医学英语文献选读4修订版答案unit2
学术英语医学Unit2分析解析
Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases
Listening
Listening
• Finding Major Points
– Pausing before starting an important point – Using repetition to emphasize a point – Changing the pitch, volume and rhythm of his/her voice for emphasis – Using introductory phrases to precede an important idea. For instance, “It is essential for you to know …”, “Remember that …” – Use facial gestures or body movement when they are emphasizing a point
Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Topics for presentation
1. What do the two choices imply?
Page 26
Unit 2 Resurgent and Emergent Diseases
Listening
Suggested answers
Key to Task 1 of Listening
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
as incomes rise, health can decline diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and cancer a change in lifestyle / in diet the decline of overall health of a country the local community and the South African government
医学英语文献选读4焦培慧答案
医学英语文献选读4焦培慧答案1、76．—Could you tell me ________the bank?—Turn right and it's on your right. [单选题]* A．how get toB．how to getC．how getting toD．how to get to(正确答案)2、81．Some birds are flying ________ the lake. What a beautiful picture! [单选题] * A．forB．underC．inD．above(正确答案)3、The twins _______ us something about their country. [单选题] *A. told(正确答案)B. saidC. talkedD. spoke4、We _______ swim every day in summer when we were young. [单选题] *A. use toB. are used toC. were used toD. used to(正确答案)5、I saw the boy _______?the classroom. [单选题] *A. enter intoB. enter(正确答案)C. to enter intoD. to enter6、Leave your key with a neighbor ___ you lock yourself out one day [单选题] *A. ever sinceB. even ifC. soon afterD. in case(正确答案)7、Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. [单选题] *A. the, /(正确答案)B. the, theC. the, aD. /, the8、Tom sits _______ Mary and Jane. [单选题] *A. amongB. between(正确答案)C. onD. next9、—Is this ______ football, boy? —No, it is not ______.（）[单选题] *A. yours; myB. your; mine(正确答案)C. your; meD. yours; mine10、Can you _______ this form? [单选题] *A. fillB. fill in(正确答案)C. fill toD. fill with11、The firm attributed the accident to（）fog, and no casualties have been reported until now. [单选题] *A. minimumB. scarceC. dense(正确答案)D. seldom12、30．I want to find ______ and make much money. [单选题] *A．worksB．jobC．a job(正确答案)D．a work13、Jack can speak Japanese, and his brother can _______ speak Japanese. [单选题] *A. tooB. also(正确答案)C. eitherD. as well14、While studying abroad, he financially depended（）his wife. [单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. ofC. toD. from15、Fresh _______ is good for our health. [单选题] *A. climateB. skyC. weatherD. air(正确答案)16、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for17、I’m _______ I must be leaving now. [单选题] *A. afraid(正确答案)B. thinkC. thoughtD. free18、--What’s your _______, Jim Green?--Jim. [单选题] *A. full nameB. first name(正确答案)C. last nameD. family name19、—______ do you play basketball?—Twice a week.（）[单选题] *A. How often(正确答案)B. How muchC. How manyD. How long20、( ) It ___ the Chinese people 8 years to build the Dam. [单选题] *A. took(正确答案)B. costsC. paidD. spends21、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising22、The family will have _______ good time in Shanghai Disneyland. [单选题] *A. theB. a(正确答案)C. anD. /23、She often _______ at 21: [单选题] *A. go to bedB. gets upC. goes to bed(正确答案)D. gets to24、——Have you（）your friend Bill recently? ———No, he doesnt often write to me. [单选题]*A. heard aboutB. heard ofC. heard from (正确答案)D. received from25、Let us put the matter to the vote,（）? [单选题] *A. will youB. can weC. may ID. shall we(正确答案)26、I hope to see you again _______. [单选题] *A. long long agoB. long beforeC. before long(正确答案)D. long27、We haven't heard from him so far. [单选题] *A. 到目前为止(正确答案)B. 一直C. 这么远D. 这么久28、We often go to the zoo _______ Saturday mornings. [单选题] *A. atB. inC. on(正确答案)D. of29、The story has _______ a lot of students in our class. [单选题] *A. attracted(正确答案)B. attackedC. appearedD. argued30、She _______ so much _______ her mother. [单选题] *A. looks; like(正确答案)B. looks; forC. looks; afterD. looks forwards; to。
医学院校大学英语教材答案
