翻译第二章

第二章翻译的过程

翻译的过程可以分为三个步骤: (1) 阅读并分析原文(analysis of the source text), (2) 将原文转换成译入语（transfer from source to target language）(3) 对译文进行修订(revision) 2.1 阅读并分析原文

把握原文的意图：原文的意图指原作者对有关题材或内容的立场或态度。作者可能会慷慨激昂，淋漓尽致地倾诉自己的立场观点，也可能采取比较隐晦的手段，在字里行间透出某种微妙的信息。

一、语法结构阐释原文的意图。例如：

a. Police Shoot Rioting Blacks

b. Rioting Blacks Shot by Police

c. Rioting Blacks Shot

形式对意义的表达在诗歌中的作用。例如：

40-LOVE

Roger McGough

Middle aged

couple playing

ten- nis

when the

game ends

and they

go home

the net

will still

be be-

tween them

许渊冲的译文：

四十岁的爱情

中年

夫妇

打网

球打

完后

回家

走球

网依

旧把

人分

左右

二、语义分析（semantic analysis ）: 即说明处在一定语境中，按照一定次序排列的词项或句项之间的语义关系，探索词项、句项的意义。“我们所翻译的不是某些言词，而是看不见、听不到的东西，即意义本身。”（William Hans of The Theory of Translation ）

首先，分析词的概念意义（conceptual meaning ）和关联意义（associative meaning ）例如：

seat oneself in a wooden chair accept a university chair

chair the board meeting condemned to the chair

其次，把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多义与歧义等关系。例如：

George made great progress at school.

Let us be great friends

He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.

She has made a reputation for herself through hard work.

Good fortune lieth within bad, bad fortune lurketh within good.

第三，了解文化特征、历史演变、社会发展、科技进步对语言的影响。例如：“Greek and Latin are all English to me.” said Oscar Wilde. (It is Greek to me.) There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef.

小犬将于下月结婚。

第四，了解语言的随意性和约定俗成性。例如：

1) milk the cow 2) milk the bull

3) sleeping beauty 4) sleeping spy

5) You said that it is out of question, but it seems to me that it is out of the question. 第五，注意词语的搭配关系、逻辑关系和山下文关系。例如：

1) He wrote his 12 th novel at the ripe age of 85.

2) 1990 was a bad year for the Soviet economy. It ended with a balance of trade.

3) A “Well, old boy,” said the visitor, “it's nice to see you up and about.”

B “Up, yes,” the patient said, “but about, no, at least not much”.

三、语境分析（analysis of the context)

语境包含：语言内部的上下文关系；话语与经验世界的关系。

（一）上下文分析（contextual analysis/ linguistic context ）:

首先，一个词与周围词的关系。例如：

Today a politician without elbows is as lost as a politician without principles.

其次，短语是否是语义整体。例如：

--I don't know what you do with your brass.

--I spend it on you, always a good table, you must have. Never anything short.

再次，一个句子是否是一个独立的语义单位。例如：

The face is the index of the mind.

Far from eye, far from heart.

Mr. Lear is trying to oil the judge's palm.

He has stolen a march on me.

Today in the New York Stock Exchange, all the brothers are tails up.

（二）语言与经验世界的关系（non-linguistic context ）

所谓非语言环境，指话语及其组成部分与文化和自然环境的相互关系。例如：

Did he receive a warm welcome from the first lady of the house?

首先，话语发生时环境。例如：

It's freezing cold here.

其次，身体语言（body language ）。例如：

“You think we can”—he glanced at the couple ahead of them--“like them—you and I?” She shook her head.

四、语用分析（pragmatic analysis ）

语用分析即通过对语言的交际意义的综合分析，了解和确定说话人和话语间的关系，常常表现为说话人的感情、态度、情绪、意念等。

（一）讲话者的情感参与

（1 ）请求:Would you mind lending me 10 yuan?

（2 ）许诺:I shall return the book tomorrow.

（3 ）警告:Say that again and I'll part with you once and for all.