unit 1 Introduction 英语词汇学教程
新编英语词汇学教程 第二版 Chapter 1 Introduction
Interesting vocabulary phenomenon
Are they words? • disrespectfulness • prowesternizationalisticity • antidisestablishmentarianism If they are, can you guess the meanings of them?
Why do languages differ so much?
1.1 The Tower of Babel
According to the Bible, the whole earth once had one language and few words, but the ambitious humans attempted to build themselves a tower, later known as Babel, in order to extend its top through to the heaven. When the Lord got to know this, He said angrily, “Come, let us go down, and confuse their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech.” (Genesis, Chapter 11) That is why it is called Babel. The Lord there made a babble of languages of the entire world and from that place the Lord scattered men all over the face of the earth.
词汇学(第一章)-PPT课件
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3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词
Native words / Angle-Saxon words
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native
words. They form the great majority of the
.
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Another important characteristic is that function words belong to a relatively small and permanent set of words, in comparison to content words. The total number of functional words is about 154. They are stable; they do not come and go with changing fashions and ideas.
basic word stock of the English language.
The basic word stock is the foundation of the
vocabulary accumulated over a number of
epochs. Most native words in modern
.
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What causes the differences between sound and form?
➢ 1) More morphemes than letters, ➢ 2) Stabilization of spelling, ➢ 3) Deliberate change of spelling by
1英语词汇学第一章引言
characteristics of native elements -- all-national character -- great stability -- word-forming ability -- wide collocability -- plurality of meanings -- stylistically neutral
(b) Aliens舶来词 舶来词 ---- borrowed words which have kept their original pronunciation and spelling.
coup d'etat [ku: dei’ta:] vis-à-vis [vi: za:vi:] resume elite
Further readings: 1.莫塞 英语简史 外语教学与研究出版社 莫塞 2.汪榕培，卢小娟 英语词汇学 上海外语教育出版社 汪榕培， 汪榕培 卢小娟. 3. 张韵斐 .现代英语词汇学概论 北京师范大学出版社 现代英语词汇学概论 4. 秦秀白 英语语体和文体要略上海外语教育出版社 秦秀白. 5．汪榕培 王之江 英语词汇学高级教程读本 上海外 ．汪榕培, 王之江.英语词汇学高级教程读本 语教育出版社
means to borrow foreign elements (a) Denizens归化词 归化词 --- words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. call, die, husband
Native elements denote words of Anglo-Saxon origin. They belong to original English stock. Foreign elements refer to words taken over from any other languages.
新编简明英语语言学教程chapter1Introduction剖析
Descriptive vs. prescriptive
Synchronic vs. diachronic Langue vs. parole Competence vs. performance
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Don't say X. People don't say X. The first is a prescriptive command, while the second is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
Prescriptive: to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language. (modern linguistics) Descriptive: to describe and analyze the language people actually use. (traditional grammar)
Prescriptive vs. Descriptive
The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with description instead of prescription.
Synchronic vs. Diachronic
英语词汇学课本与译文
Introduction 绪论0.1 The nature and Domain of English lexicology 英语词汇学的定义及研究范围Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. 词汇学是语言学的一个分支，研究词汇的起源和意义。
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. 英语词汇学研究英语词汇的形态结构、词的对应及其语义结构、词义关系、词的历史演变、词的构成及词的用法等。
English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. 英语词汇学是一门理论性课程。
It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. 该课程主要论述词汇学的基本理论，特别是英语词汇的理论知识。
However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. 但是，英语词汇学也是一门实践性课程，在该书的论述中，我们将遇到大量的词汇和习语，学习大量词汇用法实例。
英语词汇学教程参考答案
《英语词汇学教程》参考答案Chapter 1 1. 1. The The three three definitions definitions agree agree that that lexicology lexicology studies studies words. words. Y et, Y et, they they have have different different focuses. focuses. Definition 1 focuses on the meaning and uses of words, while definition 2 on the overall structure and history. Definition 3 regards lexicology as a branch of linguistics and focuses on the semantic structure of the lexicon. It is interesting to note that the three definitions use different names for the object of study. For Definition 1, it is words, for Definition 2 the vocabulary of a language, and for Definition 3 the lexicon. 2. (1) They can go into the room, and if they like, shut the door. (2) You boys are required to give in your homework before 10 o ‘clock. (3) I watch the football match happily and find it very interesting. 