医学院校大学英语教材答案Unit 1: Introduction to Medical EnglishExercise 1:1. past medical history2. medical terminology3. anatomy and physiology4. medical specialties5. healthcare professionals6. medical ethics and lawExercise 2:1. b2. a3. d4. c5. eUnit 2: Medical VocabularyExercise 1:1. c2. a3. b4. d5. cExercise 2:1. cardiovascular2. diagnosis3. inflammation4. prescription5. anesthesiaUnit 3: Medical CommunicationExercise 1:1. b2. c3. a4. d5. bExercise 2:1. Taking medical histories and performing physical examinations.2. Explaining medical conditions and treatment options to patients.3. Collaborating with other healthcare professionals in multidisciplinary teams.4. Documenting patient information and maintaining medical records.5. Conducting medical research and publishing scientific papers.Unit 4: Medical ReadingExercise 1:1. True2. False3. True4. False5. TrueExercise 2:1. d2. c3. a4. b5. dUnit 5: Medical WritingExercise 1:2. d3. a4. c5. bExercise 2:1. Introduction: Briefly explain the purpose of the report.2. Methods: Describe the study design, materials, and data collection methods.3. Results: Present the findings of the study, including statistical analysis if applicable.4. Discussion: Interpret the results, compare them with previous research, and discuss implications.5. Conclusion: Summarize the main findings and potential future research directions.Unit 6: Medical ListeningExercise 1:1. c2. b3. a5. cExercise 2:1. An interview with a renowned medical researcher.2. A lecture on the advances in cancer treatment.3. A panel discussion on healthcare policy reforms.4. A patient's testimonial on their recovery journey.5. A webinar on the latest developments in medical technology.Unit 7: Medical SpeakingExercise 1:1. d2. b3. c4. a5. dExercise 2:1. When did you decide to pursue a career in medicine, and why?2. Can you describe a challenging patient case you have encountered and how you managed it?3. How do you stay up-to-date with the latest advancements in your medical specialty?4. What are some ethical issues healthcare professionals face in today's healthcare system?5. Could you share your experience working in a multicultural healthcare team?注意：以上答案仅供参考，具体答案以实际教材为准。
医学学术英语unit2 textA总结
Today, confronted with what have become known as emerging and re-emerging diseases, we know better. In fact, disease-which never really went away. we should revved up our efforts to check infectious diseases, including re-emergent ones. Public awareness of infectious disease needs to be enhanced. More diseases whose worldwide re-emergence should be monitored. We arrive at the realization that world health is indivisible, lists may help public health authorities focus their attention, but their value is limited. That said, they have not been eliminated. Vaccination practices are also at the heart of the diseases. There’s got to be that strong public health infrastructure in place. Once we do, we want to have appropriate prevention and control in place.Prevention is better than cure: Out of a country’s health budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and preventative measures. The rising costs of health care have become an issue for many countries in the world. To deal with this problem, it is recommended that a big part of the state health budget be used for health education and disease prevention instead of treatment. First of all, many kinds of diseases are preventable and preventing a disease is usually much easy than treating it. many kinds of disease could all be effectively prevented if people take measures in an early stage.In addition, health education also pl ays a key role in improving people’s health. By giving people more information about health, countries could help people understand the importance of disease prevention and ways to achieve it. However, emphasizing on disease prevention is not downplaying the significance of medical treatment.In conclusion, we could save money in health care and treat patients more successfully if our country uses more money on health prevention and education.。
UNIT2临床医学英语
Use simple language to explain procedures, risks, and treatment options to patients. Avoid medical jargon that may confuse or intimidate them.
