两极冰川融化(polar ice cap melting)
海洋星球PlanetOcean（2012）中英剧本
海洋星球Planet Ocean (2012)中英剧本《海洋星球》是讲述海洋发展的纪录片，从远古时代，海洋的形成，到今天人类对海洋的污染。
影片的画面真的超美，大家可以看到几乎全世界各地的海洋美景和各种海洋生物，真的推荐大家一定要看。
从这个记录片里我们可以学习到很多和海洋相关的单词，也各类考试阅读理解常见单词。
纪录片里旁白的声音很大气，很好听，作为模仿很跟读是非常不错的。
很久以来NARRA TOR: For a long, long time,我一直思索海洋，却未能参透I contemplated the ocean without understanding it.我能感受到海水巨大的能量I could feel the immense energy of its waters.我为它的深邃、幽蓝惊叹不已I was astonished by the depths of its blues.我在宽广的海面上恣情呼吸I breathed the air of the wide open seas.但事实上，我一无所见But in reality, I saw nothing.这里是澳大利亚的鲨鱼湾Here at Shark Bay in Australia,陡岸低声诉说着地球的历史the cliffs whisper to me the history of the Earth.它们是海洋生命的孩子They are born from the life of the ocean,当地球表面还被海水覆盖时a vast graveyard created by billions of skeletons of marine animals 各种海洋生物的遗骸已在海底堆积使如今的海洋俨然一个巨大的墓地accumulated at the bottom of the seas when the Earth itself was entirely ocean.这些有机体创造出了空气These organisms created the air that I breathe以及保护我们的大气层and the atmosphere which protects me.我看到潮汐在沙滩上刻出沟纹I see powerful tides carving furrows in the sand.却不知这就是生命的源头I don 't see that this movement is the source of all life.我看到风儿堆砌出沙丘I see the winds shaping the dunes.却不知大地与海洋深深的联系I don 't see the deep relationship between the earth and the sea. 我看到盐水洗白了旱地I see the salt bleaching the arid earth.却不知海洋如何孕育了陆地I don 't see what the ocean brings to life on the continents.我看到从未在陆地上见过的大草场I see immense prairies colonise the depths that I have never seen on land.但鲨鱼湾有的远不止是这些But at Shark Bay, there is more than that.我们人类的历史Here are the origins of our story,从这里开始书写us, mankind.人类历史起源于一群活化石It begins here, with a colony of living fossils,这是生活在海面叫做叠层石的细菌bacteria who live at the surface of the ocean, called stromatolites.我是它们的后代I am a descendant of this form of life,它们是地球上最古老的生物出现于亿年前the most ancient known on Earth, which came into being four billion years ago.我生于此，生于海洋I come from here, I come from the ocean.此时此刻And now,面朝大海，我满目皆是人facing the ocean, all I can see is us, mankind.世界上有亿人口We are seven billion human beings.这比自从人类出现以来More than the total number of people who have lived on Earth在地球上生活过的人口总数还多since the beginnings of humanity.我们凭着自己的想法改造世界We have shaped the world in our image.在海边On the shores of the ocean,我们建造大都市，供千百万人生活we have built vast cities where we live in our millions.我们掘出港口，修平岛屿来建造工厂We have dug out ports, flattened islands to construct our factories.海洋给了我们世界上所有的矿藏The ocean has brought us all the mineral riches of the world.供我们裁切，冶炼以及加工We work materials, meld steel, cut and slice.十万船舶在海上穿梭One hundred thousand of our ships crisscross the seas.地球上所有生物终难逃人类铁爪All that lives, all that grows on the Earth will one day pass through our iron grasp.我们甚至运输森林We even transport the forests.我们不断攫取海洋来滋养自己We delve unceasingly into the ocean to nourish ourselves.我们成了超级掠夺者We have become super predators.我们封装了整个世界We have canned the entire world,亿集装箱因海洋得以运输million containers that we can transport, thanks to the ocean.海洋为全球化带来了可能The ocean that offered us the possibility of globalisation.这个星球是我们的The planet is ours.但现在，我们何去何从？But now, where are we going?我开始意识到为所欲为的后果I am becoming aware of the consequences of my power.过度捕捞，全球变暖Overfishing, global warming,能源枯竭，环境污染depletion of resources, pollution,这些都是我们咎由自取my drive has taken me a long way.这点我知道I know this因为我能理解发生的事because I am capable of understanding what happens to me.我再也见不到身边的事物了How have I gotten to this point我是怎么到了这般地步？where I no longer see what is around me?为了寻找答案，我们要追溯至太古时代To understand that, we have to return to the very beginning.{\fs}{\b}{\c&HFFFFFF&}{\c&HFFF&}{\c&H&}行星海洋\N{\fs} \N{\fs}{\b}By aBU太古时期，地球自燃In the beginning, the Earth consumed itself,伴以剧烈的震动shaken by violent convulsions.熔化物经受着The fusing matter was subjected to violent bombardments of meteors来自太阳系流星的猛烈撞击coming from the solar system.撞击产生了大气This battlefield gave rise to an atmosphere,大气翻腾，因含有氮、碳、氢而显得通红stormy, red with nitrogen, carbon and hydrogen.还有来自外星系的水蒸气And water vapour, which came from the galaxy.地球表面就像一个巨大的泡泡The surface of the Earth was like an enormous bubble在高压下升温，直至达到多摄氏度heated under pressure to over degrees Celsius.接着炼狱般的地球冷却，水汽凝结Then the inferno cooled off and the vapours condensed,引发了最严重的洪水producing the greatest of the terrestrial floods that occurred.这发生在亿年前That was four billion years ago.洪水几乎覆盖了整个地壳The flood covered almost all of the Earth 's crust.洪水冲刷腐蚀着原始岩The water washed the primordial rock,自身的盐度也因而上升eroding it away and becoming laden with salts.地球成了被盐水覆盖的世界The Earth became a world of salty water.我们称这盐水为海洋This water was called the ocean.于是海洋行星就诞生了An ocean planet was born.在亿年前的In the Ice Age,冰河时期，温度降低million years ago, the temperature fell.地球被冰盖覆盖了两千万年The planet remained white for million years,接着火山中的碳引起的温室效应then melted because of a powerful greenhouse effect使冰盖融化了created by the carbon of the volcanoes.此后几次冰川期则与气候变暖交替出现Other glaciations followed, alternating with warming. 从这时期以后From this period地球上只有南北两极还存留大面积冰盖there remain vast icy regions at the north and south poles of the globe.在庞大的气候系统里，它们充当冷却器These regions work as coolers in an immense climate system.在赤道附近Close to the Equator,太阳炙烤着海洋，使其接近沸腾the sun heats the ocean, which seems to boil.极地与赤道这种巨大的温差This contrast between the hot regions and the cold regions产生了强空气对流generates powerful air currents.也就是风，我们的故事少不了它These are the winds, essential to this story.极地的冷、重气流下沉The winds descend, cold and heavy, from the polar regions与赤道的热、轻气流碰撞and collide with the hot, light air of the Equator.风因地球自转发生偏转These winds, curved by the rotation of the Earth,形成巨大的漩涡form gigantic whirlpools.当与海洋接触时，风推动海水On contact with the ocean, these winds push the water.产生巨大的洋流They generate powerful marine currents使数百万立方米的海水流动capable of moving millions of cubic metres of water across the ocean.海洋各个角落都有漩涡Everywhere, the ocean is furrowed by whirlpools,有的能持续数年some of which spin for years.这种运动传递着地球表面的热量This movement spreads heat from the surface of the blue planet.热带的热水流向极地The hot water of the tropics rises up towards the poles.冷却后变浓，充满盐分Then this water cools, becomes more dense, laden with salt,沉入海洋深处and falls down into the depths.深处的海水因自身重力The water of the depths travels further down towards the bottom of the ocean,继续向海底下沉pushed by its own weight.这些水带着极地的寒气It carries with it the polar cold.最终，冷水撞击海底Finally, it collides against the bottom再回程到海面，重新升温and returns towards the waters of the surface, where it reheats.完成这样一次洋流循环需要年It takes , years for a drop of water to complete this ocean cycle.洋流让地球有了适宜的气候These currents have created a temperate climate on Earth.是洋流创造了的充满生机的地球It is to them we owe the creation of a living planet.当阳光强烈且洋流上升至海面时When the sun is strong and the currents mount to the surface, 一个神奇的现象出现了an astonishing phenomenon occurs,这如此惹眼，即便在太空中也能看到so gigantic that it is visible from space,那是生命的爆发a blooming, an explosion of life.这爆发的生命叫做浮游生物This life which appears is called plankton,即「漂浮着的生命」"floating life ",它们只能随水流飘荡而无法自己游动because it cannot move itself and drifts in the water.这些生物从太阳获取能量This blooming gets its energy from the sun.它们生活在海面以下米深度之内It occurs between the surface and the first metres depth, 这里能够照到阳光where the rays penetrate the ocean.首先，谈谈微藻Firstly, there are tiny algae这像是在两片海域中绵延的悬浮草场which spread like an immense floating prairie between two expanses of water.每年因此产生的生物量Just the biomass thus produced every year占到全球植被的一半represents half the vegetation of the planet.一些微藻长得像星系Some microalgae resemble distant galaxies.它们是原生生物，是极为古老的微生物These are protists, very ancient organisms.尽管它们看着复杂Despite their complexity,但多数只是单细胞结构外面裹着二氧化硅或石灰骨架most of them are nothing but a single cell surrounded by a silica or lime skeleton.