3. (1) w hen it follows ‗when it follows ‗-t‘ and ‗-d‘, it is pronounced as [id]; (2) when it follows voiceless consonants, it is pronounced as [t]; (3) when it follows voiced consonants and vowels, it is pronounced as [d]. 4. (1)They are words that can be included in a semantic field of ―tree treeǁǁ. (2)They represent the forms of the verb ―fly flyǁǁ and have a common meaning. (3)They belong to a lexical field of ‗telephone communication ‘. (4)They (4)They are are synonyms, synonyms, related related to to human human visual visual perception. perception. Specifically, Specifically, they they denote denote various various kinds of ―looking lookingǁǁ. 5. (a) ‗blackboard: a board with a dark smooth surface, used in schools for writing with chalk (the primary stress in on black) ; ‗blackbird: a particular kind of bird, which may not necessarily be black in colour (the primary stress in on black); ‗greyhound: a slender, swift dog with keen sight (the primary stress in on black), ‗White House: the residence of the US President in Washington (the primary stress in on black). 0 (b) black ‗board: any board which is black in colour (both words receive primary stress); black ‗bird: bird: any any bird bird which which is is black black in in colour colour (both (both words words receive receive primary primary stress); stress); grey grey ‗‗hound: hound: any any hound that is grey in colour (both words receive primary stress); ‗white ‗house: any house that is painted white (both words receive primary stress). 6. There are 44 orthographic words, i.e. sequences of letters bounded by space. There are 24 open class words and 20 closed class words. 7. (a) The ‗bull bull‘‘ is literal, referring to a male bovine animal. (b) ‗Take the bull by the horn ‘ is an idiom, meaning ‗(having the courage to) deal with someone or something directly. (c) (c) ‗‗Like Like a a bull bull in in a a china china shop shop‘‘ is is an an idiom, idiom, meaning meaning doing doing something something with with too too much much enthusiasm or too quickly or carelessly in a way that may damage things or upset someone. (d) A ‗bull market ‘ is one where prices rise fast because there is a lot of buying of shares in anticipation of profits. 8. cup, mug, glass, tumbler, tankard, goblet, bowl, beaker, wineglass, beer glass, sherry glass They can be organized in a number of ways, for example, by the drinks the vessel is used for. Non-alcoholic: glass, tumbler, cup, mug, beaker, bowl Beer: beer glass, tankard Wine: wineglass, goblet Spirits: sherry glass Chapter 2 1. Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, for example, sing as against sang, sung. Morpheme is the ultimate grammatical constituent, the smallest meaningful unit of language. For example, m oralizers moralizers is an English word composed of four morphemes: moral +lize +er +s . Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph, such as cat, chair , -ing, -s , etc. , etc. Allomorphs are the alternate phonetic forms of the same morpheme, for example, [t], [d] and [id] are allomorphs of the past tense morpheme in English. 2. quick-ly, down-stair-s, four-th, poison-ous, weak-en, world-wide, inter-nation-al-ly, in-ject, pro-trude 3. island, surname, disclose, duckling, cranberry, reading, poets, flavourfulness, famous, subvert 4. (a) [ ə] (b)[ -ai] 5. (1) –‗–‗s, -s (2) -est, -s (3) –ing (4) –ed 6. The connotations are as follows: (1) slang, carrying the connotation of reluctance, (2)informal, carrying the connotation that the speaker speaker is is speaking speaking to to a a child, child, (3) (3) beastie beastie is is used used to to a a small small animal animal in in Scotland, Scotland, carrying carrying the the connotation of disgust, (4) carrying the connotation of formalness, (5) carrying the connotation of light-heartedness. 7. { -əm; ～- n; ～- n; ～-i: ～-s; ～-z; ～-iz} 8. court: polysemy dart: polysemy fleet: homonymy jam: homonymy pad: homonymy steep: homonymy stem: homonymy stuff: polysemy watch: polysemy 9. (1)(1)——(f), (2)(2)——(g), (3)(3)——(c), (4)(4)——(e), (5)(5)——(a), (6)(6)——(d), (7)(7)——(b) 10.