考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译(上)
09年真题一 全翻译 上传版
Habits are a funny thing.词汇：永恒褒义词+正评价说“习惯是一件有趣的事情”。
好，咱同学，你记住，考试的时候，如果当你看到这句话的时候，你的第一反应就是把funny这个词圈个圈。
Funny这个词是一个永恒褒义词，什么叫做“永恒褒义词”，就是阅读理解当中，永远没有贬义的含义，并且只要这种词一出现，你就知道，作者对他后面所要讨论的事物呈什么评价？呈正评价。
所以你在首段的首句，随便一个位置上打上一个加号，以后我们的课程中，加号就表示“正评价”。
永恒褒义词举例关于永恒褒义词，在这里给咱同学举个例子，你可以简单地记一下。
只要是以下这类词，都是永恒褒义词：decent，colorful，flexible，enchance, consummate，adventurous具有进取精神一般冒险, flawless, original, precipitate促进；interesting。
然后我在这强调一点：有一词常考，但是它不具有感情色彩，就是significance，这个词没有感情色彩，表示“意义，重要性”，好的东西有好的意义，好的重要性。
坏的东西有坏的意义，坏的重要性。
还有一个词也是很多同学经常混淆的，revolution，这个单词表示“革命”，在中国，“革命”是个褒义词，“反革命”是一个贬义词。
这是因为我们这个国家在建国以前，喜欢革命，热爱革命，所以让这个词富有褒贬色彩；但是在国际上，这个词没有感情色彩，revolution这个词的动词就是revolve，表示“公转”，公转个过程中，新事物取代旧事物，这是大自然和谐的转变，没有什么需要歌颂赞美的东西在里面。
所以名词revolution是一个中性词。
那么你告诉我反革命anti-revolution是什么感情色彩？中性词。
这是国际上的看法，那么咱同学告诉我，考试的时候，你以哪一个说法为准？是以中国说法为准，还是以国际说法为准？以国际说法。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型(下)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年新题型（下）这是一篇人文科学类的文章，文章简要介绍了人类学的起源和发展，以及关于人类学的一些学术分歧，其中主要是伯恩斯和斯宾塞对人类文化起源以及传播的学说分歧。
文章内容十分规范专业，而且专业术语偏多，所以大家在理解过程中会有些困难，但是这个专业的背景知识大家都有所了解，可以很快理解文章内容。
以下是文章中的10个重点词汇，带大家一起学习一下。
1. 15reject [rɪ'dʒɛkt]vt.1.拒绝2.拒纳，退回，摈弃n.被拒货品，不合格产品【词根记忆】：re作为前缀表示“回来”，ject作为词根表示“扔”(扔回来，表示拒绝)。
【真题例句】：Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.鼓励孩子们排斥精神生活，会使他们很容易被利用和控制。
(2004年阅读Text 4)2. 7diffuse [dɪ'fjus]vt.&vi.1.扩散，(使)弥漫 2.传播，散布a.1.(文章等)冗长的，漫无边际的2.四散的，弥漫的【词根记忆】：di=dis表示离开+fus熔→熔开了→扩散【真题例句】：For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. 比如，英国人类学家格拉夫顿·艾略特和W·J·斐瑞在研究资料不足的基础上，错误地指出，农耕、制陶、冶金都源于古埃及，然后传播至全世界。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—阅读Text 2(上)
考研英语〔一〕高频重点单词详解—2012年阅读Text 2〔上〕本文选自?波士顿环球报?(The Boston Globe)，原文标题为Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises,这是一篇关于核电站守信的文章，文章虽然较难，但是后面的题目设置比拟简单，可以在原文中找到答案，但前提是读懂其中的核心关键词。
接下来就让我们一起来学习本篇中的重点词汇。
1. 3 outrage ['aʊtreɪdʒ]n. 1. 义愤，愤慨 2. 暴行 vt. 激起…的义愤，激怒【词根记忆】：out (外面，超出) +rage (生气，愤怒)→特别生气,出离愤怒→义愤，愤慨→对什么事情特别生气→暴行，骇人听闻的事件【真题例句】：The pany, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding mitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 该公司是新英格兰地区的一家主要能源供给商。
它上星期在佛蒙特州激起了愤怒，而且这种愤怒符合情理。
(2012年阅读Text 2)2. 2 abide [ə'baɪd]v. (by) 1. 遵守 2. 坚持 3. 忍受【词根记忆】：a(强调)+bide(咬)→咬牙坚持，咬牙忍受，遵守也是一种坚持→坚持，忍受，遵守【真题例句】：It was reneging on a longstanding mitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. 它将违背“遵守严格的核平安条例〞这一长期许诺。
2009年考研英语一真题答案解析
2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。
47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。
50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。
Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。
20092009年考研英语真题翻译
(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.
