化学专业英语
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unite 1. Inorganic chemistry
1.1 what is chemistry
(1). 重点专业词汇讲解:
Chemical: adj . 化学的、化学药品
Transformation: 变化,化学转变,转化
Dye: n. 染料染色,或者vt. 染
Charcoal: ['tʃɑkəʊl] 木炭
Cellulose :纤维素细胞的['seljʊləʊz; ]
Fat:n. 脂肪肥肉adj . 肥大的
alkalis:碱adj . 碱性的
glycerin: 甘油丙三醇
alkalis: n. 碱金属
alloy: 合金使成合金
bronze:青铜色的n. 青铜(铜和锡的合金)
brass:[brɑs] n. 黄铜(铜和锌)
要求学生会区别黄铜及青铜的不同翻译
Poison:毒物毒药t. 毒害放毒下毒
Proton:n. 质子
Nulei: n. 核(nucleus的复数形式)['njuklɪəs]
Identical : adj . 同一的
Chirality n. 手性手征和Handeness的区别
Amino acid :n. 氨基酸
Alanine: n.丙氨酸
2. 课文中重点词组(phrase)
Chemical change: 化学变化physical change:物理变化
Explore: 探险研究research investigate study
Isolate: 分离chemical bonds 化学键chemical reaction:化学反应
Natural substance 天然物质
Coke :焦炭carbon monoxide 一氧化碳Carbon Dioxide 二氧化碳
Chemical bond 化学键fundamental principle 基本原理
The periodic table of elements :元素周期表numbers of protons 质子数atomic number 原子序数covalent bonds 共价键positive 正阳性negative 负阴性
3. 课文中重点句子
The first and most important principle is that chemical substances are made up of molecules in which atoms of various elements are linked in well-defined ways. 需要着重给学生讲解
第一条也是最重要的原理是化学物质是有分子组成的,分子中的不同元素的原子是以一定的方式连接在一起的。
Covalent bonds, in which two atoms are held together by a pair of electrons shared between them, are the bonds that hold the atoms of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen togahter in cellulose.
对于共价键,两个原子靠它们之间公用的一对电子把它们连接在一起。
例如纤维素中连接碳原子、氧原子和氢原子的键就是共价键。
1.2 more about chemistry as the useful Science
Composite:合成的,复合的。
复合物composite compound 复合物
Polyester: 聚酯poly- 多、聚、多个等
Superconductor:超导体super-
Resistance:电阻friction:摩擦力
Contamination 污染污染物additive 附加的添加剂
Antioxidant 抗氧化剂anti- 抗、防反对
其他词汇有兴趣的可以掌握。
1.3 the atomic theory and the periodic table
(1)重点词汇的学习
Atomistic :原子论的particulate: 微粒微粒的
Alchemical:炼金术的precious metal:贵金属
Revision:修订conservation:保存守恒
Peroxide:过氧化物proton 质子
Neutron:中子subatomic 亚原子的次原子的nucleus 核子alchemist:炼金术士empirical 经验主义的实验式
Atomic number 原子序数periodic table 周期表alkaline 碱性的碱的碱性
Inert 惰性的noble 贵金属
1.5 nomenclature of inorganic compound
(1)重点词汇的学习
Nomenclature :命名法术语
Nonmetallic:非金属的adj . 非金属物质
Suffix: 词尾, 后缀
Prefix: 前缀,词头。
t. 添以词头
Binary : 二进位的二元的adj. 二双。
Electropositive element: 阳元素,电正性元素。
Electronegative element 电负性元素。
Stem: 词干。
(2)短语词组:需要掌握
Inorganic compound 无机化合物
Positively charge : 带正电性的
Binary compound 二元化合物
Metal and nometal 金属和非金属
表示什么化的……element 加ide 例如boride 硼化chloride 氯化
Variable oxidation number 可变氧化数
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
国际纯粹与应用化学会
Roman nuberal 罗马数字
Chloride ion 氯离子
Molecule 分子
Carbon monoxide 一氧化碳
Carbon dioxide 二氧化碳
Momo= 1 tetra=4 deca=10
Di=2 penta=5
Tri=3 hexa=6
Hydroxide 氢氧根cyanide 氰根离子ammonium 铵根离子
Polyatomic ion多原子离子
Acid 酸
Dissolve 溶解property 性质
Formula 分子式
(3)重点句子:
Binary compound in which the electropositive element has a fixed oxidation state
The majority of these compound contain a metal and a nometal . the chemical name is composed of the name of the metal ,which is written first , followed by the name of the nometal, which has been modified to an identifying stem plus the suffix ide
翻译:二元化合物仅含两种不同的元素。
它们的名字由两部分构成:电正性元素的名称及紧接在其后的电负性元素的名称,电负性元素的名称经修改后以ide结尾。
Binary compound containing two nometals:The chemical bond that exists between two nometals is predominantly covalent. In a covalent compound , positive and negative oxidation numbers are assigned to the elements according to their electronegativities. The most electropositive element is named first.