(1) unpractical (2) break (3) impractical (4) rout (5) pedals (6) Route(7) raze Chapter 3 1. The history of English can be divided into four periods: the Old, Middle, Early middle and Modern English periods. In Old English period, there is a frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings kennings‘‘, which refers to to vivid vivid figurative figurative descriptions descriptions often often involving involving compounds. compounds. The The absence absence of of a a wide-ranging wide-ranging vocabulary vocabulary of of loanwords loanwords force force people people to to rely rely more more on on word-formation word-formation processes processes based based on on native elements. The latter period of Old English was characterized by the introduction of a number number of of ‗‗loan loan translations translations‘‘. . Grammatical Grammatical relationships relationships in in Old Old English English were were expressed expressed by by the use of inflectional endings. And Old English is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items. In In Middle Middle English English period, period, English English grammar grammar and and vocabulary vocabulary changed changed greatly. greatly. In In grammar, grammar, English English changed changed from from a a highly highly inflected inflected language language to to an an analytic analytic language. language. In In vocabulary vocabulary English was characterized by the loss of a large part of the Old English word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin. In In Early Early Modern Modern English English period, period, English English vocabulary vocabulary grew grew very very fast fast through through extensive extensive borrowing and expansion of word-formation patterns. And there were a great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings. Modern Modern English English is is characterized characterized with with three three main main features features of of unprecedented unprecedented growth growth of of scientific vocabulary, the assertion of American English as a dominant variety of the language, and the emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes ‘. 2. appeareth appeareth in in (a) (a) becomes becomes appeared appeared in in (b), (b), and and dreame dreame becomes becomes dream. dream. The The passive passive were were departed departed becomes becomes the the active active had had gone. gone. With With the the change change of of word word forms, forms, (b) (b) looks looks simple simple morphologically. 3. barf: American slang kerchief: French mutton: French cadaver: Latin goober: Kongo leviathan: Latin ginseng: Chinese taffy: North American kimono: Japanese whisky: Irish caddy: Malay sphere: Latin algebra: Arabic giraffe: African 4. train: train: meaning meaning changed changed from from the the trailing trailing part part of of a a gown gown to to a a wide wide range range of of extended extended meanings. deer: meaning narrowed from ‗beast ‘ or ‗animal ‘ to ‗a particular kind of animal ‘knight: meaning ameliorated from ‗boy, manservant ’ to ‗a man in the UK who has been given an honor of knighthood ‘meat: meaning narrowed down from ‗food ‘ to ‗the edible flesh of animals and the edible part of fruit ‘. hose: meaning extended from ‗leg covering ‘ to ‗a long tube for carrying water ‘. 5. sell: specialized hound: specialized starve: specialized wife: specialized loaf: specialized 6. American English British English Fall Autumn candy sweet corn Maize semester term apartment flat Dresser Dressing table Street car Tram car Chapter 4 1. read+-i+-ness dis-+courage+-ing kind+heart+-ed un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stock+room+-s pre-+pack+-age+-ed 2. book: books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget: forgets, forgot, forgotten short: shortter, shortest snap: snaps, snapping, snapped take: takes, taking, took, taken goose: geese heavy: heavier, heaviest 3. –ish: meaning ‗having the nature of , like ‘de-: meaning ‗the opposite of ‘-ify: meaning ‗make, become ‘-dom: means ‗the state of ‘il-(im-/in-): meaning ‗the opposite of, not ‘-able: meaning ‗that can or must be ‘ mis-: meaning ‗wrongly or badly ‘-sion(-tion):meaning ‗the state/process of ‘pre-: meaning ‗prior to ‘-ment: meaning ‗the action of ‘re-: meaning ‗again again‘‘under-: meaning ‗not enough ‘-al: meaning ‗the process or state of ‘4. a. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―Adj + N ǁ structure, in which adjectives are are used used to to modify modify nouns nouns ‗‗line, line, line, line, neck, neck, room room‘‘. . Hotline Hotline means means ‗‗a telephone telephone number number that that people people can can call call for for information information‘‘. . Mainline Mainline means means ‗‗an an important important railway railway line line between between two two cities cities‘‘. Redneck means ‗a person from the southern US ‘. Darkroom means ‗a room with very little in it, used for developing photographs ‘. b. b. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――N N + + N ‘ structure. structure. Bookshelf Bookshelf means means ‗‗a shelf for keeping books ‘. Breadbasket means ‗a container for serving bread ‘. Mailbox means ‗a a box box for for putting putting letters letters in in when when they they delivered delivered to to a a house house‘‘. . Wineglass Wineglass means means ‗‗a a glass glass for for drinking wine ‘. c. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + N ‘ structure. Letterhead means ‗the head of a letter (i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)‘. Roadside means ‗the area at the side of a road ‘. Keyhole means ‗the hole in a lock for putting the key in ‘. Hilltop means ‗the top of a hill ‘. d. They are exocentric compounds. Dropout means ‗a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‗a person who takes messages between people ‘. Turnout means ‗the number of people who come to an event event‘‘. Standby means ‗a person or thing that can always be used if needed ‘. e. e. They They are are endocentric endocentric compounds. compounds. They They have have the the ――Adj Adj + + N-ed N-edǁǁ structure, structure, in in which which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. f. They are endocentric compounds. They have the ―N + Adj ǁ structure, meaning As Adj As N. 5. in-: not, the opposite of en-: to put into the condition of dis-: not, the opposite of un-: not, the opposite of inter-: between, among mis-: wrongly or badly over-: too much re-: again post-: after 6. a. a young dog; piglet b. a female editor; hostess c. a place for booking tickets; refinery d. one who is kicked; trainee e. the state of being put up; output 7. unbelievable: un- (prefix), -able (suffix) inexhaustible: in- (prefix), -ible(suffix) multinational: multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix) teleshopping: tele- (prefix), -ing (suffix) 8. a. Initialism b. Blending c. Compounding d. conversion 9. a. compounding, affixation b. compounding, affixation c. compounding, shortening d. compounding, affixation 10. a. consumable, comprehensible, exchangeable, permissible b. absorbent, assistant, different, participant c. constructor, liar, beggar, editor, developer d. elementary, stationary, brewery, mockery Chapter 5 1. (a) connotation (b) formality (c) dialect (d) connotation 2. water rainwater, brine, tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water, aerated water, ………….. .. 3. (a) keeping (b) feeling of admiration or respect 4. (a) hyponymy (b) meronymy 5. (a) light beer, strong beer (b) heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffee 6. amateur —dabbler, funny funny——ridiculous, occupation occupation——profession, small small——little, famous famous——renowned, fiction fiction——fable, smell smell——scent 7. These words refer to different kinds of pictures or diagrams. Drawing: picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon. Cartoon refers to ‗an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine ‘. Diagram Diagram refers refers to to a a simple simple drawing drawing using using lines lines to to explain explain where where something something is, is, how how something something works, etc. Illustration refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something. Sketch refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details. 8.(a) gradable (b) non-gradable, reversive (c) gradable (d) non-gradable, reversive (e) gradable (f) non-gradable 9.(a) antonym (b) hyponymy (c) antonym (d) synonymy (e) meronymy Chapter 6 1. 1) literal expression 2) idiom 3) literal expression 4) idiom 5) idiom 6) literal expression 2. 1) die 2) something that makes a place less attractive 3) suddenly realize or understand something 4) make one‘s friends disappoint 5) continue to argue something that has already been decided and is not important 6) react quickly so as to get an advantage 3. 1) gradually reduce the amount of time, money, etc. 2) give support and encouragement to someone in a game, competition, etc 3) give something to the person it belongs to 4) annoy 5) fail because a part is weak or incorrect 6) try to find out the facts about something 7) live under the rule of someone 8) talk to someone in order to find out his opinions, ideas, feelings etc. 9) give someone a warning or secret information about something Chapter 7 1.General dictionaries include all of the elements of a lexicon, including meanings, pronunciations, usages, and histories of the words of their language. Specialized dictionaries are restricted to one variety or to one type of entryword. 2.They are different in that different media are used. Print dictionaries do not use electric power and can be used in all kinds of light. Electronic dictionaries are easy to carry. . 3.Open to discussion. 4.Open to discussion. 5.