Linguistic名词解释

一、名词解释
1. Standard dialect refers to a particular language variety that has no connection with a particular region but widely accepted and normally used in official documents, newspapers and newscast and taught at schools to non-native speaker.
2. Idiolect refers to personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines element, regarding, region, social, gender and age.
3. First language acquisition refers to child acquisition of his mother tongue that is how the child comes to understand and speak the language of its community.
4. Second language acquisition refers to how the people acquire the language other than their mother tongue inside or outside of the classroom.
5. Illocutionary act is an act perform in saying something that in saying X of I was doing Y(the intention the speaker Y of speaking )
6. Conversational Implicature as a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conversational meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.
7 .Performatives: These sentences do not describe things, the uttering of these sentences is, or is
a part of, doing of an action. So they are called performatives.
8.Conceptual Metaphor involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed in terms of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.
9. Image Schemas derive from sensory and perceptual experience as we interact with and move about in the world.
10. Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of languages; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.
二、相似词组
1. Pragmatics is the study of intended meaning of a speaker taking context into consideration. Semantics is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence without taking context into consideration
2. Performatives: These sentences do not describe things, the uttering of these sentences is, or is
a part of, doing of an action. So they are called performatives.
Constatives: It is description of what the speaker is doing at the time of speaking. Sentences of this type are known as constatives.
3. Speech community is refers to the social groups that is singled out for any special sociolinguistic study. A group of people who are speak the same language.
Speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech, used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
4. A Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or bands languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as treading.
When a pidgin has become the primary language of a speech community and it’s acquired by the children of that speech community as their native language, it is set to have become the Creole.
5. Bilingualism: In some speech communities ,two languages are used side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes, these constitutes the situation of Bilingualism.
Diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic situation similar to bilingualism, but instead of two different languages in diglossia situation, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community with each having a definite role to play.
6. Learning refers to a conscious process of a accumulating knowledge of the vocabulary and grammar of language.
Acquisition refers to gradual development of ability of language by using it naturally in communicative situations.
7. Error reflects gaps in a learner’s knowledge, they occur because the learner doesn’t know what is correct.
Mistake reflects occasional lapses in performance, the occur because in a particular instance, the learner is unable to perform what he or she knows.
8. The Interlingual errors mainly result from cross-linguistic interference, at different levels such as phonological lexical, grammatical and so on.
The Intralingual errors mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language.
9. Ontological Metaphor is a metaphor in which an abstraction such as an activity, emotion or idea, is represented as something concrete such as an object, substance, container or person. Structural metaphor is a metaphor in which one concept is understood and expressed in terms of another structured sharply defined concept.
10. Positive Transfer:A first language pattern is identical with or similar to a target language, then first language facilitates the target language, this is positive transfer.
Negative transfer: A first language pattern is different from the target language, and then first language interferes or hinders the target language learning, this is negative or interference.。