翻译:存在于两种非金属之间的化学键主要是共价键。
在共价化合物中,根据元素的电负性来指定元素的正氧化数和负氧化数。
电正性的元素命名在先。
Unit 3 organic chemistry
14 nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons and their radicals
(1)saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbon and univalent radicals 饱和直链烷烃和烷基的命名(掌握)
(2)saturated branched-chain compound and univalent radicals饱和支链化合物及其一价基团的命名(掌握)
(3)烷烃命名的规则the 8 rules of nomenclature (掌握)
(1)重点词汇的学习
Hydrocarbon 烃碳氢化合物
Radical:基团
Unbranched 无支链的
Acyclic hydrocarbons 无环烃
Methane 甲烷
Alkyls 烷基类链烃基化合物
Univalent 单价的一价的
Substituent 取代取代的
Alphabetical 以字母顺序的,字母的
(2)重点句子的翻译
Rule 1.2 Univalent radicals derived from saturated unbranched acyclic hydrocarbons by removal of hydrogen from a terminal carbon atom are named by replacing the ending “-ane” of the name the hydrocarbon by “-yl” . the carbon atom with the free valence is numbered as 1. as a class , these radicals are called normal or unbranched chain,alkyls,
翻译:从饱和直链碳氢化合物的一个终端碳原子去掉一个氢原子后所得到的一价基团的命名是将该碳氢化合物名称中的“ane”改为“yl”。
具有自由键的碳原子编号为1. 作为这一类,这些基团称为正碳链或直链烷基。
15 nomenclature of saturated hydrocarbons and their radicals
(1)unsaturated compounds and univalent radicals 不饱和化合物及其一价基团的命名(2)不饱和化合物的命名规则the 5 rules of nomenclature (掌握)
重点词汇:
Alkene: 烯烃链烃
Alkadiene: 链二烯
Alkatriene: 三烯烃
Ethylene 乙烯乙烯基
Allene: 丙二烯
Acetylene: 乙炔电石气
Ethynyl:乙炔基
Vinyl: 乙烯基
Allyl: 烯丙基
Isopropenyl: 异丙烯基
重点句子:
Unsaturated unbranced acyclic hydrocarbons having one double bond are named by replacing the ending “-ane” of the name of the corresponding saturated hydrocarbon with the ending “-ene”
重点讲解的内容:
one double bond: - ane ene ethylene:['eθili:n]
one triple bond : -ane yne propyne ['prəupain] butyne 丁炔
hydride: ['haidraid] 氢化物
acetylene: [ə'setili:n] 乙炔电石气
locant: 位次
rule-4 2 or 3 choice
(1). maximum carbon atom number
(2) maximum number double bonds
(3) lowest possible number of double triple bonds locant
summary:
Butane:['bju:tein]
Butene ['bju:ti:n] 1-丁烯
Butyne
16. nomenclature of other organic compounds
(1)unsaturated compounds and univalent radicals 不饱和化合物及其一价基团的命名(掌握)
(2)不饱和化合物的命名规则the 5 rules of nomenclature (掌握)
重点词汇:
Alcohol:美['ælkəhɔl] 酒精乙醇,醇
Infix: 美['ɪn'fɪks] 插入中缀
Ketone: 美['kiton] 酮
Aldehyde: 美['ældə,haɪd] 醛
Carboxylic [,kɑrbɑk'sɪlɪk] 羧酸的
Ether: ['i:θə] 醚乙醚
Ester:['estə] 酯
Amine:[ə'mi:n, 'æmin] 胺
Amide: ['æmaid] 酰胺
phthalate :['θæl,eɪt] . 邻苯二甲酸酯;邻苯二甲酸
sulfonic acid: [sʌl'fəunik] 磺酸
alkane: ['ælkein] 链烷
diol: ['daiəul] 二醇
methanol:['meθənɔl] 甲醇
unambiguous:[ʌnæm'bigjuəs] 清楚的明白的
讲解的重点内容:
Alcohol:R-OH 链烷去除“e”中间为+数字中缀+ suffix “ol”Example:CH3CH2CH2OH 丙-1-醇propan-1-ol
CH2OHCH2OH 乙-1,2-二醇ethane-1,2-diol
优先权时:“H ydroxy”2-hydroxypropanoic acid
Functional group: 官能团
Ketone: R-CO-R : 链烷Pentane: ['pentein] 戊烷
Example:CH3CH2CH2COCH3 Pentan-2-one Benzophenone: [benzəu'finəun] 苯甲酮
Acetone:['æsitəun] CH3COCH3 propan-2-one
