英美文学选读-美国-现实主义时期-大题

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英美文学选读试题及答案1

英美文学选读试题Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices [A],[B],[C],[D] of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement and write the letter on the answer sheet.1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ___ adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A.Christian2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___.A.Piers PlowmanB.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC.Confessio AmantisD.The Canterbury Tales3.Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaisssance Movement?A.The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology.C.The Glorious revolution.D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion.4.Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man's salvation.5.“And we will sit upon the rocks,/Seeing the shepherds feed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious bird s sing madrigals.〞The above lines are probably taken from __.A.Spenser's The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne's “The Sun Rising〞C.Shakespeare's “Sonnet 18”D.Marlowe's “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love〞6.“Bassanio:Antonio,I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, My wife, and all the world.Are not with me esteem'd above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,Here to the devil, to deliver you.Portia:Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.〞The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate ____.A.dramatic irony7.The ture subjec t of John Donne's poem,“The Sun Rising,〞is to ___.A.attack the sun as an unruly servantB.give compliments to the mistress and her power of beautyC.criticize the sun's intrusion into the lover's private lifeD. lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie8.Of all the 18thcentury novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specificall y a “___ in prose,〞the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A.tragic epic B ic epicC.romanceD.lyric epic9.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are ___.A.horses that are endowed with reasonB.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways.10.Here are four lines from a literary work:“Others for language all their care express,/And value books,as women men, for dress.〞The work is ___.A.Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard〞B.John Milton's Paradise LostC.Alexander Pope's Essay on CriticismD.Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream11.The phrase “to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines a nd to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils〞may well sum up the implied meaning of ___.A.Gulliver's TravelsB.The Rape of the LockC.Robinson CrusoeD.The pilgrim's Progress12.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT ___.A.the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB.the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC.the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD.the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech13.Which of the following is taken from John Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn〞?A.“I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!〞B.“They are both gone up to the church to pary.〞C.“Earth has not anything to show more fair.〞D.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty〞.14.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind!〞is an epigrammatic line by __.A.J.KeatsB.W.BlakeC.W.Wordsworth15.“Ode o na Grecian Urn〞shows the contrast between the ___ of art and the ___ of human passion.A.glory …uglinessB.permanence…transienceC.transience…sordidnessD.glory…permanence16.In the statement“—oh,God! would you like to live with your soul in the grave?〞the term“soul〞apparently refers to ___.A.Heathcliff himselfC.one's spiritual lifeD.one's ghost17.The typical feature of Robet Browning's poetry is the ___.A.bitter satirerger-than-life caricaturetinized dictionD.dramatic monologue18.The Victorian Age was largely an age of ____,eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A.poetryB.drama D.epic prose19.___is the first important governess(家庭女教师) novel in the English literary history.A.Jane EyreHeights20.The major concern of ______ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.wrence'sB.J.Galsworthy'sC.W.Thackeray’sD.T.Hardy’s21.___is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A.Richard SheridanB.Oliver GoldsmithC.Oscar WildeD.Bernard Shaw22.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?A.To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B.To put the stress on traditional values.C.To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D.To advocate a conscious break with the past.23.The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ___ in the American literary histrory.A.individual feelingsB.idea of survival of the fittestC.strong imaginationD.return to nature24.Henry David Thoreau's work,__,has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.B.The pioneersC.NatureD.Song of Myself25.The famous 20-years sleep in “Rip Van Winkle〞helps to construct the story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving's ___.A.concern with the passage of timeB.expression of transient beautyC.satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beingsD.idea about supernatural manipulation of man's life26.Walt whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first of all lies in his use of __,poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A.blank verseB.heroic coupletC.free verseD.iambic pentameter27.The literary characters of the American type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features EXCEPT that they ___.A.speak local dialectsB.are polite and elegant gentlemenC.are simple and crude farmersD.are noble savages( red and white) untainted by society28.Hester Pryme, Dimmsdale,Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in ___.A.The Scarlet LetterB.The House of the Seven GablestC.The Portrait of a LadyD.The pioneers29.“This is my letter to the World〞is a poetic expression of Emily Dickinson's __ about her communication with the outside world.A.indifferenceB.anger30.With Howells,James,and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, __ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury.31.After The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book entitled ___.A.Life on the MississippiB.The Gilded AgeC.The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD.A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court32.However,___,the keynote of Daisy Miller's character,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures.C.worldliness33.Generally speaking,all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ___.A.transcendentalists34.Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life.Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression?A.Religion and immortality.B.Life and death.C.Love and marriage.D.War and peace.35.In “After Apple-Picking,〞Robert Frost wrote:“For I have had too much/Of applepi cking:I am overtired/Of the great harvestI myself desired.〞From these lines we can conclude that the speaker is ___.A.happy about the harvestB.still very much interested in apple-pickingC.expecting a greater harvestD.indifferent to what he once desired36.Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ____.A.Ezra PoundB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Robert FrostD.Emily Dickinson37.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their __.A.indestructible spirtieB.pessimistic view of life38.IN The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape,O'Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the ___ of human beings in a hostile universe.A.helpless situationC.profound religious faithD.courage and perseverance39.In Hemingway's “Indian Cmap〞,Nick's night trip to the Indian village and his experience inside the hut can be taken as ____.A.an essential lesson about Indian tribesB.a confrontation with evil and sinC.an initiation to the harshness of lifeD.a learning process in human relationship40.which of the following statements about Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner's story “A Rose for Emily,〞is NOT true?A.She has a distorted personality.B.She is physically deformed and paralyzed.C.She is the symbol of the old values of the South.D.She is the victim of the past glory.PART TWOⅡ.Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.41.“Her eyes met his and he looked away.He neither believed nor disbelieved her,but he knew that he had made a mistake in asking;he never had known,never would know,what she was thinking.The sight of her inscrutable face,the thought of all the hundreds of evenings he had seen her sitting there like that,soft and passive,but so unreadable, unknown, enraged him beyond measure.〞Questions:A.Identify the writer and the work.B.What does the phrase “inscrutable face〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?42.“And when I am formulated,sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways.〞Questions:A.Identify the poem and the poet.B.What does the phrase “butt-ends〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?43.“God knows,…I'm not myself—I'm somebody else—…and I'm changed,and I can't tell what's my name,or who I am.〞Questions:A.Identify the work and the author.B.The speaker says he is changed.Do you think he is changed, or the social environment has changed?C.What idea does the quoted sentence express?44.“I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.〞Questions:A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.B.What does the phrase “ages and ages hence〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?Ⅲ.Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English.Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45.As a rule,an allegory is story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning,and an implied meaning.List two works as examples of allegory.What is an allegory usually concerned with by its implied meaning?46.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought.Who are the two?And what ideas they expressed inspire the romantic writers?47.The white whale,Moby Dick,is the most important symbol in Melville's novel.What symbolic meaning can you draw from it?48.Nature is a philosophic work, in which Emerson gives an explicit discussion on his idea of the Qversoul.What is your understanding of Emersonian “Oversoul〞?Ⅳ.Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.49.How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism?Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.50.Summerize the story of Mark twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words,and comment on the theme of the novel.Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)41.A.John Galasworthy:The Man of Property.B.A face does not show any emotion or reaction so that it is impossible to know how that person is feeling or what he is thinking about.C.it presents the inner mind of Soames in face of his wife's coldness.He can never know what is on his wife's mind because the makeup of his and her mentality is different. His wife Irene, whose mind is romantically inclined, is disgusted with her husband's possessiveness. Being unable to read his wife's mind is as good as saying that he really can't regard her as his property- this is the very reason why he is enraged beyond measure.42.A.T.S.Eliot:“The Love Song of J.Alfred Pruforck.〞B.The ends of cigarettes,meaning trivial things here.C.Here,Prufrock's inability to do anything against the society he is in is made strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison .Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free.This image vividly shows Prufrock's current predicament.43.A.Washington Irving:“Rip Van Winkle〞.B.The social environment is changed.C.When Rip is back home after a period of 20 years,he finds thta everything has changed.All those old values are gone,and he can hardly feel at home in a changed society.One of the functions that Rip serves in the story is to provide a measuring stick for change. It is through him that Irving drives home the theme that a desire for change,improvement,and progress could subvert stable society.44.A.Robert Frost:“The Road Not Taken〞.B.Many many years later.C.The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads.But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life.He seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader.“Make good choice of your life.〞Ⅲ.Questions and Answers (24 points in all,6 for each)45.A.Buyan's pilgrim's Progress and Spenser's The Faerie Queene.B.It is usually concerned with moral ,religious,political,symbolic or mythical ideas.46.A.The French philosopher,Jean Jacques Rousseau and the German writer Johna Wolfgan von Goethe.B.It is Rousseau who established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit;his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought.〞Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit.47.A.To Ahab,the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe,or perhaps both.B.To Ishmale,the whale is an astonishing force,an immense power,which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It is beautiful,but malignant at the same time. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe,for it has a life force that surges onward irresistibly, impervious to the desires or wills of men.C.As to the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature, or an instrument of God's vengeance upon evil man. In general,the multiplicity and ambivalence of the symbolic meaning of the whale is such that it becomes a source of intense speculation, an object or profound curiosity for the reader.48.A.The Oversoul is believed to be an all-pervading power for goodness,omnipresent and omnipotent from which all things come and of which all are a part. It exists in nature and man alike and constitutes the chief element of the universe.B.According to Emerson,it is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings, and a religion regarded as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal Over-soul of which it is a part.C.He holds that intuition is a more certain way of knowing than reason and that the mind could intuitively perceive the existence of the Oversoul and of certain absolutes.Ⅳ.Topic Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)49.a.Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emoticon and accuracy,and that literature,should be judged in terms of its service to humanity,and thus,literary expressions should be of proportion,unity,harmony and grace.Pope's An Essay on Criticism advocates grace,wit (usually though satire/humour),and simplicity in language(and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals,too);Fielding's Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel;Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard' displays elega nce in style,unified structure,serious tone and moral instructions.b.Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience,including art,and thus,literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,〞and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were (Wordsworth's “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,〞or “The Solitary Reaper,) or Coleridge's “Keble Khan〞),the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.c.In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual's mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience…)50.A.Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a Sequa to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.The Story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it; One is an ignorant,uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn.The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and ,more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind ,his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friends as well.During their journey, they experience a series of adventures:coming across two frauds, the “Duke〞and the “King〞,witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom's coming to rescue. B. The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom〞: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft's journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilizati。

美国现实主义文学时期习题-带答案

The Age of RealismI. Fill in the blanks.1.Henry James first achieved recognition as a writer of the “_ International theme _____” --- a story which brings togetherpersons of various nationalities who represent certain characteristics of their country.2.The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn__ was Mark Twain’s masterpiece from which, as Hemingway noted, “all modernAmerican literature comes.”3.The three dominant figures of the American Realistic Period are William Dean Howells, _Mark Twain___, and HenryJames.4.Henry James's emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness proves to be a big breakthrough in novel writingand has great influence on the coming generations. That is why he is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “the stream of consciousness”.5.As one of America’s first and foremost realists and humorists, _ Mark Twain___, the pen name of Samuel LanghorneClemens, usually wrote about his own personal experiences and things he knew about from firsthand experiences.6._ Henry James _ was a realist, but not a naturalist. He was an observer of the mind rather than a recorder of time. Hisrealism was a special kind of psychological realism.7.One of Clemens’s best books _Life on the Mississippi___ is built around his experiences as a steamboat pilot.8.Mark Twain’s first novel, _The Gilded Age______ was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the post-bellum period which it attempted to satirize.9.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literatureon the American men of letters gave rise to another school of Realism : American Naturalism.II. Decide whether the statements are true or false.1.In the latter half of the nineteenth century, women somewhat became the nation’s dominant culture force. T2.In the late nineteenth century, although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, thegreat age of American romanticism had ended. T3.The American realists sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of humanpersonality. T4.Mark Twain had, as his aim of writing, the soul, the life, and the speech of the people in mind. T5.Mark Twain’s later works unmistakably showed his change from an optimist and humorist to an almost despairingdeterminist. T6.The bulk of America’s literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. F7.American naturalism, like realism, had come from Europe. T8.Mark Twain’s last writings revealed the deep grief his personal losses had caused him and reflected the deep cynicism anddisillusionment with his world. T9.Henry James was not only one of the most important realists of the period before the First World War, but also one of themost expert stylists of his time. T10.Henry James’ greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. T11.Uncle Tom’s Cabin is written with vivid life-description and an enthusiastic political passion. T12.Uncle Tom’s Cabin plays an important role in promoting the political struggle against slavery. T13.Mark Twain’s humor, satire and the unique artistic works are the gems of American literature. T14.Jack London vividly describes the miserable life of the working people. T15.O. Henry uses slang to give force and humor. T16.Jack London tells his story through action rather than through words. T17.Jack London’s prose style is forceful and colorful rather than precise. T18.Henry James was concerned with the moral values. TⅢ. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1._ B___ had been an evident influence on Naturalism. It seemed to stress the animal impulse of man, to suggest that manwas dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution.A. UnitarianismB. Origins of SpeciesC. Puritanism and InfluenceD. Capitalist Economy2.Who is called “the true father of our national literature” by the writer H. L. Mencken? BA. Benjamin FranklinB. Mart TwainC. HemingwayD. William Faulkner3.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, which was still a big influence upon the writers of this period,there were two thinkers __A___ whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period.A. the German Karl Marx and the American Sigmund FreudB. the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund FreudC. the Swiss Car Jung and the American William JamesD. the Austrian Karl Marx and the German Sigmund Freud4.The American realists approached the harsh realities and pressures in the post-Civil war society by _D____.A. a comprehensive picture of modern life in its various occupations, class stratifications and mannersB. a psychological exploration of man’s subconsciousnessC. a disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil WarD. both A and B5.By the turn of the century, with the publication of The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg and The Mysterious Stranger, thechange in Mark Twain from ______ to _____ could be felt. CA. an optimist...an almost despairing pessimistB. an almost despairing pessimist...an optimistC. a local colorist...a naturalistD. a naturalist...a local colorist6.The Portrait of a Lady is generally considered to be James’s masterpiece, which _B___.A. incarnates the clash between the Old World and the New in the life journey of an American girl in a European culturalenvironmentB. tells a story about a young and innocent American confronting the complexity of the European lifeC. is about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in RomeD. tells about some Europeans who learn with difficulty to adapt themselves to the American life7.About Henry James’ literary criticism, which of the following is not right? DA. It is both concerned with form and devoted to human values.B. He indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life in every possible form.C. He advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him.D. He believes that the artist can’t feel the life, but he can understand human nature in their own way.8.The characters presented by the naturalist writers were _A____.A. more often than not dominated by their environment and heredityB. usually idealized heroes or heroines of unspotted virtue and dazzling accomplishmentsC. in most cases examples of human experienceD. people who were simply all good or all bad9.After the Civil War America was transformed from ______ to ____. AA. an agrarian community … an industrialized and commercialized societyB. an agrarian community … a society of freedom and equalityC. a poor and backward society … an industrialized and commercialized societyD. an industrialized and commercialized society … a highly developed society10.Which of the following is said of the American naturalism? DA. They preferred to have their own region and people at the forefront of the stories.B. Their characteristic setting is usually an isolated town.C. Humans should be united because they had to adapt themselves to changing harsh environment.D. Their characters were conceived more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned bysocial and economic forces.11.Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain's style of language? AA. His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult to read.B. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect.C. His humor is remarkable and characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration, repetition and anti-climax.D. His style of language had exerted rather deep influence on the contemporary writers.12.Which of the following is not written by Henry James? DA. The Portrait of A Lady and The EuropeansB. The Wings of the Dove and The AmbassadorsC. What Maisie Knows and The BostoniansD. The Genius and The Gilded Age13.By the end of the 19th century, the American realists sought to _____ and therefore rejected the portrayal of idealizedcharacters and events in their writings. DA. describe the wide range of American experienceB. show animal nature of human beingsC. present the subtleties of human personalityD. both A and C14.Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain? CA. In his writings, he made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previouswriters had ever done.B. His The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is usually considered a classic book written for boys about their particular horrorsand joys.C. His caustic and increasingly bleak view of human nature began to appear in his early books.D. As a sequel to Tom Sawyer, Huckleberry Finn marks the climax of his literary creativity.15.One of Henry James’s literary techniques innovated to cater for his psychological emphasis is his__D______.A. technique of stream of consciousnessB. first person narrativeC. author’s participation in narratingD. narrative point of view16.The great American realist Henry James treated with great care ___C______ in the first period.A. ancient European civilization which is satirized severely in his writingsB. the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in AmericaC. the clashes between two different cultures, European and AmericanD. both B and C17.Henry James’s fame generally rests upon his novels and stories with ___D____.A. the love and marriage themeB. the theme of humor and satire on lifeC. the theme of revealing the miserable life of the poor and criticizing the capitalismD. the international theme18.After the Civil War America had been transformed from to . BA. an agrarian community…a society of freedom and equalityB. an agrarian community…an industrialized and commercialized societyC. an industrialized and commercialized society…a highly developed societyD. a poor and backward society…an industrialized and commercialized society19.The three dominant figures in the period of Realism of America are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain and___A_____.A. Henry JamesB. Tom JamesC. James JoyceD. Henry Joyce20.The use of __D______ in his writings has made Mark Twain one of the major literary figures in the 19th century Americanliterature.A. point of viewB. stream-of-consciousnessC. interior monologueD. vernacular21.___A____ is generally considered to be Henry James’ masterpiece, which incarnates the clash between the Old World andthe New in the life journey of an American girl in a European cultural environment.A. The Portrait of a LadyB. The Golden BowlC. Daisy MillerD. The Turn of the Screw22.Upon the publication of The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) and The Mysterious Stranger (1916), the change inMark Twain from an optimist to an almost despairing pessimist could be felt and his cynicism and disillusionment with what Twain referred to regularly as the__C_____ became obvious.A. damned slaveryB. damned NegroC. damned human raceD. damned society23.Henry James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century __D______ novels and the founder of psychologicalrealism.A. localB. colorC. physicalD. stream-of-consciousness24.In the post-Civil War society the American realists portrayed the harsh realities and pressures by __C______.A. a comprehensive picture of modern life in its various occupations, class stratifications and mannersB. a narrative exploration of man’s subconsciousnessC. a disillusion of heroism resulting from the dark memories of the Civil WarD. a revival of heroism resulting from the glorious memories of the Revolutionary War25.The realistic period is referred to as “the Gilded Age” by __A____.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. Emily DickinsonD. Theodore Dreiser26.___B___, being a boy’s book specially written for the adults, is Mark Twain’s most representative book.A. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer27.As a realist, Mark Twain concerned particularly about the local character of a region, which came about as “__C_____”.A. NaturalismB. TranscendentalismC. Local ColorismD. both A and C28.Realism was a reaction against__B___ or a move away from the bias towards romance and self-creating fictions, and pavedthe way to Modernism.A. RationalismB. RomanticismC. NeoclassicismD. Enlightenment29.Another fact that made __A__ unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial,concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.A. TwainB. AndersonC. JamesD. Dreiser30.About Naturalism, which of the following statements is NOT correct? DA. Naturalists chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society.B. They portrayed misery and poverty of the “underdogs”, who were demonstrably victims of society and nature.C. One of the most familiar themes in American Naturalism is the theme of human “bestiality,” especially an explanation ofsexual desire.D. American Naturalism is a reaction against Realism.31.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Henry James’s writing style? DA. Exquisite and elaborate languageB. Minute detailed descriptionC. Lengthy psychological analysisD. American colloquialism32.The Age of Realism is the literary history of the United States refers to the period from to . CA. 1861 – 1914B. 1863 – 1918C. 1865 – 1914D. 1865 – 191833.Who is described by Mark Twain as a boy with "a sound heart and a deformed conscience?" BA. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony34.Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his C .A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism35.Mark Twain’s ____ tells a story of his boyhood ambitious to become a riverboat pilot, up and down the Mississippi. CA. Roughing ItB. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventures of Tom SawyerIV. TermsAmerican RealismIn American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.Local colorismLocal Colorism or Regionalism as a trend first made its presence felt in the late 1860s and early seventies in America. It may be defined as the careful attegogoms in speech, dress or behavior peculiar to a geographical locality. The ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside. The social and intellectual climate of the country provided a stimulating milieu for the growth of local color fiction in America. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. They formed an important part of the realistic movement. Although it lost its momentum toward the end of the 19th century, the local spirit continued to inspire and fertilize the imagination of author.NaturalismA more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories and plays, usually involving a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. Naturalism was a new and harsher realism. It developed on the basis of realism but went a step further than it in portraying social reality.V. Questions1.What are the identifying Characteristics of Realistic Writing?2.What is realism? What features does it have? Who are the important representatives?3.Why did Whitman use the style of free verse to write his poetry? What kind of thoughts does Whitman express in his poetry?Find relative information from other sources.ment on Mark Twain’s Features5.What is the most famous theme in Henry James’ fiction? What is his favorite approach in characterization, which makeshim different from Mark Twain and W. D. Howells as realists?6.According to Henry James’ viewpoint, what is the conflict between the American personalities and European personalities?7.What is naturalism? What features does it have? What connections does it have with realism? Who are the representatives?8.What kind of literary position did Jack London hold? What about his literary ideas? Analyze his naturalistic ideas in TheCall of the Wild and Martin Eden.。