在这个阶段At this level,植物和动物的区别还很模糊the distinction between plant and animal is blurred.这些绿细胞有的有四肢，能往上浮Some of these green cells even have limbs which push them upwards,以增大吸收阳光的表面积augmenting their surface area exposed to the sun.这些微藻吸收碳，释放氧气All these microalgae consume carbon and produce, in return, oxygen.人类呼吸的一半氧气都由它们制造Half of the air we breathe comes from these microalgae.海洋是地球之肺The ocean is the blue lung of the planet.这些植被又引发了新生命的爆发This vegetable flowering triggers another explosion of life,出现了数以亿计以它们为食的植食动物that of billions of herbivorous animals which come to feed off the marine prairie.这些动物仅有数毫米大，通常更小These animals measure hardly a few millimetres, often much less.被分为水母类，甲壳类，细胞类They're classed as jellyfish, crustaceans, cells, shellfish, larvae, 贝壳类及幼虫类等数千个种类thousands of groups of species.其中最重要的当数微型虾Among the most important of them are the innumerable tiny shrimps,磷虾，它们日夜吞食藻类the krill, which graze on the algae night and day.以及桡足动物And the copepods,这是一种以四肢驱动跳跃为游动方式的微型海跳蚤a sort of tiny sea flea who swim by leaping, propelled by their limbs.浮游生物中的肉食动物以它们为食The copepods are hunted by all the carnivores in the plankton,尤其是这些箭形捕食者in particular these arrow-shaped predators,它们装备有硅化物口器且非常贪婪voracious and armed with silicon teeth.在这里，捕食者和猎物鱼龙混杂In this jungle, prey and predators mingle constantly而捕食者也随时可能被甲壳类捕杀and there is always a crustacean ready to consume the preceding predators.每分每秒都是生死时刻Each instant of life is an act of survival.浮游生物就像一本翻开的书The plankton is an open book带我们游历海洋的历史in which we can read the history of the ocean.亿年间，在这片海洋植被上During three billion years, life has evolved here,生命开始进化in this marine prairie.一些古老的物种，比如胶状动物Some very ancient species, like the gelatinous animals,只在海洋中进化have only evolved in the ocean.在舒适的液体环境中In perfect harmony with the liquid environment,它们的躯体具有弹性they have an elastic body,能使它们同时进食和移动which allows them simultaneously to suck in food and to move.有时候，它们一一钩连Sometimes, they hook on to one another,形成链状体以加强在洋流中的运动forming immense chains to facilitate moving in the current. 这似乎有些混乱It looks chaotic,但是麻雀虽小，五脏俱全but each living entity is organised down to the smallest detail.这些生命最终还是灭绝了These explosions of life eventually disappear,这是因为缺少资源，或受到天敌清剿devoured by a lack of resources or wiped out by an invisible enemy,即隐形病毒的袭击an attack by a virus.这些数以亿计的病毒的Billions of viruses,任务就是控制生命的爆发whose biological role is to regulate each explosion of life.大自然不会纵容过度繁殖Nature doesn 't tolerate excess.所有的海洋物种都依赖这些可见浮游生物All the species of the ocean are dependent on this invisible plankton,这就像一条长长的生物链Iike a long chain of life.冬天就要结束时At the end of the winter,鲭鱼结束冬眠，离开海底the mackerel depart from hibernation in the depths of the ocean.它们来到海面寻找海洋植被They come up to the surface, seeking the marine prairie.它们没有领头鱼The fish have no leader,但是却能排好队形and yet they manoeuvre in perfect formation.每条鱼都能有意识地控制Each fish is continuously aware of the presences of its neighbours与其他鱼之间的距离并关注同伴and respects their distance.自组织能力是鱼群必备的This self-organisation is a fundamental law of the group.这使它们能结群觅食It enables them to hunt as a shoal也增大发现食物富藏区的可能性and increases the chances of finding a rich feeding zone.第一条发现食物的鱼The first who finds something会通过简单动作引导其他的鱼can guide the others by a simple movement.旗鱼是海洋里速度最快的鱼The sailfish is the fastest fish in the ocean.它以鱼为食It feeds on fish.它的背鳍赋予它出众的平衡性以成功捕获猎物Its dorsal fin gives it exceptional stability toachieve its predatory goals.一条公斤的旗鱼一生可吃掉公斤的鲭鱼A -kilo sailfish will consume in its lifetime , kilos of mackerel,这些鲭鱼可吃掉一万公斤的浮游生物who themselves have consumed , kilos of zooplankton,这些浮游生物可吃掉十万公斤的海洋植被who themselves have grazed on , kilos of marine prairie.食物链呈一个金字塔等级状The food chain is a hierarchy, a pyramid structure.有些物种会彼此帮助Some species choose to help one another.蝠鲼只吃浮游生物Manta rays only eat plankton.它们六米宽的翼幅是很好的避难所Their six-metre wingspan offers shelter.作为报答，小鱼会移除它身上的寄生虫In return, the smaller fish remove the host's parasites.其他小鱼与鲸鲨结对Others opt for the whale shark,那是世界上最大的鱼the largest of the fish.鲸鲨远渡重洋寻找浮游生物This traveller crosses entire oceans in search of plankton.跟随的小鱼则以它的摄入物为生It carries with it smaller fish who live off its intake.海洋覆盖了地球三分之二的面积Solidarity also has a role in this liquid immensity,在这米的深处，团结意味着生存, metres deep, covering two-thirds of the planet.有时，这趟旅途会被陆地截断Sometimes, this journey is interrupted by land.这里是印尼的四王群岛Here at Raja Ampat in Indonesia,亿年前，海水消退，露出陆地Iand appeared when the ocean retreated two billion years ago. 这些石灰岛原本在海底These limestone hills were previously at the bottom of the ocean.就像澳大利亚的鲨鱼湾Like at Shark Bay in Australia,在海水覆盖地球的地质时代they are made of billions of plankton skeletons,大量浮游生物尸骨堆积成了这些岛piled up in the geological era when the ocean covered the planet.海水消退后With the receding of the waters,被水蚀刻的岩石形成错综复杂的墓地erosion sculpted the rock into an elaborate graveyard,座化石构成的岛屿犹如迷宫一般a labyrinth of , islands of fossilised plankton.四王群岛The Raja Ampat Archipelago是物种丰富区的中心地带is at the heart of a region rich in biodiversity.有种鱼类生活在这里Fourteen hundred species of fish live here,还有四分之一的海洋物种and a quarter of all marine species.当遇上这些新生的岛屿时Coming into contact with these emerging lands,一些浮游生物或是厌倦了疲惫与饥饿probably struggling against exhaustion and hunger,结束了流浪，定居于此some plankton abandoned nomadic life and settled here.这是亿年前的事That was million years ago.这是海洋里的革命A revolution in the ocean.这些浮游生物创造了珊瑚礁This family of plankton created the coral reefs.白天我们很难见到珊瑚Coral is a creature we rarely actually see by day.我们白天所见到的只是What we see in the daytime保护珊瑚的钙质骨骼is the calcareous skeleton which serves as its shelter,这是一种类似树状的骨骼a skeleton that resembles a tree, branches or leaves.为了在这片营养匮乏的水域生存To survive in these waters scarce in nutrients,珊瑚庇护着一种靠光合作用为生的藻类coral shelters an alga within it which feeds by day on sunlight.藻类也成为珊瑚生长的推动力The algae have thus become the driving force of the construction,孜孜不倦地抢占着阳光最强的位置aiming to occupy the best place in the sun.每株珊瑚每年生长数毫米Each coral struggles against its neighbours to gain more light以此与邻居争夺阳光at the speed of a few millimetres per year.这片石化森林This petrified forest是地球海洋里物种最丰富的生态系统is the most densely populated ecosystem on the ocean planet.这是名副其实的海底绿洲A veritable oasis.既可隐匿于此，也可狩猎于此You can hide here, and hunt here.一切生命都有自己的领地Each has its own territory.生命的构造都各尽其用Everything about life here is organised.连鱼身上的色彩都能作伪装或迷惑用Even the colours of the fish represent camouflage or seduction.这里就像一个海底都市，生物不停涌入Like a marvellous marine city, crowds pour in through the gates.为了摆脱寄生虫它们不远万里而来They come from far away to get rid of their parasites只有这里能有足够多的物种来满足需求because only the reef offers enough diversity to guarantee that kind of service.数百万年的进化让各种生物Millions of years of evolution have enabled each species在这珊瑚都市中各得其所，各尽其职to find a place and a role in this coral metropolis.蝎子鱼伪装自己The scorpion fish camouflages itself,蜘蛛蟹身上布满了贝壳while the spider crab lets itself be colonised by shellfish使它静止时近乎隐形and becomes invisible when motionless.你也可以隐匿Or you can hide.在每座海底都市生命活动都是非自发的As in every cosmopolitan city, life in the reef is not spontaneous.如果你不想成为他人的盘中餐There are codes, rules of social life to be respected就要遵守这里的社交规则if you don 't want to end up in your neighbour's stomach.这些章鱼让隐匿成为了艺术Concealment becomes an art for these octopi,它们能够变换皮肤颜色和结构capable of changing the colour and structure of their skin来迷惑敌人to deceive their attackers.尽管这种集体生活存在风险Despite the risks of this collective existence,很多物种还是将珊瑚礁作为了栖息地many species use the reef as a nursery.在海洋中Of all the ocean,珊瑚礁仍然是安家的最佳选择it is still the place that offers the best chance for raising a family. 为了防止其他鱼类将卵吃掉Cuttlefish protect their eggs by hiding them as deep as possible乌贼将卵尽可能深地藏在珊瑚中in the branches of the coral so that other fish cannot eat them.但是能藏多久？