(49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life ,we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect ,we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.
2009考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2009 Text 1Paragraph 11、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. 习惯是一种有趣的现象。
我们无意识地养成了一些习惯，将大脑设臵成自动驾驶仪，会不知不觉地在熟悉的日常事物中感到轻松舒适。
1.1 pilot英/'paɪlət/ 美/'paɪlət/n. 飞行员；领航员adj. 试点的v. 驾驶；领航；试用1.2 routine英/ruː'tiːn/ 美/rʊ'tin/n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事adj. 日常的；例行的2、"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication. "这并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人"，这是威廉•华兹华斯于19世纪所说的话。
在现在这个千变万化的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
2.1 unreflecting英/ʌnrɪ'flektɪŋ/ 美/,ʌnri'flektiŋ/adj. 不反射的；不反省的；浅薄的；无思想的2.2 herd英/hɜːd/ 美/hɝd/n. 兽群，畜群；放牧人vt. 放牧；使成群vi. 成群，聚在一起2.3 ever-changing adj. 千变万化的；常变的Paragraph 21、So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
考研英语阅读单词2009年
attach vt. 使依附；贴上；系上；使依恋vi. 附加；附属；伴随by attach依附件；按附件And he had to attach something to dogs so that their saliva would pour out so he could study saliva.他给狗套上了一些装置,来收集狗的唾液用以研究pursuit [pə'sju:t]n. 追赶，追求；职业，工作hot pursuit追钟；热力追踪；紧追；热血追踪pursuit movement 跟随运动；跟踪运动；追随运动pursuit race自行车追逐赛；追逐赛pursuit tracking尾随追踪pursuit reaction追逐反应visual pursuit视觉追踪The pursuit of maximum profit seems destined to prevail.追逐利润最大化似乎注定将会盛行establish [i'stæbliʃ]vt. 建立；创办；安置vi. 植物定植Establish Connection建立链接establish market建立市场Establish Integrity达成完整性call establish调用建立Establish Relationship互相守望Establish Boundaries建立边界establish covenant立约establish on建立在And it really helped establish their music in the business.这确实帮助他们确立了在音乐界的地位。
Preoccupation n. 全神贯注，入神；当务之急；关注的事物；抢先占据；成见Preoccupation involvement卷入preoccupation effect先占效应preoccupation with hands专心于手preoccupation—involvement 全神贯注；聚精会神The deterioration in air quality is a huge preoccupation here.空气质量恶化是香港人们的一个大关注。
考研英语一词多义总结(2009最新版)
考研英语一词多义总结（2009最新版）.txt男人的话就像老太太的牙齿，有多少是真的？！问：你喜欢我哪一点？答：我喜欢你离我远一点！执子之手，方知子丑，泪流满面，子不走我走。
诸葛亮出山前，也没带过兵！凭啥我就要工作经验？? above / beyond: 介词，后面接抽象而不是具体名词时表示“无法做到”，例如：“ above comprehension ”的意思是“无法理解”。
? in the absence of something: “缺少，没有”，用于替代“ in short of ”或者“ be lacking in ”。
? be absorbed in something: “专心从事”。
? abuse: 用在物品词后面表示“过量使用”，用在有生命的事物后面则表示“虐待”。
? have access to something: 这个短语的意思要看后面接的单词是什么，比如“ have access to town ”表示“有道路通往市区”，“ have access to the teacher ”则是“有条件向老师请教”，总之，翻译的时候要灵活处理。
? accessible / available: 形容词，中文的含义同上。
? by accident: 介词词组，属于副词用法”，修饰动作，意思是“偶然”。
? account: 名词，“解释，解说，叙述”。
? account for: 本身是“解释说明”的含义，但在使用的时候可以翻译成“是 … 的原因”。
? acknowledge: “向某个人表示感谢”。
? acquire: 这个词的中文也非常灵活，通常由后面跟随的名词决定，如“ acquire bad habits ”就是“养成坏习惯”的含义。
在商业用语中，该词则表示“吞并”。
? in action: “起作用”。
? adapt: 动词，在科技用语中表示“（将某个领域的研究成果）应用于（另一领域）”。