自考《英美文学选读》（美）现代文学时期（2）

Chapter 3 The Modern Period ⼀。

识记 1.The historical and socio-cultural background of the American literature between the two World Wars：（1） The two World Wars： The twentieth century began with a strong sense of social breakdown. The two Wor1d Wars， especially the First World War （l914——l918）， became the emblem of all wars in the twentieth century， which means violence， devastation， blood and death， and made a big impact on the life of the American people and their literary writings. With all these wars the whole wor1d had undergone a dramatic social change， a transformation from order to disorder. America in this period was characterized by economic boom and material prosperity but social chaos， spiritual waste and and moral decay. Economically， with America's participation in Wor1d War I and the technological revolution， the United States had its booming industry and material prosperity. Socially， the world was disorderly and turbulent. There was a sense of unease and restlessness underneath. Spiritually and morally， there was a decline in moral standard and the first few decades of the twentieth century was best described as a spiritual wasteland. The censor of a great civilization being destroyed or destroying itself， social breakdown， and individual powerlessness and hopelessness became part of the American experience as a result of the First World War， with resulting feelings of fear， loss， disorientation and disillusionment. （2） The impact of Marxism， Freudianism and European modern art on American modern literature： Between the mid-l9th century and the first decade of the 20th century， there had been a big flush of new theories and new ideas in both social and natural sciences， as well as in the field of art in Europe， which played an indispensable ro1e in bringing about modernism and the modernistic writings in the United States. a. Marxism and Freudianism Apart from Darwinism， which was still a big influence over the writers of this period， the two thinkers whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period were the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud. Marx was a sociologist who believed that the root cause of all behavior was economic， and that the leading feature of the economic life was the division of society into antagonistic classes based on a relation to the means of production. Freud propounded an idea of human beings themselves as grounded in the "unconscious" that controlled a great deal of overt behavior， and made the practice of the psychoanalysis which emphasizes the importance of the unconscious or the irrationa1 in the human psyche. William James， an American psychologist famous for his theory of "stream of consciousness，" and Carl Jung， a Swiss psychiatrist， noted for his "collective unconscious" and "archetypal symbol" as part of modern mythology. Their theories，plus Freud's interpretation of dreams， have infused modern American literature and made it possible for most of the writers in the modern period to probe into the inner world of human reality. b. European modern art： The implications of modern European arts to modern American writings can also be strong1y felt in the American literature between the wars， even thereafter. In painting， both the French Impressionist and the German Expressionist artists avoided the representation of external reality and depicted the human rea1ity in a rather subjective point of view. This highly personal vision of the world is self-evident in the works by writers such as William Faulkner， Eugene O'Neill， etc. Cubism， another school of modern painting popular in the early 20th century with its emphasis on the formal structure of a work of art， especially its emphasis on the multiple-perspective viewpoints， had provided the writers with more than one way to explain the reality and engaged the readers in creating order out of fragmentation as we1l. Composers like Igor Stravinsky similar1y produced music in a "modern" mode， featuring dissonance and discontinuity rather than neat formal structure and appealing total harmonies. （3）The expatriate movement There was a spiritual crisis in the modern period， but a full blossoming of literary writings. The expatriate movement，also called the second American Renaissance， is the most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature. When the First World War broke out， many young men volunteered to take part in "the war to end Wars" only to find that modern warfare was not as glorious or heroic as they thought it to be. Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous， greedy， and heedless way of life in America， they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war. Among these young writers were the most prominent figures in American literature， especially in modern American 1iterature. They were basically expatriates who 1eft America and formed a community of writers and artists in Paris， involved with other European novelists and poets in their experimentation on new modes of thought and expression. These writers were later named by an American writer， Gertrude Stein， also an expatriate， "The Lost Generation." 2. The historical and socio-cultural background of the American literature after the World War Ⅱ： What happened immediately after the Second World War in the United States and other parts of the world exerted a tremendous influence on the mentality of Americans. It changed man's view of himself and the world as well. First of all， the dropping of an atomic bomb over Hiroshima in Japan shocked the whole world and made possible the destruction of the Western civilization. Then a mutual fear and hostility grew between the Eastern and Western courtries with the Cold War， the effect of which could be felt in the form of McCarthyism in the Unites States. Besides， the Korean War and the Vietnam War broadened the gap between the government and the people. The assassination of John F. Kennedy，and of Martin Luther King， spokesman of the American Civil Rights Movement， the resignation of Nixon because of the Water-Gate scandal， etc. intensified the terror and tossed the whole nation again into the grief and despair. The impact of these changes and upheavals on the American society is emotional. People start to question the role of science in human progress and the fear of the misuse of modern science and technology is spreading. They no longer believe in God but start to reconsider the nature of man and man's capacity for evil. They begin to think of life as a big joke or an absurdity. The world is even more disintegrating and fragmentary and people are even more estranged and despondent. ⼆。

英美文学选读-美国-浪漫主义时期-练习题汇总(选择大题)

I．Multiple Choice(40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. Write the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the answer sheet.Chapter23.The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ___ inthe American literary histrory.A.individual feelingsB.idea of survival of the fittestC.strong imaginationD.return to nature (024)24. Henry David Thoreau's work,__,has always been regarded as a masterpiece ofNew England Transcendentalism.5A.WaldenB.The pioneersC.NatureD.Song of Myself(024)23.The hightide of Romanticism in American literature occurred around .[A]1820 [B]1850 [C]1880 [D]1920(034)25.Which group of writers are among those who may be called early pioneers of American literature?[A]Mark Twain and Henry James.[B]Fenimore Cooper and Washington lrving.[C]Ernest Hemingway and William Faulkner[D]Jack London and O‘Henry. (034)31.The Romantic Writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the （）in the American literary history.A. individual feelingB. survival of the fittest(054)C. strong imaginationD. return to nature24.The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of __________ to the outbreak of ___________.（）A. the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB. the 18th century…the American Civil WarC. the 17th century…the American Civil WarD. the 18th century…the U.S.-Mexican War(057)29.The them e of Washington Irving‘s Rip Van Winkle is（）.A. the conflict of human psycheB. the fight against racial discrimination(057)C. the familial conflictD. the nostalgia for the unrecoverable past25．The Romantic Period, one of the most important periods in the history of American literature, stretches from the end of ______________ to the outbreak of ____________.A．the 17th century…the American War of IndependenceB．the 18th century…the American Civil WarC．the 17th century…the American Civil Wa rD．the 18th century…the U.S. – Mexican War（074）26．Which of the following statements is NOT true of American Transcendentalism?4 A．It can be clearly defined as a part of American Romantic literary movement. B．It can be defined philosophically as ―the re cognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively‖.C．Ralph Waldo Emerson was the chief advocate of this spiritual movement.D．It sprang from South America in the late 19th century. （074）39.A preoccupation with the ______ view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne，Melville and a host of lesser writers.A. optimisticB. CalvinisticC. PlatonicD. Socratic(087)40. The American ______ as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values in the American Romantic period.A. Puritanism B．AtheismC. DeismD. Cynicism(087)39. In the American Romantic writings,______ came to function almost as a dramaticcharacter that symbolized moral law.3A. fireB. waterC. treesD. wilderness(094)40. The desire for an escape from society and a return to ______ became a permanentconvention of the American literature.2A. the family lifeB. natureC. the ancient timeD. fantasy of love(094)24. The fiction of the American _____ period ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the social realism of Rebecca Harding Davis.A. RomanticB. RevolutionaryC. ColonialD. Modernistic（097）32.A preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of _____ and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.1A. love and mercyB. bitterness and hatredC. original sinD. eternal life（097）1 Hawthorne28.Hester Pryme, Dimmsdale,Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely the names ofthe characters in ___.A.The Scarlet LetterB.The House of the Seven GablestC.The Portrait of a LadyD.The pioneers(024)27.Hawthorne generally concerns himself with such issues as in his fiction.[A]the evil in man‘s heart[B]the material pursuit[C]the racial conflict [D]the social inequality(034)29. Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin? (044)A. Stowe‘s Uncle Ton’s CabinB. James‘s The Portrait of a Lady.C. Hemingway‘s A Farewell to ArmsD. Hawthorne‘s The Scarlet Letter.39.After his experiences in the forest, Young Goodman Brown returns to Salem ______.A. desperate and gloomyB. renewed in his faithC. wearing a black veilD. unaware of his own sin(044)24.The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his―black vision.‖The term―black vision‖refers to（）.A. Hawthorne‘s observation that every man faces a black wallB. Hawthorne‘s belief that all men are by nature evilC. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his storyD. that Puritans of Hawthorne‘s time usually wore black clothes(054)36.Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely characters in （）.A. The House of the Seven GablesB. The Scarlet Letter(054)C. The Portrait of a LadyD. The Pioneers23.In Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne, the name of Goodman Brown‘s wife is （）, which also contains many symbolic meanings.A. RuthB. HesterC. FaithD. Mary(057)36.Nathaniel Hawthorne held an unceasing interest in the―interior of the heart‖ of man‘s being. So in almost every book he wrote, Hawtho rne discussed（）A. love and hatredB. sin and evilC. frustration and self-denialD. balance and self-discipline(057) 29．Nathaniel Hawthorne held an unceasing interest in the ―interior of the heart ‖of man‘s being. So in almost every book he wr ote, Hawthorne discusses______________.A．love and hatred B．sin and evilC．frustration and self—denial D．balance and self—discipline（074）30．In Young Goodman Brown by Hawthorne, the name of Goodman Brown‘s wife is ______________, which also contains many symbolic meanings.A．Ruth B．HesterC．Faith D．Mary（074）28．Hawthorne intended to ______ in The Scarlet Letter.A．tell a story of parental loveB．tell a story of sin and bloody violenceC．call the readers back to the plantation way of livingD．reveal the human psyche after they sinned（084）30．In many of Hawthorne‘s stories and novels, the Puritan concept of life is condemned, or the Puritan past is shown in an almost totally negative light, especially in his ______ and The Scarlet Letter.5A．Twice-Told Tales B．The Blithedale RomanceC．The Marble Faun D．The House of the Seven Gables（084）27. According to ______, ―There is evil in every human heart，which may remain latent，perhaps，through the whole life；but circumstances may rouse it to activity.‖4A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Ellen PoeC. William Faulkner D．Theodore Dreiser(087)34. Hawthorne‘s view of man and human history originated，to a great extent，from ______.A. TranscendentalismB. PuritanismC. HumanismD. Expressionism(087)38.Almost every book written by Hawthorne discusses _____，which reflects his unceasing interest in the ―interior of the heart‖ of man‘s being.A. sin and evilB. 1ove and hatredC. frustration and self - denialD. balance and self - discipline(087)34. The Birthmark drives home symbolically ______ point that evil is a man'sbirthmark, something he was born with.A. Whitman'sB. Melville'sC. Hawthorne'sD. Emerson's(094)40. Hawthorne was not a Puritan himself, but his view of man and human history originated, to a great extent, in_______.A. CalvinismB. PuritanismC. RealismD. Naturalism（097）23. With the scarlet letter A as the biggest symbol of all, ______ proves himself to be one of the best symbolists.A. HawthorneB. DreiserC. JamesD. Faulkner(104)40. In 1837, ______ published Twice - Told Tales, a collection of short stories which attracted critical attention.3A. EmersonB. MelvilleC. WhitmanD. Hawthorne(104)39. ―The Birthmark‖ drives home symbolically Hawthorne‘s point that ______ isman‘s birthmark, something he is born with.2A. purityB. generosityC. evilD. love（107）40. The Blithedale Romance is a novel ______ wrote to reveal his own experiences onthe Brook Farm and his own methods as a psychological novelist.1A. Herman MelvilleB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman（107）2 Whitman26.Walt whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry. His innovation first ofall lies in his use of __,poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A.blank verseB.heroic coupletC.free verseD.iambic pentameter(024)31.Whitman‘s poems are characterized by all the following features except.[A]a strict poetic form[B]a simple and conversational language[C]a free and natural rhythmic pattern[D]an easy flow of feelings(034)26.Whitman‘s poems are characterized by all the following features EXCEPT ______ . (044) 5A. the strict poetic formB. the free and natural rhythmC. the easy flow of feelingsD. the simple and conversational language23．Walt Whitman, whose ______________ established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.A．Leaves of Grass B．Go Down, MosesC．The Marble Faun D．As I Lay Dying（074）31．Which of the following statements might be true of the theme of ―Song of Myself‖ by Whitman?4A．This poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world around him and improved himself accordingly.B．This poem shows the author‘s cynical sentiments against the American Civil War. C．This poem reflects the author‘s belief in Unitarianism or Deism.D．This poem reflects the au thor‘s belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value. （074）37．As ______ saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enable Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonial rule.A．Wordsworth Longfellow B．William BryantC．Walt Whitman D．Robert Frost（084）38．Walt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission, having devoted all his life to the creation of the ―single‖ poem, ______.A．The Love Song of J．Alfred Prufrock B．The Waste LandC．Murder in the Cathedral D．Leaves of Grass（084）29.What Walt Whitman prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is ―______，‖that is，poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme．A. fixed verseB. free verseC. fixed endingD. free ending(087)32.What Whitman prefers for his new subject and new poetic feelings is ―______ ,‖that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A. blank verseB. free rhythmC. balanced structureD. free verse(094)26. By means o f ―_____,‖ Whitman believed, he has turned the poem into an open field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play. 3A. balanced structureB. free verseC. fixed verseD. regular rhythm（097）24. The author of Leaves of Grass , a giant of American letters, is ______.A. FaulknerB. DreiserC. JamesD. Whitman(104)39. In his poetry, Whitman shows concern for ______ and the burgeoning life of cities.A. the colonistsB. the capitalistsC. the whole hard -working peopleD. the intellectuals(104)23. Two people could be ―twain yet one‖ : their paths could be different, and yet theycould achieve a kind of transcendent contact, ______ believed. 2A. Walt WhitmanB. Ezra PoundC. Washington IrvingD. Nathaniel Hawthorne（107）30. Walt Whitman ‘s ______ is a collection of poems incorporating his emotions andfeelings before and during the Civil War when he stood firmly on the side of the North. 1A. Leaves of GrassB. ―Cavalry Crossing a Ford‖C. ―Song of Myself‖D. Drum Taps（107）3Melville27. ―Then all collapsed, and the great shroud of the sea rolled on as it rolled five thousand years ago.‖ In the quoted sentence, the author might imply that ______.(044) 5A. nothing changes in the 5000 years of human historyB. ma n‘s desire to conquer nature can only end in his own destructionC. nature is evil as it was 5000 years agoD. nature has the ultimate creative power30. Beside symbolism, all the following qualities EXCEPT ______are fused to make Melville‘s Moby-Dick a world classic.4A. narrative powerB. psychological analysis(044)C. speculative agilityD. optimistic view of life37.Like Nathaniel Hawthorne,（）also manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through symbolism and allegory in his narratives.A. Mark TwainB. Henry JamesC. R. W. EmersonD. Herman Melville(054)39.In Moby-Dick, the white whale symbolizes（）for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.3A. natureB. human societyC. whaling industryD. truth(057)32．In Moby—Dick, the white whale symbolizes ______________ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A．nature B．human societyC．whaling industry D．truth（074）25．Herman Melville wrote his semi-autobiographical novel ______ concerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors.2A．Typee B．RedburnC．Moby-Dick D．Mardi（084）31．The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes ________ for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.A．society B．natureC．ocean animals D．both A and C （084）30. By writing _______ Melville reached the most flourishing stage of his literary creativity.A. TypeeB. OmooC. MardiD. Moby-Dick(087)27. In 1849, Herman Melville published ______ ,a semi-autobiographical novel, con-cerning the sufferings of a genteel youth among brutal sailors.A. OmooB. MardiC. RedburnD. Typee(094)38. By writing Moby - Dick, _______ reached the most flourishing stage of his literary creativity.A. Herman MelvilleB. Edgar Ellen PoeC. William FaulknerD. Theodore Dreiser（097）26. Melville is best - known as the author of his mighty book, ________, which is one of the world‘ s greatest masterpieces.A. Song of MyselfB. Moby - DickC. The Marble FaunD. Mosses from an Old Manse(104)27. In 1841, ______ went to the South Seas on a whaling ship, where he gained thefirst- hand information about whaling that he used later in Moby -Dick.A. Herman MelvilleB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Robert Lee FrostD.T.S. Eliot（107）33. In Moby-Dick, for the character Ahab, the white whale represents only ______.1A. evilB. natureC. societyD. purity（107）34. Melville‘s semi- autobiographical novel, ______, concerns the sufferings of agenteel youth among brutal sailors.A. Moby-DickB. RedburnC. MardiD. Typee（107）PART TWOⅡ.Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.1 Hawthorne43.―‗Faith! Faith!‘cried the husband. ‗Look up to Heaven, and resis t the Wicked One.‘‖Questions:A.Identify the work and the author.B.What idea does the quoted sentence express? (054)43. A. Nathaniel Hawthorne; ―Young Goodman Brown‖B. Goodman Brown here is obviously addressing the image of his wife, urging herto resist the devil. At the same time he is exhorting himself to have faith, to look heavenward, to withstand the infernal eloquence of the Wicked One.Whitman44.―I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.‖(From Walt Whitman‘s ―Song of Myself‖)Questions:A. Who does―myself‖refer to ?B. How do you understand the line―I loafe and invite my soul?‖C. What does―a spear of summer grass‖symbolize? (057)44．―I celebrate myself, and sing myself,And what I assume you shall assume,For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.I loafe and invite my soul,I learn and loafe at my ease observ ing a spear of summer grass.‖(from Walt Whitman‘s ―Song of Myself‖)Questions:A．Whom does ―myself‖ refer to?B．How do you understand the line ―I loafe and invite my soul‖?C．What does ―a spear of summer grass‖ indicate?（084）43. ―My tongue，every atom of my blood，form‘d from this soil，this air,Born here of parents born here from parents the same，and theirparents the same，I，now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin，Hoping to cease not till death‖Questions：A. Identify the poet and the poem from which the quoted lines are taken.B. What do ―soil‖ and ―air‖ represent in the first line?C. What does the poet try to say in the above four lines? (087)43. A. Walt Whitman, ―Song of Myself‖B. His native land, America or His countryC. I was born and nurtured by this land and shall from now on devote my wholelife to the country.43．There was a child went forth every day,And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became,And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day,Or for many years or stretching cycles of years.Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. From which poem and which collection of the poet are these lines taken?C. What does the poet describe in the poem? (094)43. A. Walt whitman.B. ―There Was a Child Went Forth‖ from Leaves of Grass.C. The poem describes the growth of a child who learned about the world aroundhim and improved himself accordingly. In the poem, Whitman‘s own early experience may well be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.44. (A lot of common objects have been enumerated in the previous lines, and hereare the last two lines of the poem. )―The horizon‘s edge, the flying sea - crow, the fragrance of salt marsh and shore mud.These became part of that child who went forth every day, and who now goes, and will always go forth every day. ‖Questions:A. Who is the author of this poem? What is the title of the poem?B. What does the child stand for in the poem?C. How do you understand ― These became part of the child‖ ?（107）44. A. Walt whitman. ―There Was a Child Went Forth‖B. the young, growing America.C. The common objects in the poem reflect the natural process of a boy‘s growth.Ⅲ.Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English.Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.Hawthorne48. ―Young Goodman Brown‖ is one of Hawthorne‘s most profound tales.What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne‘s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?（107）4848. A. Allegorically, the protagonist becomes an everyman named Brown, a ―young‖man, who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol.B. He sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret.C. Melville calls it the ―power of blackness‖.Whitman47. Whitman has made radical changes in the form of poetry by choosing free verse as his medium of expression. What are the characteristics of Whitman‘s free verse? (054) 4747. A. It doesn‘t have fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.B. The poetic lines are simple and prose-like, varying in length, which allows himto express his ideas freely.C. Whitman also applies oral English in his free verse to make it an effective wayto express freely the feelings of common people.Melville47. The white whale, Moby Dick, is the most important symbol in Melville's novel.What symbolic meaning can you draw from it? (024)47. A. To Ahab, the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil forcethat controls the universe, or perhaps both.B. To Ishmale, the whale is an astonishing force, an immense power, which defiesrational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries. It is beautiful, but malignant at the same time. It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe, for it has a life force that surges onward irresistibly, impervious to the desires or wills of men.C. As to the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limitsthat life imposes upon man. It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature, or an instrument of God's vengeance upon evil man. In general, the multiplicity and ambivalence of the symbolic meaning of the whale is such that it becomesa source of intense speculation, an object or profound curiosity for the reader.Ⅳ.Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.Melville50.Retell in a few sentences the story of the last chapter (Ch, 135) ―The Chase－ThirdDay‖ of Melville‘s novel Moby-Dick. Discuss the meaning of the ending of the story. (034) 5050. The story of Moby-Dick is simple, telling the battle between Ahab, captain of thewhaling ship Pequod and the monstrous white whale Moby Dick. Ahab is obsessed by his determination to revenge himself upon the fierce, cunning whale, because it has crippled him. After many days of search and pursuit, the white whale is finally sighted. Chapter 135 is a description of the third day‘s chase.Three boats have been lowered in chase of the whale, but two of them are later destroyed by the whale. Although the whale is harpooned at last, the ship is sunk and all the people aboard are drowned except Ishmale, the narrator of the story who happens to be rescued by another whale ship. Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure. It is a tragic epic. The voyage the Pequod has made is a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man‘s deep reality and psychology. The battle between Ahab and the white whale symbolizes the struggle between man and nature, man and fate, good and evil.Hawthorne50. ―My faith is gone!‖ cried he (Goodman Brown), after one stupefied moment. ―There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.‖Comment on this passage from Hawthorne‘s ―Young Goodman Brown‖. (044) 50. A. Goodman Brown utters this cry when he finds his wife Faith, together with lotsof prominent of the village and the church, attending a witches‘ Sabbath inthe woods.B. His cry shows great surprise and disillusionment. Thereafter, he becomesdistrustful and doubtful. He lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again. Here the author makes a pun of the word ―faith‖. Goodman Brown los es not only his faith in religion and life, but also his faith in his wife, for his wife‘s name is Faith.C. From this story, we also can see that Howthorne is a great allegorist and a masterof symbolism. The story itself is an allegory and is full of symbols such as the forest, the night, the snake and the pink ribbon.50．― ‗My faith is gone!‘ cried he（Goodman Brown）,after one stupefied moment.‗There is no good on earth; and sin is but a name. Come, devil! For to thee is this world given.‘ ‖（from Nathani el Hawthorne‘s ―Young Goodman Brown‖）Make a comment on this passage.（084）50. A. Goodman Brown utters this cry when he finds his wife Faith, together with lotsof prominent people of the village and the church, attending a witches‘sSabbath in the woods.B. His cry shows his great surprise and disillusionment. Thereafter, he becomesdistrustful and doubtful. He lives a dismal and gloomy life because he is never able to believe in goodness or piety again. Here the author makes a pun of the word ―faith‖. Fo odman Brown loses not only his faith in religion and life, but also is faith in his wife, for his wife‘s name in Faith.C. From this story, we can also see that Hawthorne is a great allegorist and amaster of symbolism. The story itself is an allegory and is ful of symbols such as the forest, the snake, and the pink ribbon.00. The most clearly defined literary movement in Romantic period is New England Transcendentalism. Please make a comment on this philosophical and literary school. (047)。