优先权时:“oxo” 3-oxohexanal 3-氧代己醛
Aldehyde: R-CHO ethanal: [eθə'næl] aldehyde carbon “1’CHOCH2COOH 3-oxopropanoic acid 3-氧代丙酸
羰基碳不在碳链上(环醛)前缀:乙酰或后缀:卡巴醛
6. carboxylic acid
CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH Pentanoic acid 戊酸
Benzene:['benzi:n] 苯benzoic [ben'zəuik] 苯甲酸
Ether:R-C-R CH3COCH2CH3 methoxyethane 甲乙醚
alkyl ['ælkil] 烷基烃基
ester:CH3CH2 CH2 CH2COOCH3 methyl pentan oate oic
乙酸乙酯:ethyl acetate
Cation:['kætaiən] 阳离子
Unit 4 physical chemistry
18. the first law of thermodynamics (1)让学生掌握一些常见的物理化学专业术语
(2)学生能够理解热力学第一定律的英语表达
a.重点词汇vocabulary
thermodynamics 热力学
macroscopic 宏观的肉眼可见的
entropy 熵
organism 有机体生物体微生物
isothermal 等温的等温线
adiabatic 绝热的隔热的
density:密度
calorie 卡路里calorimeter 热量计
infinitesimal 无穷小的
kinetic:[ki'netik; kai-] 动力学
system 系统
surrounding 环境
in an open system 开放体系
in a close system 密闭系统
in an isolated system 孤立系统
an adiabatic system 绝热系统
heat 热disorderly motion energy 能
work工orderly motion
internal energy:内能
kinetic and potential energy 动能和失能、
state function 态函数
thermodynamic calculation 热力学计算
path function 过程函数
extensive or intensive property 广度或强度性质
temperature density
mass amount of substance volume
pressure
the fist law of thermodynamics 热力学第一定律
the conservation of energy 能量守恒定律
initial and final state
heat capacity 热容
重点句子:
Thermodynamics is a macroscopic science, and its most fundamental level is the study of two physical quantities , energy and entropy.
热力学是一门宏观科学,它在最基本的水平上对能量和熵两个物理量进行研究。
Thermodynamics determines the potential for chemical change, not the rate of chemical change-that is the domain of chemical kinetic. furthermore, because it is such a common(and confusing) misconception that the potential for the change depends upon the release of energy, it should also be noted that it is not energy,but entropy which is the final arbiter of chemical change. 热力学决定一个化学变化的潜能,而不是化学变化的速度,化学变化的速度是动力学研究的范畴。
化学变化的潜能取决于释放出的能量,这是一个通常(很容易混淆)的错误的概念,我们应当注意到熵才是化学变化的最终仲裁者,而不是能量。
19. spontaneity,enthalpy, and entropy
2. 教学重点及难点
(1)让学生掌握一些常见的物理化学专业术语
(2)学生能够理解热力学第二定律的英语表达
a. 重点词汇vocabulary
spontaneity:自发性
enthalpy:焓
entropy:熵
surrounding环境
potential energy 动能
kinetic energy 动能
combustion:燃烧
exothermic: [eksəuθə:mik] 放热的
evolve 进展生成
stopcock:活塞
endothermic: [endəʊθɜ:mɪk] 吸热的
randomness: 随机性
disorder:混乱度
thermodynamic 热力学的
state function :状态函数
conserve:守恒保存
flask:瓶子长颈瓶
重点词组:
a resting place: 静态
molecule molecular system 分子体系
spontaneous process 自发过程
evacuate:抽空排空
ice cube:冰块冰融化空调冰箱水泵提重物铁生锈
锌和硫酸铜等碳酸钙分解高温
The second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律
重点句子:
In fact,the change that occurs in the surrounding cause an increase in the entropy of the surroundings that occur in the surroundings that occurs in the system and that in the surroundings (which is the entropy change in the universe caused by that process)must be positive.