2009考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2009考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishRead the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning —a gradual 7 —instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I’ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit”carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind”and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’”She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —that anyone can do anything,”explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...”and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.”ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova’s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore –and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,”says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK’s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one’s birth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It’s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force it. After all, that’s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn’t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’tconstrain the ability of the developing world’s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits ”According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans’theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influencein England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane’s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology.43._____________ .Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture.44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures.45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist ?mile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the fittest,”in which weaker races and societies must eventually be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. “White pollution ”is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1) give your opinions briefly and2) make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use"Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English答案解析：1. B.本题考查动词，后面的宾语是“the fruit-fly experiments described…”，suppose表示“假设”，observe表示“观察”，image表示“想象”，Consider“考虑”，代入文中表示“考虑已经被描述出来的实验”，符合语境。
(完整word版)2009研究生英语一翻译汇总
2009研究生英语一翻译汇总(46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.(47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution.(48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.(49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group。
2009年12月真题词汇总结
2009年12月真题词汇总结快速阅读merit－based以学生出色的学业表现为基础的award vt授予；奖给financial adj财政的；金融的；财务的precious adj宝贵的；institutional adj公共机构的; 慈善机构的need－based按需求评定的recruit vt招募；grant n助学金critic n批评pressure v加压；n压力destructive adj破坏性的competition n竞争competitor n竞争者jointly adv共同地；联合地sustain vt支撑；支持break away与…决裂;从…退出complicating adj复杂的tuition n学费blur vt变模糊superior adj优秀的eliminate vt排除,消除,消灭expand vt展开；扩大acknowledge vt承认recommend vt推荐excel vt突出；胜过他人revise vt修改implement vt履行；实施novel adj新的；新颖的；n小说motivation n积极性fierce adj激烈的disqualify vt取消...