捕食者和猎物如此接近But for how long? Prey and predators are so close.海葵的触手带有致命的剧毒The tentacles of the anemones are poisonous, even deadly.只有小丑鱼能在其中生活Only clown fish can live among them.从幼鱼期开始They immunise themselves它们就通过摩擦触手来自我免疫by rubbing against the tentacles from a very young age.这种自然接种This natural vaccination使得海葵成为了它们的避难所then enables them to use the anemone as a refuge.对那些不了解珊瑚礁的生物来说For those who do not know the reef,这座大都市充满了危险this marvellous city is in fact full of dangers.花伞软珊瑚不是花，而是没有骨骼的珊瑚The xenid is not a flower, but a coral without a skeleton,它是用触手套住浮游生物的动物an animal that traps the plankton in its tentacles.在夜晚，珊瑚礁更是险象环生At night, the reef is even more dangerous.珊瑚活着的部分，即珊瑚虫The living part of the coral, the polyp,白天看不到，晚上则会出现is invisible by day, but appears at night.这种胶装生物是水母的远亲This gelatinous creature is a distant cousin of the jellyfish.它也用触手捕食It also hunts with its tentacles.它固定在珊瑚礁中Immobile in the reef,依靠洋流送来猎物it relies on the marine currents to bring its prey.靠得太近的生物就要葬身于此Too bad for those who float too close.触手通过注射致命毒液Its tentacles immobilise everything that touches them使一切接触它的生物动荡不得by injecting a deadly poison.有时只消一种消化糖就足够强大到Sometimes, even a digestive sugar so powerful能将活物直接消化that it can digest living things.珊瑚是恐怖的猎手The reef is a dangerous predator.一旦陷入其手，就不可能再逃脱Once trapped, the victim cannot escape from these arms,触手将猎物缓缓送入口中，将其消化which pull it slowly towards the mouth, where it will be digested.几乎每年到了春季满月的时候Once a year, at exactly the same time, at the spring full moon,就会出现一种神奇的现象an extraordinary event occurs.珊瑚进入了繁殖季节The reef enters its reproductive phase.它们释放出数目巨大的雌雄配子By millions, they release male and female gametes.融合之后产生了小珊瑚虫Fusing together, they give birth to larvae.就是成年珊瑚礁的幼体The larvae of future coral reefs.它们每年仅产一次卵This release of eggs happens only once a year.一次只持续几小时It lasts for only a few hours,这取决于特定珊瑚间完美的同步配合and it depends on perfect synchronisation between all the corals of a given species.珊瑚虫幼体随着洋流The larvae are dispersed by the current日夜飘荡直到在远方落足for several days and nights before landing further away.它们要去开辟一片新领地They leave to conquer a new territory.那些幸存的幼体坚守深海中新的疆界Those which survive fix on the new walls of the deep sea 以此壮大这片滋养它们的珊瑚礁to perpetuate the immense coral city which gave birth to them.扩张从未停息It's a constant expansion.亿年来For million years,珊瑚不断繁殖，死亡，再繁殖the coral have been growing, dying and growing.它们的骨骼构成了天空可见的珊瑚礁帝国Their construction has built an empire visible from the skies,这是地球上最大的活体建筑the biggest living construct of the planet.海洋中的所有动物All the fauna of the ocean都与这些生命绿洲息息相关is linked to these oases of life.在波利尼西亚，石斑鱼经过长途旅程In Polynesia, the grouper make a long voyage来到珊瑚礁区产卵to come and lay their eggs on the side of the reef.这是这个孤独种群的大聚集It's a huge meeting for this normally solitary community,它们在环礁湖寻找安全的繁殖之处who come to the lagoon seeking shelter for their reproduction.但这种聚集会引来觅食的灰鲨But this meeting is also attended by marauding grey sharks.石斑鱼的一生中In the course of their lives,出生时是雌性，而后变成了雄性groupers start off female, then change sex and become male 当长到一定年龄和重量时once they are above a certain weight and age.雄鱼向前跳跃，混合精子They leap forward, mixing their sperm.雌鱼产卵后变得虚弱，成为易捕的猎物The females, weakened by laying, make easy prey.鲨鱼开始袭击了The sharks attack.石斑鱼将被大量捕杀They will massacre many of the grouper,然而另一方面屠杀对于石斑鱼也至关重要but this predation, paradoxically, is vital for the grouper as a species,否则它们将因为繁殖过快而变得数量过大who will otherwise reproduce too fast and become too numerous.还是老道理大自然不会纵容过度繁殖Here again, nature does not tolerate excess,总是会有“螳螂捕蝉黄雀在后”there 's always one predator waiting just above another.双髻鲨是令人胆寒的猎手Hammerhead sharks are fearsome hunters.经过两千万年的进化，它们已成为超级猎手Evolving million years ago, these animals are super predators.锤状的头部就像鱼鳍，使其灵活游动Their hammer-shaped head acts like a fin and promotes agility.长在两侧的眼睛赋予它们三维视野The position of the eyes, very far apart, gives them D vision.它们以鱼类和其他鲨鱼为食They hunt the fish and other sharks.一物降一物，这就是物种进化的原则It's as if the cycle of predation governed the evolution of species.我们便是在此时加入了这个故事And here 's where we appear in the story.我们人类Here we are, people.是生物链的最后一环The last link in the chain of life,没有捕食者以我们为食we have no predator above us.我们在这里诞生We began here,那是与海洋相对的地方on the other side of the mirror of the ocean.我们居住在露出海面的陆地上We occupy the land which emerged.很久之前，为了保护自己Very long ago, to protect ourselves,我们建造了如今在巴拿马圣布拉斯还能看到的那种村子we built villages like those that still exist at San Blas in Panama.我们无法像鱼一样游水We can 't swim like the fish,于是我们造船横渡海洋so we conceived boats to cross the oceans.我们还建造了And then we built a world其他物种从未建造过的世界Iike nothing any other species had built before us.为了建造城镇，我们在岛屿间架起了桥梁To build our towns, we constructed bridges between islands,我们借助陆地征服了海洋we conquered the ocean via the land.我们学着打通山脉We learned to dig through mountains,改变水流流向甚至围海造田change the course of the waters and even create islands.我们建造了比珊瑚城更大的帝国We built an empire even bigger than the coral cities.在天空就能看到数不胜数的城墙和城市Our walls, our enormous towns, can be seen from the sky.正因为智慧，弱小的人类变得强大了Through our intelligence, we, weak humanity, became really very strong.不论贫富Rich or poor,世界上一半的人居住在离水域不到公里的地方half the people of our world live less than kilometres from the water.几乎所有撒哈拉以南的非洲居民Almost the entire population of sub-Saharan Africa都集中在海岸线附近is concentrated on the coastline.仅尼日利亚的拉各斯就有万居民Just the city of Lagos in Nigeria has million inhabitants.超过十万的人住在海边的棚户区里More than , people live in the shantytown on the shore. 移民于此的人无陆地可住The population that migrated here has no place on land,于是便将目光投向了大海so they turn to the sea.人口与日俱增Our population is constantly growing.现在已有超过亿人口We are more than seven billion.每过一秒Every second that goes by,地球上就会多出两个嗷嗷待哺的新生儿there are two more people on the planet to be fed.我们永远不能饱足And we are hungry,于是我们很自然地向海洋攫取资源so, naturally, we turn to the ocean to feed us.亿人直接依靠着海洋资源生活Three billion human beings depend directly on marine resources.几乎有亿人For almost a billion people,他们只有鱼作为动物蛋白质来源fish represent their only source of animal proteins.海洋是我们生存的关键The ocean is key to our survival.每天都有万艘渔船奔向海洋Four million of our fishing boats set out each day to attack the ocean.大部分都是这样的小船The majority are just little boats like these,每天早上在塞内加尔海边卸货which unload each morning on the coasts of Senegal.作为家传技艺的捕鱼技术Our fishing has been since the beginning a family craft,在一代代人间不断改进和流传practised and transmitted from generation to generation.即使这是一个危险的行业Although it's a dangerous profession,但当穷人无法靠陆地为生时他们还是将目光转向了海洋when people can 't feed off the land, the poorest turn to the sea.在全世界Worldwide包括间接就业和家政服务including indirect employment and families,渔业让亿人有了糊口的工作fishing sustains million people.在这里，我看到了海洋的丰饶Here, I see the abundance of the ocean.海洋还带给我们其他食物The ocean brings us other food.有史以来Since the very beginning of our history,我们一直在海边收集野生海藻we have gathered wild seaweeds on the shore.海藻已经生存了亿年They have existed for three and a half billion years.就像在陆地上耕种一样我们开始学习海洋种植We learned to cultivate the sea as we came to farm the land.海藻只需生长周便能收割The seaweed needs only six weeks of growth before harvest.它需要的仅仅是阳光以及流动的海水It requires only sunlight and the movement of the currents.在今天印尼的巴厘岛Today in Bali in Indonesia,我们种植海藻并从中提取营养丰富的胶质we cultivate seaweed and extract from it a nourishing gelatine.海藻养殖为我们带来了吨海藻This farming today produces million tons of seaweed,并出口到世界各地exported all over the world.褐藻，绿藻和红藻用途广泛Brown, green and red seaweed serve all purposes,它们被用于医药，服装，肥料和食物medicine, cloth, fertiliser and food.我们划出一小部分海域We trace out small portions of sea将河口变为私人领地and transform estuaries into private concessions.全世界有超过万公顷的海域用于种植海藻More than , hectares of the globe are dedicated to cultivation of seaweed,养活了一百万海上农夫supporting a million sea farmers.在韩国的莞岛群岛In South Korea, in the Wando Archipelago,超过座岛屿已经用来种植海藻over islands have converted to farming seaweeds.这些展开的绵延不断的网These magnificent expanses are immense nets spread out in the sun,是用来晾晒收获的海藻的which are used to dry the harvests.海洋中的万种海藻Of the , species of seaweed which grow in the sea,只有约种能够食用only around are edible.我们在这里种植海带Here, we grow kombu,这是能长到米长的大海藻Iarge seaweeds which can grow to three metres in length.在亚洲，这种海藻是一种基本食物In Asia, this seaweed is a basic food source.这些带甜味的叶片富含蛋白质，矿物盐和维他命These sugar-flavoured leaves contain proteins, mineral salts and vitamins.人类捕鱼已有万年历史了We have been fishing for , years,并且一直在改进渔场和渔网constantly improving our fisheries and our nets.捕鱼成为了一项产业Fishing became an industry.光有一家人已经不行了重要的是要有投资和技术It's no longer a question of family, but of investment and technology.为了提高捕捞量，渔民组成了船队To increase our catch, our fishermen formed fleets.而深海拖网更是一项革命性的发明What changed everything is the invention of the deep sea trawl,这种渔网有漏斗状开口，与鲸鲨的嘴类似a large net with a funnel-shaped opening like the mouth of the whale shark.渔网十分巨大，有的能达到公里Our nets are so large that some measure kilometres.。