英美文学选读美国2.The Realistic Period

●The Realistic Period1. What is local colorism in American literature?A. Mark Twain, Sarah Orne Jewett and Joseph Kirkland are the representative of local colorists whose writings are concerned with the life of a small, well defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town.B. These local colorists, especially Mark Twain, preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.C. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as "local colorism", a unique variation of American literary realism.2. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism?A. Strongly influenced by social Darwinism, naturalism emphasizes t和determining power of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.B. Being devoid of the freedom of choice and incapable of shaping their own destinies, men and women are helpless and insignificant in a cold and indifferent world.C. The naturalistic writers reported truthfully and objectively, with a passion for scientific accuracy and overwhelming accumulation of factual detail.3. What are the similarities and differences between the three literary giants, Howells, Mark Twain, Henry James, in terms of their literary orientation?A. They are the three dominant figures of the Realistic Period. Together they brought to fulfillment native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces, brought to perfection the vernacular style, and explored and exploited literary possibilities of the interior life.B. Together in short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subject, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.C. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class .and the way they lived. Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. While Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the "inner world" of man.4. Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?A. Naturalism was greatly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory and French literature.B. Naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin’s theory and use it to count for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.C. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomesless serious and less sympathetic but moreironic and more pessimistic.◆Mark Twain(The Celebrated JumpingFrog of Calaveras County//InnocentsAbroad//The Gilded Age)1. Mark Twain and Henry James are tworepresentatives of the realistic writers inAmerican literature. How is Twain'srealism different from James’s realism?A. Mark Twain's realism is tainted withlocal color, preferring, to have his ownregion and people at the forefront of hisstories.B. James's realism is concerned with the"inner world" of man.C. James's realism is also concerned withthe international theme.D. Twain's language is simple andcolloquial.E. Twain employs humor in h is writingF. James's language is elaborate and refinedwith lengthy psychological analyses.2. What is the language style of MarkTwain?A. Use of vernacular made colloquialspeech an accepted, respected literarymedium in literary history.B. Words: colloquial, concrete and direct ineffect;C. Sentence structures: simple, evenungrammaticalD. Local colorism: his characters areconfined to a particular region and to aparticular historical moment; speak with astrong accent; different characters fromdifferent background talk differently.3. In American literature what is thesignificance of Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn by Mark Twain?The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and,especially, its sequence Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn proved themselves to bethe milestone in American literature, andthus firmly established Twain's position inthe literary world.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and HuckFinn in the Mississippi is a record of avanished way of life in the pre-Civil WarMississippi valley and it has movedmillions of people of different ages andconditions all over the world.Huckleberry Finn marks the climax ofTwain's literary creativity. Hemingwayonce described the novel the one bookforms which “a modern American literaturecomes".4. Briefly discuss Mark Twain's art offiction in terms of the setting, thelanguage and the characters, etc. , basedon his novel Adventures of HuckleberryFinn.A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi valleyas his fictional kingdom, writing about thelandscape and people, the customs and thedialects of one particular region, and istherefore known as a local colorist.B. He creates life-like characters, especiallythe conventional Huckleberry Finn, whoruns away from civilization and standsopposite to conventional morality.C. He uses a simple, direct vernacularlanguage, totally different from anyprevious literary language. It is the kind ofcolloquial language belonging to the lowerclass, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor tosatirize social injustices and the decayedconvention.5. Summarize the story of Mark Twain'sAdventures of Huckleberry Finn inabout 100 words and comment on thetheme of the novel.Huck escapes from a lonely cabin where hehas been punished by his father. He meetsJim, a run-away slave, and they start downthe river on a raft. After several adventures,the raft is hit and they are separated. Huckis saved and later he discover Jim. They setout again, giving refuge to a gang of frauds.Then he finds that Jim has been sold by the“King”. He and Tom try to rescue Jim. Inthe rescue, Tom is shot and Jim isrecaptures. Later, Tom reveals that therescue is necessary only because he wantsthe adventure. At last Huck is safe becausehis father dies. The theme of the novel is toexpose the pre-Civil War American society.It presents a sample of the small townworld of America and a survey of the socialworld from the bank of the river that runsthrough the heart of the country.◆Henry James(Daisy Miller//TheAmerican)1. What is the most famous theme inHenry James's fiction? And what is hisfavourite approach in characterization,which makes him different from MarkTwain and W. D. Howells as realists?Give two titles of his works in which thistheme and this approach are employed.(l) His most famous theme is internationaltheme.(2) Psychological approach.(3) The Portrait of A Lady; Daisy Miller.2. Daisy Miller brought Henry Jamesinternational fame for the first time.What’s the character of Daisy Miller, theprotagonist?A. the American Girl in Europe, embodyingthe spirit of the New World.B. Innocence turns out to be an admiringbut a dangerous quality and her defiance ofsocial taboos in the Old World finallybrings her to a disaster.3. According to Henry James' viewpoint,what is the conflict between theAmerican personalities and Europeanpersonalities?James's admiration for European culture ledhim to a lifelong interest in the conflict ofthe American and European personalities.He saw that Europeans were often regardedas overrefined, degenerate, and artificial byAmericans, and that Americans wereconsidered naive, vulgar, and ignorant bymany Europeans. The misunderstandingcaused personality conflicts. The typicalAmerican in James’ nov el is fresh,enthusiastic, not perhaps as cultured as hemight be, but eager to learn, and basically“good" in spite of h is disregard of theoutworn conventions and social graces ofEurope. The European, on the other hand, ishighly cultivated, urban, sometimes boring,but always correct. He was, however,something unprincipled. The Americansoften appeared to stand for morality, theEuropeans for manners.4. Henry James is regarded as one of themost important writers in the Age ofRealism in America. Try to discuss hisliterary achievements.A. International themes: novels always setagainst larger international background,usually between Europe and America;B. Psychological realism: concerned withthe inner life of human being, generallyregarded as the founder of psychologicalrealism and of 20th century"stream-of-consciousness;C. Highly refined language: most expertstylist in his time;D. Narrative point of view: moving awayfrom authorial omniscience9 makingcharacters reveal themselvesE. Literary criticism: “The Art of Fiction",theme: aim of the novel is to present life;freedom of the artist to write aboutanything that concerns him.5. Henry James is generally regarded asthe forerunner of the 20th century"stream-of-consciousness" novels andthe founder of psychological realism.Based on his work Daisy Miller, brieflydiscuss why he achieved this glory.A. James's fame generally rests upon hisnovels and stories with the internationaltheme.B. Henry James's literary criticism is anindispensable part of his contribution toliterature. It is both concerned with formand devoted to human values.C. James's emphasis on psychology and onthe human consciousness proves to be a bigbreakthrough in novel writing and has greatinfluence on the coming generations.D. Henry James is not only one of the mostimportant realists of the period before theFirst World War, but also the most expertstylist of his time.6. The publication of Daisy Millerbrought Henry James international famefor the first time. Try to discuss thecharacter of Daisy Miller and the themeof the novel.Daisy MillerA. A cultural type who embodies the spiritof the New World.B. Innocence--- the keynote of hercharacter; defiance of social taboo in theOld World which brings her to a disaster inthe clash between two different cultures.Theme of the novel: one of James's earlyworks dealing with the international theme----to set a novel against a largerinternational background, usually betweenEurope and America, and centered on theconfrontation of the two different cultureseach with its peculiar value, systems.◆Emily Dickinson(Because I could not stop for Death----//Iheard a Fly buzz—When I died---//Thisis my Letter to the World//I Like to see itlap the Miles---)Emily Dickinson is now recognized notonly as a great poetess on her own rightbut as a poetess of considerable influenceupon American poetry of the presentcentury. What are the qualities of herpoems?A. Dickinson’s poems are usually based onher own experiences, her sorrows and joys.B. Love is another subject Dickinson dwelt on.C. Many poems Dickinson 'wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressedD. Dickinson's poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.Emily Dickinson's "Because I could not stop for Death-------"What figure of speech is used in Line l and Line 4? Personification.What do "the School”,"the Fields of Gazing Grain" and "th eSetting Sun”represent?They represent three stages of life: "the School"-youth; "the Fields of Gazing"----ma ture period; “the Setting Sun"-end of life.◆Theodore Dreiser(Sister Carrie//American Tragedy)1. Theodore Dreiser is a celebrated American novelist in the realistic period. What does he discuss in his novel? Give examples to prove your viewpoint. Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be materialistic to the core. Living in such a society with such a value system, the human individual is obsessed with a never-ending, yet meaningless search for satisfaction of his desires. One of the desires is for money which was a motivating purpose of life in the United States in the late 19th century.For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically. Sex is another human desire that Dreiser explored to considerable lengths in his novels to reveal the dark side of human nature. In Sister Carrie, Carrie climbs up the social ladder by means of her sexual appeal. Like all naturalists he was restrained from finding a solution to the social problems that appeared in his novels and accordingly almost all his works have tragic endings.2. What is Dreiser’s style?A. For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.B. The time sequence is clear and the plot is straightforward, his sentence structure is awkward, inept and occasionally flatly wrong in word selection and meaning, and mixed and disorganized in voice and tone.C. He broke away from the genteel tradition of literature and dramatized the life in a very realistic way.3. Even then he stood there, hidden wholly in that kindness which is night, while the uprising fumes filled the room. When the odor reached his nostrils , he quit his attitude and fumbled for the bed."What's the use?" he said, weakly, as he stretched himself to rest.The above is quoted from Theodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie. Brieflytell the situation that leads to the suicideand interpret Hurstwood's final words"What's the use"?A. Sister Carrie has made a great success.As her fame arises, she deserts her formerlover Hurstwood In a cold winter;Hurstwood makes a last attempt to seekhelp from Carrie, but has failed, so indesperation, he decides to kill himself byturning on the gas.B. By making that comment, Hurstwoodseems to have realized that it is useless tocontinue to fight against fate. His fate isnot controlled by his own efforts but bysome social forces too strong for him toresist, so he decides to give up.11. “ln your rocking-chair, by yourwindow dreaming, shall you long, alone.In your rocking-chair, by your window,shall you dream such happiness as youmay never feel. “(from TheodoreDreiser's Sister Carrie)What idea can you draw from the“rocking-chair"?A. The rocking-chair is a symbol standingfor fate. It is like a cradle that makes onefeel peaceful.B. It is also like a tide that ever goes onwith life, the destiny of which is uncertain.1.We dasn't stop again at any town fordays and days; kept right along down theriver. We was down south in the warmweather now, and a mighty long ways fromhome. We begun to come to trees withSpanish moss on them, hanging downfrom the limbs like long, gray beards. Itwas the first I ever see it growing, and itmade the woods look solemn and dismal.So now the frauds reckoned they was outof danger, and they begun to work thevillages again.答：Mark Twain's Adventures ofHuckleberry Finn, “we” refers to Jim andHuck, The features of the language of thisnovel:Vernacular language.2.This is my letter to the world/that neverwrote to me/the simple News that naturetold /with tender Majesty答：Emily Dickinson, “the world ”meansthe human world. The author thinks Natureis more friendly than the human world. Shecould communicate with nature easily.Nature usually reveals the truth of life,i.ethe simple new.3.“The eyes around-had wrung themdry-/and breaths were gathering firm/Forthat last Onset-when the King/bewitnessed-in the Room-”答：EmilyDickinson ,I heard a Fly buzz-when I died.The theme is description of the moment ofdeath. The first line means the relatives andfriends had cried and cried that there wereno tears any more.4.With Blue-uncertain stumblingBuzz-/Between the light-and me -/Andthen the Windows failed-and then/I couldnot see to see-答：Emily Dickinson ,I hearda Fly buzz-when I died.windows stand foreyes,for they are considered as the windowsof human soul.What idea does the quoted passage express?The last ting the dying person saw was thefly and its buzz.when the eyes failed,thehuman soul was closed and the person died.The speakers could not see any of theafterlife or God or angels she expected tosee.5.I like to see it lap the Miles-/And lickthe V alleys up-/And stop to feed itelf atTanks/-And then-prodigious step”答：Emily Dickinson. I like to see it lap theMiles. It refers to a train.here it is comparedto a part of nature. This poem express idea:the author’s suspicion of the relationshipbetween man and nature6.To fit it’s Ribs/And crawlbetween/Complaining all the while/Inhorrid-hooting stanza-/then chase itselfdown Hill-答：Emily Dickinson, this poemis an interesting study of how Dickinsonmakes the train part of nature byanimalizing it. The poet is getting the soundof the train into the poem.7.We slowly drove-He knew no haste,AndI had put away My labor and my leisuretoo, For His Civility- we passed the Schoolwhere Children strove At Recess-in theRing-We passed the Fields of GazingGrain-We passed the Setting Sun-答：Emily Dickinson Because I could not stopfor Death-, Figure of speech:Personification. They represent three stagesof life: the school-youth; the Fields ofGazing-mature period the SettingSun-end of life.。