资格听力recommend vt推荐promote vt推动；推销enhance vt增强；提高；放大promotion n提升responsiibility n职责；责任highly adv非常ambitious adj有野心的；有理想的face up to 勇敢面对limitation n局限；弱点work out锻炼out of shape身体状况不佳terrific adj非常好的pay off清偿债务；取得成功；得到好的结果yield vt产生（效果、收益）；使屈服（to）constructive adj建设性的tutor n家教be laid off被解雇be tired of 讨厌resign vt辞职indifferent adj冷淡的；不关心的register vt注册；申报sign up 注册have a reputation for尽人皆知；以....闻名stressful adj紧张的；压力重的take －away 外卖effective adj 有效的specific adj具体的；明确的factor n因素element n元素；成份actually adv实际上positive adj积极的；正面的aspect n方面inevitable adj不可避免的fascinate vt迷恋；着迷locate vt确定...地点surface n表面form vt形成；essential adj必不可少的primitive adj原始的form n形状resolve vt解决undergo vt经历evolution n进化emergency n紧急状况；突发事件discharge n释放；解雇instruction n用法说明；指示version n版本episode n轶事；插曲communication n语言交流；通讯fast－moving快速移动的impermanent adj不持久的；暂时的facilitate vt使容易；推动motivate vt激励；激发repetitive adj 重复的staff n职员identify vt确认；认为一致reliable adj可靠的arbitrarily adv任意地；专横地humanities n人文学科inform vt通知报告classify vt分类type n类型；型号factual adj真实的；实际的descriptive adj描写的；记述的process n加工；进程appreciation n欣赏；感激context n语境；上下文imply vt暗示；表明image n图像；图片；形象instrument n仪器composition n创作阅读15选10recruit vt征募；招聘establish vt确立；建立session n时间complexity n复杂性aspect n方面analyze vt分析quality n质量contribute vt贡献character n人物；品质；性格quote vt引用unconscious adj无意识的阅读第一篇tense adj紧张的candidate n候选人fascinate vt迷住；使着迷potential adj潜在的prevailing adj占优势的；普遍的；流行的image n形象confidence n信心intelligence n 智慧fascination n魅力possess vt拥有admirable adj令人羡慕的stereotype n成见victim n受害者violence n暴力inferior adj低等的；次的priority n优先考虑的事情；重点outshine vt胜过previous adj以前的distinction n区别；差别阅读第二篇equivalent n相等物adj相等的；相当的competitive adj 竞争的talent flow 人才流动personnel n人员；人事部门budget n预算board n董事会ultimately adv最终fund－raising集资distinctively adv特殊地；区别地rely on依赖于donation n捐赠funding n基金；资金keep pace with 赶上decline n下降；衰退administrator n管理者committee n委员会prominent adj著名的trend n趋势appoint vt任命provost n教务长perspective n正确眼光；看法institution n机构；学校enroll vt招收considerably adv相当地；非常operation n操作；手supervision n监督enhance vt提升；增强faculty n全体教职员术完形填空contribute vt贡献fanancial adj财政的；财务的；金融的approach n态度；方法；方式operate on开刀count on 指望；期望adequate adj 充足的；足够的superior adj上等的；优秀的essential adj必不可少的；本质的regular adj有规律的；定期的budget n预算regulation n规定；规章obstacle n障碍guideline n指导方针；纲领retirement n退休stability n稳定inability n无能pension n抚恤金；养老金identify vt识别instruct vt命令；指示concentration n集中desire n渴望realm n领域；范围intention n意图；打算portion n部分；分配额measure n测量；估量ration n比例；比率mood n心情previously adv以前；事前formerly adv从前；以前adjust to适应transform vt转变yield vt生产；产出unpredictably adv不可预测地unfairly adv不公正地instantly adv立刻available adj现成可用的；可获得的reliable adj可靠的；可信的considerable adj相当的；可观的feasible adj可行的sense of identity 认同感conscience n良心；良知constructive adj建设性的assets n资产；财产ideal n理想。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年Text 2(上)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年Text 2（上）这篇文章是一篇历史类话题的文章，讨论美国的开国元勋们所不为人知的一面---对于奴隶制度的暧昧态度。