大学英语四级听力分类模拟题(带答案)
大学英语四级听力分类模拟题（带答案）Listening ComprehensionSection AQuestions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.1、A. 5%. B. 10%. C. 37%. D. 53%.2、A. It increased the number of new airports.B. It increased the global unemployment rate.C. It created jobs for people.D. It promoted the growth in daily spending.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.3、A. 8.6 millimeters. B. 3.4 millimeters.C. 8.1 millimeters.D. 1.7 millimeters.4、A. Greenhouse gases. B. Human activity.C. Climate change.D. Rainfall increase.5、A. Cause water to expand. B. More rains.C. Less evaporation.D. Fewer wind.Questions 3 and 4 will be based on the following news item.6、A. Global warming.B. Nuclear wars.C. Food crisis.D. Economic depression.7、A. Decrease economic competition.B. Issue more money.C. Provide more food.D. Reduce carbon emissions.Section BQuestions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8、A. She can't see any sign of it.B. She doesn't believe the man.C. She thinks the forecast has not been accurate this week.D. She doesn't want it to happen.9、A. He is a psychology professor with much knowledge.B. His views during arguments are very powerful.C. He may be able to add information to a research paper.D. He has personal experience in this field.10、A. He rejects labeling criminals.B. He thinks criminals have certain psychological problems.C. He thinks criminals are abnormal.D. He thinks that criminals are crazy.11、A. They are going to write a paper.B. They are trying to convince Professor Simpson.C. They are going to argue with each other.D. They are going to meet Professor Simpson.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12、A. He has taught Spanish for a couple of years at a local school.B. He worked at the Brownstone Company for several years.C. He owned a small retail business in Michigan years ago.D. He has been working part-time in a school near Detroit.13、A. He prefers a full-time job with more responsibility.B. He is eager to find a job with an increased salary.C. He likes to work in a company close to home.D. He would rather get a less demanding job.14、A. Sports. B. Travel.C. Foreign languages.D. Computer games.15、A. When he is supposed to start work.B. What responsibilities he would have.C. When he will be informed about his application.D. What career opportunities her company can offer.Section CQuestions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.16、A. Learn the nickname of each state.B. Have a heart-to-heart talk with his brother.C. Be close to the natural world.D. Play games with his brother.17、A. Most nicknames are quite interesting.B. Some state nicknames have surprising origins.C. George Washington has many nicknames.D. New York once was the capital of America.18、A. The First State.B. The Show-Me State.C. Land of 10000 Lakes.D. Empire State.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19、A. It may have to do with a tallying system.B. Sheep is a kind of lovely animal.C. It is useful for people to get good sleep.D. The reason is not clear to us.20、A. The subjects can easily fall asleep by counting sheep.B. The subjects can't fall asleep when given no instructions.C. The subjects can easily fall asleep when imagining a soothing scene.D. The subjects can't fall asleep when imagining a relaxing scene.21、A. Think about unpleasant images before sleep.B. Picture things they have done before sleep.C. Imagine worries and noises before sleep.D. Imagine soothing images before sleep.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22、A. Beginning cooking at his parents' pub at 8 years old.B. Starting working in restaurants when he was in college.C. Being spotted by a TV producer at the age of 21.D. Publishing his first book on cooking at 28.23、A. His handsome appearance.B. His rare and simple recipes.C. His use of vegetable ingredients.D. His complicated cooking techniques.24、A. His success comes from the help of his parents.B. He succeeds with luck, passion and knowledge.C. He becomes successful with the help of his friends.D. His wife makes a great contribution to his success.答案:Listening ComprehensionSection A1、B[听力原文]Over the past five years, the number of Chinese travelers has grown to 120 million people. One in 10 international travelers is from China. New airports and better infrastructure have made travel easier for Chinese citizens. Young Chinese citizens are benefiting from reduced visa restrictions around the world. James Roy, a business analyst at China Market Research Group, says Chinese travelers are going to many more destinations than they did in the past. The World Travel and Tourism Council says that the number of Chinese tourists grew by 53 percent last year. Some countries have benefited from tourism from China. Iceland, a popular destination for Chinese tourists, saw its tourism industry grow by 19.4 percent last year. Japan had 37 percent growth in visitor spending. The growth in the number of Chinese travelers is contributing to the global growth of the tourism sector, which has added 7.2 million jobs worldwide.What's the percentage of Chinese travelers around the world?[解析] 新闻开头提到，在国际旅行者中，10人就有1人来自中国，所以，中国人占国际旅行者的10%。
冰川融化水平面上升的英语
冰川融化水平面上升的英语Chinese: 冰川融化是全球气候变化的重要表现之一，其直接后果便是海平面的上升。
随着全球气温持续升高，冰川与极地冰盖大面积融化，大量的冰水注入海洋，使得全球海平面逐步上升。
English: Glacier melting is one of the critical manifestations of global climate change, with a direct consequence being the rise in sea levels. As global temperatures continue to soar, widespread melting of glaciers and polar ice caps injects massive amounts of ice water into the oceans, thereby incrementally raising global sea levels.II. The Melting ProcessChinese: 冰川消融的过程源于温室气体排放导致的全球变暖现象。
冰川吸收太阳辐射并反射部分回太空，但当大气中的温室气体浓度增加时，更多热量被地球系统保留，加速冰川融化。
English: The process of glacier melting originates from the global warming phenomenon driven by greenhouse gas emissions. Glaciers absorb solar radiation and reflect some back into space; however, when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases, more heat isretained by the Earth system, accelerating glacier melt.III. Impact on Sea Level RiseChinese: 随着冰川不断融化，大量淡水汇入海洋，直接影响了海平面的高度。
冰川融化英文ppt讲解
CAUSES
• geological changes
• seasonal changes
• global warming
geological changes
• The causes for these changes can be explained by Milankovitch Cycles. The cycles proposed by him take into account orbital shapes (eccentricity 偏心率), axial tilt轴倾角 (obliquity倾角), axial precession 岁差, apsidal precession and orbital inclination倾角.
