托福阅读逻辑关系词
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍
托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读中7大类常见逻辑关系信号词汇总介绍托福口语阅读部分信号词一览阅读为通知，政策等表示要求的词require, decide,ask, demand, announce, be supposed to, should, be ought to etc.托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：并列,递进and, also, as well, besides, what’s more, in addition,托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：列举，增加and, in addition to, one more thing, also, plus托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：顺序first, to begin with, first of all, initially,first thing first, second, apart from that, on top of that, more than that,another factor should be taken into consideration is that, finally, last butnot least, 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：转折but, however, nevertheless, yet, although托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：解释That is, in particular, I mean, In this way,To put it another way, In other words, That is to say, …so to speak, …let’ssay 托福口语阅读逻辑类信号词：因果As a result, As a consequence, Consequently, Therefore, Due to, Thanks to, On account of, since托福口语备考之独立口语：用新建筑取代旧建筑独立话题Should old buildings be replaced by new buildings?I think the old buildings should be preserved. I have two reasons to support my opinion. Firstly, old buildings are precious property of human being. We will lose those valuable historical buildings permanently if we don't preserve them. Once ahistorical building is destroyed, we can never restore it. Secondly, old buildings are a symbol of a city and a valuable tourist resource. Think about the Forbidden City and The Summer Palace in Beijing. They are the relics of the city and carrying great historical and cultural information. Every year they attract visitors from all over the world, which generates profound tourist income.More information1. Old buildings attract people.America’s downtown revivals suggest that people like old buildings. Whether the feeling is patriotic, homey, warm, or reassuring, older architecture tends to fit the bill. Regardless of how they actually spend their lives, Americans prefer to picture themselves living around old buildings. Some eyes glaze over when preservationists talk about “historic building stock,” bu t what they really mean is a community’s inventory of old buildings ready to fulfill new uses.2. Old buildings are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity.By seeing historic buildings — whether related to something famous or recognizably dramatic —tourists and longtime residents are able to witness the aesthetic and cultural history of an area. Just as banks prefer to build stately, old-fashioned facades, even when located in commercial malls, a city needs old buildings to maintain a sense of permanency and heritage.托福口语备考之独立口语：哪个职业应该高薪Who should be paid more: a nurse, a teacher, or an officer?From my perspective, nurse should receive the highest salary among these three. First of all, nurse has a great deal of responsibility. They provide hands on care to patients, make patients feel more comfortable, and assist in many aspects ofpatient care from dispensing medicine to drawing blood to simply talking with patients. Secondly, nurses have educational requirements. Depending on the type of nurse, their schooling may involve 6-8 years of education, which means they have to spend a lot of money and efforts in finishing their school. Therefore, nurses should definitely receive a higher pay.More informationThe must-know cons of being a nurseYou will be exposed to all types of germs and viruses. If you are squeamish, nursing is probably not your best