s means mobile phones __60__ our brains and bodies in ways not yet explored. And it’s sure there are negative as well as this one positive. 51. A. devicesB. risksC. phenomenaD. claims52. A. at leastB. at mostC. as ifD. as well53. A. blockingB. cookingC. exhaustingD. cooling54. A. ExceptB. EvenC. DespiteD. Besides55. A. untilB. whenC. asD. unless56. A. rangeB. continuumC. spectrumD. field57. A. ReasonablyB. ConsequentlyC. AmazinglyD. Undoubtedly58. A. identicalB. beneficialC. preferableD. susceptible59. A. effortB. methodC. huntD. account60. A. do affectB. did affectC. is affectingD. could have affectedPart IV Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage oneI have just returned from Mexico, where I visited a factory making medical masks. Faced with fierce competition, the owner has cut his costs by outsourcing some of his production. Scores of people work for him in their homes, threading elastic into masks by hand. They are paid below the minimum wage, with no job security and no healthcare provision.Users of medical masks and other laboratory gear probably give little thought to where their equipment comes from. That needs to change. A significant proportion of these products are made in the developing world by low-paid people with inadequate labor rights. This leads to human misery on a tremendous scale.Take lab coats. Many are made in India, where most cotton farmers are paid an unfair price for their crops and factory employees work illegal hours for poor pay.One-fifth of the world’s surgical instruments are made in northern Pakistan. When I visited the area a couple of years ago I found most workers toiling 12 hours a day, seven days a week, for less than a dollar a day, exposed to noise, metal dust and toxic chemicals. Thousands of children, some as young as 7, work in the industry.To win international contracts, factory owners must offer rock-bottom prices, and consequently drive down wages and labor conditions as far as they can. We laboratory scientists in the developed world may unwittingly be encouraging this: we ask how much our equipment will cost, but which of us asks who made it and how much they were paid?This is no small matter. Science is supposed to benefit humanity, but because of the conditions under which their tools are made, may scientists may actually be causing harm.What can be done? A knee-jerk boycott of unethical goods is not the answer; it would just make things worse for workers in those manufacturing zones. What we need is to start asking suppliers to be transparent about where and how their products are manufactured and urge them to improve their manufacturing practices.It can be done. Many universities are committed to fair trade in the form of ethically sourced tea, coffee or bananas. That model should be extended to laboratory goods.There are signs that things are moving. Over the past few years I have worked with health services in the UK and in Sweden. Both have recently instituted ethical procurement practices. If science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit.61. From the medical masks to lab coats, the author is trying to tell us ________.A. the practice of occupational protection in the developing worldB. the developing countries plagued by poverty and disease.C. the cheapest labor in the developing countries.D. the human misery behind them.62. The concerning phenomenon the author has observed, according to the passage,________.A. is nothing but the repetition of the miserable history.B. could have been even exaggerated.C. is unfamiliar to the wealthy west.D. is prevailing across the world.63. The author argues that when researchers in the wealthy west buy the tools oftheir trade, they should ___________.A. have the same concern with the developing countries.B. be blind to their sources for the sake of humanityC. pursue good bargains in the international market.D. spare a thought for how they were made.64. A proper course of action suggested by the author is ___________.A. to refuse to import the unethical goods from the developing world.B. to ask scientists to tell the truth as the prime value of their work.C. to urge the manufacturers to address the immoral issues.D. to improve the transparency of international contracts.65. By saying at the end of the passage that if science is truly going to help humanity, it needs