• All these factors, when combined, affect the conditions on the planet in the long term and it causes ice ages at different times. During an ice age the ice caps increase in size and they retreat when an ice age ends. These changes occur over a period ranging from thousands to millions of years.
Adjust Your Thermostat [‘θɜrməʊstæt ] n.自动调温器, 温度调节装
置
Use Recycled Paper
Take Shorter Showers Install（安装） a Low-Flow Showerhead
气候变化专业中英词汇对照
气候变化 climate change减缓和适应气候变化 to mitigate and adapt to climate change全球变暖 global warming脆弱性评估 vulnerability assessment累积碳排放 cumulative carbon emissions世界的主要碳排放国 the world's major carbon-emitting nations排放大国 major emitters人均碳排放最多的国家 the biggest carbon emitter per person减排要求 emissions-cutting requirements气候变化的不确定性 the uncertainty surrounding climate change高碳行业 carbon-intensive industries高碳能演 carbon-intensive energy sources低碳技术 low-carbon technology无碳能源 carbon-free energy汽车碳排放 automotive carbon emissions零排放电力来源 zero-emission power sources森林碳汇 forest carbon sink推卸其应该履行的对发展中国家的义务 to shirk responsibilities that should be assumed towards developing countries永久冻土层正在融化 the permafrost is melting冰川 glacier冰河世纪 the Ice Age冰盖 ice sheet冰帽 ice cap冰核 ice core六氟化硫 sulphur hexafluride绝对减排量 absolute cuts in emissions极地冰帽融化提高海平面 melting polar ice caps raise ocean levels碳减排项目 carbon-abatement projects哥本哈根气候变化峰会 the Copenhagen Summit on Climate Change非碳能源 non-carbon energy sources鉴于气候的复杂性 given the climate's complexity可测量、可报告、可核实 measurable, reportable and verifiable三可 MRV有约束力的量化指标 binding quantitative targets额外性 additionality海冰融化 melting sea ice北极冻原 the Arctic tundra温室气体排放的最大来源是发电 the biggest source of greenhouse-gas emissions is electricity generation减少发电的排放 to cut emissions from electricity production气候灾难 a climate disaster吸热气体 heat-trapping gases甲烷 methane毁林占全球排放的20% deforestation accounts for 20% of global emissions单位GDP的排放量 emissions per unit of GDP确定碳强度的指标 to set a carbon intensity target碳强度 carbon intensity清洁发展机制 the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)历史排放 historic emissions当前排放 current emissions全球碳排放 global carbon emissions巴厘路线图 the Bali Roadmap共同但有区别的责任 common but differentiated responsibilites《京都议定书》 the Kyoto Protocol《京都议定书》的后续协议 a successor to the Kyoto Protocol1993年《联合国气候变化框架公约》 the 1993 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会 the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)泥炭地 peat lands化石燃料的燃烧释放温室气体 the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases国际气候变化谈判 international climate change negotiations将二氧化碳深埋地下 to bury carbon dioxide deep underground实现经济的去碳化 to decarbonise the economy一氧化二碳 nitrous oxide。
低碳环保的英语作文
低碳环保的英语作文关于低碳环保的英语作文（通用9篇）在平凡的学习、工作、生活中，大家对作文都再熟悉不过了吧，作文是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织，通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法。
如何写一篇有思想、有文采的作文呢？下面是店铺为大家收集的关于低碳环保的英语作文，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
低碳环保的英语作文篇1Now we are facing two problems of global warming and a shortage of natural resources, both of which are getting more and more serious day by day. Thus, it is important for us to promote a low-carbon lifestyle.如今我们面临着两大环境问题：全球变暖和自然资源匮乏，且情况日益严重。
由此可见，提倡低碳生活的重要性。
Low-carbon lifestyle covers many aspect of our life like transportation, traveling, home-heating, and so on. In order to promote a low-carbon life, some plans must be carried out as follows. Firstly, don’t waste any electricity and water. Remember to turn off the lights and water taps unless we use them. Secondly, we had better take the subways or bus to work, so as to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. Thirdly, we should use cloth bags for shopping instead of plastic bags, and use recyclable bowls and chopsticks instead of disposable ones, for it can not only save resources, but also reduce pollution. What’s more, it is of great significance to plant more trees, since trees can balance the carbon dioxide emissions.低碳生活方式包括了我们生活的很多方面，比如交通、旅行、室内取暖等。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文The Arctic, a vast icy fortress and home to a unique array of wildlife, has long stood as a testament to the Earth's natural cycles of warming and cooling. Yet, in recent decades, this polar region has become a harbinger of the profound changes that global warming is imposing on the planet.As the Earth's temperature climbs, the Arctic ice cap, which has for millennia remained an unassailable expanse of white, is succumbing to the relentless rise of global temperatures. The ice is not just melting; it is doing so at an accelerating rate that outpaces scientific predictions. The implications of this are profound, not just for the local flora and fauna, but for the entire globe.The melting of the Arctic glaciers is a clear indicator of the rapid changes occurring. These glaciers, once mighty rivers of ice, are now retreating, leaving behind a landscape irrevocably altered. The loss of ice also means the loss of habitat for species such as the polar bear, walrus, and seals, which depend on the ice for hunting, breeding, and shelter.The consequences extend beyond the Arctic. The meltwater contributes to rising sea levels, which threaten coastal communities around the world. The loss of reflective ice also means that the dark ocean absorbs more sunlight, further warming the planet in a vicious feedback loop.The science behind this phenomenon is unequivocal. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect. Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentration of these gases, enhancing the natural greenhouse effect and leading to global warming.The Arctic serves as a stark reminder of the need for urgent action to address climate change. It is a call to arms for the global community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy sources. The melting ice is not just a distant problem;it is a visible, tangible sign of the environmental debt that is accumulating and will be passed on to future generations.In conclusion, the melting of the Arctic glaciers is a clarion call for humanity. It is a phenomenon that encapsulates the broader environmental challenges facing our planet. It is a reminder that the actions we take today will have a lasting impact on the world of tomorrow. As stewards of the Earth, it is our responsibility to respond with decisive action to mitigate the effects of global warming and preserve the Arctic, and indeed the planet, for future generations. 。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文10
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文10Global Warming and Arctic Ice Melt.The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly evident around the globe, with one of the most visible and profound manifestations being the melting of Arctic sea ice. This phenomenon is driven by rising global temperatures, primarily caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.Causes of Arctic Ice Melt.The primary cause of Arctic ice melt is the increase in global temperatures due to human-induced climate change.The excess heat trapped in the atmosphere by greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, leads to a risein ocean temperatures. As the oceans warm, they transfer heat to the Arctic region, melting the sea ice.Consequences of Arctic Ice Melt.The melting of Arctic sea ice has far-reaching consequences for the environment, wildlife, and human populations.Ecosystem Disruption: Arctic sea ice provides acritical habitat for a diverse array of marine life, including polar bears, seals, walruses, and seabirds. As the ice melts, these species lose their hunting grounds, breeding areas, and shelter.Sea Level Rise: The melting of Arctic sea ice does not directly contribute to sea level rise, as the ice is already floating on the ocean. However, it does accelerate the rate of sea level rise caused by the thermal expansion of ocean water as it warms and the melting of land-based glaciers and ice sheets.Climate Feedback Mechanisms: Arctic sea ice plays a crucial role in regulating global climate. The white surface of sea ice reflects sunlight back into space,helping to cool the planet. As the ice melts, more dark ocean water is exposed, which absorbs more sunlight and further warms the atmosphere, creating a positive feedback loop.Economic Impacts: The melting of Arctic sea ice opens up new shipping routes, making it easier for vessels to access the region for resource extraction, tourism, and scientific research. However, these activities can also have negative environmental impacts, such as pollution and habitat disturbance.Mitigation and Adaptation.Addressing the melting of Arctic sea ice requires a multifaceted approach that includes both mitigation and adaptation measures.Mitigation: Reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the transition to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and conserving forests are essential steps to mitigate climate change and slow the rate of sea ice melt.Adaptation: Developing strategies to adapt to the consequences of sea ice loss is also crucial. This includes supporting research on species resilience, implementing conservation measures, and investing in infrastructure to protect coastal communities from sea level rise.Conclusion.The melting of Arctic sea ice is a clear and present threat to the planet and its inhabitants. It is a direct consequence of human activities and serves as a stark reminder of the urgency of addressing climate change. Mitigation and adaptation measures are essential to safeguard the Arctic ecosystem, mitigate the consequences of sea ice loss, and ensure a sustainable future for generations to come.。