Make connections with other healthcare professionals to exchange ideas, collaborate on projects, and expand your professional development opportunities.
Unit2 Clinical Medical English
目录 Contents
• Clinical Medical English Vocabulary • Clinical Medical English Sentence
Patterns • Clinical Medical English Literature
Share knowledge
Contribute to discussions by sharing your expertise and experiences, and seek opportunities to learn from others.
Build professional network
01
02
03
给出一般性建议
建议您保持充足的休息， 避免过度劳累。
给出具体建议
建议您按时服药，并定期 回诊复查。
给出注意事项
请注意观察病情变化，如 有任何不适，请及时就医。
医学英语文献阅读二翻译
Unit OneText A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in thehistory of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physicianHippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors.Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same- an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science ofmedicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to thebest of the physicians' ability.或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人，尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。
Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath?2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known aboutHippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socratesas well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famousphysician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, calledthe Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises hadconflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and thereforecould not all have been written by him.作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手.3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is stillin question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, whichmakes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless ofwhether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contentsof the oath reflect his views on medical ethics.这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。
医学英语新教程-习题参考答案Unit2
Unit TwoBody Temperature and MetabolismSection A a 55—b 1—f 2—j j 33—i 4—a h 77—c 8—d d 99—e 10—g 6—h Section B Passage 1I. Reading Comprehension 1.What is the normal range of human body temperature? 96.5-99.5ºF (36-38ºC) 2.Describe the pathways of heat loss through the skin. Since the skin covers the body, most body heat is lost from the skin to the environment. The arterioles in the dermis may constrict or dilate to decrease or increase blood flow, thereby decreasing heat loss or increasing loss of heat to the environment. The other mechanism by which heat is lost from the skin is sweating. Small amounts of heat are also lost in what is called “insensible water loss” 3.Explain why the hypothalamus is called the thermostat of the body. The hypothalamus is responsible for the regulation of body temperature, and is considered the “thermostat” of the body. As the thermostat, the hypothalamus maintains the “setting” of body temperature by balancing heat production and heat loss to keep the body at the set temperature. 4.Explain what is meant by metabolic rate and kilocalorie. Metabolic rate is usually expressed as an amount of heat production. The energy available from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal). Kilocalories are also the units used to measure the energy expended by the body. 5—B 6—D 7—A 8—B 9—A 10—D II. Vocabulary Study Part A 1—Vasodilation 2—metabolism 3—Anabolism 4—neurons 5—dehydration 6—hemoglobin 7—catabolism 8—thyroxine 9—digestive 10—peristalsis Part B 1—Transferring 2—saturate 3—fluctuate 4—evaporate 5—radiation 6—encompass 7—humidity 8—generate9—convection 10—disperseIII. TranslationPart A1. At either end of the age spectrum, however, temperature regulation may not be asprecise as it is in older children or younger adults.然而，在年龄段两端的人群，其体温调节精确程度都不如少年或青年人。
