电工学原理及应用(Electrical Engineering)经典双语详解讲义
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2. Analyze the circuit to determine the current through the diodes assumed to be on and the voltage across the diodes assumed to be off.
•Assumed States for Analysis of Ideal-Diode Circuits
8.1 Basic Diode Concepts
电路符号
反向 击穿区
伏安特性
阳极
阴极 反偏 (截止)区 正偏 (导通)区
简化的物理结构
空穴 阳极
自由 电子 阴极
等效流体器件:挡板阀
内电场
•二极管PN结(pn junction)载流子的运动
漂移运动 P-type material P型半导体(掺硼) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - N-type material 内电场E N型半导体(掺磷)
Thermal voltage
VT 26 mV
•Zener Diodes
•Diodes that are intended to operate in the breakdown region are called Zener diodes.
iZ
美标符号
iZ DZ
uZ
+
UZ IZ IZ IZmax
--- - - -
--- - - -
P
IF
+
–
内电场 外电场
N
内电场被 削弱,多子 的扩散加强, 形成较大的 扩散电流。
PN 结加正向电压时,PN结变窄,正向电流较 大,正向电阻较小,PN结处于导通状态。
2. PN 结加反向电压(反向偏置)
P接负、N接正
+ + +
+ + + + + +
- - - - - -
Emission coefficient 1-2
k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K is Boltzmann’s constant(波尔 兹曼常数) q = 1.60 × 10–19 C is the magnitude of the electrical charge of an electron(电子电荷量). At a temperature of 300 K, we have thermal voltage (温度的电压当量)
3. Check to see if the result is consistent with the assumed state for each diode. Current must flow in the forward direction for diodes assumed to be on. Furthermore, the voltage across the diodes assumed to be off must be positive at the cathode (i.e., reverse bias).
若 V阳 >V阴或 UD为正( 正向偏置 ),二极管导通
若 V阳 <V阴或 UD为负( 反向偏置 ),二极管截止
例 1:
6V
D
3k 12V +
A
电路如图,求:UAB 取 B 点作参考点, 断开二极管,分析二 极管阳极和阴极的电 位。
U V V阳>V阴 二极管导通 若忽略管压降,二极管可看作短路,UAB =- 6V 否则, UAB低于-6V一个管压降,为-6.3V或-6.7V
•二极管的符号与结构
检波二极管
整流二极管
发光二极管
光电二极管
•Small-Signal Diodes
•Shockley Equation
Saturation current 10E-14
vD iD I s exp nV T
1
kT VT q
VSS RiD vD 0
Vo VD
Example.8.3 R=1kΩ, Find the output voltage for Vss=15V. Repeat for Vss=20V.
0.5 V
VSS RiD vD 0
Vout|Vss 15 10V Vout|Vss 20 10.5V
Load-line analysis of complex circuits
The circuit with a single two-terminal nonlinear element and linear sources and loads can be analyzed by load-line analysis. The linear port of the circuit (linear sources and loads ) can be replaced by Thevenin equivalent circuit. Then a load-line is constructed to find the operating point on the characteristic of nonlinear device. See P351 Example 8.4
例2:
D2 D1 6V
求:UAB
3k
12V
两个二极管的阴极接在一起 A + 取 B 点作参考点,断开二极 UAB 管,分析二极管阳极和阴极 – B 的电位。
V1阳 =-6 V,V2阳=0 V,V1阴 = V2阴= -12 V UD1 = 6V,UD2 =12V ∵ UD2 >UD1 ∴ D2 优先导通, D1截止。 若忽略管压降,二极管可看作短路,UAB = 0 V 流过 D2 的电流为 12
I D2
D1承受反向电压为-6 V
3
4mA
Ex.8.8 Assume ideal diodes, find the diode states for the circuits shown in Fig. 10.17.
D1 is on;
D2 is off;
D3 is off;D4 is on.
15 10 50 mA 0.1
RL 15 10 V RL R
8.4 Ideal-diode model
•The ideal diode acts as a short circuit for forward currents and as an open circuit with reverse voltage applied.
•Ex10.5 Find the output voltage for •a. iL=0; b. iL=20mA; c. iL=100mA.
Solution: If zener diode is in reverse breakdown region, then
iR
vo
When i <50mA, v =v (反向击穿), i <0 L D Z D Otherwise, when i >50mA, D (反向截止), i =0 L Z D
•Homework 8
P8.4 P8.8 P8.20
P8.26
8.5 Piecewise-linear diode models
1. Approximate the actual V-A characteristic by straight line segment; 2. Model each section of the diode characteristic with a resistance in series with a constant voltage source.
Graphical methods!
• Graphical methods: LOAD-LINE ANALYSIS
VSS Ri D v D
Q-Quescent point静态工作点
负载线
Example 8.1 Vss=2V, R= 1kΩ;Example 8.2 Vss=10V, R= 10kΩ
N
–
+
内电场被加 强,少子的漂 移加强,由于 少子数量很少, 形成很小的反 向电流。
PN 结加反向电压时,PN结变宽,反向电流较小, 反向电阻较大,PN结处于截止状态。 温度越高少子的数目越多,反向电流将随温度增加。
•二极管的符号与结构
uD
D 外形 iD 国标符号 D 美标符号
根据PN结构造面的特点,二极管分为点接触型、面接触 型、键型、合金型、扩散型、台面型、平面型、合金扩散型、 外延型、肖特基型等。
- - - - - -
+ + +
+ + +
- - - - - -
+ + +
P
内电场 外电场
N
–
+
2. PN 结加反向电压(反向偏置)
P接负、N接正
+ + +
+ + + + + +
PN 结变宽
- - - - - -
- - - - - -
+ + +
+ + +
- - - - - -
+ + +
P
IR
内电场 外电场
Example 8.5
假设不 成立
假设成 立
iD1=1mA VD2=-3V
二极管电路分析方法2
导通 截止 若二极管是理想的,正向导通时正向管压降为零, 反向截止时二极管相当于断开。 定性分析:判断二极管的工作状态 否则,正向管压降
硅0.6~0.7V 锗0.2~0.3V
分析方法:将二极管断开,分析二极管两端电位 的高低或所加电压UD的正负。
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
空间电荷区、 势垒区、耗尽 区、PN结
扩散运动
PN结的单向导电性
1. PN 结加正向电压(正向偏置)
P接正、N接负
PN 结变窄
--- - - -
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
4. If the results are consistent with the assumed states, the analysis is finished. Otherwise, return to step 1 and choose a different combination of diode states.
Vss R
VSS Ri D v D
Vss
8.3 Zener-diode voltage-regulator circuits
•A voltage regulator circuit provides a nearly constant voltage to a load from a variable source.
S
•Assumed States for Analysis of Ideal-Diode Circuits
1. Assume a state for each diode, either on (i.e., a short circuit) or off (i.e., an open circuit). For n diodes there are 2n possible combinations of diode states.
国标符号
uZ
曲线越陡, 电压越稳定
UZ
8.2 Load-line analysis of diode circuits
How to analyze?
VSS Ri D vD
Non-linear circuit:
If a non-linear element exists, this circuit is non-linear and can not be solved by using techniques for linear circuits.
Electrical Engineering and Electronics II
Chapter 8 Diodes
4 Course Hours
Chapter 8 Diode
8.1 Basic Diode Concepts 8.2 Load-line analysis of diode circuits 8.3 Zener-diode voltage-regulator circuits 8.4 Ideal-diode model 8.5 Piecewise-linear diode models 8.6 Rectifier circuits 8.7 Wave-shaping Circuits 8.8 Linear Small-signal Equivalent Circuits