(a) symbolise is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or (b) symbol of sth is a person, an object, an event, etc. that represents a more general quality or is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in situation; symbol for sth is a sign, number, letter, etc. that has a fixed meaning, especially in science, mathematics and music (a)/sim/sim‘‘bɔlik/ and /sim‘ba:lik/ (b)represent (c)2 (d)Yes. We know that form the label [VN] and the examples. Chapter 8 1.vertically challenged—short sanitation engineer—garbage collector women‘‘s toilet ladies‘‘ cloak room—womenethnic cleansing--genocide ladies2.(1)They differ in connotation. Politician implies disapproval while statesman implies approval. (2)They differ in connotation. Inexpensive sounds indirect. implies approval. (3) They differ in connotation. flatter implies disapproval, while praise i mplies approval. scholar is neutral. (4) They differ in connotation. pedant implies disapproval, s cholar3.(1) buttocks — buns (2) nonsense — bullshit (3) prison — can (4) cocaine — coke 4.(a).Turn off the lights, please.(b) Would you please turn off the lights? 5. Answers vary from person to person. 6. (1) on a formal occasion. (2) when the speaker is seeing a friend off (3) when the speaker is angry and wants the addressee to leave (4) when the speaker is talking with a close friend. 7. gateway, firewall, virus, bookmark, address, DOS, cyberspace, profiler, browser, login 8. They differ in the terms they used, as they are different jargons. Chapter 9 1. knife: an object with a sharp blade for cutting things clothes: things we wear to keep our bodies warm; building: a structure made of a strong material, having roof, walls, windows, and doors 2. She attacked every weak point in my argument. He withdrew his offensive remarks. I hit back at his criticism. She produced several illustrations to buttress her argument. I braced myself for the onslaught. 3. The suffix–ee is typically attached to a verb meaning ‗one who is the object of the verb ‘. This meaning meaning is is considered considered as as the the core core meaning meaning of of the the form. form. So, So, trainee means means ‗‗one one who who is is being being trained ‘. But the background knowledge associated with the verb may modulate the meaning of the suffix. Suffix –ee in standee moves away from the core meaning and is deprived of the ‗object ‘ meaning. So ‗standee ‘ means ‗one who stands ‘. 4. 4. In In ‗‗good good baby baby ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means means ‗‗well-behaved, well-behaved, not not causing causing trouble trouble ‘; ; in in ‗‗good good parent parent ‘, , ‗‗good ‘ means ‗kind, generous, considerate, etc .‘5. (1) is used to show sad feelings while (2) is used as an apology. 。
英语词汇学教程 全套课件-精选文档
Skill of memorizing new words
charisma Chairman Mao revealed his charisma to the whole world. (a natural ability and personality to attract and interest other people and make them admire you领袖魅力/气质/风采)
词汇测试2000词汇量高考词汇量?averagecontaindivideimagine?expectsuffertreatsafety?scorerestaurantdamagehonor4000词汇量4级词汇量?abandonbenefitconflictdramatic?encounterflexiblemerchantprinciple?schedulesponsortypicalwithdraw6000词汇量6级专业4级词汇量?accumulateboundarycoherentdilute?edibleformidablegorgeousheritage?judicialoverlapsubvertunprecedented词汇测试8000词汇量雅思托福专业8级词汇量asymmetrybilateralcentrifugaldismantleepidemichecticingenuityopaquesimultaneouslyvariationperpetuateparalysis800015000词汇量gre词汇量abrasionbelligerentcoalescedivulgeequivocatefortuitousimmaculateloquaciousmorbidpeccadilloprocrastinationtaciturn龙之九子?长子赑屃囚牛?次子螭吻?三子蒲牢?四子狴犴?五子饕餮?六子蚆嗄?七子睚眦?八子狻猊负屃?九子图椒图貔貅龙之九子?长子赑屃bx囚牛qini?次子螭吻chwn?三子蒲牢plo?四子狴犴bn?五子饕餮toti?六子蚆嗄bxi?七子睚眦yz?八子狻猊sunn负屃fx?九子椒图jiot貔貅pxiskillofmemorizingnewwords?insomnia?anyonecansufferfrominsomniaalthoughsuchproblemsaremorecommonamongwomentheilltheelderlysmokersandalcoholics
新编语言学教程 Chapter 1 Introduction(课堂PPT)
1.2 Linguistics vs. Traditional grammar 1.3 The differences between linguistics and
• The course is intended to introduce undergraduates the major components of modern linguistics, the main concerns, explorations, and discoveries of this subject, the principles and methods of its different branches, the views and contributions of influential researchers, and important models and disputes between traditions and schools.
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The scope or major branches of linguistics
• Theoretical linguistics 1. Phonetics 2. Phonology 3. Morphology 4. Syntax 5. Semantics • Use of linguistics 1. Applied linguistics 2. Sociolinguistics 3. Psycholinguistics
6
1.1.2 Linguistics as a science
英语词汇学课件chapterI概要
Types of semantic change include extension, narrowing, metaphorical extension, and pejoration.
Understanding semantic change is important for accurate communication and avoiding misunderstandings.
Compound vocabulary can help express complex ideas and concepts more concisely, and can enrich the language expression.