自考英美文学选读(美国文学史)

PART TWO: AMERICAN LITERATUREChapter1 The Romantic Period1.主要作家及其作品：i.Washington Irving:The Sketch Book; Rip Van Winkle;The Legend of Sleepy Hollowii.Ralph Waldo Emerson:Essays; The American Scholar; Self-Reliance;The Over-Soul; The Poet; Experience; Nature iii.Nathaniel Hawthorne:Mosses from an Old Manse; The Scarlet Letter;The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales;The House of the Seven Gables;The Blithedale Romance;The Marble Fauniv.Walt Whitman:Leaves of Grass; There was a Child Went Forth;Drum Taps; Cavalry Crossing a Ford; Song of Myself;When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dv.Herman Melville:Moby-Dick; Billy Budd; Typee; Omoo;Mardi; Redburn; White Jacket.2.清教主义Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. As the word itself hints，Puritans wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They felt that the Church of England was too close to the Church of Rome in doctrine form of worship，and organization of authority. American Puritans，like their brothers back in England，were idealists，believing that the church should be restored to complete "purity". They accepted the doctrine of predestination，original sin and total depravity，and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. But in the grim struggle for survival that followed immediately after their arrival in America，they became more and more practical，as indeed they had to be. Puritans were noted for a spirit of moral and religious earnestness that determinated their whole way of life. As a culture heritage，Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind and American values. American Puritanism also had a conspicuously noticeable and an enduring influence on American literature. It had become，to some extent，so much a state of mind，so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere，rather than a set of tenets.3.超验主义Transcendentalism has been defined philosophical1y as "the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively，or of attaining knowledge transcendingthe reach of the senses." Emerson once proclaimed in a speech，"Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind." Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism inc1ude the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and，therefore，self-re1iant. The transcendentalists reacted against the cold，rigid rationalism of Unitarianism in Boston. They adhered to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation ，the innate goodness of man，and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths.4.象征主义5.自由诗Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry. He adopted "free verse，" that is，poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. A looser and more open-ended syntactical structure is frequently favored. Lines and sentences of different lengths are left lying side by side just as things are，undisturbed and separate. There are few compound sentences to draw objects and experiences into a system of hierarchy. Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively. By means of "free verse，" Whitman turned the poem into an open field，an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.6.爱默生的超验主义思想及他的自然观In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the Individual, and Nature. Emerson rejected both the formal religion of the churches and the Deistic philosophy. Emerson and other Transcendentalists believed that there should be an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal ―over-soul,‖ since the over-soul is an all-pervading power from which all things come from and of which all are a part. Emerson is affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly. The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.. he means to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Emerson’s nature is emblematic of the spiritual world, alive with God’s overwhelming presence; hence, it exercises a healthy and restorative influence on human mind. ―God back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.‖ By employing nature as a big symbol of the Spirit, or God, or the over-soul. Emerson has brought the Puritan Legacy of symbolism to its perfection. 7.《小伙子布朗》中的寓言和象征In ―Young Goodman Brown,‖ Hawthorne set out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. The story illustrates Hawthorne's allegorical theme of human evil. In the manner of its concern with guilt and evil，it exemplifies what Milville called the" power of blackness" in Hawthorne's work. In "Young Goodman Brown，" he sets out to prove that everyone possesses some evil secret. "Evil is thenature of mankind." Its hero，a naive young man who accepts both society in general and his fellow men as individuals worth his regard，is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night，and becomes thereafter distrustful and doubtful.Allegorically，our protagonist，becomes an Everyman named Brown，a "young man" who will be aged in one night by an adventure that makes everyone in this world a fallen idol.However, The story is manipulated in such a way that we as readers feel that Hawthorne poses the question of Good and Evil in man but withholds his answer，and he does not permit himself to determine whether the events of the night of trial are real or the mere figment of a dream.8.霍桑的清教思想和他人性本恶的观点As we can see, Hawthorne’s literary world turns out to be a most disturbed, tormented and problematical one possible to imagine. This has much to do with his ―black‖ vision of life and human beings. According to Hawthorne, ―There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life; but circumstances may rouse it to activity. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself. He believed that ―the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones,‖ and often wondered if he might have inherited some of their guilt. This sensibility led to his understanding of evil being at the very core of human life., which is typical of the Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.9.麦尔维尔长篇小说《白鲸》的象征意义Moby-Dick is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure，it is also a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe，a spiritual exploration into man's deep reality and psychology.Like Hawthorne，Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. He uses allegory and symbolism in Moby-Dick to present its mighty theme. Instead of putting the battle between Ahab and the big whale into simple statements，he used symbols，that is，objects or persons who represent something else. Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social and ethnic groups；facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings；the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale，Moby Dick，symbolizes nature for Melville，for it is complex，unfathomable，malignant，and beautiful as well. For the character Ahab，however，the whale represents only evil. Moby Dick is like a wall，hiding some unknown，mysterious things behind. Ahab wills the whole crew on the Pequod to join him in the pursuit of the big whale so as to pierce the wall，to root out the evil，but only to be destroyed by evil，in this case，by his own consuming desire，his madness. For the author，as well as for the reader and Ishmael，the narrator，Moby Dick is still a mystery，an ultimate mystery of the universe，inscrutable and ambivalent，and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search，not a discovery，of the truth.10.惠特曼《草叶集》的结构(自由诗)、主题、语言特色1. The themes in Whitman's poetry：His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch. Whitman believed that poetry could play a vita1 part in the process of creating a new nation. It could enab1e Americans to celebrate their release from the Old World and the colonia1 rule. And it could also help them understand their new status and to define themse1ves in the new wor1d of possibi1ities. Hence，the abundance of themes in his poetry voices freshness. He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines. Sexual 1ove，a rather taboo topic of the time，is displayed candidly as something adorable. The individual person and his desires must be respected.2.Leaves of GrassWalt Whitman is a poet with a strong sense of mission，having devoted all his life to the creation of the "single" poem，Leaves of Grass.（1）the title ：It is significant that Whitman entitled his book Leaves of Grass . He said that where there is earth，where there is water，there is grass. Grass，the most common thing with the greatest vitality，is an image of the poet himself，a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom.（a）theme：In this giant work，openness，freedom，and above all，individua1ism（the belief that the rights and freedom of individual people are most important）are all that concerned him. Whitman brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature ，attack the slavery system and racial discrimination. In this book he also extols nature，democracy，labor and creation ，and sings of man's dignity and equality，and of the brightest future of mankind . Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the "en-masse" and the self as well.（b）the poet's essentia1 purposeHis aim was nothing less than to express some new poetica1 feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference shou1d be recognized. The genuine participation of a poet in a common cultural effort was，according to Whitman，to behave as a supreme individualist；however，the poet's essentia1 purpose was to identify his ego with the world，and more specifically with the democratic "en-masse" of America，which is established in the opening lines of "Song of Myself".3.Whitman's poetic style and languageTo dramatize the nature of these new poetical fee1ings，Whitman employed brand-new means in his poetry，which would first be discerned in his style and language.（1）Whitman's poetic style is marked，first of a1l，by the use of the poetic "I." Whitman becomes all those people in his poems and yet still remains "Walt Whitman"，hence a discovery of the self in the other with such an identification. Insuch a manner，Whitman invites his readers to participate in the process of sympathetic identification.（3）Whitman is conversational and casual，in the fluid，expansive，and unstructured style of talking. However，there is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. The reader can feel the rhythm of Whitman's thought and cadences of his feeling. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines also contribute to the musicality of his poems.（4）Whitman's languageContrary to the rhetoric of traditional poetry，Whitman's is relatively simple and even rather crude. Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest，undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. The particularity about these images is that they are unconventional in the way they break down the social division based on religion，gender，class，and race. One of the most often-used methods in Whitman's poems is to make colors and images fleet past the mind's eye of the reader. Another characteristic in Whitman's language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman's vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerfu1，colorful，as well as rarely-used words，words of foreign origin and sometimes even wrong words.美国现实主义时期1.Mark Twain: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer;The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County;Innocents Abroad; The Gilded Age2.Henry James: The American; Daisy Miller;The Europeans; The Portrait of A Lady;What Maisie Knows; The Wings of the Dove;The Ambassadors; The Golden Bowl; The Art to Fiction3.Emily Dickinson:4. Theodore Dreiser: Sister Carrie; American Tragedy1.What is Realism?In art and literature, Realism refers to an attempt to describe human behavior and surroundings or to represent figures exactly as they act or appear in life. Realism emerged as a literary movement in Europe in the 1850s. In reaction to Romanticism, realistic writers should set down their observations impartially and objectively. They insisted on accurate documentation, sociological insight, and avoidance of poetic diction and idealization. The subjects were to be taken from everyday life, preferably from lower-class life. Realism entered American literature after the Civil War. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James were the pioneers of realism in the U.S.1.What is Naturalism? (or American Naturalism)In literature, the term refers to the theory that literary composition should aim at a detached, scientific objectivity in the treatment of natural man. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th –century scientic thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Karl Marx. American Naturalism is a more advanced stage of realism toward the close of the 19th century. The American naturalists accepted the more negative implications of Darwin’s theory and used it to account for the behavior of those characters in literary works who were conceived as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces. And consciously or unconsciously the American naturalists followed the French novelist and theorist Emile Zola's cal l that the 1iterary artist ―must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and the physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies.‖ They chose their subjects from the lower ranks of society and portrayed the people who were demonstrably victims of society and nature. And one of the most familiar themes in American Naturalism is the theme of human ―bestiality‖, especially as an explanation of sexual desire.Artistically, naturalistic writings are usually unpo1ished in language, lacking in academic skills and unwieldly in structure. Philosophically, the naturalists believe that the real and true is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control. Devoid of rationality and caught in a process in which he is but a part, man cannot fully understand, let alone contro1, the world he lives in; hence, he is left with no freedom of choice.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence. Notable writers of naturalistic fiction were Frank Norris, Sherwood Anderson, and Theodore Driser.2.The distinction between Realism and NaturalismNaturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more detached, ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a different philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.The distinction lies, first of all, in the fact that Realism is concerned directly with what is absorbed by the senses; Naturalism, a term more properly applied to literature, attempts to apply scientific theories to art. Second, Naturalism differs from Realism in adding an amoral attitude to the objective presentation of life. Naturalistic writers, adopting Darwin’s biological determinism and Marx’s economic determinism, regard human behavior as controlled by instinct, emotion, or social and economic conditions, and reject free will. Third, Naturalism had an outlook often bleaker than that of Realism, and it added a dimension of predetermined fate that rendered human will ultimately powerless.3.What is (Social) Darwinism?Social Darwinism is a belief that societies and individual human beings compete in astruggle for existence in which natural selection results in ―struggle of the fittest.‖ Social Darwinists base their beliefs on theories of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Social Darwinists typically deny that they advocate a ―law of jungle.‖ But most propose arguments that justify imbalances of power between individuals, races, and nations because they consider some more fit to survive than others. The theory had produced a big impact on Naturalism.马克吐温1.Twain as a local coloristTwain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on. Consequently, the rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources for his fiction, and the Mississippivalley and the West became his major theme. Unlike James and Howe1ls, Mark Twain wrote about the lower-class people, because they were the people he knew so we1l ancl their 1ife was the one he himself had lived. Moreover he successfully used local color and historical settings to i1lustrate and shed light on the contemporary societyAnother fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are col1oquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simp1e, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken 1anguage. Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. It is fun to read Twain to begin with, for most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall ta1es.(2) The novel’s theme, characterization of ―Huck‖ and the novel’s social significance: Theme: The novel is a vindication of what Mark Twain called ― the damned human race.‖ That is the theme of man’s inhumani ty to man---of human cruelty, hypocrisies, dishonesties, and moral corruptions. Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is best known for Mark Twain’s wonderful characterization of ―Huck,‖ a typical American boy whom its creator described as a boy with ―a sound heart and a deformed conscience,‖ and remarkable for the raft’s journey down the Mississippi river, which Twain used both realistically and symbolically to shape his book into an organic whole.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between i nnocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.黛西米勒的主题和主要人物的性格分析1.The theme of the novelDaisy Miller is one of James’s early works that dealt with the international theme, i.e.,to set against a large international background, usual1y between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cu1tures with two different groups of peop1e representing two different value systems: American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising therefrom.2.Characterization of Daisy MillerIn this novel, the ―Americanness ‖in Daisy is revealed by her relatively unreserved manners. Daisy Miller, a typical young American girl who goes to Europe and affronts her destiny. The unsophisticated girl is cruelly wronged because of the confrontation between the two value systems. Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World. However, innocence, the keynote of her character, turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures. In this novel James’s sympathy for Daisy could be easily felt when we think of a tender flower crushed by the harsh winter in Rome.3.The content of this selection: Daisy has just arrived at Switzerland with her family and meets Winterborne for the first time. Two days later Daisy goes alone with Winterborne on an excursion to an old castle, which is soon in the air among theby its narration from the point of view of the American youth Winterborne狄金森诗歌的主题结构及艺术特色The thematic concerns and the original artistic features of Dickinson's poetry: 1．Themes: Dicksinson’s poems are usually based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys. But within her litlle lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.2．Artistic features: Her poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines. In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern, in which dashes are used as a musica1 device to create cadence and capital letters as a means of emphasis. Most of her poems borrow the repeated four-line, rhymed stanzas of traditional Christian hymns, with two lines of four-beat meter alternating with two lines of three-beat meter. A master of imagery that makes the spiritual materialize in surprising ways, Dickinson managed manifold variations within her simple form: She used imperfect rhymes, subtle breaks of rhythm, and idiosyncratic syntax and punctuation to create fascinating word puzzles, which have produced greatly divergent interpretations over the years. Dickinson’s irregular or sometimes inverted sentence structure also confuses readers. However, her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. Her poems are usually short, rarely more than twenty lines, and many of them are centered on a single image or symbo1 and focused on one subject matter. Due to her deliberate sec1usion, her poems tend to be very personal and meditative. She frequently uses personae to render the tone more familiar to the reader, and personification to vivifysome abstract ideas. Dickinson's poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness; and her limited private world has never confined the limitless power of her creativity and imagination.美国现代时期1.Ezra Pound: The Cantos; In a Station of the Metro.2.Robert Lee Frost: The Road Not Taken; Stopping by Woods on aSnowy Evening3.Eugene O’Neill: Beyond the Horizon; The Emperor Jones; The HairyApe;All God’s Chillun Got Wings; Desire under the Elms;Anna Christie; The Great God Brown; Lazarus Laughed;Strange Interlude; The Iceman Cometh;Long Day’s Journey Into Night.4. F Scott Fitzgerald: This Side of Paradise; The Beautiful andDamned;The Great Gatsby; Tender is the Night;Flappers and Philosophers; Tales of the Jazz Age;All the Sad Young Men; Taps at Reveille;Babylon Revisited.5.Ernest Hemingway: In Our Time; The Sun Also Rises;A farewell to Arms; For Whom the BellTolls;The Old Man and the Sea; Men Without Women.6.William Faulkner: The Sound and the Fury; Light in August;Absalom, Absalom; Go Down, Moses;A Rose for Emily.1）The Imagist Movement and the artistic characteristics of imagist poems：Led by the American poet Ezra Pound，Imagist Movement is a poetic movement that flourished in the U.S. and England between 1909-1917. It advances modernism in arts which concentrates on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism，especially Tennyson's worldliness and high-flown language in poetry. Pound endorsed three main principles as guidelines for Imagism，including direct treatment of poetic subjects，elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words，and rhythmical composition should be composed with the phrasing of music，not a metronome. The primary Imagist objective is to avoid rhetoric and moralizing，to stick closely to the object or experience being described，and to move from explicit generalization. The leading poets are Ezra Pound，Wallace Stevens，wrence，etc.The characteristic products of the movement are more easily recognized than its theories defined；they tend to be short，composed of short lines of musical cadence rather than metrical regularity，to avoid abstraction，and to treat the imagewith a hard，clear precision rather than with overt symbolic intent. The influence of Japanese forms，tanka and haiku，is obvious in many. Most of the imagist poets wrote in free verse and they like to emply common speech. They stressed the freedom in the choice of subject matter and form.2）The Lost GenerationIt refers to，in general，the post-World WarⅠgeneration，but specifically a group of expatriate disillusioned intellectuals and artists，who experimented on new modes of thought and expression by rebelling against former ideals and values and replacing them only by despair or a cynical hedonism. The remark of Gertrude Stein，"You are all a lost generation，"addressed to Hemingway，was used as an epigraph to the latter's novel The Sun Also Rises，which brilliantly describes those expatriates who had cut themselves off from their past in America in order to create new types of writing. The generation was "lost" in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial，materialistic，and emotional barren. The term embraces Hemingway，F. Scott Fitzgerald，Ezra Pound，E.E.Cummings，and many other writers who made Paris the center of their literary activities in the 1920s.3）What is Expressionism？Expressionism is used to describe the works of art and literature in which the representation of reality is distorted to communicate an inner vision，transforming nature rather than imitating it. In literature it is often considered a revolt against realism and naturalism，a seeking to achieve a psychological or spiritual reality rather than to record external events.In drama，the expressionist work was characterized by a bizarre distortion of reality. writers's concern was with general truths rather than with particular situations，hence they explored in their plays the predicaments of representative symbolic types rather than of fully developed individualized characters. Emphasis was laid not on the outer world，which is merely sketched in and barely defined in place or time，but on the internal，on an individual's mental state；hence the imitation of life is replaced in Expressionist drama by the ecstatic evocation of states of mind. In America，Eugene O'Neille's Emperor Jones，The Hairy Ape，etc. are typical plays that employ Expressionism4）The concept of "wasteland" in relation to the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literatureThe Waste Land is a poem written by T.S.Eliot on the theme of the sterility and chaos of the contemporary world. This most widely known expression of the despair of the post-War era has appeared over and again in the works of those writers in the twentieth-century American literature. Fitzgerald sought to portray a spiritual wasteland of the Jazz Age. Beneath the masks of relaxation and joviality，there was only sterility，meaninglessness and futility amid the grandeur and extravagance，。

英美文学选读美国部分第二章现实主义时期

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第二章现实主义时期(The Realistic Period)一、背景知识 (Background knowledge)1、历史背景 (Historical background)（1）美国内战（1861-1865）（2）达尔文的《进化论》和艾米勒·左拉的实验小说（3）威廉·迪安·豪威尔斯——美国现实主义作品之冠2、文学作品特色 (Characteristics of literary writings)（1）现实主义（2）自然主义（3）地方色彩二、主要作家及其作品 (Major writers and their works)A、马克·吐温（Mark Twain, 1835-1910）1、观点 (Points of view)（1）乐观者与愤世嫉俗者(Optimist & misanthrope)马克·吐温生活在美国西部仍然处于未曾开发的时代，全国性的向西推进的运动正如火如荼。