他们深知奴隶制的危害，却因文化和政治的原因继续支持奴隶制度的存在。
通过这篇文章我们可以更全面地了解到美国历史。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1.2 transplant [træns'plɑːnt]v. 移植;转移【词根记忆】：trans(=from…to 从…到)+ plant(种植)→移植【短语搭配】：organ transplant 器官移植【真题例句】：So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw--having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.于是，华盛顿雇牙医往他的口腔内移植了九颗牙齿--- 这些牙齿是从他的奴隶的口中拔出的。
2. 4 extract [ˈekstrækt]v. 提炼，提取;摘取，摘录;拔牙【词根记忆】：ex(=out外，出)+ tract(拉，抽)→抽取，提取【真题例句】：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. 你们都多次听说过，科学家是利用归纳法和演绎法工作，从某种意义上来说，他们用这种方法力图找到某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律和自己的某种特有的技能建立他们自己的理论。
考研英语(一)高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译(下)
考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译（下）这是一篇社会生活类教育学题材的文章，来源于John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education，主题围绕“对年轻人的教育”展开。
在试卷中，命题专家对部分句子进行了改写，以符合考研英语的考点。
相对于其他题材而言，教育类话题是更为考生们所熟悉的话题，语言和概念相对容易理解，并不特别抽象难懂。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 2disposition ['dɪspə'zɪʃən]n. 处置;[心理] 性情;[军] 部署;倾向【词根记忆】：dis(否定)+pos(=pose，放置)+ition(名词后缀)→把它放在一边不要→处置→[军] 部署;倾向→[心理] 性情【短语搭配】：differ greatly in disposition 性情不一样【真题例句】：While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 虽然在与年轻人接触中，我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情产生的影响，但是在与成年人打交道时，这种情况就不那么容易发生。
(2009年翻译)2. 1enslavement [ɪn'slevmənt]n. 奴役【词根记忆】：en(使动前缀)+slave(奴隶)+ment(名词后缀)→使成为奴隶的行为→奴役【真题例句】Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 比如，宗教团体的产生是为了祈求神灵庇佑、祛除邪恶，而家庭生活是为了满足欲望并维系家庭长久。
2009年英语一真题翻译
2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Section I Use of English对动物智力的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明。
思考一下卡尔齐默周二发表在科学时代刊物上的文章所描述的果蝇实验。
有些果蝇比普通果蝇聪明，但是寿命较短。
这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长，也表明不亮是灯泡的一个优点。
事实证明，智力是要付出昂贵的代价。
它需要更高的给养、消耗更多的燃料，因为智力依靠的是学习，而学习是一个循序渐进的过程，不是一种本能，所以离开起点时缓慢。
许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
有限的智力是否有适应值呢？这也是我感兴趣的该项研究的课题。
这个实验不是让我们急切地回顾那些被我们划为低智商的物种，而是含蓄在问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。
这就是我们遇到每种动物时的想法。
对动物智力的研究也让我思考，如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类作什么样的实验。
比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。
我们认为如果动物也能进行实验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度，忠诚度，以及对地形的记忆力。
他们会试图判定人类智力的实际用处，而不仅仅是判定人类智力的高低。
最重要的是他们希望研究一个最基本的问题：人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界？对此，目前仍无定论。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1习惯是一件有趣的现象。
我们在无意识的状态下就能形成，使我们的头脑处于自动导航，放松地进入一种无意识的惯性当中。
威廉·华兹华斯曾在19世纪说过“并非选择，但是习惯支配着没有思想的人”。
在千变万化的21世纪，“习惯”这个词却有着消极的含义。
因此在这种情况下把习惯谈作创造力和革新似乎是自相矛盾的。
但是大脑研究者发现人们有意识地培养新的习惯时，我们就创造出一种平行的轨道，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这可以使我们思绪的列车进入一个新的或者创新的轨道上。
2009年考研英语翻译真题解析