to follow suit, the author means that ___________.A. the scientific community should stand up for all humanityB. the prime value of scientists’ work is to tell the truth.C. laboratory goods also need to be ethically sourced.D. because of science, there is hope for humanity.Passage twoA little information is a dangerous thing. A lot of information, if it’s inaccurate or confusing, even more so. This is a problem for anyone trying to spend or invest in an environmentally sustainable way. Investors are barraged with indexes purporting to describe companies’ eco-credentials, some of dubious quality. Green labels on consumer products are ubiquitous, but their claims are hard to verify.The confusion is evident form New Scientist’s analysis of whether public perceptions of companies’green credentials reflect reality. It shows that many companies considered “green” have done little to earn that reputation, while others do not get sufficient credit for their efforts to reduce their environmental impact. Obtaining better information is crucial, because decisions by consumers and big investors will help propel us towards a green economy.At present, it is too easy to make unverified claims. Take disclosure of greenhouse gas emissions, for example. There are voluntary schemes such as the Carbon Disclosure Project, but little scrutiny of the figures companies submit, which means investors may be misled.Measurements can be difficult to interpret, too, like those for water sue. In this case, context is crucial: a little from rain-soaked Ireland is not the same as a little drawn from the Arizona desert.Similar problems bedevil “green” labels attached to individual products. Here, the computer equipment rating system developed by the Green Electronics Council shows the way forward. Its criteria come from the IEEE, the world’s leading professional association for technology/Other schemes, such as the “sustainability index”planned by US retail giant Walmart, are broader. Developing rigorous standards for a large number of different types of product will be tough, placing a huge burden on the academic-led consortium that is doing the underlying scientific work.Our investigation also reveals that many companies choose not to disclose data. Some will want to keep it that way. This is why we need legal requirements for full disclosure of environmental information, with the clear message that the polluter will eventually be required to pay. Then market forces will drive companies to clean up their acts.Let’s hope we can rise to this challenge. Before we can have a green economy we need a green information economy – and it’s the quality of information, as well as its quantity, that will count.66. “The confusion” at the beginning of the 2nd paragraph refers to ________.A. where to spend or invest in a sustainable wayB. an array of consumer products to chooseC. a fog of unreliable green informationD. little information on eco-credibility67. From the New Scientist’s analysis it can be inferred that in many cases ________.A. eco-credibility is abusedB. a green economy is crucialC. an environmental impact is lessenedD. green credentials promote green economy68. From unverified claims to difficult measurements and then to individual products, the author argues that ________.A. eco-credibility is a game between scientists and manufacturesB. neither scientists nor manufactures are honestC. it is vital to build a green economyD. better information is critical69. To address the issue, the author is crying for ________.A. transparent corporate managementB. establishing sustainability indexesC. tough academic-led surveillanceD. strict legal weapons70. Which of the following can be the best inference from the last paragraph?A. The toughest challenge is the best opportunity.B. It is time for another green revolution.C. Information should be free for all.D. No quantity, no quality.Passage ThreePeople are extraordinarily skilled at spotting cheats –much better than they are detecting rule-breaking that does not involve cheating. A study showing just how good we are at this adds weight to the theory that our exceptional brainpower arose through evolutionary pressures to acquire specific cognitive skills.The still-controversial idea that humans have specialized decision-making systems in addition to generalized reasoning has been