career choice. Nurses deal with blood and other bodily fluids. They are also exposed to all types of viruses and other pathogens.Some days will be overwhelming. The job can be stressful for a variety of reasons. For example, there may be times you are short staffed or get a sudden increase in new patients to treat.Patients do not always want or appreciate help. It would be great if all your patients thanked you and were polite. But that is not how it works in the real world. Some patients are easy to work with and others are not.You will see sad situations. There will be times in your nursing career where you witness sad or tragic situations. Patients do not all make it, and watching someone die can be tough.You may have to work holidays, nights and weekends. Working as a nurse is not a 9-5 job Monday through Friday. Nurses who work in hospitals and nursing homes are needed around the clock.You may have to work varied shifts including nights.。
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换
托福阅读句子要点题把握逻辑关系稳抓同义替换句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，下面我就和大家共享托福阅读句子要点题,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。
托福阅读句子要点题：把握规律关系，稳抓同义替换托福阅读句子要点题又称托福阅读句子简化题，顾名思义是对长难句的简化筛出句子最精华的要点，一般出题形式是在文章中高亮标示出一个句子，要求考生选择与原文基本信息最接近的选项，这类题目的提问方式一般为：“Which is the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”句子简化题的出题思路一般分为两类：一是对长难句的化繁为简，即原句比较长，规律关系简单，选项只保留了原句的主要信息，而省略了原句的次要信息(犹如位语、例子)等;二是对相对简洁的句子的同义改写，即原句难度不大，规律关系简洁，选项是原句的同义改写。
从做题方法上来说，对于其次种出题思路的题目，考生应当采纳通读的方法，在理解原句意思的基础上再答题。
而针对第一种出题思路的题目，考生一般把握住原句的几个关键点就可以见微知著，找到破句子简化题的良方。
对于句子简化题，有一些题目假如句子不长，我们做题的基本原则就是：同义替换。
找到原句中的关键词在选项当中进行同义替换。
如：In evolutionary history, the development of language set humans apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in thepassage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A. Humans evolved as the most powerful species after they are developed language.B. The creation of human language has its origins in the language of animals.C. The emergence of language distinguished early humans from other animals.D. Humans and animals developed completed different systems of communication.先来看题干：Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.该题要求从选项中选择一个能够表达原文阴影句子核心信息的句子。
托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇
Paragraph 3: If true, though, why did cold-blooded animals such as snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles survive the freezing winters and torrid summers? These animals are at the mercy of the climate to maintain a livable body temperature. It’s hard to understand why they would not be affected, whereas dinosaurs were left too crippled to cope, especially if, as some scientists believe, dinosaurs were warm-blooded. Critics also point out that the shallow seaways had retreated from and advanced on the continents numerous times during the Mesozoic, so why did the dinosaurs survive the climatic changes associated with the earlier fluctuations but not with this one? Although initially appealing, the hypothesis of a simple climatic change related to sea levels is insufficient to explain all the data. Why does the author mention the survival of “snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles” in paragraph 3? A. To argue that dinosaurs may have become extinct because they were not cold-blooded animals B. To question the adequacy of the hypothesis that climatic change related to sea levels caused the extinction of the dinosaurs C. To present examples of animals that could maintain a livable body temperature more easily than dinosaurs D. To support a hypothesis that these animals were not as sensitive to climate changes in the Cretaceous period as they are today
