英语名词知识点总结教学内容

英语名词知识点总结教学内容
英语名词知识点总结教学内容

第一章名词

●名词的数

一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别

1.定义:

可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分

不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词

2.可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:

1)可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不可以被a/an修饰,且没有复数形

2)有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能

修饰不可数名词

?只能修饰可数名词的有:few, many= a number of, a great/good many, a great many of等

?只能修饰不可数名词的有:much, little, a large amount of, a great deal of

?即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of

?只能修饰可数名词单数的有:many a, more than one

3)有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:

Bread- a loaf, work- a job, clothing- a garment, poetry- a poem, traffic- a vehicle, jewellery- a jewel

4)有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:

Time时间- times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式- manners礼貌,water

水- waters水域

二、可数名词复数的构成规则如下:

1.大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:

Cup –cups, truck-trucks

2.以因素[s] [z][ t?][d?] [?] ,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加- es,如,

Bus- buses, box-boxes, bridge –bridges, watch- watches

3.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

City- cities, party- parties, body- bodies

4.以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Boy- boys, play- plays, day- days, key- keys

5.以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:

1)Hero- heroes, potato- potatoes, tomato- tomatoes, negro- negroes, mango- mangoes, buffalo-

buffaloes, echo(回声)-echoes, tornado(龙卷风)- tornadoes, torpedo(鱼雷)- torpedoes, domino(多米诺

骨牌)- dominoes, veto(否决,否决权)- vetoes, mosquito(蚊子)- mosquitoes

2)一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:

Piano- pianos, solo(独唱,独奏)- solos, concerto(协奏曲)- concertos, tobacco- tobaccos, motto(座右

铭)-mottos, cello(大提琴)- cellos

3)一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:

Kilo( kilogram)-kilos, photo( photograph)- photos, memo(memorandum)- memos

6.以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Video- videos, radio- radios, studio- studios, folio(对开纸)- folios, oratorio(清唱剧)- oratorios, embryo(胚胎)- embryos, zoo- zoos, bamboo(竹子)- bamboos, kangaroo- kangaroos, taboo(戒律)- taboos

注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s也可加es,如:volcano

7.一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f, fe变成v, 再加es,如:

Half- halves, leaf- leaves, knife- knives, thief- thieves,self-selves, life- lives, wife- wives, shelf- shelves, loaf- loaves, wolf- wolves

口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半

8.一些以f, fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs, serf(农奴)-serfs, belief- beliefs, chief(酋长)- chiefs, cliff(悬崖)- cliffs, proof- proofs, roof- roofs

口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶

注:以上两种情况均可的

Wharf(码头), dwarf(侏儒), scarf(围巾), handkerchief(手绢),

9.名词变复数不规则变化大体有以下变化

1)单复数形不同,如

Man –men, woman- women, foot- feet, tooth- teeth, mouse- mice, child- children, emphasis( 强调)- emphases

注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:

Englishman- Englishmen, Frenchman- Frenchmen, dustman- dustmen

但German- Gemans, human- humans因为他们不是合成词

2)单复数词形相同,如

Deer, sheep, fish, works,(工厂) means( 方式、途径), Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, bellows( 风箱), series, crossroad, horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如: yuan, li, jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此

列,如:dollar- dollars, pound- pounds, metre-metres

除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意以下几个方面

有些名词只有复数形式,一般不直接受数词或a(an)修饰,如果要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes, glasses, trousers, compasses, scissors( 剪刀)等

A pair of glasses, two suits of clothes

注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如

A pair of glasses is on the table

Two pairs of glasses are on the table

3)有些名词只有复数,没有单数

Police, people, cattle

4)有些集合名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成

员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:

Family, class, group, team, party, public等。

比较下列句子

The team is made up of 12 members

The team are having a bath now

My family is going to move to Paris

My family usually watch TV after supper

5)合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如

passer-by变成passers-by, grown-up变成growns-up, father –in –law 变成fathers -in –law, boy student- boy students

6)以s 结尾的专用名词,如: the New York Times, the United Nations, the United States等,表示事物的

整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:

The United States is a highly developed country

The Alps are in Europe

7)字母、数字、引语或缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加‘s或s,如

There are two f‘s in the word ”office”

Many VIPs are coming to our city

8)名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数的(如shoes)或总用作复数的名词(如trousers)

也是如此如:

There are twenty boy students in our class

They are his girl friends

Trouser pockets

注意:

a)当sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如

A sports car一辆赛车,a customs officer一个海关官员,arms production武器的生产,a clothes shop

一家服装店,a salesgirl一个女售货员,an accounts department一个会计部门

b)但当man, woman作定语时,如果被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数。如:

A woman doctor, two women doctors; a man teacher, two men teachers

三、不可数名词的数

不可数名词一般情况下没有复数变化。物质名词需要计数时,通常用起量词作用的名词词组来表示,如

A piece of advice/ work/ news/ meat/ coal/ music

A cup of tea/ coffee/ water/, two bottles of milk, a bag of rice

A set of furniture, two drops of water

注意:

1. 有些不可数名词是以s结尾,不要误以为是可数名词,如

News, maths, physics, politics等,它们如作主语,谓语用单数

2. 在有些情况下,名词作定语,和of作定语,含义不同,如

A cup of coffee一杯咖啡,a coffee cup 咖啡杯

名词的格

现代英语名词有两个格,通格和所有格。当名词在句中做主语,宾语或补语时,名词无词性变化,称之为通格,当一个名词去修饰句中另一个名词时,有时用通格,有时用‘s属格,或of 属格

1.所有格的构成

在名词后加‘s,如Mary’s books, the boy’s girl friend

1)如果名词以s结尾,变复数时再词尾的s右上方加’

The students’ desks, these girls’ mother

2)如果名词复数是不规则名词,所有格的构成是加‘s, 如

The Children’s Palace, women’s clothes

3)当and连接两个或几个并列名词时,如果所有格后的名词为两人或几人共同所有,只将最后一个名

词变成所有格,如:

Tom and Mary’s books; Jean and my sister’s books

4)如果所有格后的名词为两个或几个分别所有,则在每个名词后都加‘s,如:

Tom’s and Mary’s mother;John’s and Jean’s photos

5)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等所有格后的名词可省略,尤其当后面的名词是表示处所的名词At

the doctor’s, at the tailor’s, at the teacher’s, at the barber’s

2.‘s属格与of属格的通用和区别

1)一般来说,‘s属格多用于有生命的名词,而of属格则主要用于无生命的名词(但在现代英语中,

这一界限已被打破,如:Newton’s laws, 也可以说成the laws of Newton; the rules of the game,

也可以说成the game’s rules)

注:a) 有生命的名词也可用of所有格形式,如:a photo of the baby

b) 但当’s属格表示“类别”属性,不可用Of属格,如:

A doctor’s degree博士学位,a teacher’s book教师用书

2)如果‘s属格表示的是具体名词“个别”的属性,可用of属格,如:

The doctor’s arrival= the arrival of the doctor

注:a doctor’s degree, a teacher’s book表示的是“泛指类别”,没有具体指哪个人,而the doctor ‘s arrival表示的是“具体的特征”,译成“那位医生的到来”,可以换成the arrival of the doctor

3)名词通格作定语和‘s属格作定语的差别。

名词通格作定语表示泛指的类别,‘s属格作定语表示具体的特指。如:

Car engines are made in this factory(轿车发动机,不是其他类别的发动机)

That car’s engine needs repairing(那台轿车的发动机,具体特指)

They are having afternoon tea(他们在喝午茶)

Yesterday’s afternoon tea has gone bad(昨天的午茶坏了)

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