around for decades. Its advocates point out that the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionarily, since cheats risk undermining the social interactions in which people trade goods or services for mutual benefit.The test whether we have a special ability to reason about cheating, Leda Cosmides, an evolutionary psychologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and her colleagues used a standard psychological test called the Wason selection task, which tests volunteers’ ability to reason about “if/then” statements.The researchers set up scenarios in which they asked undergraduate volunteers to imagine they were supervising workers sorting appliances for admission to two schools;a good one in a district where school taxes are high, and a poor one in an equally wealthy, but lightly taxed district. The hypothetical workers were supposed to follow a rule that specified “if a student is admitted to the good school”, they must live in the highly taxed district.Half the time, the test subjects were told that the workers had children of their own applying to the schools, thus having a motive to cheat; the rest of the time they were told the workers were merely absent-minded and sometimes made innocent errors. Then the test subjects were asked how they would verify that the workers were not breaking the rule.Cosmides found that when the “supervisors”thought they were checking for innocent errors, just 9 of 33, or 27 percent, got the right answer – looking for a student admitted to the good school who did not live in the highly taxed district. In contrast, when the supervisors thought they were watching for cheats, they did much better, with 23 of 34, or 68 percent, getting the right answer.This suggests that people are, indeed, more adept at spotting cheat than at detecting mere rule-breaking, Cosmides said. “Any cues that it’s just an innocent mistake actually inactivate the detection mechanism.”Other psychologists remain skeptical of this conclusion. “If you want to conclude that therefore there’s a module in the mind for detecting cheaters, I see zero evidence for that,” says Steven Sloman, a cognitive scientists at Brown University in Province, Rhode Island. “It’s certainly possible that it’s something we learned through experience. There’s no evident that it’s anything innate.”71. The findings of the study were in favor of ____________.A. the highly developed skills of cheating at schoolB. the relation between intelligence and evolutionC. the phenomenon of cheating at schoolD. the human innate ability to cheat72. The test “supervisors” appeared to be more adept at ________.A. spotting cheats than detecting mere rule-breakingB. detecting mere rule-breaking than spotting cheatsC. spotting their own children cheating than others doing itD. detecting cheats in the highly taxed district than in the lightly taxed one73. When she says that …that can’t be the only thing going on in the mind, Cosmides most probably implies that ________.A. cheating is highly motivated in the social interactionsB. our specific cognitive skills can serve an evolutionary purposeC. there is no such a mental thing as a specialized decision-making systemD. the ability to identify untrustworthy people should be favored evolutionary74. In response to Cosmides’ claim, Sloman would say that ________.A. it was of great possibilityB. it could be misleadingC. it was unbelievableD. it’s acquired75. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A. Cheating at SchoolB. Cheating as the Human NatureC. Imaginary Intelligence and CheatingD. Intelligence Evolved to Root Out CheatsPassage FourFor many environmentalists, all human influence on the planet is bad. Many natural scientists implicitly share this outlook. This is not unscientific, but it can create the impression that greens and environmental scientists are authoritarian tree-huggers who value nature above people. That doesn’t play well with mainstream society, as the apparent backlash against climate science reveals.Environmentalists need to find a new story to tell. Like it or not, we now live in the anthropocene (人类世) – an age in which humans are perturbing many of the planet’s natural systems, from the water cycle to the acidity of the oceans. We cannot wish that away; we must recognize it and manage our impacts.Johan Rockstrom, head of the