托福阅读推理题解题思路
托福阅读推理题解题思路托福阅读中的推理题是很多同学害怕的题型，下面小编就带你找一些方法去攻略它。
托福阅读之推理题备考方法一、推理题的标志推理题的题干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等词，分为有共性的推理题和无共性的推理题两大类。
二、推理题的做法对于无共性的推理题，也就是题干中无线索的，一般使用排除法，即根据各个选项的关键词回原文定位，通过排除法得出正确答案。
对于有共性的推理题，也就是题干中有线索的，建议考生可以先圈定题干中的关键词，根据关键词回原文定位，然后进行推理。
推理题主要有下列思路：1. 一般对比推理ETS设计推理题的手段不多，根据两个事物的对比特征出题是其中之一。
问其中一个事物的特征时，只要将与之形成对比的另一个事物的特征否定掉就可以了。
例如：It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.B. There were great numbers of them.C. They lived in the sea only.D. They did not leave many fossil remains.2. 时间对比推理这种思路常被考到。
朗阁-浅谈新托福阅读转折关系词如何运用
浅谈新托福阅读转折关系词如何运用朗阁海外考试研究中心新托福阅读题型繁多，纵观托福阅读10大题型，我们不难发现托福阅读说到底其实就是在考逻辑关系，其主要分为五种：因果关系，转折关系，比较关系，并列关系和否定关系。
句子简化题考的是句子内部的逻辑关系；指代题，句子插入题和修辞目的题考察的是句子与句子之间的关系；而最后一个题型：内容小结题和表格题则考察的是段落之间的逻辑关系。
所以，如果广大的托儿们能熟练地掌握逻辑关系并且能够灵活运用，托福阅读高分绝不在话下。
今天朗阁海外考试研究中心的专家们将主要介绍的是转折关系词及其运用。
可能说到转折关系词，大家第一印象往往是however、but，然后大家会下意识地认为转折之后是重点。
其实这个想法非常危险也很容易掉入出题者的陷阱。
下面我们来列举一个TPO的真题，来看看出题者到底是如何一步步带大家掉入陷阱的。
Paragraph 6: Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists, and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.According to paragraph 6, why might the puzzling questions about the paintings never be answered?A. Keeping the paintings a mystery will increase their importance.B. The artists hid their tools with great intelligence and skill.C. Too many years have gone by since the images were painted.D. Answering the questions is not very important to scholars.这道题所对应的段落非常短，定位很容易，想要把这段看懂也不是什么难事，重点是想要把这道题选对就蛮有迷惑性的了。
解析托福阅读文章结构
解析托福阅读文章结构据了解，在托福考试中，托福阅读是相对来说难度比较大的，想要拿到托福阅读的高分，不但要掌握基础知识还要找到适合自己的托福阅读文章技巧。
下面，编辑给大家整理了托福阅读文章结构详解的相关内容，供大家参考。
一、句间关系为了清晰的把握学术性的结构框架，考生首先应该具备分清句子与句子之间关系的能力。
托福阅读文章中句子之间的关系从逻辑和段落结构角度总的来看，重点需要考生把握并列关系，概述与详述（或抽象与具体）关系，转折关系，以及因果关系。
其中在把握文章结构与理解文章主要观点当中，以前三者最重要。
可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1. 主要意思方面；2. 关联词。
a. 并列关系并列关系的两句话主要意思方面不同，并且有时会有表示并列的关联词出现。
b. 概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系的两句话意思方面相同，但前后两句是概述与详述的关系，或抽象与具体的关系。
一般概述性或抽象内容涵盖内容广，但已引起歧义，可以让人们不禁问出how, what, why等问题。
详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确。
c. 转折关系转折关系的两句话总的来说一般用表示转折关系的关联词连接，意思方面来看有两种关系，（1）意思的方面相同但意思相反；（2）意思的方面不同。
d. 因果关系因果关系的典型特征：出现因果关联词或表达因果含义的动词。
二、段落结构在托福阅读文章的段落内部，句子和句子并非出于同一个层次，因此需要运用以上讲解的句间关系，辨析段落中句子的地位。
对于单独的一个段落，不考察在文章中的地位（或与其他段落的段落关系）时，段落内部主要有Main Idea及Detail.1. 显性Main Idea及Topic Sentence的位置。
1. Main Idea: 主要思想，分为段落层面Main Idea和篇章层面Main Idea.Main Idea分为显性和隐性。
显性的Main Idea: 作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。
教你如何解答插空题
教你如何解答插空题大家在做托福阅读的时候，有时会遇到插空题，那么有什么技巧去攻克它吗？下面小编给大家带来教你如何解答插空题，望喜欢！托福阅读教你如何解答插空题在解答托福阅读插空题，首要任务就是要找到线索词。
也就是能够让我们了解句子之间逻辑或者语法联系的词，线索词亦是解题的关键。
下面就为大家分类分析一下线索词。
第一类：代词 eg. this, it, they如果要插入的句子中有代词，可是代词所指代的内容又没有出现在句子本身，那么我们就可以根据代词的单复数等性质找到它指代的内容，再插入到该句之后。
For example:Where would the sentence best fit?This is a question that has puzzled scientists for ages.Extinct but already fully marine cetaceans are known from the fossil record. How was the gap between a walking mammal and a swimming whale bridged? Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans. Very exciting discoveries have finally allowed scientists to reconstruct the most likely origins of cetaceans. In 1979, a team looking for fossils in northern Pakistan found what proved to be the oldest fossil whale.看到了this，明显指代的是前文所提到的内容。
托福阅读六大考点
考点就是重点，是要穴。抓到一篇文章的框架和考点，就能既知整体也能使题点在字里 行间自动凸显浮现。托福阅读考查的不止知识点，还希望学生能对作者的行文思路和修辞手 段有一定了解，知道作者如何布置文章结构，用怎样的方式或手法解释观点。托福阅读考试 中，归结起来共有六个考点。
六大考点分别是： 1. 主旨 2. 逻辑关系 3. 举例和列举 4. 两者之间的关系 5. 作者态度 6. 极端词
小结题判断正误：Theatre may have come from pleasure humans receive form storytelling.