医学学术英语课文翻译
医学学术英语课文翻译医学英语文献选读课文译文及部分参考答案Unit1 中医能否治好姚明的伤？1 NBA超级巨星姚明决定回中国寻求传统中医方法治疗他的应力性骨折，这一决定使医生和中医专家们就中医疗法是否有效争论不休。
2 这位27岁，7.6英尺高的休斯顿火箭队全明星中锋，因为左脚的应力性骨折被迫退出了这个赛季。
特别是在连接脚踝和脚掌的足舟骨上有一道裂缝。
3 姚明在上个月初进行了手术，手术时植入了一颗固定骨骼的钢钉。
施行手术的医生表示，手术十分成功。
姚明术后一旦能行走，将会进行积极的康复治疗。
4 这项手术通常需要4个月的术后休息。
但似乎姚明也想借助传统中医方法（中医是一种包括针灸和草药在内的医学体系）加快治疗进度。
周五，美联社报道称姚明已经回到了他的祖国，和中国顶级的中医专家进行了探讨。
5 一些美国医生，比如位于华盛顿特区的乔治・华盛顿大学中的整形外科医生---Robert.J.Neviaser，对这种额外的举动是否会有任何益处表示怀疑。
6 “我很清楚没有任何已知的科学证据表明，中医疗法能对应力性骨折有明显的效果。
”Neviaser说，“我们不太了解针灸，他的价值似乎在对手术麻醉的一种替代，但没有任何数据表明它对医治骨折有好处。
”7 但有些中医专家声称，尽管没有文献证据证明，但中医的方法似乎可以成功的解决姚明的伤痛。
8 “这么做毫无问题，如果我是姚明我也会这样做的。
因为传统西方医学中，除了被动地恢复也没有什么好的办法来治疗应力性骨折。
”Raymond Chang博士说，他是位于纽约的“中西药研究院”的院长。
9 “尽管只凭经验没有研究，传统中医在这种情况下是有用的，作为我们中国人所受教育的一部分，在几乎所有中国人的眼里，它是常见的，且享有盛誉，姚明选择这种疗法实在正常不过。
”Chang博士补充道。
10 应力性骨折十分疼痛，并且难以治愈。
11 和其他骨折不同，应力性骨折并不是一下子发生的。
相反，它是承重骨中脆弱的部分在机械性应力反复作用的的产物，比如那些足部骨骼。
医用英语医学文献翻译4（缺5,9整理版）
医⽤英语医学⽂献翻译4（缺5,9整理版）UNIT 1 TEXT B刷⽛，使⽤⽛线，以及每年2次的⽛齿检查是⼝腔卫⽣保健标准，但是保护你珍珠样洁⽩的⽛齿的好处远⽐我们知道的还要多。
在⼀篇评论⽂章中，塔夫茨⼤学⽛科医学院的⼀个教员破除了常见的⽛科神话，并概述了饮⾷和营养如何影响⼉童，青少年，孕妇，成年⼈和⽼年⼈的⼝腔健康。
误区1：⼝腔卫⽣的不良后果是限制嘴巴准妈妈也许不知道她们所吃的⾷物会影响到胎⼉的⽛齿发育。
在怀孕过程中的营养缺乏也许会使未出⽣的孩⼦在今后的⽣活中更容易出现蛀⽛。
“在14周到4个⽉⼤的时候，缺乏钙，维⽣素D，维⽣素A，蛋⽩质和卡路⾥会导致⼝腔软组织缺损，” Carole Palmer说。
Carole Palmer是，教育学博⼠(EdD)，注册营养师(RD)，塔夫茨⼤学教授，公共健康和社会服务系营养和⼝腔健康推进部的负责⼈。
有数据表明缺乏⾜够的维⽣素B6和B12可能是导致患唇裂和阻碍味觉形成的危险因素。
在童年的时候，最普遍的疾病是蛀⽛，⼤约⽐⼉童哮喘⾼五倍。
“如果⼀个⼉童因为蛀⽛⽽嘴巴受伤，他/她在学校会⽐较难集中注意⼒，⽽且会更喜欢吃容易咀嚼的⾷物，这些⾷物含有的营养往往更少些。
甜甜圈和点⼼这样的⾷物⼤多营养品质低下，含糖量⾼于其他需要咀嚼的富含营养的⾷物，⽐如⽔果和蔬菜，” Palmer说。
“⼝腔并发症与不良的饮⾷习惯会造成认知和⽣长发育问题，以及导致肥胖。
”误区2：吃越多糖，越容易蛀⽛这与你吃了多少糖⽆关，⽽是糖和⽛齿接触的时间有多少。
“⾷物，⽐如慢慢溶解的糖果和苏打⽔在嘴巴⾥停留的时间会⽐较久。
这增加了⽛齿暴露在⼝腔细菌由糖产⽣成的酸中的时间，” Palmer说。
有研究表明，⼗⼏岁的青少年⼤约40%的碳⽔化合物是由软饮料中摄取的。
这些源源不断地软饮料增加了⽛齿腐烂的风险。
⽆糖碳酸饮料和酸性饮料，⽐如柠檬⽔，往往被认为⽐含糖饮料对⽛齿更安全，但是经常⾷⽤的话仍会造成⽛齿釉质脱矿。
医学英语文献选读4答案
医学英语文献选读4答案1、Wang Dong usually gets up at 6:00 _______ he can catch the early school bus. [单选题] *A. as ifB. so that(正确答案)C. untilD. after2、61．How is online shopping changing our way? ? ? ? ? ? life? [单选题] *A．of(正确答案)B．inC．onD．for3、He was born in Canada, but he has made China his _______. [单选题] *A. familyB. addressC. houseD. home(正确答案)4、I _______ no idea of where the zoo is. [单选题] *A. thinkB. getC. have(正确答案)D. take5、14．He is cutting the apple ________ a knife. [单选题] *A．inB．toC．with(正确答案)D．by6、We _____ three major snowstorms so far this winter. [单选题] *A.hadB. haveC. have had(正确答案)D.had had7、_____how to do with the trouble of the computer, Tom had to ask his brother for help. [单选题] *A.Not to knowB.Not knowing(正确答案)C.Not knownD.Not know8、He does ______ in math.（）[单选题] *A. goodB. betterC. well(正确答案)D. best9、Jack would rather spend time complaining than_____the problem by himself. [单选题] *A.solve(正确答案)B.solvedC.solvesD.to solve10、I walked too much yesterday and （）are still aching now. [单选题] *A. my leg's musclesB. my leg muscles(正确答案)C. my muscles' of legD. my legs' muscles11、I _______ to the tape yesterday evening. [单选题] *A. lookB. listenC. listened(正确答案)D. hear12、50．—The sweater is not the right ________ for me.—Well, shall I get you a bigger one or a smaller one? [单选题] *A．priceB．colorC．size(正确答案)D．material(材料)13、He gathered his courage and went on writing music. [单选题] *A. 从事B. 靠······谋生C. 继续(正确答案)D. 致力于14、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off15、In the past, Mary _______ listening to music in her spare time. [单选题] *A. will likeB. likesC. likeD. liked(正确答案)16、Your homework must_______ tomorrow. [单选题] *A. hand inB. is handed inC. hands inD. be handed in(正确答案)17、The book is very _______. I’ve read it twice. [单选题] *A. interestB. interestedC. interesting(正确答案)D. interests18、17．Joe is a good student and he is busy ______ his studies every day. [单选题] *A．inB．with(正确答案)C．byD．