Stockholm Environment Institute in Sweden, and colleagues have distilled recent research on how Earth systems work into a list of nine “planetary boundaries”that we must stay within to live sustainably. It is preliminary work, and many will disagree with where the boundaries are set. But the point is to offer a new way of thinking about our relationship with the environment – a science-based picture that accepts a certain level of human impact and even allows us some room to expand. The result is a breath of fresh air: though we are already well past three of the boundaries, we haven’t trashed the place yet.It is in the same spirit that we also probe the basis for key claims in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2007 report on climate impacts. This report has been much discussed since our revelations about its unsubstantiated statement on melting Himalayan glaciers. Why return to the topic? Because there is a sense that the IPCC shares the same anti-human agenda and, as a result, is too credulous of unverified numbers. While the majority of the report is assuredly rigorous, there is no escaping the fact that parts of it make claims that go beyond the science.For example, the chapter on Africa exaggerates a claim about crashes in farm yields, and also highlights projections of increased water stress in some regions while ignoring projections in the same study that point to reduced water stress in other regions. There errors are not trifling. They are among the report’s headline conclusions.Above all, we need a dispassionate view of the state of the planet and our likely future impact on it. There’s no room for complacency: Rockstrom’s analysis shows us that we face real dangers, but exaggerating our problems is not the way to solve them. 76. As the first paragraph implies, there is between environmentalists and mainstream society _____________.A. a misunderstandingB. a confrontationC. a collaborationD. a consensus77. Within the planetary boundaries, as Rockstrom implies, ___________.A. we humans have gone far beyond the limitations。
山东中医药大学中医内科学2010年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
山东中医药大学
2010 年攻读博士学：中医内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（每题 10 分）
1. 从“中医体质学”的角度分析人体生理变化规律，分析为何中风病多发于中老年人？ 2. 从痰、瘀、虚的角度论慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病。 3. 论述肝系疾病的特点。 4. 臌胀的治疗为何“阳虚易治，阴虚难调”？ 5. 淋证的治疗古代医家有忌汗、忌补之说，你是如何理解的。 6. 中医药在治疗癌痛方面有何优缺点。 7. 结合《景岳全书.火证》论述内伤发热的治疗。 8. 试用原文回答消渴的分型，病机，治疗。消渴的并发症有哪些。 9. 试述脾阴虚证的病因，临床表现，治疗，用方用药，及于胃阴虚如何鉴别。 10. 从五脏合病论胸痹心痛。
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山东中医药大学自荐考试历年真题
考试科目:《临床医学概论》（总分） 30分一单选题 (共20题，总分值20分 )1. 支气管哮喘的临床特征是（）（1 分）A. 吸气性呼吸困难B. 呼气性呼吸困难C. 混合性呼吸困难D. 夜间阵发性呼吸困难2. 成人窦性心动过速是指窦性心律频率超过（）（1分）A. 80次/minB. 90次/minC. 100次/minD. 110次/min3. 高热是指（）（1 分）A. 37.5-38℃B. 38.1-39℃C. 39.1-41℃D. 41℃以上4. 左心衰竭的早期症状是（）（1 分）A. 夜间阵发性呼吸困难B. 劳力性呼吸困难C. 急性肺水肿D. 肝颈静脉回流征阳性5. 疾病发生的最常见的致病因素（）（1 分）A. 生物性因素B. 理、化因素C. 免疫性因素D. 遗传因素6. 提示乙肝病毒正在复制高峰，传染性强的是（）（1分）A. 表面抗原B. 表面抗体C. e抗原D. e抗体7. 中期妊娠是指（）（1 分）A. 妊娠12周以前B. 第13~27周C. 第28~40周D. 第40周以后8. 肺结核确诊主要依据是（）（1 分）A. 胸部X线摄片B. 结核菌素试验阳性C. 痰培试验阳性D. 胸部CT检查9. 恶性肿瘤的转移途径不包括（）（1 分）A. 直接蔓延B. 淋巴道转移C. 血行转移D. 脐血转移10. 急性肾小球肾炎多首发于（）（1 分）A. 下肢B. 眼睑C. 阴囊D. 上肢11. 乙型肝炎主要经（）（1 分）A. 呼吸道传播B. 血液传播C. 肠道外传播D. 肠道传播12. 急性阑尾炎最常见而且最重要症状是（）（1 分）A. 转移性右下腹痛B. 腹泻C. 发热D. 呕吐13. 婴幼儿秋冬季节腹泻的常见病原体（）（1 分）A. 人类轮状病毒B. 柯萨奇病毒C. 腺病毒D. 冠状病毒14. 慢性支气管炎是反复发作咳嗽，连续2年或以上，每年发病至少持续（）（1 分）A. 1个月B. 2个月C. 3个月D. 4个月15. 能较早反映肾小球滤过功能受损的指标是（）（1分）A. 血清尿素测定B. 血清肌酐测定C. 血清尿酸测定D. 血清磷酸肌酸测定16. 临床上常作为诊断依据的是（）（1 分）A. 潜伏期B. 前驱期C. 症状明显期D. 转归期17. 心绞痛发作时宜首选（）（1 分）A. 去痛片B. 阿托品C. 硝酸甘油D. 吗啡18. 下列神经反射中属于浅反射的是（）（1 分）A. 膝反射B. 踝反射C. 肱二头肌反射D. 角膜反射19. 咳铁锈色痰主要见于（）（1 分）A. 金黄色葡萄球菌肺炎B. 支原体肺炎C. 肺炎链球菌肺炎D. 克雷伯杆菌肺炎20. 肺炎链球菌肺炎抗菌药物治疗首选（）（1 分）A. 青霉素GB. 红霉素C. 四环素D. 左氧氟沙星二判断题 (共10题，总分值10分 )21. 网织红细胞可以判断骨髓造功能。
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2014年山东中医药大学博士生考试真题
中医基础：
1.阴阳学说的内容及在中医学中的意义。
2.经脉与络脉的区别与联系。
3.什么是合病？什么是并病？两者的区别？举例说明。
4.根据五行相克原理确定的治则和治法，举例说明。
5.什么是体质学说？体质学说在中医学中的应用。
6.辩证与辨病。
7.肾阴虚既能导致闭经又能导致崩漏的机理。
8.什么是气机？什么是气化？两者的关系
9.结合临床谈谈你对“三焦”的理解。
10.心与肾的生理关系。
中医内科：
1.试述“脉痹不已，复感于邪，内舍于心”在心系疾病发病中的意义。
2.《丹溪心法·六郁》中提出了六郁之说，请分析肺与六郁关系。
3.为什么说健脾养胃是治疗慢性胃痛遣方的固本之法？
4.甲状腺结节中医病因病机，为什么好发于情绪郁怒之人和女子？常用中药有哪些？
5.热陷心包病机，症状，治法，代表方（药物组成及服用方法）
6.厥证如何与眩晕，中风，痫证相鉴别？
7.恶性肿瘤，”治积之要，在知攻补之宜，而攻补之宜，当于孰缓孰急中辨之“如何理解。
8.肺痨治疗中应用”培土生金“的重要性。
9.“提壶揭盖”法辨治癃闭的机理。
10.瘀血是怎样形成的？瘀血致病在血液病中的临床表现。