3. [TPO22-1 Spartina: Paragraph 1]
Spartina alterniflora, known as cordgrass, is a deciduous, perennial flowering plant native to the Atlantic coast and the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is the dominant native species of the lower salt marshes along these coasts, where it grows in the intertidal zone (the area covered by water some parts of the day and exposed others). 1. 对段落做笔记 2. 段内分层 3. 确定主旨句：
（二）识别逻辑
逻辑强的地方一般是理解文章的关键之处，比如因果、条件和转折是论证说理常用的逻 辑；而并列和顺承则是解释说明常用的手段。逻辑也是词与词，句与句，甚至层与层，段落 和段落之间的衔接，只有明白了各个部分之间的关系才不至于看完段落看完文章后不知所云 无法描述，才能形成链条，理解到整个段落乃至整个文章作为一个有机体是怎样构成的。
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析
托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句, 常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析。
今天给大家带来托福阅读常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析托福阅读长难句常见4种长难句逻辑关系分析一.托福阅读长难句运用其实长难句在考试中最直接的运用就是考察插入句子题和解释句子题。
对于这样的题目，我们在不能读懂句子的情况下，能够把握的就是句子的内在关系，即逻辑。
逻辑在解释句子题中的运用尤为重要，以前有学生反映，在考试中其实句子根本就不能读懂，而利用逻辑就能迅速排除选项，从而找到正确的答案。
所以说，逻辑是我们托福阅读中的隐形解题帮手，考生们一定要尤为关注。
下面是托福阅读中经常出现的四大逻辑关系，把握了它们就等于掌握了托福阅读解题技巧的一个重要部分。
二.托福阅读长难句常见逻辑关系分析1.因果关系因：because，because of，for，as，since，in that，on account of，with果：so，so that，therefore，thereby，as a result，hence，thus，coequently，accordingly因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：cause，reason，lead to，give rise to，result in，render，make，let，ask，push，stimulate，ark，ur，fuel，produce，be reoible for如：The increased presures of expanding population have led to the removal of woody plants so that many cities and tow are surrounded by large areas completely lacking in trees.在这段话中，有lead to，表示了导致的意思，即结果;而so that 更进一步表示了后面的结果，所以可以充分判定这段话有因果关系的逻辑。
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
根据代词的不同类别，我们把托福阅读指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
具体请看下文!托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理托福阅读考试中指代题是不可忽视的一大题型，虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇逻辑的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。
通常的提问形式体现为“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后给出四个选项，这四个词通常都是原文中出现过的生词，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some这几个词的附近，需要考生经过严密思考推测，选出一个既符合行文逻辑又符合上下文意思的选项。
那么我们如何明确判断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以根据代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。
然后就可以根据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。
下面我们来具体看一下四大类代词的特征及辅助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。
第一类，人称代词人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。
此类题型应在做题时根据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来判断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。
例如：“An auction is a po pular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things。
”The word It in the passage refers to __________。
A. theoryB. priceC. processD. auction往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在第二句的主语位置的词，就只能是第一句中出现的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。
托福阅读中表示逻辑关系的词
托福阅读中表示逻辑关系的词英语句子的理解很多时候是要去理解其逻辑关系的，常见的逻辑关系有并列，比较，因果，递进，转折等等。
句子内有这些逻辑关系，句子和句子之间也有这些逻辑关系，这样才能理清整篇文章的脉络，去完成例如句子简化，插入句子这类题型。
教育优选为大家带来托福阅读中的逻辑关系词，希望大家可以将托福阅读逻辑关系词牢记在心。
1.因果(明显)表示明显因果关系的词汇：Therefore，due to，as，for，thus，hence，consequently，because (of)，owing to，so (that)，as a result，since…2.因果(暗含)2.1表示“由……而来”的词Come from，result from，initiate from，derive from，originate from…2.2表示“导致”的词Spark，prompt，be responsible to，stimulate，cause，make，render，spur，push，motivate，lead to，result in +结果，due to，thanks to，2.3 其他in that ，now that，，in order that，on account of3.转折与并列3.1表示转折关系In contrast (to)，while，whereas，nevertheless，in spite of/despite，even if/even though，instead (of)，but/yet，conversely，on the contrary，contrary to，different from/differ from，however，rather than，unlike，in fact，actually弱转3.2表示并列关系Or/and，vice versa，also/as well as，both…and…，either...or...