for19、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)20、We had a party last month, and it was a lot of fun, so let's have _____ one this month. [单选题] *A.otherB.the otherC.moreD.another(正确答案)21、What surprised me ______ was that he succeeded. [单选题] *A. most(正确答案)B. mostlyC. almostD. at most22、Her （）for writing was that she wished women to get the right to higher education. [单选题] *A. motivation(正确答案)B. motivateC. effectD. concentration23、How beautiful the flowers are! Let’s take some _______. [单选题] *A. photos(正确答案)B. potatoesC. paintingsD. tomatoes24、Now he is _______ his homework. [单选题] *A. busyB. busy with(正确答案)C. busy with doingD. busy does25、_________ along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience. [单选题]*A. TravelB. Traveling(正确答案)C. Having traveledD. Traveled26、He asked for help from his friends who owned a computer company in New York. [单选题] *A. 拥有(正确答案)B. 经营C. 工作D. 了解27、You should stick to your（）and tell him you won' t do the thing. [单选题] *A. principle(正确答案)B. qualityC. contactD. influence28、—I can’t always get good grades. What should I do?—The more ______ you are under, the worse grades you may get. So take it easy!（）[单选题] *A. wasteB. interestC. stress(正确答案)D. fairness29、—How do you find（）birthday party of the Blairs? —I should say it was __________ complete failure．[单选题] *A．a; aB. the ; a(正确答案)C．a; /D．the; /30、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought。
学术英语（医学）课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctorcondition:2、Mrs. Osorio’s·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts aboutMrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.and completely justified ·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent ——request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient whilecompleting documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task at a time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate on two thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computersand human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about 10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of theinfectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:Diphtheria in the former Soviet UnionTB in urban centers like New York CityRising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and controlof emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel fromone country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its levelof virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination. ·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. 'The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:She read articles on websites such as PubMed.She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, andneurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we cantake many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensivefacilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, andthey are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operativeand chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patientCorrect selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, andwill result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control groupTendency to produce comparable groupsGuaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a wholeA poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissueExtremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroupsQuasi-experimentsAdvantages:Control group comparisons possibleReduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to a well-controlledlaboratory setting.Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designs donot use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groupsCohort studiesAdvantages:Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure and outcomeParticular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposureAbility to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:Larger, longer, and more expensiveProne to certain types of biasNot practical for rare outcomesCase-control studiesAdvantages:The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with longperiods between exposure and outcomeTime and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trialsas it is observational in natureDifficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcomeN=1” trials“AdvantagesEasy to manageInexpensiveLimitations：Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole populationWeakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies)The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：Continuous stressPainHardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:Energy and vitalityA certain zip in gaitA warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them.·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:Half-truthFearful fictionsBlatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves.·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensionsBuilding our wellness toolbox slowlyPicturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to changeStriving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spiritTaking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people are caredin hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a newset of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatmentchoices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses, andfacility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like ahospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and startcomfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than havingthe patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes alarge part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapyNotable departure s from standard practice being called “experimental” withl”and “research” carelessly definedthe terms “experimenta2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms .·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seedingthe benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research 5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them·Application:A process rather than signing a written formAdequate information as the premiseA well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence ·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: At the individual level: fairnessAt the social level: distinction between classes。
医学英语文献选读2部分文章全文翻译
医学英语文献选读部分文章全文翻译Unit1 Text B定义和自然的炎症反应当生活组织都受伤了,一系列的变更,这可能会持续几个小时,几天或几周内,发生在和伤病的周围。
这个反应损伤被称为炎症,术语源自拉丁语inflammare意义燃烧.这受伤异常但身体的反应,炎症,是很正常的,如果复杂的、生理的反应——唯一一个可能的情况下的特殊损伤。
炎症反应的性质是首先被约翰亨特(1794),他在研究战伤后,得出结论:infammation本身是不应被视为一种疾病,但从而有利于机体要么暴力或一些疾病”。
许多不同类型的损伤可能引发炎症。
他们可分为如下:(1)物理因素如过度加热或冷却,紫外线和电离辐射或机械创伤。
(2)化学物质,包括各种细菌毒素。
(3)过敏反应。
反应的抗体或敏感的淋巴细胞和细菌或其他抗原可以释放物质的机制导致过敏炎症反应.(4)微生物感染中是一个非常重要的原因的炎症反应。
微生物在几个方面可能会伤害到组织——的释放将外——或者endo -毒素,通过超敏反应机制或细胞内乘法紧随其后的是细胞死亡中看到许多病毒感染。
(5)坏死的组织几乎任何原因导致释放物质诱发炎症在邻近的生活组织。
(6)反应在受伤后的头几个小时,一般印象和广泛不同的损伤缺陷引起simlilar最初反应-急性炎症反应。
炎性病变的性质通常是suffixitis所表示的。
因此发炎的阑尾是阑尾炎,肝肝炎等。
偶尔会有一些异常历史。
肺部炎症传统上是肺炎,而不是肺炎以及不pleuritis胸膜炎的胸膜。
急性和慢性的术语指响应的时间。
急性炎症持续几天或几周;慢性炎症持续数周、数月甚至数年。
炎性反应通常是有益的,事实上它是根本的在对抗大多数感染和限制的有害影响的许多有毒因子。
但是,事情并非总是有利的。
在许多情况下破坏的组织或其他意料之外的效果是由于不破坏代理,但一个或其他方面的受伤的身体反应。
例如在急性炎症喉部可能有足够的炎性肿胀来阻止气道,导致死亡的窒息。
在阿尔都反应和当地应对某些蜱虫叮咬,坏死的组织是由于物质的解放polymorphonuclear白细胞的累积损伤的部位的炎症反应的一部分:这种坏死并没有出现在动物的血液白细胞剥夺由之前的治疗与骨髓毒药如氮芥。
医学英语文献选读2 Unit4课后习题答案