年轻的他成为潮流中的一员，为新鲜的土地而兴奋，为开拓精神而振奋。

对他来说，生活是光明的，充满了神秘、恐惧和欢愉。

因此，作为太平洋沿岸最伟大的幽默大师，他能够轻松地欢笑。

然而，笑声与幽默持续的时间并不长。

它们逐渐被苦涩的冷嘲热讽所取代。

马克·吐温由一名乐观者变成了一个愤世嫉俗者。

此时的他已对人类与人性产生了怀疑。

一些评论家将这种转变与他晚年生活中的一系列不幸事件联系起来，但最根本的原因在于成熟的他不再根据表面价值来看待事物了；多年的游历生涯使他更多地看到社会生活的阴暗面以及人性中邪恶的角落。

（2）道德观念(Moral outlook)尽管马克·吐温是一位幽默大师，他却没有丝毫的浅薄或轻浮。

他曾说自己是位严肃的作家，并且以这种或那种方式积极地关注着道德观念。

在他的道德准则中，爱情、人道、忠诚、孝顺、责任、勇气和勤奋都是极高的美德。

《英美文学选读》习题与答案

《英美文学选读》（课程代码：00604）I.The following passage is an extract from Letter to Lord Chesterfield by Samuel Johnson, the leading figure of British neoclassicists. In 1747, when Samuel Johnson, began his Dictionary of the English language, Lord Chesterfield had at first indicated that he could be his patron, but when Johnson came to him for concrete help, Lord Chesterfield neglected him to the point of ignoring him; Johnson was insulted and furious. In 1775 when the Dictionary was published and acclaimed, Chesterfield openly recommended, hoping to get some credit for it as Johnson’s patron. Samuel Johnson wrote as reply his famous Letter to Lord Chesterfield in which he vented his feeling of hurt pride. Read it carefully, paying special attention to the rhetorical devices used, and answer the question. (20 points)①Is not patron, my lord, one who looked with unconcernupon man struggling for a life in the water, and when he hadreached to the safety of ground, encumbered him with help?②The notice you have taken of my Labour, had it beenearly, had been kind, but it had been delayed till I amindifferent, and can’t enjoy it; till I am solitary, and can’timpart it; till I am known, and do not want it. ③I hope thatit is no very asperity not to confess obligation where nobenefit have been received, or to be unwilling that thePublic should consider me as owing that to a patron, whichProvidence had enabled me to do for myself.Question:⑴what syntactic devices the author used in sentence ? And whatare their stylistic functions? (10 points)⑵point out the figure of speech used in sentences①and ③. (10 points)II. The following critical paper is about George Bernard Shaw’s famous drama “Pygmalion”. Read it carefully and answer the questions set on it. (20 points) 1 What we discover in Pygmalion is that phonetics and correct pronunciation are systems of markers superficial in themselves but endowed with tremendous social significance. Eliza's education in the ways that the English upper classes act and speak provides an opportunity for the playwright to explore the very foundations of social equality and inequality. Higgins himself observes that pronunciation is the deepest gulf that separates class from class and soul from soul. Playwright and character differ, however, in that instead of criticizing the existence of this gulf, Higgins accepts it as natural and uses his skills to help those who can afford his services (or are taken in as experiments, like Liza) to bridge it.2“At Mrs. Higgins's ““At Home reception,” Liza is fundamentally the same person she was in Act I, although she differs in what we learnto appreciate as superficialities of social disguise (according to Mugglestone): details of speech and cleanliness. Act III of Pygmalion highlights the importance of Liza's double transformation, by showing her suspended between the play's beginning and its conclusion. In modern society, however, as Shaw illustrates, it is precisely these superficial details which tend to be endowed with most significance. Certainly the Eynsford Hills view such details as significant, as Liza's entrance produces for them what Shaw's stage directions call “an impression of ... remarkable distinction and beauty.”3 Ironically, however, Liza's true transformation is yet to occur. She experiences a much more fundamental change in her consciousness when she realizes that Higgins has more or less abandoned her at the conclusion of his experiment.At first, Liza experiences a sense of anxiety over not belonging anywhere: she can hardly returnto flower peddling, yet she lacks the financial means to makeher new, outward identity a social reality. “What am I fit for?”She demands of Higgins. “What have you left me fit for? Wheream I to go? What am I to do? What's to become of me?” Berst wrote that while Pickering is generous, Eliza is shoved intothe wings by Higgins. The dream has been fulfilled, midnighthas tolled for Cinderella, and morning reality is at hand. Lizamust break away from Higgins when he shows himself incapableof recognizing her needs. This response of Higgins is well withinhis character as it has been portrayed in the play. Indeed, fromhis first exposure to Liza, Higgins denied Liza any social oreven individual worth. Calling Liza a squashed cabbage leaf, Higgins states that a woman who utters such depressing anddisgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere no right to live. Question 1: Explain what is Liza’s Double Transformation?(10 points)Question 2: What makes Liza feel she is in an embarrassing situation when she is transformed into a lady in speechand appearance? (10 points)III.The following critical essay is about Thomas Hardy’s most well-known tragic novel “Tess of d’Urbervilles”. Peruse it and then answer the questions set on it (30 points)The social background of Tess of d’Urbervilles was in a time of difficult social upheaval, when England was making its slow, painful transition from an old-fashioned, agricultural nation to amodern, industrial one. Businessmen and entrepreneurs, or “new money,” joined the ranks of the social elite, as some families of the ancient aristocracy, or “old money,” faded into obscurit y. Tess’s family in Tess of the d’Urbervilles illustrates this change, as Tess’s parents, the Durbeyfields, lose themselves in the fantasy of belonging to an ancient and aristocratic family, the d’Urbervilles.Hardy’s novel strongly suggests that such a f amily history is not only meaningless but also utterly undesirable. Hardy’s views on the subject were appalling to conservative and status-conscious British readers and Tess of the d’Urberville s was met in England with widespread controversy. Beyond her social symbolism, Tess represents fallen humanity in a religious sense, as the frequent biblical allusions in the novel remind us. Just as Tess’s clan was once glorious and powerful but is now sadly diminished, so too did the early glory of the first humans, Adam and Eve, fade with their expulsion from Eden, making humans sad shadows of what they once were. Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves.Angel represents a rebellious striving toward a personal vision of goodness A freethinking son born into the family of a provincial parson and determined to set himself up as a farmer instead of going to Cambridge like his conformist brothers,. He is a secularist who yearns to work for the “honor and glory of man,” as he tells his father in Chapter XVIII, rather than for the honor and glory of God in a more distant world. A typical young nineteenth-century progressive, Angel sees human society as a thing to be remolded and improved, and he fervently believes in the nobility of man. He rejects the values handed to him, and sets off in search of his own. His love for Tess, a mere milkmaid and his social inferior, is one expression of his disdain for tradition. This independent spirit contributes to his aura of charisma and general attractiveness that makes him the love object of all the milkmaids with whom he works at Talbothays. As his name—in French, close to “Bright Angel”—suggests, Angel is not quite of this world, but floats above it in a transcendent sphere of his own. The narrator says that Angel shines rather than burns and that he is closer to the intellectually aloof poet Shelley than to the fleshly and passionate poet Byron.His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.” Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. Angel’s ideals of human purity are too elevated to be applied to actual people: Mrs. Durbeyfield’s easygoing moral beliefs are much more easily accommodated to real lives such as Tess’s. Angel awakens to the actual complexities of real-world morality after hisfailure in Brazil, and only then he realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. Ironically, it is not the angel who guides the human in this novel, but the human who instructs the angel, although at the cost of her own life.Question 1: Why Tess is said to be a paragon of “fallen humanity”?(15 points)Question 2: Why Tess converted the idealist Angle into a realist Angle in terms of her own tragedy? (15 points)IV.The following paragraphs are taken from chapter VIII ofbook IV in Gulliver’s Travels. This section pictures an ideal rational existence, the Houyhnhnms kingdom whose life is governed by sense and moderation of which philosopherssince Plato have long dreamed. Read them and answer thefollowing questions. (30 points)1Courtship, love, presents, jointures, settlements haveno place in their thoughts, or terms whereby to expressthem in their language. The young couple meet,and are joined, merely because it is the determinationof their parents and friends; it is what they see doneevery day, and they look upon it as one of the necessaryactions of a reasonable being.2 But the violation of marriage, or any other unchastity,was never heard of; and the married pair pass their liveswith the same friendship and mutual benevolence, thatthey bear to all others of the same species who come intheir way, without jealousy, fondness, quarrelling, ordiscontent. When the matron Houyhnhnms have produced one of each sex, they no longer accompany with their consorts, except they lose one of their issue by some casualty, which very seldom happens; but in such a case they meet again; or when the like accident befalls a person whose wife is past bearing, some other couple bestow on him one of their own colts, and then go together again until the mother is pregnant. This caution is necessary, to prevent the country from being overburdened with numbers. But the race of inferior Houyhnhnms, bred up to be servants, is not so strictly limited upon this article: these are allowed to produce three of each sex, to be domestics in the noble families3 Every fourth year, at the vernal equinox, there is arepresentative council of the whole nation, which meets in a plain about twenty miles from our house, and continues about five or six days. Here they inquire into the state and condition of the several districts; whether they abound or be deficient in hay or oats, or cows, or Yahoos; and wherever there is any want (which is but seldom) it is immediately supplied by unanimous consent and contribution. Here likewise the regulation of children is settled: as for instance, ifa Houyhnhnm has two males, he changes one of them withanother that has two females; and when a child has been lost by any casualty, where the mother is past breeding, it is determined what family in the district shall breed another to supply the loss.Question1.The satire in this work is seen entirely in a discrepancybetween Swift and the Gulliver, the typical rational scientist in the age of enlightenment? Comment on it. (15points)Question2. In what ways does the author satirize the rationalism ofHouyhnhnms society, for example, the rational idea onmarriage, and the family-planning? (15 points)《英美文学选读》试卷参考答案I. 【20分】Answer:The author used repetition and parallelism to make this satirical prose daintier and more repugnant in tone. This piece of prose is typical of neoclassical prose which set great store by elegance of the language which was achieved by way of rhetorical richness. 【10分】The author used sarcasm in these two sentences to openly deny Lord Chesterfield’s patronage and attack his insolent and blatant behavior. The sarcasm made in a circumlocutious way renders this satirical prose more taunting and bitter. 【10分】II【20分】Question 1: What is Liza’s Double Transformation?Act III of Pygmalion highlights the importance of Liza's double transformation, by showing her suspended between the play's beginning and its conclusion. “At Mrs. Higgins's ““At Home reception,” Liza is fundamentally the same person she was in Act I, although she differs in what we learn to appreciate as superficialities of social disguise (according to Mugglestone): details of speech and cleanliness. In modern society, however, as Shaw illustrates, it is precisely these superficial details which tend to be endowed with most significance. Certainly the Eynsford Hills view such details as significant, as Liza's entrance produces for them what Shaw's stage directions call “animpression of ... remarkable distinction and beauty.” Ironically, however, Liza's true transformation is yet to occur. She experiences a much more fundamental change in her consciousness when she realizes that Higgins has more or less abandoned her at the conclusion of his experiment. 【10分】Question 2:What is Liza’s Predicament?Liza experiences a sense of anxiety over not belonging anywhere: she can hardly return to flower peddling, yet she lacks the financial means to make her new, outward identity a social reality. “What am I fit for?” She demands of Higgins. “What have you left me fit for? Where am I to go? What am I to do? What's to become of me?” While Pickering is generous, Eliza is shoved into the wings by Higgins. The dream has been fulfilled, midnight has tolled for Cinderella, and morning reality is at hand. Liza must break away from Higgins when he shows himself incapable of recognizing her needs. This response of Higgins is well within his character as it has been portrayed in the play. Indeed, from his first exposure to Liza, Higgins denied Liza any social or even individual worth. Calling Liza a squashed cabbage leaf, Higgins states that a woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere no right to live. 【10分】III.【30分】Question 1: Why Tess is said to be a paragon of fallen humanity?Tess represents fallen humanity in a religious sense, as the frequent biblical allusions in the novel remind us. Just as Tess’s clan was once glorious and powerful but is now sadly diminished, so too did the early glory of the first humans, Adam and Eve, fade with their expulsion from Eden, making humans sad shadows of what they once were. Tess thus represents what is known in Christian theology as original sin, the degraded state in which all humans live, even when—like Tess herself after killing Prince or succumbing to Alec—they are not wholly or directly responsible for the sins for which they are punished. This torment represents the most universal side of Tess: she is the myth of the human who suffers for crimes that are not her own and lives a life more degraded than she deserves. 【15分】Question 2: Discuss why Tess changes the idealist Angle into a realist Angle in a tragic way?Angel is closer to the intellectually aloof poet Shelley than to the fleshly and passionate poet Byron. His love for Tess may be abstract, as we guess when he calls her “Daughter of Nature” or “Demeter.” Tess may be more an archetype or ideal to him than a flesh and blood woman with a complicated life. Angel’sideals of human purity are too elevated to be applied to actual people: Mrs. Durbeyfield’s eas ygoing moral beliefs are much more easily accommodated to real lives such as Tess’s. Angel awakens to the actual complexities of real-world morality after his failure in Brazil, and only then he realizes he has been unfair to Tess. His moral system is readjusted as he is brought down to Earth. Ironically, it is not the angel who guides the human in this novel, but the human who instructs the angel, although at the cost of her own life. 【15分】IV【30分】Question1. This work is called a satire which is seen entirely in a discrepancy between Swift and the Gulliver, the typical rational scientist in the age of enlightenment? Comment on it. 【15分】There are echoes of Plato’s Republic in the Houyhnhnms’rejection of light entertainment and vain displays of luxury, their appeal to reason rather than any holy writings as the criterion for proper action, and their communal approach to family planning.The Gulliver’s Travels is a book of subtle satire. The satire comes mainly from the discrepancy between Gulliver who is fitted out as the archetypal man of the enlightenment movement, susceptible to rationalism of 18th century. Swift on the other hand is very critical of his time, especially its rational thinking. Whereas Gulliver takes Houyhnhnm society as ideal utopia one, the author finds its rationality totally intolerable.Question2.In what ways does the author satirize the rational Houyhnhnms society, for example, the rational ideal on marriage, and the family-planning? 【15分】Paragons of virtue and rationality, the horses are also dull, simple, and lifeless. Their language is impoverished, their mating loveless, and their understanding of the complex play of social forces naïve. What is missing in the horses is exactly that which makes human life rich: the complicated interplay of selfishness, altruism, love, hate, and all other emotions. In other words, the Houyhnhnms’ society is perfect for Houyhnhnms, but it is hopeless for humans. Houyhnhnm society is, in stark contrast to the societies of the first three voyages, devoid of all that is human.But we may be less ready than Gulliver to take the Houyhnhnms as ideals of human existence. They have no names in the narrative nor any need for names, since they are virtually interchangeable, with little individual identity. Their lives seem harmonious and happy, although quite lacking in vigor, challenge, and excitement. Indeed, this apparent ease may be why Swift chooses to makethem horses rather than human types like every other group in the novel. He may be hinting, to those more insightful than Gulliver, that the Houyhnhnms should not be considered human ideals at all. In any case, they symbolize a standard of rational existence to be either espoused or rejected by both Gulliver and us.。

(完整word版)英美文学选读-英国-现代时期-练习题汇总(选择大题)