Compound vocabulary is also a common way to create new words in English, and can help English learners expand their vocabulary.
of word formation and meaning change. • To develop learners' ability to apply Lexicological knowledge to language learning and usage, and to
enhance their language proficiency and communication skills. • To cultivate learners' independent learning and thinking abilities, and to inspire their interests in
英语词汇学教程夏洋邵林主编unit 1
Examples for etymology
Examples for semantics
Translate into English
Translate into Chinese
打油 打哪儿来 打叉 打信号 打腹稿 打价儿 打脸 打嗝 打起精神 打证明 打头面
Consider
“考虑”
con-together sider-star, from Latin “together with stars, observe the star” 古时候人们观测星象来推测旦夕祸福，正如现代人通过黄历来考虑婚 丧嫁娶一样
Disaster
“灾难”
dis – not aster-star disaster-no star, stars that are not at the right places. 星星不见了，星位不正、星位偏移，主大凶
[职官给力制度]秦汉以来，历代朝廷都制定法律规定，百姓除纳粮外，成年男子必须为朝 廷服力役和兵役。服力役的百姓，有“力”、“事力”、“吏力”、“力人”等不同叫 法。所以朝廷向官员供给劳役就叫做“给力”。即使在力役制度取消后，朝廷仍然按给 力人数，折成钱粮后然后支付给官员，这笔费用往往超过官员的工资。 至现代，出现于闽南话，说更早点则是来自古中原的河洛话。 “使力、使劲” 2010年5月，由中国传媒大学南广学院学生上传网络的一段日本动画片。
Read textB & C, answer the questions
A word is an item that usu. separated from other items by spaces. A word is the minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and performs syntactic function.
英语词汇学教程全套课件精选文档
02 03
பைடு நூலகம்
Cultural studies
English vocabulary and cultural studies are also closely related, and the origin and development of many vocabulary are closely related to cultural backgrounds.
Functional classification
Dividing words based on their function in the presence, such as nouns, verbs, objections, or advertisements
Context classification
Etymological classification: Organizing words according to their physiological origin, such as Latinate or German words
Classification methods for English vocabulary
The Development of English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology
Early English Lexicology research mainly focused on word origins and meanings, with less attention paid to the composition and changes of vocabulary.
Classifying words based on the context in which they are used, such as formal or informational language
英语词汇学 Unit_01 Introduction to lexicology教材
five year old beginning school will have a vocabulary of around 4.000 to 5,000 word families.
nonbasic vocabulary : terminology(专业术语), j a r g o n 行 话 ) , s l a n g , ( 俚 语 ) a rgot( 黑 话 ), dialectal(方言) terminology: photoscanning（扫描）, penicillin （盘尼西林）, algebra（代数 ） jargon : bottom line（必然结果）, bargaining chip谈判各方的优势 slang : grass and pot（毒品大麻）, smoky, bear (police)，X- rays (radar ) argot : can-opener (all-purpose key), dip (pick-pocket ) dialectal : auld (Scot=old), coo (Scot= cow)
e.g. dog, desk, chair
e.g. meet, meat, mete Knight, night
A word is a symbol that stands out for sth else in the world.
no logical relationship, different languages ,same concept , the same phonological form may convey different meaning :
1.1.3 Vocabulary
英语专业 词汇学课件Introduction
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
1000
2000 3000 4000 5000
72.0
79.7 84.0 86.8 88.7
6000
15,851
89.9
97.8
(Francis&Kucera,1982)
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
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3. Aims and significance
Significance:
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 11
3. Aims and significance
Significance:
To help you enlarge your
vocabulary and improve your ability to analyze and use words
Prepare you for the post-
graduate research
SHANDONG AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 12
Significance:
0 words
3. Aims and significance
Vocabulary size Written Text Coverage 0%
a flock of sheep, goats, birds…
a school of fish, whales, dolphins a swarm of ants, bees, locusts (insects) a pride of lions
教案 第一课时 Introduction介绍
第一课时Introduction介绍Teaching aim: Give you a general concept of Lexicology 对词汇学有个整体概念上的把握Teaching plan:0.1 the nature and domain of English Lexicology 词汇学的性质和范畴The definition of English Lexicology: It is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.英语词汇学定义：它是语言学的分支，主要研究单词的起源和意义。
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.词汇学的性质和范畴：英语词汇学主要意在调查和研究单词和对等次的形态结构，比如语义结构，语义关系，历史发展，构成和用法。
0.2 Its Relation to Other Discipline 词汇学与其它规则之间的关系The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with ：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学),etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体学）and lexicography(词典学)与英语词汇学有关的课题：形态学、语义学、词源学、文体学、词典学Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of morpheme construct.形态学是语言学的分支，主要说明如果通过词素构造来研究单词形式或结构的。
《词汇学》英文版课件Chapter 1 English Lexicology--Introduction
Teaching focus:
1.1 What Is a Word
a minimal free form of a language a sound unit a unit of meaning a form that can function alone in a sentence “A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function”. 词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独 立运用的最小的语言单位。
Morphology studies the structures or forms of words through the use of morpheme construct Etymology studies the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. Semantics studies the meanings of words and sense relations: polysemy,homonymy,synonymy,antonomy, hyponmy, and semantic field
• 1.2 Sound and Meaning • There is no logical or intrinsic connection between a sound and what it refers to. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional. The same language can use the same sound to mean different things and the different languages use different sounds to refer to the same thing.