医学英语文献选读2 Unit4课后习题答案1、 What attitude have great thinkers taken toward the human body?A、 they have been curious about its functions and actions.B、they have been satisfied with the little knowledge known to man.C、 they have shared the same belief with average persons.D、they have regarded knowledge of the human body as taboos.2、The second paragraph implies that_____.A、all people basically take the same approach to the study of the body.B、 all approaches toward the study of body are scientific.C、 a valid study of the body requires a sound knowledge of anatomy and physiology.D、anatomy and physiology are all we need to know to understand the body.3、The studies of the cell probably do not include___.A、its structureB、 its functionsC、its perpetuationD、its origin4、What is true of the cell membrane?A、 it is one of the two main parts of the cell.B、 it is surrounded by the cytoplasm.C、it forms an impassable wall to all materials.D、 it only allows certain materials in and out.5、 Organelles are involved in all of the following cell activities except_____.A、 the changing of food into energyB、 the reproduction of cellsC、 the making of proteinD、 the provision of nutrients6、Which of the following is probably a common characteristic of cells?A、 They are highly mobile.B、They function when basic needs are met.C、 They make special chemicals.D、 They have extremely thin membranes.7、Cells making up one type of tissue _____.A、are identicalB、are similar in appearanceC、share certain features and perform similar functionsD、receive and conduct impulses8、 Different categorizations of organ systems are mentioned to show that_____.A. organ systems are often dependent on each otherB. organ systems operate in different waysC. Gray's Anatomy is no longer used by medical studentsD. organ systems should be organized under new titles答案：ACDDBBCA。
医学人文英语教程答案
Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addition to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略）Translate the following sentences into English.1.Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluidsin itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, different mixture of which leads todifferent temperaments.2.In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studiedmedicine under his father from his early age.3.Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cureddiseases by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4.It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of humantemperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5.Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were required to take an oath onmedical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as "father of medicine” in the West.6.As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics thatdoctors are required to comply with. Furthermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching.2.①TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.②the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.3.①the methodological quality of trials is low.②Most of these trials are published in Chinese, inaccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews.③Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the universe consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treatment aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2 Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1.integration2.kept pace with3.adopts4.In view of5.effectiveness6.ultimate7.acquiring8.attributes9.shifts10.encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7.Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline ofhumanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8.Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higherdemands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9.Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as wellas a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10.It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.11.The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academicdoctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12.The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students' initiative andenthusiasm to learn, but also enhanced the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13.In spite of its great progress, our country’s medical education still fails to keep pace withsocial progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and healthreform.Translate the following passage/sentence into Chinese.1.过去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。