，neither…nor…，in (the) the same way，equally，similarly/similar to，like/just like，likewise(同样的)，while(与此同时)，meanwhile(同时)，not only...but also... ，more...than4.让步although，though，even though(if)，even，despite，in spite of，nevertheless，anyway，as while(虽然，尽管，即使)，still(尽管如此)5.总分(举例&总结)5.1举例：for example，for instance，such as，including5.2总结：in sum，in general，overall，to sum up，on the whole，generally6. 递进still，also，indeed，furthermore(进一步)，moreover(而且，此外)，even(甚至，更)，besides，additionally，in addition，what's more7. 条件表示条件概念的词：If，supposing (that)，providing / provided (that)，as(so) long as，in case(if)，on condition that…，unless，suppose (that)，only if，when8.比较结构(隐藏)8.1比较级表示最高级8.2自身含有最高级含义的词Top，favorite，outstanding，maximum…9.否定9.1明显的否定关系词汇：No，not，never，deny，none，neither…9.2暗含的否定关系词汇：little，few，fail to，absence from，lack (of)，refuse to…以上就是教育优选为大家带来的托福阅读中的逻辑关系词，逻辑是托福阅读中一个潜藏的考点，大家要在备考时熟悉。
托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词整理
托福写作必备词汇：常用逻辑关系词整理在托福的写作过程中，除了词汇和句型力量的不断累积之外。
其实，对于托福写作对于每个同学的规律力量还是有着很高的要求。
下面，我们就为大家介绍一下在托福写作中常用的规律词汇有下面几类，盼望各位同学能娴熟把握.托福写作必备词汇：常用规律关系词1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover,inaddition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spiteof,nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 挨次关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so,therefore,as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short,thus,consequently,in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的规律（句子）：1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweighits disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ Inaword, it is true that … bring about both positive andnegativeresults. But we can try our best to reduce the negativeinfluenceto the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not sohigh,they were indeed remarkable and impressive.托福写作（范文）：A Rare Fossil RecordThe preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion. Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of soft tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these factors, some areas have become atreasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur fossils.The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time. The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles, for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that are between 20 and 30 inches long.Why are there so many pregnant females and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.托福写作范文：Skyscrapers and EnvironmentIn the late 1960’s, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lotcapacities.Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masonry wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city’s sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.托福写作范文：MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans or are expected to do so in the not-too-distant future.In New York City alone, six major institutions have spread up and out into the air space and neighborhoods around them or are preparing to do so.The reasons for this confluence of activity are complex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere - space. With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has become a very precious commodity.Probably nowhere in the country is this more true than at the Philadelphia Museum of Art, which has needed additional space for decades and which received its last significant facelift ten years ago. Because of the space crunch, the Art Museum has become increasingly cautious in considering acquisitions and donations of art, in some cases passing up opportunities to strengthen its collections.Deaccessing - or selling off - works of art has taken on new importance because of the museum’s space problems. And increasingly, curators have been forced to juggle gallery space, rotating one masterpiece into public view while another is sent to storage.Despite the clear need for additional gallery and storage space, however, the museum has no plan, no plan to break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years, according to Philadelphia Museum of Art’s president.托福写作必备词汇：常用规律关系词文档内容到此结束，欢迎大家下载、修改、丰富并分享给更多有需要的人。