气候变化的人为原因英语作文
气候变化的人为原因英语作文Climate change, also known as global warming, refers to the long-term change in Earth's climate, particularly in regards to the increase in average global temperatures. While climate change has occurred naturally throughout Earth's history, the current warming trend is largely attributed to human activities. In this essay, we will discuss the human causes of climate change and their impacts on the environment.The primary human activities that contribute to climate change include the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas for energy, deforestation, industrial processes, and agricultural practices. These activities release greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere, which trap heat and cause the Earth's temperature to rise. The burning of fossil fuels for energy production is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for approximately two-thirds of global CO2 emissions.Deforestation, particularly in tropical regions, also contributes to climate change as trees absorb CO2 from theatmosphere and release oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. When trees are cut down or burned, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere, further exacerbating the greenhouse effect. Additionally,industrial processes such as cement production and the useof fluorinated gases in refrigeration and air conditioning also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions.Agricultural practices, including livestock farming and the use of fertilizers, also contribute to climate change through the release of methane and nitrous oxide. Livestock, particularly cattle, produce methane during digestion,while the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers releasesnitrous oxide into the atmosphere. These agricultural emissions are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions and have a substantial impact on global warming.The impacts of climate change are far-reaching andinclude rising global temperatures, more frequent andsevere weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and floods, melting polar ice caps and glaciers, rising sea levels, and disruptions to ecosystems and biodiversity.These impacts have serious implications for human health, food security, water resources, and the economy.In conclusion, human activities are the primary driversof climate change, and the resulting impacts are a causefor concern. It is essential for individuals, communities, and governments to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the effects of climate change. This can be achieved through the adoption of renewable energy sources, sustainable land use practices, and the implementation of policies to limit emissions fromindustrial and agricultural activities. By working together to address the root causes of climate change, we can help protect the planet for future generations.气候变化，也被称为全球变暖，指的是地球气候的长期变化，特别是平均全球气温的上升。
地质学专业英语词汇
地质学专业英语词汇摘要地质学是一门研究地球的形成、结构、演化和动力学的科学，它涉及到许多专业术语和概念，对于地质学专业的学生和从事地质学相关工作的人员来说，掌握一些基本的地质学英语词汇是非常必要的。
本文从以下几个方面介绍了一些常见的地质学专业英语词汇：地球结构、板块构造、岩石和矿物、地貌和地理、气候变化和大气、自然资源和环境保护、地质灾害等。
每个方面都给出了一些中英文对照的表格，以便于读者对比和记忆。
本文旨在为地质学专业的英语学习提供一些参考和帮助。
1. 地球结构地球是由不同的层次组成的，从内到外分别是内核、外核、地幔和地壳。
不同层次之间有不同的物理性质和化学成分，对地球的演化和运动有重要的影响。
下表列出了一些与地球结构相关的英语词汇：中文英文地球Earth内核inner core外核outer core地幔mantle上地幔upper mantle下地幔lower mantle地壳crust大陆地壳continental crust海洋地壳oceanic crust岩石圈lithosphere滑动圈asthenosphere2. 板块构造板块构造是指地球表面由若干个相互移动的岩石板块组成，这些板块之间的相互作用导致了许多重要的地质现象，如大陆漂移、山脉形成、火山喷发、地震等。
下表列出了一些与板块构造相关的英语词汇：中文英文板块构造plate tectonics板块plate大陆板块continental plate海洋板块oceanic plate板块边界plate boundary构造带tectonic belt构造运动tectonic movement构造应力tectonic stress构造应变tectonic strain构造变形tectonic deformation构造断裂tectonic fracture构造缝合线tectonic suture大陆漂移continental drift大陆碰撞continental collision分裂边界divergent boundary汇聚边界convergent boundary滑动边界transform boundary俯冲带subduction zone3. 岩石和矿物岩石是由一个或多个矿物组成的自然固体物质，它们是地球最主要的组成部分。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文English: The melting of Arctic glaciers due to global warming is a phenomenon that has serious consequences for both the environment and human populations. As the Earth's temperature continues to rise, the polar ice caps are gradually disappearing, leading to rising sea levels and extreme weather patterns. The loss of Arctic ice also has a significant impact on wildlife, such as polar bears, seals, and walruses, who rely on the ice for hunting, breeding, and resting. Furthermore, the melting of glaciers releases large amounts of freshwater into the ocean, disrupting global ocean currents and potentially affecting weather patterns worldwide. In addition to environmental concerns, the melting of Arctic glaciers also poses a threat to communities living in coastal regions, as they are at risk of flooding and displacement. It is crucial for countries to come together to address the root causes of global warming and take action to mitigate its effects before it is too late.中文翻译: 由于全球变暖，北极冰川的融化是一个对环境和人类群体都产生严重后果的现象。
气候变化的人为原因英语作文
气候变化的人为原因英语作文英文回答：Human-Induced Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis.Human activities have played a significant role in climate change, contributing to the alarming rise in global temperatures. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has established a scientific consensus that human activities are responsib le for approximately 1.1°C of warming since the pre-industrial era, with continued emissions projected to cause further substantial warming.Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Major Culprit.The primary driver of human-induced climate change is the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. These gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap heat within the Earth's atmosphere, leading to a gradual rise in temperatures.Industrialization, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy production and transportation, has been a major source of GHG emissions. Deforestation and changes in land use have also contributed significantly to CO2 emissions. Additionally, agricultural practices and industrial processes release substantial amounts of methane and nitrous oxide.Evidence from Multiple Sources.Overwhelming scientific evidence supports the link between human activities and climate change. This evidence includes:Observed temperature changes: Global temperatures have risen by approximately 1.1°C since the late 19th century, with the rate of warming accelerating in recent decades.Climate model simulations: Computer simulations based on established scientific principles accurately predict observed temperature trends and project future warmingunder different emissions scenarios.Attribution studies: Methods such as fingerprint analysis and event attribution allow scientists to determine the probability that particular extreme weather events or climate patterns are the result of human influence.Impacts and Consequences.Human-induced climate change has far-reaching impacts on both natural and human systems:Extreme weather events: Rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased ocean temperatures have led to more frequent and intense heat waves, droughts, floods, and storms.Sea-level rise: Melting polar ice caps and glaciers cause sea levels to rise, threatening coastal communities and ecosystems.Ocean acidification: Increased CO2 absorption by the oceans lowers the pH balance, harming marine life and fisheries.Health impacts: Climate change can exacerbate heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems, and vector-borne diseases.Economic consequences: Extreme weather events and climate-related disasters can cause widespread property damage, disrupt businesses, and harm economies.Mitigation and Adaptation.Addressing human-induced climate change requires a comprehensive approach that includes both mitigation and adaptation measures. Mitigation involves reducing GHG emissions to limit future warming, while adaptation involves adjusting to the impacts that are already occurring.Mitigation measures: Transitioning to renewable energysources, improving energy efficiency, and promoting sustainable land use practices are crucial for reducing GHG emissions.Adaptation measures: Building seawalls and flood defenses, developing heat-resilient infrastructure, and implementing early warning systems can help communities adapt to changing climate patterns.Conclusion.Scientific evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that human activities are the primary cause of climate change. Reducing GHG emissions through mitigation efforts and adapting to the impacts of climate change are essential steps towards safeguarding the planet and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.中文回答：气候变化的人为原因，全面分析。
气候变化词汇