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医学英语文献选读4修订版答案unit2
1、A?pen _______ writing. [单选题] *
A. is used to
B. used to
C. is used for(正确答案)
D. used for
2、33．Will Mary's mother ______ this afternoon? [单选题] *
A．goes to see a film
B．go to the film
C．see a film(正确答案)
D．goes to the film
3、He used to get up at six in the morning,（)? [单选题] *
A. used he
B. did he
C. didnt he (正确答案)
D. should he
4、If you know the answer, _______ your hand, please. [单选题] *
A. put up(正确答案)
B. put down
C. put on
D. put in
5、Stephanie _______ going shopping to staying at home. [单选题] *
A. prefers(正确答案)
B. likes
C. prefer
D. instead
6、75．Why not________ for a walk? [单选题] *
A．go out(正确答案)
B．to go out
C．going out
D．goes out
7、81．Some birds are flying ________ the lake. What a beautiful picture! [单选题] * A．for
B．under
C．in
D．above(正确答案)
8、95--Where and when _______ you _______ it? [单选题] *
A. did; buy(正确答案)
B. do; buy
C. have; bought
D. will; buy
9、My daughter is neither slim nor fat and she’d like a _______ skirt. [单选题] *
A. large
B. medium(正确答案)
C. small
D. mini
10、He’s so careless that he always _______ his school things at home. [单选题] *
A. forgets
B. leaves(正确答案)
C. puts
D. buys
11、( ) ____ eye exercises ___ good __ your eyes. [单选题] *
A. Doing, is, for(正确答案)
B. Doing, are, for
C. Do, is, for
D. Do, are, at
12、25．—I ______ Beijing for a holiday.—________. [单选题] *
A．will go；Goodbye
B．will go；Have a good time(正确答案)
C．will go to；Have a good time
D．am going to；Have a fun
13、—Judging from ____ number of bikes, there are not many people in the party.—I think so. People would rather stay at home in such _____ weather. [单选题] *
A. the, a
B. a, /
C. the, /(正确答案)
D. a, a
14、His mother’s _______ was a great blow to him. [单选题] *
A. died
B. dead
C. death(正确答案)
D. die
15、—______ is it from your home to the bookstore?—About 15 kilometers.（）[单选题] *
A. How far(正确答案)
B. How much
C. How long
D. How many
16、_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. [单选题] *
A.Although
B.While
C.If(正确答案)
D.Until
17、Mr. Brown ______ the football match next week.（）[单选题] *
A. is seeing
C. saw
D. is going to see(正确答案)
18、If you want to _______, you’d better eat more healthy food and do more exercise. [单选题] *
A. keep fat
B. keep calm
C. keep healthy(正确答案)
D. keep on
19、The three guests come from different _______. [单选题] *
A. country
B. countrys
C. countryes
D. countries(正确答案)
20、You must pay more attention to your pronunciation. [单选题] *
A. 词汇
B. 拼写
C. 发音(正确答案)
21、Our teacher was very happy because _______ failed the exam. [单选题] *
A. somebody
B. anybody
C. nobody(正确答案)
D. everybody
22、The work will be finished _______ this month. [单选题] *
A. at the end
B. in the end
C. by the end
D. at the end of(正确答案)
23、Alice is fond of playing ____ piano while Henry is interested in listening to ___ music. [单选题] *
A. the, /(正确答案)
B. the, the
C. the, a
D. /, the
24、28．The question is very difficult. ______ can answer it. [单选题] *
A．Everyone
B．No one(正确答案)
C．Someone
D．Anyone
25、（）, it would be much more sensible to do it later instead of finishing it now. [单选题] *
A. Finally
B. Mildly
C. Actually(正确答案)
D. Successfully
26、4．—Alice’s never late for school.—________. [单选题] *
A．So am I.
B．So was I.
C．Neither am I. (正确答案)
D．Neither have I.
27、Her ideas sound right, but _____ I'm not completely sure. [单选题] *
A. somehow(正确答案)
B. somewhat
C. somewhere
D. sometime
28、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *
A. worthless
B. worthy(正确答案)
C. worthwhile
D. worth
29、It is important for us _______ English well. [单选题] *
A. learn
B. learning
C. to learn(正确答案)
D. learned
30、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *
A. cute
B. strong
C. fast(正确答案)
D. clever。