托福写作中的逻辑关系词
托福写作中的逻辑关系词为了帮助大家提高托福写作成绩，下面小编给大家带来托福写作中的逻辑关系词，希望对大家有所帮助！托福写作中的逻辑关系词作文中的逻辑联系词一直都是帮助考生提高自己成绩的至宝。
我们在写英文复杂句的时候其实就是将两个或两个以上的句子用连接词连接起来的。
前面没有连接词的主+谓+宾的结构叫做主句，而前面加了连接词的主+谓+宾叫做从句。
而如果是多个句子的叠加，则结构如下。
主句+连词+从句+连词+从句英文复杂句的本质其实就是这么简单，当然我们还能写出更加困难的复杂句，但从ets给出的满分范文可以看出，真正确保了核心结构才能写出满分的句子。
相反的，我们在写托福作文的时候一定要避免为了写难句而写难句(being difficult just for difficulty’s sake).很多同学一相情愿的写出很多的“难句”，却忽视了ets对托福作文实用加准确的要求，从而拿了出乎本人意料的低分。
所以考生们在平时练习作文的时候提高自己的联系词实用的熟练度和准确度就是提高考试作文质量的最佳途径。
转折关系词1， While; whereas; whilst：用在句首或是句中都是可以的，表示主句和从句的对比，也就是说这三个词均用来表示句中对比，是不能当成句首副词来用的。
EgThis is based on the belief that identical twins share all the same genes whereas all the fraternal twins share only half the same genes.While environmentalists are quick to blame the increased carbon dioxide emissions for the global warming, the truth is that nobody knows whether a similar warming-and the later cooling-occurred before the advent of temperature-related technology in the 1900s.2， by/in contrast:用在句首，表示它之前的一个句子和它后面引导的句子之间的对比，也就是表示句间对比。
托福综合写作常用词语及句型
托福综合写作常用词语及句型给在准备托福考试的同学分享一些干货托福综合写作常用词语及句型1. 常用词语提示逻辑顺序：First of all, First, to start with, Second, Also, Besides, Furthermore, Moreover, Another, in addition to, Finally, Lastly, Third阅读文章指代：The reading passage, the writer, the author, writer of the reading, the reading material听力材料指代：Professor, lecturer, speaker, instructor, presenter, lecture, speech, talk, the listening, the presentation 表转折类关系词语：However, but, yet, even so, despite that, even though, although, while, whereas反驳类词语：contradicts, challenges, clashes with, conflicts with, denies, opposes, runs counter to, raises doubts about, throws …into doubt, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of, questions, cast doubt on, disagree with,研究类词语：explore, analyzes, examines, deals with, is concerned with, is about, focuses on, concentrates on, investigates(深入研究)讨论类词语：think，believes, argues, asserts, claims, contends, insists, states, indicates, discusses, raise the issue that,支持类词语：Support, confirm, back up, strengthen, bolster, advocate, reinforce观点类：Idea, view, opinion, viewpoint话题类：Issue, subject, topic证明：Proves, shows, confirms, verifies对比：Contrary to, in opposition to, in stark contrast to, in spite of2. 写作常用句型开头段1. The lecture revises the idea presented in the text that______.2. The professor actually contradicts the statement made in the passage. She is the view that ______.3. The author of the reading passage proposes _____. The lecturer, however, points to the inaccuracies in _____.(Casting-Doubt)4. The lecture and the reading passage give contradictory opinions on the topic of ________. The reading passage explains that ______ while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view.5. The reading passage raises several doubts about _____, whereas the professor defends _____. (Casting-Doubt)6. The lecturer points out several problems with ______ in support of her claim that ________. (Casting-Doubt)7. The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about ______. In her opinion, _______.8. The lecturer and the reading passage hold completely different views toward ________, which is ________.9. The professor explains three aspects of _______, each of which has successfully addressed the problems mentioned in the reading passage (concerning _____, ______ and _______). (Problem-Solution)10. The reading passage argues that _________. However, the professor raises serious counterarguments against the reading by providing three aspects as listed below.