22.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?A.To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B.To put the stress on traditional values.C.To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D.To advocate a conscious break with the past.(024)19.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and（）as its theoretical base.A. the theory of psycho-analysisB. Darwin’s evolutionary theoryC. the French symbolismD. Utilitarianism(057)17．______________ is the most outstanding stream of consciousness novelist, with ___________ as his encyclopedia – like masterpiece .A．James Joyce, Ulysses B．E.M. Foster, A Passage to IndiaC．D.H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers D．Virginia Woolf, Mrs Dalloway（074）15．All of the following are stream –of- consciousness novels EXCEPT________.A．Pilgrimage B．UlyssesC．Mrs. Dalloway D．Tess of the D’ Urbervilles（084）?21. In the play The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde，the upper — class people are described all of the following EXCEPT ______.A. corruptB. snobbishC. hypocriticalD. ambitious(087)17. After the First World War, there appeared the following literary trends of modernism EXCEPT ______.A. expressionismB. surrealismC. stream of consciousnessD. black humour(094)18. The masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century are the three trilogies of ______.A. Galsworthy's Forsyte novelsB. Hardy' s Wessex novels(094)C. Greene's Catholic novelsD. Woolf's stream-of-consciousness novels19. In the mid - 1950s and early 1960s, there appeared “______” who demonstrated a particular disillusion overthe depressing situation in Britain and launched a bitter protest against the outmoded social and political values in their society.5A. The Beat GenerationB. The Lost GenerationC. The Angry Young MenD. Black Mountain Poets(094)16.The rise of _____and new science greatly incited modernist writers to make new explorations on human natures and human relationships.4A. the existentialistic ideaB. the irrational philosophyC. scientific socialismD. social Darwinism（097）22. The 20th century has witnessed a great achievement in English poetry, which are mainly represented by thefollowing EXCEPT _____.3a. Thomas Hardyb. Ezra Poundc. T. S. Eliotd. Lord Byron （浙0210）25. Which of the following is James Joyce's masterpiece?a. Dublinersb. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manc. Ulyssesd. Finnegans Wake（浙0210）20.The following are English stream-of-consciousness novels EXCEPT ______.2A. PilgrimageB. UlyssesC. Mrs.DallowayD. A Passage to Inida9. In the late nineteenth century, modernism flushed in English literature. Unlike modernist poets and novelists, modern dramatists ______.1A. showed not only satirical attitude to bourgeois class, but also optimistic emotion toward lifeB. did not make so many innovations in techniques and formsC. inherited the romantic fuzziness and self-indulged emotionismD. took the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base1 George Bernard Shaw21.___is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A.Richard SheridanB.Oliver GoldsmithC.Oscar WildeD.Bernard Shaw(024)1.Mrs. Warren’s Profession is one of George Bernard Shaw’s plays. What is Mrs. Warren’s profession then ?[A]Real estate. [B]Prostitution.[C]House-keeping. [D]Farming. (034)21.George Bernard Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a grotesquely realistic exposure of the（）.A. slum landlordismB. political corruption in EnglandC. economic oppression of womenD. religious corruption in England(054)4．George Bernard Shaw’s play _______ established his position as the leading playwright of his time. 5 A．Widowers’ Houses B．Too True to Be GoodC．Mrs. Warren’s Profession D．Candida（084）5.George Bernard Shaw’s play Mrs. Warren’s Profession is about______.A. slum landlordismB. the economic oppression of womenC. the political corruption in EnglandD. the religious corruption in England(087)12. Among the following writers ______ is considered to be the best—known English dramatist since Shakespeare.A. Oscar WildeB. John GalsworthyC. W. B. YeatsD. George Bernard Shaw(087)18. George Bernard Shaw’s _____is a better play of the later period, with the author’s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of WWI and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.4A. Too True to Be GoodB. Mrs. Warren’s ProfessionC. Widowers’HousesD. Fanny’s First Play（097）15. George Bernard Shaw’ s ______ is a grotesquely realistic exposure of slum landlordism.3A. Widower’ s HouseB. Mrs. Warren’ s ProfessionC. The Apple CartD. Getting Married(104)7. George Bernard Shaw’s ______ explored his idea of “Life Force”, the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.2A. Man and SupermanB. The Apple CartC. PygmalionD. Too True to Be Good（107）4. As a realistic dramatist, George Bernard Shaw is concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems in his works. The general mood he expressed in his plays is ______.1A. indignationB. satisfactionC. optimismD. pessimism2 T. S. Eliot19. “When the evening is spread out against the sky (034) 5Like a patient etherized upon a table.”(T. S. Eliot, “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”)What does the image in the quoted lines suggest? _______.[A]Violence [B]Horror [C]Inactivity[D]Indifference (034)17.“For I have known them all already, known them all—/Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons,/I have measured out my life with coffee spoons.”The above lines are taken from（）.A. Wordsworth’s “The Solitary Reaper”B. Eliot’s“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (054)C. Coleridge’s“Kubla Khan”D. Yeats’s“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”20.The beginning of “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock” moves from a series of fairly concrete physical settings—a cityscape( the famous“patient etherized upon a table”)and several interiors (women’s arms in the lamplight, coffee spoons, fireplaces)—to a series of vague ocean images. It aims to convey（）.A. Prufrock’s emotional distance from the world as he comes to recognize his second-rate statusB. Prufrock’s eagerness to meet his dating loverC. Prufrock’s reluctance to meet his dating loverD. Prufrock’s excitement ab out the modern world(057)20．Which of the following poems by T.S. Eliot is hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th century English poetry?A．Poems 1909-1925 B．The Hollow ManC．Prufrock and Other Observations D．The Waste Land（074）3．T．S．Eliot’s most im portant single poem _______has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry. 4A．The Hollow Man B．The Waste LandC．Murder in the Cathedral D．Ash Wednesday（084）22. T. S. Eliot's most popular verse play is ______.3A. Murder in the CathedralB. The Cocktail PartyC. The Family ReunionD. The Waste Land(094)22. The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot is a poem concerned with the _____ breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.A. spiritualB. religiousC. politicalD. physical（097）1. T. S. Eliot’ s ______ bearing a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as thedarkest of Eliot’ s poems.2A. “Gerontion”B. “Prufrock”C. Murder in the CathedralD. The Hollow Men (104)1. T. S. Eliot’s ______ is a poem of dramatic monologue and a prelude to The Waste Land, helping to point up thecontinuity of Eliot’s thinking.1A. “Prufrock”B. “Gerontion”C. The Hollow MenD. Four Quartets （107）3 D. H. Lawrence4. The statement “A demanding mother turns away from her husband and gives all her affection to her sons” sums up the main plot of D. H. Lawrence′s.5[A]Lady Chatterley’s Lover[B]Women in love[C]Sons and Lovers [D]The Plumed Serpent(034)20.The major concern of ______ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his charactersand in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.wrence'sB.J.Galsworthy'sC.W.Thackeray’sD.T.Hardy’s (024)21. “He was silent with conceit of his son. Mrs. Morel sniffed, as if it were nothing.”(Sons and Lovers bywrence)From the above quotation, we can see that Mrs. Morel’s atti tude to her husband is ______ .4A. sincerely warmB. genuinely kindC. seemingly angryD. merely contemptuous(044)22.The story starting with the marriage of Paul’s parents Walter Morel and Mrs. Morel must be（）.A. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles(054)B. D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and LoversC. George Eliot’s MiddlemarchD. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre22．The major concern of ______ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature. A．John Galsworthy’s B．Thomas Hardy’sC．D．H．Lawrence’s D．Charles Dickens’（084）17. In Modern English literature, the literary interest of _____ lay in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehu-manizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.3A. George Bernard ShawB.T.S. EliotC. Oscar WildeD.D.H. Lawrence（097）18. D. H. Lawrence’ s ______ is a remarkable novel in which the individual consciousness is subtly revealed and strands of themes are intricately wound up.2A. Sons and LoversB. The RainbowC. Women in LoveD. Lady Chatterley’ s Love(104)4. D. H. Lawrence’s aut obiographical novel is ______.A. The RainbowB. Women in LoveC. Sons and LoversD. Lady Chatterley’s Lover（107）10. D. H. Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly ______ , which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritativecommentary.1A. romanticismB. realismC. naturalismD. modernism（107）23. In his novels, Laurence made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships, especially thosebetween _____, with a great frankness.a. man and natureb. man and societyc. man and womand. all of the above（浙0210）II. Reading Comprehension (16 points in all, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.George Bernard Shaw42. The following quotation is from Mrs. Warren’s Profession:VIVIE: [ intensely interested by this time] No; but why did you choose that business?Saving money and good management will succeed in any business.MRS. WARREN: Yes, saving money. But where can a woman get the money to save in any other business?Could you save out of four shillings a week and keep yourself dressed as well? Not you. Of course, ifyou’ re a plain woman and cant earn anything more ; or if you have a turn for musi c, or the stage, ornewspaper - writing ; that’s different...Questions :41A. Identify the playwright of the above quotation.B. What business do you think Mrs. Warren is involved in?C. What's the theme of the play?（097）42. A. George Bernard ShawB. ProstitutionC. The economic oppression of women. By describing Mrs. Warren and her sisters’ sufferings, Shaw wants toshow that in the dark capitalist society, honest women were forced to be prostitutes and were therefore looked down upon as shameful dirty women. The play reveals the social causes of prostitution and thus sharply attacks the capitalism.T. S Eliot42.“And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways.”Questions:42A.Identify the poem and the poet.B.What does the phrase “butt-ends” mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express? (024)(42.A.T.S.Eliot:“The Love Song of J.Alfred Pruforck.”B.The ends of cigarettes, meaning trivial things here.C.Here, Prufrock's inability to do anything against the society he is in is made strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison. Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free. This image vividly shows Prufrock's current predicament.) .(024)42. The following quotation is from one of the poems by T. S. Eliot:No! I am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be;Am an attendant lord, one that will doTo swell a progress, start a scene or twoAdvise the prince; no doubt, an easy tool,Deferential, glad to be of use,Politic, cautious, and meticulous,Full of high sentence, but a bit obtuse;Questions:A. Identify the title of the poem from which the quoted part is taken.B. Who's the speaker of the quoted lines?C. What does the first line show about the speaker? (094)42. A. “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”B. J. Alfred PrufrockC. Prufrock is conscious of the fact that he is like Hamlet in some respects. But he is sensible enough that hecannot be compared with Hamlet.42. Let us go then, you and I,When the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table;Let us go, through certain half- deserted streets,The muttering retreatsOf restless nights in one -night cheap hotelsAnd sawdust restaurants with oyster- shells:(The lines above are taken from “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T. S Eliot. )Questions:A. What does the poem present?B. What form is the poem composed in?C. What does the poem suggest? (104)42. A. presenting the meditation of an aging young man over the business of proposing marriage;B. in a form of dramatic monologueC. suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended “Love song” and a confession of the speaker’sincapability of facing up to love and to life in a sterile upper-class world.III. Questions and Answers (24 points in all, 6 for each)Give a brief answer to each of the following questions in English. Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.B. Shaw45.It is said that B. Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea. Try to summarize this theme briefly. (044)45. A. The play reveals that guilt for prostitution lies more upon the social system than the immoral woman.B. In the play, Shaw shows clearly that all human sufferings are consequences of the cruel economicexploitation, which is pursued shamelessly by the so-called respectable members of the society through the lowest and the dirtiest means.46．It is said that B. Shaw’s play, Mrs. Warren’s Profession, has a strong realistic theme, which fully reflects the dramatist’s Fabianist idea. Try to summarize this the me briefly.（084）46. A. As one of the influential members of the Fabian Society, Shaw regarded the establishment of socialism bythe emancipation of land and industrial capital from individual and class ownership as the final goal.B. As a realistic dramatist, he took the modern social issues as his subjects. Most of his plays are concerned withpolitical, economic, moral, or religious problems.C. Mrs. Warren’s Profession is a play about the economic oppression of women.46. What are the main features of Bernard Shaw’s plays with regard to the theme, characterization and plot?（097）4546. A. Structurally and thematically, Shaw followed the great tradition of realism. As a realistic dramatist, he tookthe modern social issues as his subjects with the aim of directing social reforms.B. One feature of Shaw’s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at theexpense of another. Another feature is that Shaw’s characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view that shift and alter during the play.C. Shaw’s plays have plots, but they do not work by plots.45. What are the features of George Bernard Shaw’s characterization in his plays?（107）45. A. One feature of Shaw’s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at theexpense of another.B. Another feature is that Shaw’s characters are the representatives of ideas, points of view that shift and alterduring the play.T．S．Eliot46. The Waste Land is T．S．Eliot’s most important sin gle poem．Try to state the theme and the significance of the poem briefly. (087) 4646. A. Theme: the poem is concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life haslost its meaning, significance and purpose.B. Significance: The poem has been hailed as a landmark and a model of the 20th-century English poetry,comparable to Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads.IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.chapter49. Define modernism in English literature. Name two major modernistic British writers and list one major workby each.（097）4949. A. Modernism rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.B. The French symbolism appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism. After WWI, all kinds ofliterary trends of modernism appeared: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, etc.C. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.D. Modernism is, in many aspects, a reaction against realism.E. James Joyce: Ulysses; T. S. Eliot : The Waste Land.。

自考英语本科英美文学选读美国现实主义一天全掌握

Realistic Period现实主义时期时间：1865-19141. background: the Civil War affected both the social and the value system(1)transformed from an agricultural one to an industrialized and commercialized one(2)stimulated technological development(3)stepped up urbanization(4)people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of GodThe Gilded Age2. American Realistic Period and English Realistic Period(Victorian Period) common ground(1)a great interest in the realities of life, aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life(2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of class struggle(3)common people mostly depicteddifferences(America)(1)native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces(2)perfect the dialect style(3)concern about "local colorism", a unique variation of American literary realism3. American Naturalism: influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory(1)accept the more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those characters in literary works(2)inherited qualities, and habits confined by social forces are depicted(3)theme: human "bestiality", especially the sexual desire(4)unpolished language(5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond his control(6)material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty(7)naturalism is evolved from realism. Author's tone in writing is less serious and sympathetic, more ironic and pessimisticThis new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。

英美文学选读（美）现实主义时期（...

英美文学选读(美)现实主义时期（Selected readings of American and British Literature (American) realism）第二章现实主义时期一。

重难点内容提要1。

现实主义时期美国文学的特点2。

主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义。

3。

分析讨论选读作品，现实主义与自然主义、狄金森诗歌的主题结构和艺术特色、哈克的性格分析及其社会意义。

二找回记忆--重点内容回顾。

（温馨提示：在这一部分，每个用”----“链接起来的都是一个知识点的概说，应用这些”短小的绳子”把已学的知识联系起来，我们要回想并找出他们之间的关系、联系、区别等不同的关系，争取对每一个历史时期都有一个全面的认识，知道每个时期在整个英美文学史上的位置及地位，以及每个作家在这个历史时期甚至在整个文学史上的位置地位。

）一时代概述--浪漫主义时期概述）。

1。

识记内容1）。

时间：独立2）。

背景：内战影响了社会和价值。

系统（a）从农业型向工业化和商品化转变。

B）。

促进科技发展C）。

加快城市化进程D）。

人们开始怀疑人类的本性和上帝的仁慈。

2。

领会内容：美国自然主义：达尔文进化论的影响1）。

接受它的负面影响，并用它来解释文学作品中人物的行为。

2）。

遗传的品质和习惯受社会力量的限制。

3）。

主题：人类的“兽性”，特别是性的欲望4）。

粗鲁的语言5）。

哲学上，真理总是部分地隐藏在个人的视线之外，或超出他的控制范围。

6）。

社会底层的物质来源描绘苦难和贫困。

7）。

自然主义是从现实主义演变而来的。

作者的语气不那么严肃和同情，更讽刺和悲观。

3。

应用内容：1）。

达尔文进化论对美国自然主义的影响一）。

接受它的负面影响，并使用它解释这些人物在文学作品中的行为B）。

遗传的品质和习惯受社会力量的限制。

C）。

主题：人类的“兽性”，特别是性的欲望D）。

粗鲁的语言E）。

哲学上，真理总是部分地隐藏在个人的视线之外，或超出他的控制范围。

英美文学选读美国现实主义时期大题

英美文学选读-美国-现实主义时期-大题3 Emily Dickinson43. “We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess －in the Ring －We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain－We passed the Setting Sun －”Questions:A.Who is the author of this stanza taken from the poem “Becaus e I couldnot stop for Death－?B.What do the underlined parts symbolize?C.Where were “we” heading toward? (034) 4143. A. These lines are taken from a poem written by Emily Dickinson.B. The School, the Fields of Gazing Grain, the Setting Sun symbolizethree stages of one' s life: youth, manhood and old age.C. "We" were riding in a hearse (or a carriage), heading toward Eternity.43. “With Blue— uncertain stumbling Buzz —Between the light — and me —And then the Windows failed — and thenI could not see to see —”Questions:A. Identify the poem and the poet.B. What do “Windows” symbolically stand for?C. What idea does the quoted passage express? (044) 4243. A. Emily Dickinson: (465) “I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died”.B. Eyes, for they are considered as the windows of human soul.C. The last thing the dying person saw and heard was the fly and its buzz.When the eyes failed, the human soul was closed and the person died.(The speaker could not see any of the afterlife or God or angels sheexpected to see.)44.“We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—”Questions:A.Identify the poem and the poet.B.What do“the School,” “the Fields”and“the Setting Sun”stand for respectivel y?(054)44. A. Emily Dickinson; “Because I could not stop for Death－”B. Three stages of life: childhood, adulthood and old age.43. “This is my letter to the WorldThat never wrote to Me —The simple News that Nature told —With tender Majesty”Questions:A. Identify the poet.B. What idea does the poem express?C. Why does the poet use dashes and capital letters in the poem? (104)4443. A. Emily DickinsonB. The poem expresses the poet’s anxiety about her communication with the outside world.C. Dashes are used as a musical device to create cadence and capital lettersas a means of emphasis.43. “ We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess- in the Ring-We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain -We Passed the Setting Sun- ”( Fro m Emily Dickinson’s poem Because I could not stop for Death) Questions:A. What does the phrase “Fields of Gazing Grain” symbolize?B. What figure of speech is used in the poem?C. What are Dickinson’s unique writing features?（107）43. A. It symbolizes the mature period.B. PersonificationC. (1) Her poems have no titles. (2) Dashes are used as a musical device. (3) Capital letters are used as a means of emphasis. (4) Irregular and inverted sentence structure is used. (5) Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness. (6) Her poems are usually short, personal and meditative.48. The literary school of naturalism was quite popular in the late 19th century. What are the major characteristics of naturalism? (044)48. A. Strongly influenced by social Darwinism, naturalism emphasizes thedetermining power of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.B. Being devoid of the freedom of choice and incapable of shaping theirown destinies, men and women are helpless and insignificant in a coldand indifferent world.C. The naturalistic writers reported truthfully and objectively, with apassion for scientific accuracy and overwhelming accumulation offactual detail.48．Why are naturalists inevitably pessimistic in their view?（084）47. Who are the three dominant figures of the American Age of Realism andwhat are the differences in their understanding of the “truth”? (094)47. A. William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry JamesB. Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more atte ntion to the “life”of the Americans. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived; Mark Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories; Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphas is on the “inner world” of man.47. What are the factors that gave rise to American naturalism? (104)47. A. The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought.B. The influence of the 19th century French literature on the Americanmen of letters.Mark Twain48. Local colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Who is the most famous local colorist? What are local colorists most concerned?（097）48. A. Mark TwainB. Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpretingthe local character of their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.They formed an important part of the realistic movement.48. Briefly state Mark Twain’ s magic p ower with language in his novels. (104) 48. A. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentencestructures are simple, even ungrammatical spoken languageB. His characters speak with a strong accent, which is true of his localcolorism.C. Different characters from different literary or cultural backgroundstalk differently.Henry James48.What is the most famous theme in Henry James′s fiction? And what is hisfavourite approach in characterization, which makes him different from Mark and W. D. Howells as realists? Give two titles of his works in which this theme and this approach are employed. (034)48. Henry James' s most famous theme is what is generally called "theinternational theme". His novels or short stories of the theme are always set against a larger international background,usually between Europe and America. They center around the conflict of the two cultures,represented by an innocent American and a sophisticated European. James is regarded as the founder of psychological realism for his psychoanalytical approach to his Characters. Daisy Miller, The Portrait of A Lady, The American, The Ambassadors are his representative worksof this kind.Theodore Dreiser47. “In your rocking-chair, by your window dreaming, shall you long, alone. In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” The two sentences are taken from Theodore Dreiser’s novel, Sister Carrie. What idea can you draw from the “rocking-chair”? (044)47. A. The “rocki ng-chair” is a symbol standing for fate. It is like a cradle thatmakes one feel peaceful. It is also like a tide that ever goes on with life, the destiny of which is uncertain.B. At the end of the novel, Carrie sits in the rocking-chair which implies thather future is still uncertain and hard to foresee.48. What's Dreiser' s naturalistic belief? Please discuss the question with Carrie,a character in Sister Carrie as an example. (094)48. A. Dreiser believes that while men are controlled and conditioned by heredity,instinct and chance, a few extraordinary and unsophisticated human beings refuse to accept their fate wordlessly and instead strive, unsuccessfully, to find meaning and purpose for their existence.B. Carrie, as one of such, senses that she is merely a cipher in an uncaringworld yet seeks to grasp the mysteries of life and thereby satisfies herdesires for social status and material comfort, but in spite of he success,she is lonely and dissatisfied.Mark Twain50. Summerize the story of Mark twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words, and comment on the theme of the novel. (024)50. A. Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a Sequa to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.The Story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it; One is an ignorant,uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn.The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and ,more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind ,his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friends as well.During their journey, they experience a series of adventures:coming across two frauds, the “Duke” and the “King”,witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom's coming to rescue.B. The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom”: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization and Jim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery. Mark Twain uses the raft's journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.50.Take Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustrate the statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature. (054)50. A. Mark Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made an extensivecombination of American folk humor and serious literature.B. The novel has become a great contribution to the legacy of American literature.C. The novel is written in a language that is totally different from therhetorical language used by his contemporary writers such as Emerson,Poe and Melville. It is simple, direct, lucid and faithful to the colloquialspeech. This style of colloquial ism is best described as “vernacular”.D. He successfully used local color and historical settings to illustrate andshed light on the contemporary society. That’s why he is known as alocal colorist.E. Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to befunny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks.etc. Some of them are typical of tall tales. And a great deal of hishumor is characterized by puns, straight-faced exaggeration,repetition, and anti-climax. He uses his humor to criticize the socialinjustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.50. Briefly discuss Mark Twain's art of fiction in terms of the setting, thelanguage, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.50. A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi Valley as his fictional kingdom, writingabout the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist.B. He creates life-like characters, especially the conventional HuckleberryFinn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite toconventional morality.C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from anyprevious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial languagebelonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize social injustices and thedecayed convention.Henry James50. Please discuss Henry James’ contribution to American literature in regard to his representative works, themes, writing techniques and language. (104) 5050. A. works: Daisy Miller, The Portrait of A Lady, The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, The Golden Bowl (listing any two of the novels will be enough)B. international themes…C. his psychological emphasis and narrative point of view…D. Language: highly refined and insightful…。