气候变化??climate change减缓和适应气候变化??to mitigate and adapt to climate change全球变暖???global warming脆弱性评估??vulnerability assessment累积碳排放??cumulative carbon emissions世界的主要碳排放国???the world's major carbon-emitting nations排放大国???major emitters人均碳排放最多的国家???the biggest carbon emitter per person减排要求??emissions-cutting requirements气候变化的不确定性???the uncertainty surrounding climate change高碳行业???carbon-intensive industries高碳能演???carbon-intensive energy sources 碳汇carbon sink 定义1：一个碳贮库，它接收来自其他碳贮库的碳，因此贮量随时间增定义2：有机碳吸收超出释放的系统或区域。
如大气、海洋等碳库Carbon reservoir在碳循环过程中，地球系统各个所存储碳的部分Carbon footprint 碳足迹“碳足迹”来源于一个英语单词“Carbon Footprint”，是指一个人的能源意识和行为对自然界产生的影响，简单的讲就是指个人或企业“碳耗用量”。
同时他还是由企业机构、活动、产品或个人引起的温室气体排放的集合。
CCS 碳捕获和储存[包括捕集运输和封存] carbon capture碳捕获低碳技术??low-carbon technology无碳能源???carbon-free energy汽车碳排放???automotive carbon emissions零排放电力来源???zero-emission power sources森林碳汇????forest carbon sink推卸其应该履行的对发展中国家的义务???to shirk responsibilities that should be assumed towards developing countries永久冻土层正在融化???the permafrost is melting冰川???glacier冰河世纪???the Ice Age冰盖??ice sheet冰帽??ice cap冰核???ice core六氟化硫???sulphur hexafluride绝对减排量??absolute cuts in emissions极地冰帽融化提高海平面??melting polar ice caps raise ocean levels碳减排项目???carbon-abatement projects哥本哈根气候变化峰会???the Copenhagen Summit on Climate Change非碳能源???non-carbon energy sources鉴于气候的复杂性??given the climate's complexity可测量、可报告、可核实????measurable, reportable and verifiable三可??MRV有约束力的量化指标????binding quantitative targets额外性??additionality海冰融化??melting sea ice北极冻原???the Arctic tundra温室气体排放的最大来源是发电??the biggest source of greenhouse-gas emissions is electricity generation减少发电的排放???to cut emissions from electricity production气候灾难???a climate disaster吸热气体??heat-trapping gases甲烷??methane毁林占全球排放的20%???deforestation accounts for 20% of global emissions单位GDP的排放量???emissions per unit of GDP确定碳强度的指标???to set a carbon intensity target碳强度???carbon intensity碳强度是指单位GDP的二氧化碳排放量清洁发展机制??the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)历史排放???historic emissions当前排放??current emissions全球碳排放???global carbon emissions巴厘路线图??the Bali Roadmap作为2007年联合国气候大会最重要的决议，“巴厘路线图”(Bali Roadmap)确定了世界各国今后加强落实《联合国气候变化框架公约《京都议定书》的后续协议???a successor to the Kyoto Protocol缔约方COP[conference of parties]1993年《联合国气候变化框架公约》??the 1993 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会??the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)泥炭地???peat lands化石燃料的燃烧释放温室气体???the burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases国际气候变化谈判???international climate change negotiations将二氧化碳深埋地下??to bury carbon dioxide deep underground实现经济的去碳化??to decarbonise the economy一氧化二碳??nitrous oxide一个原则 common but differentiated responsibilities共同但有区别的原则一个机构IPCC[Iintergovernmental panel on climate change] 政府间气候变化小组两个协议Kyotol Protocol京都议定书UNCFCC[united Nations Framework on climate change]联合国气候变化框架条约两大方法mitigation and adaptation三大机制carbon pricing碳标价emission trading CDM[clean development mechanism]清洁发展机制。
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文10
全球变暖北极冰川融化英语作文10英文回答：Global warming has led to significant ice loss in the Arctic, with profound implications for the planet and its ecosystems. The diminishing ice coverage has contributed to rising sea levels, disrupted weather patterns, and altered habitats for Arctic wildlife.The Causes of Arctic Sea Ice Melt:Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The primary driver of global warming is the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, primarily through human activities such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to increased global temperatures.Feedback Loops: The melting of Arctic sea ice creates a positive feedback loop. As ice melts, more dark oceanwater is exposed, which absorbs more sunlight and further warms the atmosphere and ocean. This leads to accelerated ice loss.Other Factors: Climate change also intensifies other factors that contribute to sea ice melt, such as changes in ocean circulation, increased precipitation, and reduced snow cover.The Impacts of Arctic Sea Ice Loss:Rising Sea Levels: The loss of Arctic sea ice adds water to the oceans, contributing to global sea level rise. This can have devastating consequences for coastal communities, leading to flooding, erosion, and saltwater intrusion into freshwater sources.Disrupted Weather Patterns: The Arctic sea ice plays a crucial role in regulating global climate patterns. Its melting disrupts these patterns, leading to changes in precipitation, temperature extremes, and the frequency and intensity of storms.Impacts on Arctic Wildlife: The loss of sea ice has severe consequences for Arctic wildlife, including polar bears, walruses, and seals. These animals rely on sea ice for hunting, breeding, and resting, and its disappearance threatens their survival.Economic Consequences: The melting of Arctic sea ice creates both challenges and opportunities. It can open up new shipping routes, making access to remote areas easier, but it can also lead to increased competition for resources and disputes over maritime boundaries.Mitigation and Adaptation Measures:Addressing the issue of Arctic sea ice loss requires a multi-faceted approach that involves both mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation measures focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and limiting the extent of global warming, while adaptation measures aim to minimize the impacts of the melting ice on Arctic communities and ecosystems.Mitigation:Transitioning to renewable energy sources.Promoting energy efficiency.Reducing deforestation and promoting reforestation.Investing in carbon capture and storage technologies.Adaptation:Building seawalls and other coastal protection structures.Relocating coastal communities to safer areas.Developing early warning systems for extreme weather events.Supporting research on Arctic ecosystems anddeveloping conservation strategies.Conclusion:The melting of Arctic sea ice is a critical issue with far-reaching consequences. It is a stark reminder of the urgent need to address global warming and its impacts on the planet's ecosystems and human societies. By implementing comprehensive mitigation and adaptation measures, we can work towards safeguarding the Arctic and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.中文回答：全球变暖对北极冰川融化的影响。
英语口语fsaf
Global Warming effects1)Green house gases can stay in the atmosphere for an amount of yearsranging from decades to hundreds and thousands of years. No matter what we do, global warming is going to have some effect on Earth. Here are the 5 deadliest effects of global warming.温室气体能在大气中停留的年不等，从几十年的千百年来量。
不管我们做什么，全球变暖将在地球上有一定的影响。
这里有5个致命的全球变暖效应。
2) 5. Spread of disease As northern countries warm, disease carrying insectsmigrate north, bringing plague and disease with them. Indeed somescientists believe that in some countries thanks to global warming, malaria has not been fully eradicated .5。
疾病蔓延北方国家的热烈，携带疾病的昆虫北方迁移，带来瘟疫，并与他们的疾病。
事实上，一些科学家认为，在一些国家由于全球变暖，疟疾尚未完全根除3) 4. Warmer waters and more hurricanes As the temperature of oceans rises,so will the probability of more frequent and stronger hurricanes. We saw in this in 2004 and 2005.4。
极地冰川融化的英语作文
极地冰川融化的英语作文Title: The Melting of Polar Ice Caps: A Global Concern。
The phenomenon of polar ice cap melting has become an increasingly pressing issue in recent years, drawing attention from scientists, policymakers, and the general public worldwide. The polar regions, particularly theArctic and Antarctic, are experiencing unprecedented ratesof ice loss, posing significant environmental, economic,and societal challenges. In this essay, we will delve into the causes, consequences, and potential solutions toaddress the alarming trend of polar ice cap melting.First and foremost, it is essential to understand the primary drivers behind the melting of polar ice caps. Climate change, predominantly driven by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, is the leading cause of ice loss in these regions. The emission of greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane, traps heat in the Earth'satmosphere, leading to a rise in global temperatures. As a result, the polar ice caps are experiencing accelerated melting, with rising air and ocean temperatures causing glaciers and ice sheets to shrink at an alarming rate.The consequences of polar ice cap melting are far-reaching and profound, with implications for the environment, ecosystems, and human societies across the globe. One immediate effect is the rise in sea levels, as melting ice sheets contribute to the influx of water into the world's oceans. This phenomenon threatens coastal communities, habitats, and infrastructure, exacerbating the risk of flooding and erosion. Furthermore, the loss of ice cover disrupts marine ecosystems, affecting species that rely on ice for breeding, feeding, and migration.Moreover, the melting of polar ice caps has significant implications for global climate patterns, with potential repercussions for weather systems, ocean currents, and precipitation distribution. Changes in the Arctic, for instance, can influence atmospheric circulation patterns, leading to altered weather conditions in distant regions.These disruptions can have profound implications for agriculture, water resources, and human livelihoods, particularly in vulnerable communities.In addition to environmental concerns, the melting of polar ice caps also has geopolitical and socioeconomic implications. The Arctic, in particular, has