主体段1. ____ dissolves as the professor explains that _______. (Problem-Solution)2. ____ is also solved in the lecture. (Problem-Solution)3. ____ is refuted by the fact that _____.4. ____ contradicts the issue of _____. She says that _____.5. The issue of ______ does not please the professor either. She says that ____.6. The professor acknowledge/admit ____, but also points out that ____. (存在承认、让步)7. The lecturer argues that _____. The reading, however,______.8. The first/second theory, that ________ is (also) rejected by the lecturer. He explains that _______.9. Regarding the ______, the lecturer contends that _____. He argues that ______.10. The lecturer challenges the first/second/final point in the reading regarding the _______. She says that ________.11. According to the professor, ________. According to the reading, however, _______.12. The reading argues that ________. The reading, however, holds that _______.13. The professor rejects the claim in the reading that_______. She says that _______.14. Although the reading suggests that _______, the professor argues that _________.15. The lecturer does not agree with the first/second/final point made in the reading --- that ______. She contends that _______.16. The lecturer states that ______. In contrast, the reading passage states that _______.17. According to the speaker, ________. This point directly contradicts what the passage indicates.18. The reading passage states that _______. The professor, however, states that _______.19. The professor opposes the reading passage by pointing out _______. The professor counters the claim made by the reading passage.20. The professor doubts _______. On the contrary to the reading passage, he/she points out that _______.扫描二维码限时获取免费视频课程。
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理
托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理托福阅读十类逻辑关系词梳理1、Condition 条件/ 因为 (if )后面跟随着某种情况发生的前提或者是条件。
if // unless // whether // provided that // // Given that // for // so that // whether // depending on2、Time 时间 (when )before // since // as // until // meanwhile // at the moment // when // whenever // as soon as // just as3、Summary 总结 (in a word)作者的最后总结in conclusion // in summary // lastly // finally // to sum up // to conclude // to recapitulate 重述 // in short // in a word4、Example举例 (for example)for example // for instance // just as // in particular // such as // namely 也就是5、Reason原因 ( because)since // as // so // because (of) // due to // owing to // the reason why // in other words // leads to // cause6、And 并列关系 (and)in addition // and // similarly // likewise // as well as // besides // furthermore // also // moreover // too// not only ... but // even // besides this/that7、Sequence 顺序 (then)出现的时候表示列举first// initially // second etc. // to begin with // then // next // earlier/later // following this/that // afterwards8、Consequence 结果 (so)前面是后面的结果 // 也就是这些词后面就开始给出结论了。
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系想要托福阅读取得高分，就需要大家有词汇的积累和阅读长难句的能力。
除此以外，托福阅读对大家还有怎样的要求?重要的一点就是要把握句间关系。
下面小编给大家带来托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系。
托福阅读备考之把握句间的因果关系托福官方指南的第37页明确写出了阅读部分考生需要掌握的四大结构，他们分别是：classificationcomparison/contrastcause/effectproblem/solution以最后一个“问题/解决方法”为例来感受下官方指南上的要求是如何体现在托福考试的练习题中的。
官方放出的练习题中有一篇讲到“罗马军队对不列颠的影响”。
其倒数第二题为一道句子插入题。
被插入句是这样的:“One solution was to keep them busy as sources of labor.”这句话的开头“solution”一词暗示着前文定会提到需要解决的”problem ”，而这一线索也成为答对这道题的关键。
这类题目背后的考点本质上就是对句间关系的把握。
正所谓题型在变，关系不变。
所以，本文以官方指南为基础，结合真实考试要求，重点分析阅读考试中三大句间关系，希望对正在备考中的学子们有所启发。
句间关系1——因果关系(涉及的托福阅读题型有：细节题/修辞目的题/推理题/句子插入题) 因果关系在整个托福阅读中的出镜频率非常高;曾有一个统计，在托福给出的官方练习题中，细节题中考察到因果关系的比例高达三分之一。
所以，无论是从考试的角度，还是提高阅读力本身，掌握因果关系在句子之间的体现都是非常重要的。