翻译:事实上,环境发生变化引起环境的熵增,这个熵增比体系的熵减值更大,并且环境的熵变(它是由该过程引起的宇宙的熵变)一定是正值。
No process that produce order (low entropy)in a system can proceed without producing an even large disorder(high entropy) in its surroundings.
翻译:使体系变得有序(熵减)的过程如果没有在环境中产生更大的无序(熵增)是不可能进行的。
Title: Removal of Nltrogen Monoxide through a Novel Catalytlc Process. 1. Decomposltion on Excessively Copper Ion Exchanged ZSM-5 Zeolites
Masakazu Iwamoto,* Hidenori Yahiro, Kenji Tanda, Noritaka Mizuno, Yosihiro Mine, and Sbuichi Kagawat
[J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 3727-3730]
Abstract: Repeated ion exchange of the ZSM-5 zeolite using aqueous copper(I1) acetate solution was found to bring about excess loading of copper ions above an exchange level of 100%. The high activity of the resulting catalyst for NO decomposition was consistent for at least 30 h even at short contact time and low NO pressure. The number of copper ions that can adsorb NO molecules has been determined by a temperature-programmed desorption technique combined
with IR measurement; 94% of Cu2+ ions in ZSM-5 were active for the adsorption. The activity of excessively copper ion exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite was slightly reduced by the oxygen in the feed gas while that of the zeolite, of which the loading amount of copper was less than 100%, was greatly diminished under the same condition. SO2 completely poisons the activity at 673-923 K, but the activity can be regenerated at the higher temperature treatment.
标题:通过新型催化法去除一氧化氮。
1.分解过剩铜离子交换ZSM-5型分子筛Masakazu Iwamoto,* Hidenori Yahiro, Kenji Tanda, Noritaka Mizuno, Yosihiro Mine, and Sbuichi Kagawat(作者,没有翻译)
[J.物理学。
化学。
1991年,95,3727-3730]
摘要:研究发现当用水合铜离子溶液反复交换ZSM-5分子筛时,可以导致铜离子的交换程度达到过载100%以上。
所得到的催化剂对于NO的分解活性之高与反应时间为30h的催化率一致,即使在催化剂与NO的接触时间很短且NO的分压很小的情况下。
我们可以借助一个红外探测程序升温解吸技术来测定铜离子对NO分子的吸收效率。
尤其是当ZSM-5分子筛中的Cu2+浓度达到94%的时候催化活性达到最高值。
当分子筛中的原料气含有少量氧气时,过剩铜离子交换ZSM-5型分子筛的吸收NO活性会略有降低,在673-923 K时SO2气体会是催化剂中毒失活,但是在较高温度下该催化剂可被重新处理使之再次具有催化活性。
This work reports improved electrode kinetics of ethanol oxidation on the conducting polymer composite matrix, poly-vinyl carbazole (PNVC) crossed linked with V2O5 and embedded with Pt-Pd nano crystallites. The metal incorporated polymer composite produces much higher current for ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium compared to their carbon supported counterpart. The former also exhibits higher tolerance to CO-poisoning leading to a satisfactory level of ethanol conversion to the end products as estimated by chromatographic analysis. The structure and morphology of the catalysts surface were determined by SEM and XRD analysis. Various electrochemical techniques were employed to evaluate the kinetic parameters related to electro-oxidation of ethanol. Activation energy for the oxidation reaction is remarkably reduced, using the PNVC support, consistently throughout an extended potential region..
这项工作向我们展示了乙醇电氧化反应以导电高分子聚合物(PS:聚乙烯基
咔唑(PNVC)与V
2O
5
交叉同时嵌入 Pt-Pd纳米微晶颗粒)为配合物的电极动力学
研究。
对乙醇电氧化反应来讲,在碱性介质中金属以高分子聚合物作为配合物产生的电流比金属以碳为配合物产生的电流更大。
而且第一种方法也表现出对CO
毒化作用较高的适应度,同时通过色谱分析我们也可以评估出该电极对于乙醇的电氧化程度也可达到一个令人满意的水平。
我们通过电镜扫描分析和X-射线衍射分析可得到催化剂表面的结构和形态。
同时我们运用多种电化学设备对乙醇电催化的动力学参数进行分析。
通过PNVC的支持,乙醇电氧化反应的活化能显著降低,始终维持在一个扩展的潜力区。