原题目：英语专业英美文学选读课程期末考试复习题

原题目：英语专业英美文学选读课程期末考试复习题一、选择题（每题5分，共40分）1. 下列哪位作家是19世纪初英国浪漫主义文学的代表人物？A. 简·奥斯汀B. 弗朗西斯·贝金斯·布伯尔C. 爱米莉·勃朗特D. 简·艾尔洛克2. 被誉为“美国民族史诗”的作品是下面哪部？A. 《老人与海》B. 《汤姆·索亚历险记》C. 《伊娃》D. 《飘》3. 以下哪位作家是英国维多利亚时期的代表作家？A. 威廉·莎士比亚B. 查尔斯·狄更斯C. 托马斯·哈代D. 奥斯卡·王尔德4. 被称为“现代英国戏剧之父”的剧作家是下方哪位？A. 卡尔·马克思B. 乔治·肖伯纳C. 亨利·詹姆斯D. 奥斯卡·王尔德5. 以下哪位作家是美国现代主义文学的代表人物？A. 艾米丽·狄金森B. 罗伯特·弗罗斯特C. 弗朗茨·卡夫卡D. 弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫6. 下列哪本小说以揭示人性之恶而著称？A. 《飘》B. 《1984》C. 《傲慢与偏见》D. 《哈姆雷特》7. 哪位作家被称为“20世纪最重要的英国小说家之一”？A. 威廉·莎士比亚B. 乔治·奥威尔C. 哈珀·李D. 东尼·莫里森8. 以下哪本小说描写了苏格兰高地的历史与风俗？A. 《呼啸山庄》B. 《麦田里的守望者》C. 《钟楼怪人》D. 《华尔街》二、简答题（每题10分，共20分）1. 请简要解释英国维多利亚时期文学的主要特点。

2. 简要介绍美国现代主义文学的主要代表作家及作品。

三、论述题（20分）请从英国儿童文学和美国南方文学的角度分析比较《奥神领地》和《哈利·波特与魔法石》的文学特点和传达的主题。

四、创作题（20分）请根据自己的创作能力和理解，以《失乐园》为题材，写一篇关于对科技革命带来的道德困境和对人类价值的思考的短文。

《英美文学选读》论述题汇总

美国文学III. Nathaniel HawthorneMosses from an Old Manse古宅青苔The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales 雪像和其他故事新编The Scarlet Letter 红字The House of Seven Gables 七个尖角阁的房子The Blithedale Romance 福谷传说The Marble Faun 大理石雕像选文Young Goodman BrownIV. Walt WhitmanLeaves of Grass选文There Was a Child Went Forth, Cavalry Crossing a Ford, Song of MyselfV. Herman MelvilleTypee 泰比Omoo 奥穆Mardi 玛迪Redburn 雷德本White Jacket 白外衣Pierre 皮埃尔Confidence-Man 信心人Moby-Dick 白鲸Billy Budd 比利伯德选文Moby-DickChapter 2 现实主义时期I. Mark TwainAdventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on MississippiThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County Innocent Abroad 傻瓜出国记Roughing It 含莘如苦The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Gilded Age 镀金时代 A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court 亚瑟王宫庭中的美国佬The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 傻瓜威尔逊The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg 败坏哈德莱堡的人The Mysterious Stranger 神秘的陌生人选文Adventures of Huckleberry Finn II. Henry James The American 美国人Daisy Miller 黛西米勒The European 欧洲人The Protrait of A Lady 贵妇人的画像The Bostonians 波士顿人Princess Casamassima 卡撒玛西公主The Private Life 私生活The Middle Years 中年The Turn of the Screw 螺丝的拧紧The Beast in the Jungle 丛林猛兽What Maisie Knows 梅西所知道的The Wings of the Dove 鸽翼The Ambassadors 大使The Golden Bowl 金碗The Death of a Lion 狮之死选文Daisy Miller III. Emily Dickinson If you were coming in the fall There came a day Summer’s full I cannot live with You I’m ceded-I’ve stopped being theirs 选文This is my letter to the World, I heard a Fly buzz-when I died I like to see it lap the Miles Because I could not stop for death IV．Theodore Dreiserer Sister Carrie 嘉莉妹妹Nigger Jeff 黑人杰夫Old Rogaum and His Theresa 老罗格姆和他的特里萨Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘Trilogy of Desire The Financier 金融家The Genius 天才An American Tragedy 美国悲剧Dreiser at Russia 德莱塞对俄罗斯的观感选文Sister Carrie Chapter 3 现代主义时期II. Robert Lee Frost A Boy’s Will 一个男孩儿的愿望North of Boston 波士顿以北Mountain Interval New Hampshire 新罕布什尔Snowy Evening 雪夜停马在林边West-Running Brook 向西流去的小溪Collected Poems 诗选A Winter Tree 选文After Apple-Picking, The Road Not T aken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening以IV. F. Scott Fitzgerald This Side of Paradise 天堂的这一边Beautiful and Damned 美丽而遭骂的人The Great Gatsby Tender is the Night 夜色温柔The Last Tycoon 最后一个巨头Flappers and Philosophers 吹捧者与哲学家Tales of the Jazz Age 爵士时代All the Sad Young Men 所有悲惨的小伙子Taps at Reveille 拍打在起床鼓上Babylon Revisited重返巴比伦选文The Great Gatsby V. Earnest Hemingway In Our Time 在我们的时代 A Farewell to Arms 永别了，武器For Whom the Bell Tolls 丧钟为谁敲响The Old Man and the Sea 老人与海Men Without Women 没有女人的男人Death in the Afternoon 午后之死The Snows of Kilimanjaro 开利曼扎罗之雪The Green Hills of Africa 非洲的青山选文Indian Camp (from In Our Time) VI. William Faulkner The Marble Faun 玉石牧神The Sound and the Fury 喧嚣与骚动As I Lay Dying 我弥留之际Light in August 八月之光Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙！押沙龙！Wild Palms 疯狂的手掌The Hamlet 哈姆雷特The Unvanquished 不可征服的Go Down, Moses 去吧，摩西The Fable 寓言The Town 小镇The Mansion 大厦Soldier’s Pay 士兵的报酬英国文学部分Chapter 1 文艺复兴时期III. William Shakespeare Rape of Lucrece 鲁克斯受辱记Venus and Adonis 维纳斯与安东尼斯Titus Andronicus 泰托斯安东尼The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧The Two Gentlemen of Veroma 维洛那二绅士The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍记Love’s Labour’s Lost 爱的徒劳Richard II 理查二世King John 约翰王Henry IV, Parts I and II, Henry V Six Comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人Much Ado About Nothing 无事无非As You Like It 皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜The Merry Wise of Windsor 温莎的风流娘儿们Two Tragedies: Romeo and Juliet 罗米欧与朱丽叶Julius Caesar 凯撒Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克里佩特拉Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus 特洛伊勒斯与克利西达All’ Well That Ends Well (comedy) 终成成眷属Measure for Measure (comedy) 一报还一报Pericles 伯里克利Cymbeline 辛白林The Winter’s Tale 冬天的故事The Tempest 暴风雨Henry VIII The Two Noble Kinsmen两位贵族亲戚选文为Sonnet 18; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet VI. John Milton Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regain 复乐园Samson Agonistes力士参孙Lycidas 利西达斯Areopagitica 论出版自由Chapter 2 新古典主义时期III. Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe 鲁宾逊漂流记Captain Singleton 辛立顿船长Moll Flanders 莫尔弗兰德斯Colonel Jack 杰克上校A Journal of the Plague Year 灾疫之年的日记Roxana 罗克萨那选文Robinson Crusoe IV. Jonathan Swift A Tale of Tub 木桶传The Battle of the Books 书籍的战斗Gulliver’s Travels 格列弗游记 A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议The Drapier’s Letter s 布商的书信选文Gulliver’s Travels V. Henry Fielding The Coffee House Politician 咖啡屋的政治家The Tragedy of the Tragedies 悲剧中的悲剧The Historical Register for the Year 1736 1736历史年鉴The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, Written in Imitation of the Manner of Cervantes The History of Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人江奈生翻乐德传The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 汤姆琼斯The History of Amelia 阿米亚选文为Tom Jones Chapter III 浪温主义时期I．William Blake Poetic Sketches 诗歌扎记The Songs of Innocence 天真之歌The Songs of Experience 经验之歌Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱联姻The Book of Urizen 尤里曾的书The Book of Los 洛斯的书The Four Zoas 四个成熟的个体Milton 弥尔顿选文The Chimney Sweeper (from Songs of Innocence); The Tyger II. William Wordsworth Lyrical Ballads (抒情歌谣集) The Prelude The Excursion Worshipper of Nature (The Sparr,w’s Nest, To a Skylark, T o the Cuckoo, To a Butterfly, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, An Evening Walking, My Heartn Leaps up, Tintern Abbey) 选文：I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, Composed upon Westminster Bridge, She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways, The Solitary Reaper V. Percy Bysshe Shelley The Necessity of Atheism 无神论的必要性Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem 仙后麦布Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude 复仇者或隐居者的精神Julian and Maddalo 朱利安与麦达格The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰的反叛The Cenci 钦契一家The Prometheus Unbound解放了的普罗米修斯Adomais 阿多尼斯Hellas 海娜斯A Defense of Poetry 诗之辩护选文A Song: Men of England; Ode to the West Wind VII. Jane Austen Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger Abbey 诺桑觉寺Mansfield Park 曼斯菲尔德花园Emma 埃玛Persuasion 劝导The Watsons 屈陈氏一爱Fragment of a Novel 小说的片断Plan of a Novel 小说的计划选文Pride and Prejudice Chapter IV. 维多利亚时期I．Charles Dickens Sketches by Boz 博兹特写集The Posthumous of the Pickwick Club 皮克威克外传Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿Nicholas Nickleby 尼古拉斯尼克尔贝The Pickwick Paper 皮克威克外传David Copperfield 大卫科波菲尔Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁朱尔述维特Dombey and Son 董贝父子A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Bleak House 荒凉山庄Little Dorrit 小杜丽Hard Times 艰难时世Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friends 我们共同的朋友The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店选文为Oliver Twist II. The Bronte Sisters Poem by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (Charlotte, Emily, Anne) The Professor (Charlotte) 教师Jane Eyre (Charlotte) 简爱Wuthering Heights (Emily) 呼啸山庄Agnes Grey (Anne) 格雷The T enant of Wildfell Hall (Anne)野岗庄园房客选文Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte VI. Thomas Hardy Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝Jude the Obscure 无名的裘德The Dynasts 列后The Return of the Native 还乡The Trumpet Major 号兵长The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长The Woodlanders 林地居民Under the Greenwood 林间居民Far from the Madding Crowd 远离尘嚣选文Tess of the D’Urbervilles Chapter 5 现代主义时期I. George Bernard Shaw Cashel Byron’s Profession 卡歇尔拜伦的职业Our Theaters in the Nineties 90年代的英国戏剧Widower’s Houses 鳏夫的房产Candida 堪迪达Mrs. Warren’s Profession 沃伦夫人的职业Caesar and Cleoptra 凯撕与克利奥佩特拉St. Joan 圣女贞德Back to Methuselah 回归玛士撒拉Man and Superman人与超人John Bull’s Other Island 约翰布尔的另外岛屿Pygmalion 茶花女Getting Married 结婚Misalliance 不合适的媳妇Fanny’s First Play 范尼的第一部戏剧The Doctor’s Dilemma医生的困境Too True to be Good 难以置信选文Mrs. Warren’s Profession IV. T. S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 布鲁富劳克的情歌The Waste Land 荒园Murder in the Cathedral 教堂里的谋杀The Family Reunion 家人团聚The Confidential Clerk 机要秘书The Statesmen 政治家The Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会选文The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock V. D. H. Lawrence Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人The White Peacock白孔雀The Trespasser 过客The Rainbow彩虹Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Aaron’s Rod亚伦神仗Kangaroo 袋鼠The Plumed Serpent带羽毛的蛇Lady Chatterley’s Lover St. Mawr 圣摩尔The Daughter of the Vicar 主教的女儿The Horse Dealer’s Daughter贩马人的女儿The Captain’s Doll 般长的娃娃The Prussian Officer 普鲁士军官The Virgin and the Gypsy贞女和吉普塞人Trilogy(A Collier’s Friday Night, 矿工周五的夜晚The Daughter-in-law,儿媳The Widowing of Mrs. Holroyed 守寡的霍尔伊德夫人选文Sons and Lovers《英美文学选读》论述题汇总---按2009 年调整后新大纲IV. Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each) Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.2009 年4 月英美文学选读试题49. Briefly discuss William Shakespeare's artistic achievements in characterization, plot construction and language.（人物、情节构造、语言特色）50. Briefly discuss Mark Twain's art of fiction in terms of the setting,the language, and the characters, etc.,based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. （《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的小说框架、语言特色、人物塑造）2009 年7 月英美文学选读试题49. Define modernism in English literature. Name two major modernistic British writers and list one major work by each. 现代主义名词解释列出现代主义时期的两位英国作家和他的主要作品50. Briefly discuss the term “The Lost Generation”and name the leading figures of this literary movement (Give at least three). 简述专业名词“迷失的一代” ，最少列出三个特征。