以很多学生们非常熟悉的一篇文章“The origin of theaters”为例。
有一道细节题问到考生为什么人们会逐渐放弃当时的“rituals”;在定位词出现的句子中，我们会非常容易看到句子开头有一个短语叫做“as a result ”;根据题目要求，答案的出处应该就在前一句话中。
托福写作必备逻辑关系词
对于托福备考来说，大家在备考托福的同时，一定会不断的提升自己词汇量。
但是，在托福写作的时候，也难免会遇到这样的问题，就是没有清晰的逻辑关系表达。
那么，这是该怎么办呢?现在，前程百利小编就为大家介绍一下托福写作必备词汇常用逻辑关系词。
1. 并列关系and, furthermore, more than that, also, likewise, moreover, in addition, what is more, for instance, for example2. 转折关系although, however, on the contrary, but, in spite of, nevertheless, yet, otherwise, despite3. 顺序关系first, second, third, and so on, then, after, before, next4. 因果关系as a result, for, thus, because, for this reason, so, therefore, as, since, consequently, on account of5. 归纳关系as a result, finally, therefore, accordingly, in short, thus, consequently, in conclusion, so, in brief, in a word几个用得比较多的逻辑句子：1. As far as I am concerned, the advantages of … outweigh its disadvantages.2. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of … is undeniable.3. To sum up/ In general/ On the whole/ In brief/ In short/ In word, it is true that … bring about both positive and negati ve results. But we can try our best to reduce the negative influence to the least extent.4. Obviously, in every aspect, …5. This diagram unfolds a clear comparison between…and…6. As to the other three, though the growth rates were not so high, they were indeed remarkable and impressive.以上就是托福写作必备逻辑关系词，使用逻辑关系词，可以使得托福作文内容更加严谨。
托福阅读高分六大技巧
是波士顿最古老的教堂，建于1723年。1775年4月，英军计划袭击位于波士顿郊外康可特的弹药库，事为鲍尔•利维拉所悉，乃于该教堂尖塔上悬挂出两盏石油灯示警，自己连夜骑马前往康可特和雷克辛顿方面报讯。雷克辛顿方面民兵(独立军前身)得以从容迎击翌晨出现的英军。这一仗揭开了美国独立战分的序幕。坚立在教堂前的骑马铜像，即为建有殊动的鲍尔•利维拉。
(B) a home
(C) a clock
(D) an observatory
10. Which of the following can be inferred from the fourth paragraph?
托福阅读真题原题+题目
The observation of the skies has played a special part in the lives and cultures of peoples since the earliest of times. Evidence obtained from a site known as the Hole in the Rock, in Papago Park in Phoenix, Arizona, indicates that it might have been used as an observatory by a prehistoric people known as the Hohokam.
托福阅读高分六大技巧
托福阅读高分六大技巧
①托福词汇要扎实
词汇的考察是英语考试的一大特色。托福考试中的词汇题，是让考生在所给选项中，找到贴近题目所给词汇意义相近的，而这些又没有一个固定的范围，能够让考生们去背诵记忆，所以就只能依靠考生平时的积累，特别是学术类的词汇。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
四大“明显”/ “隐含”关系：
否定＼因果＼比较＼转折
否定
显性否定：not, no, never, nor, none, neither
隐性否定：fail to, refuse, remove, miss, reject, absence of, lack of，few, little，rather than, instead of
否定前缀：a-, ab-, dis-, il-, im-, in-, non-, un-
否定后缀：less
双重否定：not fail to, not illegal, not uncommon
因果
显性: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.
隐性：
a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce,
make, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, motivate, prompt.
b. 由……而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, stem from,
be responsive to.
c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate.
d. 考虑到…, 依赖…: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to,
according to, rely on, depend on
e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as
f. 介词：by，from
比较
显性词汇: 同级比较\比较级
同级比较：as…as
比较级：more…than，-er than，less…than
隐性词汇:
a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, develop, improve,
progress, enhance, advance, grow,
diminish，decrease，degenerate, retreat，
continue, remain, stay, stable, still.
b. “差异”: different, distinct, distinguish, separate, same, similar, comparable,
compare…to
c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, excel, over
比较
最高级\绝对化
显性词汇: -est
隐性词汇:
a. 自身含有最高级含义:
maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme, peak, top
b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that
c. 程度较深的词:
surprisingly, amazingly，prohibitively high
对比转折关系
对比：while, whereas, on the other hand
转折关系：but, although, despite, in spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however, 比较级。