emerged as a focal point for geopolitical competition, as melting ice opens up new opportunities for shipping routes, resource extraction, and territorial claims. This has prompted concerns about sovereignty disputes, environmental degradation, and the impact on indigenous communities living in the region.Addressing the challenge of polar ice cap melting requires concerted efforts at the local, national, and international levels. One crucial aspect is mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, and implementing policies to reduce carbon emissions. Additionally, efforts to protect and conserve polar ecosystems, including marine reserves and protected areas,are essential to safeguarding biodiversity and mitigating the impacts of climate change.Furthermore, adaptation measures are necessary to prepare for and respond to the consequences of polar ice cap melting. This includes investing in infrastructure resilient to sea-level rise, implementing early warning systems for extreme weather events, and supporting communities vulnerable to climate-related displacement. International cooperation is also vital, as addressing the global challenge of climate change requires collective action and shared responsibility among nations.In conclusion, the melting of polar ice caps represents a critical issue with far-reaching implications for the environment, economy, and society. Climate change, driven by human activities, is the primary driver of ice loss in these regions, necessitating urgent action to mitigate emissions and adapt to the impacts. By working together at all levels, we can address the challenge of polar ice cap melting and strive towards a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.。
全球变暖 Global Warming 英语作文
Global WarmingGlobal warming is a rising temperature problem in the world. Due to some natural and human influences pollution, this problem is being bigger day by day. The main reason for global warming is deforestation.A large number of countries are being deforested day by day. It is being the biggest reason for too much hot weather. There are some natural reasons too, the biggest reason is the climate is changing continually. The greenhouse effect is another reason behind it. We all need to be aware of his problem. If people become aware enough and start planting more and more trees, we might overcome this problem.全球变暖就是全球温度上升。
由于某些自然和人为因素的污染，这个问题日益严重。
全球变暖的主要原因是森林砍伐。
大量国家每天都在砍伐森林。
这是天气炎热的最大原因。
也有一些自然原因，最大的原因是气候在不断变化。
温室效应是其背后的另一个原因。
我们都需要意识到它的问题。
如果人们意识到得足够多，并开始种植越来越多的树木，我们可能会克服这个问题。
Global WarmingIn the past, scientists have been skeptical of blaming increasingtemperatures on global warming. As we head into future ventures of technology and ingenuity, the science community has steadily stepped on board with the Environmental Protection Agency and other believers in global warming to do something about it. Like never before, scientists are seeing growth rates of increased climate change.Melting polar ice-caps, the collapse of vegetation and wildlife, and violent surges of hurricanes more rampant in the past are all concerning reasons to understand how climate change can affect so many facets on planet earth. Global warming doesn’t just mean the earth’s getting warmer. Global warming’s massive impact on social, economic, and physical health are areas for great distress.过去，科学家一直怀疑将温度升高归咎于全球变暖。
初二保护环境英语作文带翻译
过了好长时间一些用废弃物做的装饰品展现在了大家面前。阿姨说：“这样做既保护了环境，又能把家里装扮得更漂亮，真是一举两得!”
我不禁怀疑，这是当初那清澈的小河?而回答我的提问的就是那一个个冒着浓烟的大烟囱。
环境的破坏还不止这些，许多人为了钱从而大量的砍伐树木，导致水土流失，而让沙漠有机可乘，要知道地球正以惊人的速度沙化。
不仅如此，温室效应也越来越严重，每年就平均升温2摄氏度;而喜马拉雅山。南极。北极也正以每年2厘米的高度融化。请大家设想一下如果那些冰山全融化了，那么整个地球不就成了汪洋大海了吗?
让我们携起手来，共同保护环境，不要让淡水变成污水，保护环境，是我们共同的责任。下面是小编给大家精心挑选的初二保护环境英语作文带翻译，希望大家喜欢!供你参考和阅读!
初二保护环境英语作文篇1
With the rapid development of industry, the living environment is becoming worse and worse. Just looked up to see it covered with a thick layer of the sky, originally that is missing on the bottom of river, instead of carrying sewage, floating garbage of the river.
freeze的形容词形式
freeze的形容词形式形容词形式：1. Frozen: 当物体的温度降到低于冰点时，我们可以用"冻结"或"frozen"来形容。
例如："The lake was frozen solid in the winter." （在冬天，湖面结冰了。
）"My toes were frozen after waiting outside in the cold." （在寒冷的外面等待后，我的脚趾冻僵了。
）2. Chilled: 这个形容词形式可以用来形容物体处于低温状态或表达寒冷的感觉。
例如："We enjoyed chilled drinks on a hot summer day." （在炎热的夏天，我们喜欢喝冷饮。
）"The chilled wind made me shiver." （寒风使我颤抖。
）3. Frosty: 这个形容词用来形容低温环境中的结霜或冰冻表面。
例如："The window pane was covered with frosty patterns." （窗玻璃上覆盖着冰花图案。
）"The ground was frosty, making it slippery to walk." （地面很冰冻，行走时很容易打滑。
）4. Icy: 形容"冰冷的"，可以用来描述物体的表面或感觉。
例如："The roads were icy after the snowfall, making driving difficult." （下雪后，道路很结冰，开车很困难。
）"Her voice had an icy tone, showing her anger." （她的声音带有冰冷的语气，显示她的愤怒。
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CAUSES
• geological changes
• seasonal changes
• global warming
geological changes
• The causes for these changes can be explained by Milankovitch Cycles. The cycles proposed by him take into account orbital shapes (eccentricity 偏心率), axial tilt轴倾角 (obliquity倾角), axial precession 岁差, apsidal precession and orbital inclination倾角. • All these factors, when combined, affect the conditions on the planet in the long term and it causes ice ages at different times. During an ice age the ice caps increase in size and they retreat when an ice age ends. These changes occur over a period ranging from thousands to millions of years.
Global Warming
There are many causes of the melting of the polar ice caps and global warming, some of which are natural. However, the activities of man are responsible for much of the rapid change that scientists are seeing. Humankind engages in a multitude of activities that have accelerated the process of global warming.
• However, the forests around the planet have a protective purpose, because they produce oxygen that reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When forests are slashed and burned, carbon emissions skyrocket猛涨. Both the act of burning these organic materials and the loss of the trees speed up global warming.
polar ice cap polar ice cap melting
effects causes solutions
How do they form?
• At higher latitudes, the earth doesn’t receive much sunlight and, therefore the temperatures remain low for most part of the year, thus the water can’t remain in liquid form and it solidifies i.e. turns into ice.In case of our own
• The Ice Is Melting
• By BAN KI-MOON • Published: September 17, 2009 New York Times
• Two weeks ago, I visited the Arctic. I saw the remains of a glacier that just a few years ago was a majestic(宏伟的) mass of ice. It had collapsed. Not slowly melted — collapsed. I traveled nine hours by ship from the world’s northernmost settlement to reach the polar ice rim. In just a few years, the same ship may be able to sail unimpeded（畅通无阻的） all the way to the North Pole. The Arctic could be virtually icefree by 2030.
Effects of melting
• The Arctic could see ice-free summers by the end of the 21st century if the current rate of ice cap shrinking continues, according to the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). The largest block of ice in the Arctic is breaking into pieces, and the summer polar ice cap has shrunk some 20 percent since 1979. Melting ice caps affect local residents and wildlife, and could have a farreaching impact worldwide through rising sea levels and global temperatures
• The overpopulation of the planet is another activity that has accelerated global warming. More people on the planet means there are greater energy requirements, more transportation and increased need for food. Because of thethe amount of people on the planet, plastic goods have been constructed, which are not biodegradable.
• More people also means more cars and more carbon emissions moving into the air. The more people there are, the more room needs to be made for the world’s population, which leads to expansion into wild, natural areas, like forests, which protect the planet’s delicate balance.
• One of the least well-known causes of global warming is deforestation. Because of man’s craving for space, lumber, and beef, many of the planet’s forests have been destroyed. Trees have been cut down to be used for construction, in order to clear room for new developments or houses, and to make room for cattle to graze in order to satisfy the demand for beef, especially in the United States.
seasonal changes
• They are medium-term changes and they occur every year. Every year with the coming of the winter season, the ice caps begin to expand but they melt again with the coming of the summer seasons.
planet: the northern and the southern poles are where the ice caps are located.
• Earth's north pole is covered by floating pack ice (sea ice) over the Arctic Ocean. Portions of the ice that don't melt seasonally can get very thick, up to 3–4 meters thick over large areas, with ridges up to 20 meters thick. One-year ice is usually about a meter thick. The area covered by sea ice ranges between 9 and 12 million km². • The land mass of the Earth's south pole, in Antarctica, is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. It covers an area of about 14.6million km² and contains 25-30 million km³ of ice. Around 70% of the fresh water on the Earth is held in this ice sheet.