英美文学选读试题及答案

英美文学选读试题Ⅰ.Multiple Choice (40 points in all, 1 for each)Select from the four choices [A],[B],[C],[D] of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement and write the letter on the answer sheet.1.Romance,which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of ___ adventures or other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.A.Christian2.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of ___.A.Piers PlowmanB.Sir Gawain and the Green KnightC.Confessio AmantisD.The Canterbury Tales3.Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaisssance Movement?A.The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture.B.The new discoveries in geography and astrology.C.The Glorious revolution.D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion.4.Which of the following statements best illustrates the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18?A.The speaker eulogizes the power of Nature.B.The speaker satirizes human vanity.C.The speaker praises the power of artistic creation.D.The speaker meditates on man's salvation.5.“And we will sit upon the rocks,/Seeing the shepherds f eed their flocks,/By shallow rivers to whose falls/Melodious birds sing madrigals.〞The above lines are probably taken from __.A.Spenser's The Faerie QueeneB.John Donne's “The Sun Rising〞C.Shakespeare's “Sonnet 18”D.Marlowe's “The Passionate Shepherd to His Love〞6.“Bassanio:Antonio,I am married to a wifeWhich is as dear to me as life itself;But life itself, My wife, and all the world.Are not with me esteem'd above thy life;I would lose all, ay, sacrifice them all,Here to the devil, to deliver you.Portia:Your wife would give you little thanks for that,If she were by to hear you make the offer.〞The above is a quotation taken from Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.The quoted part can be regarded as a good example to illustrate ____.A.dramatic irony7.The ture subject of John Donne's poem,“The Sun Rising,〞is to ___.A.attack the sun as an unruly servantB.give compliments to the mistress and her power of beautyC.criticize the sun's intrusion into the lover's private lifeD.lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie8.Of all the 18thcentury novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specificall y a “___ in prose,〞the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A.tragic epic B ic epicC.romanceD.lyric epic9.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are ___.A.horses that are endowed with reasonB.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only in appearance but also in some other ways.10.Here are four lines from a literary work:“Others for language all their care express,/And value books,as women men, for dress.〞The work is ___.A.Thomas Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard〞B.John Milton's Paradise LostC.Alexander Pope's Essay on CriticismD.Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream11.The phrase “to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils〞may well sum up the implied meaning of ___.A.Gulliver's TravelsB.The Rape of the LockC.Robinson CrusoeD.The pilgrim's Progress12.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT ___.A.the use of everyday language spoken by the common peopleB.the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsC.the use of humble and rustic life as subject matterD.the use of elegant wording and inflated figures of speech13.Which of the following is taken from John Keats’ “Ode on a Grecian Urn〞?A.“I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!〞B.“They are both gone up to the church to pary.〞C.“Earth has not anything to show more fair.〞D.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty〞.14.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind!〞is an epigrammatic line by __.A.J.KeatsB.W.BlakeC.W.Wordsworth15.“Ode o na Grecian Urn〞shows the contrast between the ___ of art and the ___ of human passion.A.glory …uglinessB.permanence…transienceC.transience…sordidnessD.glory…permanence16.In the statement“—oh,God! would you like to live with your soul in the grave?〞the term“soul〞apparently refers to ___.A.Heathcliff himselfC.one's spiritual lifeD.one's ghost17.The typical feature of Robet Browning's poetry is the ___.A.bitter satirerger-than-life caricaturetinized dictionD.dramatic monologue18.The Victorian Age was largely an age of ____,eminently represented by Dickens and Thackeray.A.poetryB.drama D.epic prose19.___is the first important governess(家庭女教师) novel in the English literary history.A.Jane EyreHeights20.The major concern of ______ fiction lies in the tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist industrialization on human nature.wrence'sB.J.Galsworthy'sC.W.Thackeray’sD.T.Hardy’s21.___is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare, and his representative works are plays inspired by social criticism.A.Richard SheridanB.Oliver GoldsmithC.Oscar WildeD.Bernard Shaw22.Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Modernism?A.To elevate the individual and inner being over the social being.B.To put the stress on traditional values.C.To portray the distorted and alienated relationships between man and his environment.D.To advocate a conscious break with the past.23.The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the ___ in the American literary histrory.A.individual feelingsB.idea of survival of the fittestC.strong imaginationD.return to nature24.Henry David Thoreau's work,__,has always been regarded as a masterpiece of New England Transcendentalism.B.The pioneersC.NatureD.Song of Myself25.The famous 20-years sleep in “Rip Van Winkle〞helps to construct the story in such a way that we are greatly affected by Irving's ___.A.concern with the passage of timeB.expression of transient beautyC.satire on laziness and corruptibility of human beingsD.idea about supernatural manipulation of man's life26.Walt whitman was a pioneering figure of American poetry.His innovation first of all lies in his use of __,poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.A.blank verseB.heroic coupletC.free verseD.iambic pentameter27.The literary characters of the American type in early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features EXCEPT that they ___.A.speak local dialectsB.are polite and elegant gentlemenC.are simple and crude farmersD.are noble savages( red and white) untainted by society28.Hester Pryme, Dimmsdale,Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely the names of the characters in ___.A.The Scarlet LetterB.The House of the Seven GablestC.The Portrait of a LadyD.The pioneers29.“This is my letter to the World〞is a poetic expression of Emily Dickinson's __ about her communication with the outside world.A.indifferenceB.anger30.With Howells,James,and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, __ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury.31.After The adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book entitled ___.A.Life on the MississippiB.The Gilded AgeC.The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD.A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court32.However,___,the keynote of Daisy Miller's character,turns out to be an admiring but a dangerous quality and her defiance of social taboos in the Old World finally brings her to a disaster in the clash between two different cultures.C.worldliness33.Generally speaking,all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ___.A.transcendentalists34.Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life.Which of the following is NOT a usual subject of her poetic expression?A.Religion and immortality.B.Life and death.C.Love and marriage.D.War and peace.35.In “After Apple-Picking,〞Robert Frost wrote:“For I have had too much/Of applepicking:I am overtired/Of the great harvestI myself desired.〞From these lines we can conclude that the speaker is ___.A.happy about the harvestB.still very much interested in apple-pickingC.expecting a greater harvestD.indifferent to what he once desired36.Chinese poetry and philosophy have exerted great influence over ____.A.Ezra PoundB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Robert FrostD.Emily Dickinson37.The Hemingway Code heroes are best remembered for their __.A.indestructible spirtieB.pessimistic view of life38.IN The Emperor Jones and The Hairy Ape,O'Neill adopted the expressionist techniques to portray the ___ of human beings in a hostile universe.A.helpless situationC.profound religious faithD.courage and perseverance39.In Hemingway's “Indian Cmap〞,Nick's night trip to the Indian village and his experience inside the hut can be taken as ____.A.an essential lesson about Indian tribesB.a confrontation with evil and sinC.an initiation to the harshness of lifeD.a learning process in human relationship40.which of the following statements about Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner's story “A Rose for Emily,〞is NOT true?A.She has a distorted personality.B.She is physically deformed and paralyzed.C.She is the symbol of the old values of the South.D.She is the victim of the past glory.PART TWOⅡ.Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)Read the quoted parts carefully and answer the questions in English.Write your answer in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.41.“Her eyes met his and he looked away.He neither believed nor disbelieved her,but he knew that he had made a mistake in asking;he never had known,never would know,what she was thinking.The sight of her inscrutable face,the thought of all the hundreds of evenings he had seen her sitting there like that,soft and passive,but so unreadable, unknown, enraged him beyond measure.〞Questions:A.Identify the writer and the work.B.What does the phrase “inscrutable face〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?42.“And when I am formulated,sprawling on a pin,When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall.Then how should beginTo spit out all the butt-ends of my days and ways.〞Questions:A.Identify the poem and the poet.B.What does the phrase “butt-ends〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?43.“God knows,…I'm not myself—I'm somebody else—…and I'm changed,and I can't tell what's my name,or who I am.〞Questions:A.Identify the work and the author.B.The speaker says he is changed.Do you think he is changed, or the social environment has changed?C.What idea does the quoted sentence express?44.“I shall be telling this wi th a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.〞Questions:A.Idenfity the poem and the poet.B.What does the phrase “ages and ag es hence〞mean?C.What idea does the quoted passage express?Ⅲ.Questions and Answers(24 points in all, 6 for each)Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English.Write your answers in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.45.As a rule,an allegory is story in verse or prose with a double meaning: a surface meaning,and an implied meaning.List two works as examples of allegory.What is an allegory usually concerned with by its implied meaning?46.Inspiration for the romantic approach initially came from two great shapers of thought.Who are the two?And what ideas they expressed inspire the romantic writers?47.The white whale,Moby Dick,is the most important symbol in Melville's novel.What symbolic meaning can you draw from it?48.Nature is a philosophic work, in which Emerson gives an explicit discussion on his idea of the Qversoul.What is your understanding of Emersonian “Oversoul〞?Ⅳ.Topic Discussion(20 points in all, 10 for each)Write no less than 150 words on each of the following topics in English in the corresponding space on the answer sheet.49.How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism?Provide brief evidence from the literary works you know best.50.Summerize the story of Mark twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in about 100 words,and comment on the theme of the novel.Ⅱ.Reading Comprehension (16 points, 4 for each)41.A.John Galasworthy:The Man of Property.B.A face does not show any emotion or reaction so that it is impossible to know how that person is feeling or what he is thinking about.C.it presents the inner mind of Soames in face of his wife's coldness.He can never know what is on his wife's mind because the makeup of his and her mentality is different.His wife Irene, whose mind is romantically inclined, is disgusted with her husband's possessiveness.Being unable to read his wife's mind is as good as saying that he really can't regard her as his property- this is the very reason why he is enraged beyond measure.42.A.T.S.Eliot:“The Love So ng of J.Alfred Pruforck.〞B.The ends of cigarettes,meaning trivial things here.C.Here,Prufrock's inability to do anything against the society he is in is made strikingly clear by using a sharp comparison .Prufrock imagines himself as a kind of insect pinned on the wall and struggling in vain to get free.This image vividly shows Prufrock's current predicament.43.A.Washington Irving:“Rip Van Winkle〞.B.The social environment is changed.C.When Rip is back home after a period of 20 years,he finds thta everything has changed.All those old values are gone,and he can hardly feel at home in a changed society.One of the functions that Rip serves in the story is to provide a measuring stick forchange.It is through him that Irving drives home the theme that a desire for change,improvement,and progress could subvert stable society.44.A.Robert Frost:“The Road Not Taken〞.B.Many many years later.C.The speaker is telling his experience of making the choice of the roads.But he is conscious of the fact that his choice will have made all the difference in his life.He seems to be giving a suggestion to the reader.“Make good choice of your life.〞Ⅲ.Questions and Answers (24 points in all,6 for each)45.A.Buyan's pilgrim's Progress and Spenser's The Faerie Queene.B.It is usually concerned with moral ,religious,political,symbolic or mythical ideas.46.A.The French philosopher,Jean Jacques Rousseau and the German writer Johna Wolfgan von Goethe.B.It is Rousseau who established the cult of the individual and championed the freedom of the human spirit;his famous announcement was “I felt before I thought.〞Goethe and his compatriots extolled the romantic spirit.47.A.To Ahab,the whale is either an evil creature itself or the agent of an evil force that controls the universe,or perhaps both.B.To Ishmale,the whale is an astonishing force,an immense power,which defies rational explanation due to a sense of mystery it carries.It is beautiful,but malignant at the same time.It also represents the tremendous organic vitality of the universe,for it has a life force that surges onward irresistibly, impervious to the desires or wills of men.C.As to the reader, the whale can be viewed as a symbol of the physical limits that life imposes upon man.It may also be regarded as a symbol of nature, or an instrument of God's vengeance upon evil man.In general,the multiplicity and ambivalence of the symbolic meaning of the whale is such that it becomes a source of intense speculation, an object or profound curiosity for the reader.48.A.The Oversoul is believed to be an all-pervading power for goodness,omnipresent and omnipotent from which all things come and of which all are a part.It exists in nature and man alike and constitutes the chief element of the universe.B.According to Emerson,it is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings, and a religion regarded as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal Over-soul of which it is a part.C.He holds that intuition is a more certain way of knowing than reason and that the mind could intuitively perceive the existence of the Oversoul and of certain absolutes.Ⅳ.Topic Discussion (20 points in all, 10 for each)49.a.Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order,logic,restrained emoticon and accuracy,and that literature,should be judged in terms of its service to humanity,and thus,literary expressions should be of proportion,unity,harmony and grace.Pope's An Essay on Criticism advocates grace,wit (usually though satire/humour),and simplicity in language(and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals,too);Fielding's Tom Jones helped establish the form of novel;Gray's “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard' displays elegance in style,unified structure,serious tone and moral instructions.b.Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience,including art,and thus,literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,〞and no matter how fra gmentary those experiences were (Wordsworth's “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,〞or “The Solitary Reaper,) or Coleridge's “Keble Khan〞),the value of the work lied in the accuracy of presenting those unique feelings and particular attitudes.c.In a word, Neoclassicism emphasized rationality and form but Romanticism attached great importance to the individual's mind (emotion, imagination, temporary experience…)50.A.Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a Sequa to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.The Story takes place along the Mississippi River before the Civil War in the United States, around 1850.Along the river, floats a small raft, with two people on it; One is an ignorant,uneducated black slave named Jim and the other is little uneducated outcast white boy about the age of thirteen, called Huckleberry Finn or Huck Finn.The novel relates the story of the escape of Jim from slavery and ,more important, how Huck Finn, floating along with Jim and helping him as best he could, changes his mind ,his prejudice, about Black people, and comes to accept Jim as a man and as a close friends as well.During their journey, they experience a series of adventures:coming across two frauds, the “Duke〞and the “King〞,witnessing the lynching and murder of a harmless drunkard, being lost in a fog and finally Tom's coming to rescue. B.The theme of the novel may be best summed in a word “freedom〞: Huck wants to escape from the bond of civilization andJim wants to escape from the yoke of slavery.Mark Twain uses the raft's journey down the Mississippi River to express his thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilizati。

英美文学选读考试题

英美文学选读考试题一．9 authors, 20 works. (20)William Shakespearean: The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark.Venus and Adonis, Rape of Lucrece.Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders. Captain SingletonRobert Burns: My heart’s in the Highlands, A Red Red Rose. Auld Lang Syne.William Wordsworth:“The Solitary Reaper”. “We are S even”, “Lucy”, “Michael”, “Simon Lee””Lucy”I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, The Solitary Reaper.John Keats: On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer, On a Grecian Urn, To Psyche, TO a Nightingale. “Ode to Autumn”, “Ode on Melancholy”, “Ode on a Grecian Urn”and “Ode to a Nightingale”. All were written in 1819 with the praise of beauty as their general theme.Jane Austen: Novels: Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, EmmaCharles Dickens: long novel: Pickwick Papers Novels: Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, Barnaby Rudge, Great Expectations, OurMutual FriendsCharlotte Bronte: The Professor, Jane Eyre.Thomas Hardy: The Return of the Native, The Mayer of Casterbridge, Tess of the d’Urbervilles, Jude the Obscure 二，对错（10）1. Act three is the best known and most important of Hamlet’s soliloqui es among all the soliloquies in the play. In this soliloquy, Hamlet reveals his innermost thoughts and emotions, his hesitation in particular, before taking decisive action.2. Robinson Crusoe retells, in the first person singular, a sailor’s adventure on an inhabitated island.3. Defoe traces the development of Robison Crusoe from a innocent and artless youth into a clever and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.4. Burn s’s poetry was written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects. A large number of his poems deal with themes of love, friendship, Scottish life and nature.5. A second edition 1800 contained more poems and a preface by Wordsworth. The preface to Lyrical Ballads best read as a statement of his principle of poems.6. According to Wordsworth, he believed that “All goodpoetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.” Thus he located many of his poems in “common life” and his poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.7. There he lives a life of poverty and misery, and makes friends with the lively and penniless Mr. Micawder.8. Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men, thus this novel has drawn the feminists’ attention in t he twentieth century.三，选择（10）According to Wordsworth, he believed that “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”He located many of his poems in “common life” and his poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.四，读选文，回答问题（两诗歌，三小说）作者名字（5个40分）1.Sonnet18: Shakespearian.What is the theme of this sonnet? -- Runs in iambic pentameter, rhymed ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.2.The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: Shakespearian.What dos e the “to or not to be” soliloquy tell us about Hamlet’s state of mind?―The soliloquy opens with a question,and there two other extended questions in the passage, all of which suggests that Hamlet is undecided, and either unable or unwilling to make up his mind, contemplating suicide, and disenchanted with the suffering of human life. He is cynical, but comforts himself with reflection, even though he is clearly suffering greatly and aware of his own sins and weakness.Why Hamlet hesitates before taking decisive action? -- Hamlet is often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts. Even at the end of this whole narrative of Hamlet's, he still doesn't decide on anything. He's just speaking his thoughts; he's not committing to anything. I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud: William Wordsworth.3. I wandered lonely as a cloud: William Wordsworth.What does “daffodil” stand for? ---Daffodil stand for nature in this poem, but the poet does not depict it simply as part of nature. As for Wordsworth, he dose not just want to depict the natural landscape, moreover, he pays much attention to the interaction between mature and human nature. He perceives nature as a stone of truths about human nature.Analyze the form of this poem by taking the first two lines as example. ---This poem consists of four stanzas and in eachstanza there are six lines. In each line there are four feet with a weak- strong sound pattern. The rime scheme in each stanza is a b a b c c.I wandered lonely as a cloud aThat floats on high o’er vales and hills, bWhen all at once I saw a crowd, aA host of golden daffodils; bBeside the lake, beneath the trees cFluttering and dancing in the breeze. C4.To Autumn: John Keats.What are the images used in this poem? Are they carefully arranged? --- Visual image, olfactory image, gustatory image, tactile image, auditory image. Through a series of images, make readers announcement of its scene, feeling rich concrete images.In the poem of To Autumn, he used visual image, auditory image, tactile image, gustatory image, kinaesthetic image and abstractimage to make the abstract impression of autumn specific, appreciable and more colorful. The pursuit to beauty is the way that Keats loves life, nature and also is the way he observes and enjoys life and nature. The pursuit to beau ty is his critique to the darkness of life and society. It also tells how he wanted beautifula nd ideal life in his short life.5.Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen.Do you agree with the opening statement of the novel? What has the sentence to do with tone of the whole novel? --- Opening statement of the novel set the tone for whole novel. Writer is very serious in stating a universal truth, but what follows, however, is a very common topic of everyday life―marriage. Thus a humorous and ironic effect is achieved. Two key words appear in the statement: marriage and money, which in effect ate subject matter of the whole novel, the focus here is on the link between money and marriage.Based on your reading of the first two chapters of the novels, can you summarize the characteristics of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet? ―Mr. Bennet: he behaved sarcastically humorous, witty and capricious, and insightful in the process of showing his disrespect and dislike of Mrs. Bennet. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discounted, she fancied herself nervous, the business of her life was to get her daughters married; its solace was visiting and news.What is your understanding of the relationship betweenmoney and marriage? --- A happy and strong marriage takes time to build and must be based on mutual feeling, understanding, and respect. Marriage can not built on the basis of money. If there is no real love between the couple, their marriage will become a tragedy eventually. Even though money can give people the comfortable house and the luxurious life, it can not buy a beautiful marriage6.David Copperfield: Charles Dickens.Dose David enjoys his life described in this chapter? How do you know? ---- David works very hard in the factory, but he could simply pay for his living. The real difficulty is that he feels very lonely, because from Monday morning until Saturday night, he has no advice, no encouragements, and no assistance of any kind. Luckily, his stay with the Micawber family in his leisure time turns out to be quite pleasant. They form a very precious friendship.Why dose the novel use the first point of view? --- It helps the author to select details. Only the events and details that David could have seen and experienced can logically be introduced into the story. The narrator’s limited view may create the effect o f suspense. 7.Jane Eyre: Charlotte BronteGive common: 性格特点：Jane Eyre is Straightforward andfeminism. Showed her concerns for the position of women particularly in English society.五，回答问题（20）William Shakespearean154 sonnets. Long poems: Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece. 38 plays.Daniel Defoe1. What are the characteristics of Crusoe from the selected reading?--- Self-reliance; patient; cheerful; clarity, courage and persistence in overcoming difficulties he start a new life in the desolate island, which demands a lot of courage and daring.Robert Burns―ScotlandA Red, Red Rose: wrote in 1794, published in 1796.1. An outstanding feature of this poem is the skillful use simile at the beginning of the poem. Draw on specific lines to explain its effect.---Simile means a comparison between two unlike items that includes like or as. For example, the first line of this poem: “Oh, my love is like a red, red rose"; al so, in this poem, "My love is like the melody". By comparing the speaker' s love to a red, red rose and a melody, readers canclearly sense the speaker's appreciation and deep love to his lover.2. This short poem is actually composed of a series of overstatements. What is the function of them? Give examples to illustrate your point. --- Overstatement is intentional exaggeration, which is, saying more that is actually meant. In this poem, when the speaker says that he will love his lady until all the seas go dry, he is using overstatement. By using this, the poet can attract readers’ attention and the sentence will leave a deep impression on the reader’s mind.William Wordsworth“The break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century”. A second edition in 1800 contained more poems and a preface by Wordsworth. The preface to lyrical Ballads is best read as a statement or his principles of poetry.John KeatsJane AustenThe Plot Pride and Prejudice---Major characters: Elizabeth Bennet(the second eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet); Jane Bennet(first); Lydia Bennet(fifth); Mr. Bingley: a rich, single. Mr. Darcy (Mr. Bingley’sfriend who is a rich and proud young man)Theme: money and marriage.Writing style: Clarity, economy, skillful use of dialogue and tight plotting are the main features of Jane Austen’s style.Subject: Houses, money, estates run.Charles Dickens:David Copperfield:theme: the hero of the novel. The novel depicts David’s life experiences from an innocent boy to a famous wr iter. Style: Of Dickens’s fictional art, the most distinguishing feature is his successful characterization, especially male characters. Dickens was also a great story-teller. His plots were always very large, varied and complicated. However, the plots of his novels changed dramatically as he got older. In his later years, plots primarily became the vehicles for his characterization of thematic concerns, as readers may find in this novel.Charlotte Bronte-Jane Eyre four girls except Ann weres send to Charity School，三个姐妹中最大的,Unhappy life in charity school, with Emily go to Charlotte study. 性格特点：Straightforward直白的人feminism女权主义Romantic浪漫主义Thoughtful1.Give t hree instances in which Jane Eyre draws fromCharlotte Bronte’s background 1). Jane’s life in Lo wood is depicted based on the author’s own experiences in charity school where she spent some unhappy years of her childhood. 2) In Thornfield, Jane falls in love with Mr. Rochester, a rich squire who turns out to have had a mad wife. This is by and large Charlotte’s experience in Brussels where she falls in a married professor. 3) In Thronfield, Jane works as governess, and Charlotte herself worked as teachers and governess during 1837 to 1840.2.Discuss the symbolic use of names in this novel.1)“Eyre”, the surname of Jane, has the same pronunciation as “air”, which may symbolize Jane’s pursuit of freedom. 2) “Blanche”, the given name of Miss. Ingram, has its Fre nch origin, which actually means “white” in English. And it may symbolize the shallowness of Miss. Ingram.3.How does Mr. Rochester treat Jane in this chapter? What Jane’s character attract him ?To start with, Mr. Rochester shows some cruelty in his courtship of Jane so as to make Jane jealous. On hearing this, Jane could not help telling him her true feelings that she longs for equality and does not want to depart with him.?When Mr. Rochester confesses his real intention, Jane feels hurt and refuses his courtship at first.?Then she realizes his intention and accepts his love.?Her self-respect, her desire for independence, her courage, her moral strength, her passion and her personal loyalty and devotion, all these work together to make Mr.Rochester greatly attracted by her.Thomas Hardy:Hardy was a poet before he was a novelist. It was because his early verses could not be accepted that he turned to novel writing.Plot of the novel: Tess of the d’Unbervilles, Hardy’s most famous novel, has a subtitle, which is, A Pure Woman Faithfully Portrayed. It tells a tragic life story of a beautiful,naive country girl, Tess Durbeyfield.General features and comments: The whole story is filled with a feeling of dismal foreboding and doom. Father circumstances and tragic coincidences abound in the book. 12春《英美文学选读》作业1一、单选题1. How many periods are divided into in the creation years of Shakespeare? Three2. Defoe＇s Robinson Crusoe created the image of anenterprising Englishman, typical of the English bourgeoisie in the 18th century.3. In English poetry the _ iamb _is regarded as the most common foot.4. The excerpt The Other Side of the Island was chosen from Chapter_Ⅸ__ in Robinson Crusoe.5. "Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little,I am soulless and heartless?。