英语词汇学第一章
• India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sikkim, Myanmar (Burma)， Singapore，Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana，Namibia， Jamaica，Bermuda，Malaysia • Population: ? Millions
– English as FL:
– An elusive notion
• have has had ？ • friend friends ？
– entry词条in a dictionary --- lexeme 词位 – word form 词形：词的不同形状 – lexical unit 词汇单位：一个词形跟一个意义的 结合
• Definition:
– A word is an independent, minimal, meaningful linguistic unit.
classification of words according to syntactic function
• Function words
– determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, auxiliary verb, interjection...
unit 1 Introduction(zh)[1]
![unit 1 Introduction(zh)[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f45845c905087632311212f3.png)
★ The structure of words
Q: What is a word composed of ? Can we further separate a word into smaller meaningful units? ......
Analyze the composition of the following words: house guns working tolerate unfaithful lighthouse
10 March 2010
- house - guns - gun, -s - working - work, -ing - tolerate toler-, -ate - unfaithful un-, faith, -ful - lighthouse light, house p12
10 March 2010
10 March 2010
Classification of Words
Main criteria of classification By notion By origin Others
10 March 2010
Classification of Words
Function words
A Survey of English Lexicology
英语词汇学教程
10 March 2010
Course assessment:
Attendance (5%)
Presentation (15%)
Assignment (10%)
Final exam (70%)
10 March 201010 Marchຫໍສະໝຸດ 2010By notion
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What is lexicology?
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.
The role of vocabulary in the language system
Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the three essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary.
2.1 What Is a Word?
The definition of a word
A word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. A word is a combination of form (phonological) and meaning (lexical and grammatical) A word acts as a structural unit of a sentence. 词是能独立运用的、最小的、有语义的语言单位。
What is linguistics?
Generally speaking, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communication.
Common words Literary we
Colloquial words
Slang words Technical words
Common words
Common words are connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. The core of the common words is the basic word stock. They are stylistically neutral, hence they are appropriate in both formal and informal writing and speech.
The significance of the course
Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary). Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively. Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately. Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenomena in your learning experiences. Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology
What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information. “ Language is man’s way of communication with his fellow man and It is language alone which separate him from the lower animals”
A Survey of English Lexicology
英语词汇学教程
Unit 1
Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1. Introduction
1.1 Language, Linguistics and Lexicology 1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course
Vocabulary
All the words in a language together constitute what is known as vocabulary. The term vocabulary usually refers to a complete inventory of the words in a language. But it may also refer to the words and phrases used in the variants of a language, such as dialect, register, terminology, etc. There is a total English vocabulary of more than 1 million.
2. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 What Is a Word? Word, lexical Item, Vocabulary Classification of Words The structure of words
2.3 Classification of Words
three main criteria of classification
By origin By level of usage By notion
Native words
By origin
Loan words
Native words
2.2 Word, lexical Item, Vocabulary
Lexical item (词项)
A unit of vocabulary is generally referred to as a lexical item. A complete inventory of the lexical items of a language constitutes that language’s dictionary. 词是构成词汇的基本要素，词项是词典的组成 单位，词用word来表示，词项用lexical item 来表示。词典中每个词项包含读音、词性、词 义等内容。
To sum up, the definition of a word comprises the following points:
A A A A minimal free form of a language sound unity unit of meaning form that can function alone in a sentence
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are native words. They form the great majority of the basic word stock of the English language. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over a number of epochs.
Aims of the course
Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.
1.2 Aims and Significance of the Course
The nature of the course
theoretically-oriented: English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. a practical course: However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.