2009年考研英语翻译真题解析(一)第一句一、试题题源While it may be said, without exaggeration, that the measure of the worth of any social institution, economic, domestic, political, legal, religious, is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; yet this effect is not a part of its original motive, which is limited and more immediately practical.（48 words）二、考试试题It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive. （33 words）三、译文参考可以说，要衡量任何社会制度的价值，就要看它对扩大和改进经验方面的影响，但是这种影响并不是其原来动机的一部分。
四、翻译讲解1. 整个句子的主干结构是but连接的两个并列句。
2. 第一个并列句这个句子有一个最简单的形式主语结构it may be said，然后有一个基本结构是the measure of …is in its effect in…，可以翻译为“衡量…是看在…中的效果”。
第二个并列句的结构非常简单。
3. 第一个并列句中主语中心词是measure后面带了两个of修饰结构，这种结构是属于考研翻译中考过无数次的结构，请参考94年71题，97年72题，01年74题，02年64题，和07年46题等。
考研英语一2009年真题单词
text1habit 习惯funny 滑稽的; 好笑的; 奇怪的reach for 伸手去取; 伸手拉起mindlessly 无需动脑筋的，机械地auto-pilot 自动驾驶unconscious 无知觉的, 无意识的consciously 有意识地，自觉地comfort 舒服; 安逸; 舒适rule 支配，控制，操纵，规则unreflecting 缺乏思考的herd 人群ever-changing 不断变化的；千变万化的negative 坏的; 有害的; 消极的implication 暗示，含义set sth on sth 调整好（某事物）familiar 熟悉的familiar routine 熟悉的常规routine 常规paradoxical 矛盾的context 上下文，环境，背景，语境creativity 创造力；创造性innovation 创造; 创新discover 发现parallel 极相似的，同时发生的path 路线; 道路entirely 全部地; 完整地; 完全地brain cell 脑细胞track 跟踪，追踪，轨道dismiss 开除；解散dismiss...as... 对...不屑一提unchangeable 不可改变的creature 生物; 动物outside 外部; 外表;周围zone 地区，地带trains of thought 一连串的想法、思路inherently 固有地，内在地workplace 工作场所，职场direct our own change 引导自己的改变creature of habit 凭习惯行事的生物comfort zone 舒适区bother 花费时间精力brother兄，弟rut 辙痕procedure 程序worn wear的过去时磨出（洞），使形成特定习惯deliberately 故意; 蓄意press into 使压成；逼 ... 致使；把 ... 塞入pathway 小路; 路径; 途径fascination 入迷; 着迷decider 决胜局; 决赛decide 决定; 选定possibility 可能; 可能性thinker 思想家;explore 勘探;探索; 考察approach 方法，接近challenge 挑战analytically 分析地procedurally 程序上地relationally 协作地collaboratively 合作地innovatively 创新性地adolescence 青春期;shut down 关闭bypass 绕过，避开don't bother doing sth 别自寻烦恼/费心做某事kill off 使某事物停止，根除fascination 着迷derive from 源于all...but... 除...以外所有的adolescence 青春期preserve 保留，保持valuable 很有用的; 很重要的current 当前的; 现在的emphasis 强调; 重视standardize 标准化highlight 突出; 强调inherently 天性地，固有地break 弄坏; 损坏; 坏掉，打破（某种方式方法）belief 信念；信仰；相信belief system 信仰体系explain 解释; 说明commonness 普通；平凡common通常的，常见的，普遍的comment 评论excellence 优秀; 杰出work through problems 解决问题approach challenge 应对挑战modes of thought 思维方式perpetuate 使持久化，使持续foster 促进，助长，培养come in 在...中起作用，参与casual 随意的mechanical 机动的; 机械的formation 组成; 形成regulate 控制，管理，调整trace 查出; 找到; 发现guide 指引; 指导，引导，导游closest 接近; 靠近series 一系列idea 想法; 构思born 出生; 出世decisiveness 坚决；果断derive 获得; 取得; 得到derive from 来源于fantastic 极好的; 奇异的curiosity 好奇心; 求知欲activate 激活form 出现，产生maintain 维持; 保持; 维修comply 遵从; 服从; 顺从text2wise 明智的，聪明的;boost 增强，使增长paternal 父亲的wisdom 智慧; 才智confirm 确认kit 成套工具shell out 付（账、款）；给，送paternity 父子关系drugstore 药房purchase 购买; 采购chief 最重要的; 首要的operate 运转, 经营的; 营业的officer 官员, 指挥; 管理chief operation officer 首席运营官identigene 识别基因available 可获得的，可购买的prescription 处方，药房，治疗方法over-the-counter 不需处方也可出售的；买卖双方直接交易的dozen 十几个; 十多个; 许多; 很多sell 出让; 转让range 范围popular 受喜爱的; 受欢迎的kinship 血缘关系，亲属关系adoption 采用，领养adopt 采用，领养，接受track down 跟踪追捕，追查biological 生物学的; 生物的relative 相对的，相关的，亲戚latest 最近的; 最新的rage 狂怒，大怒，时尚，流行passionate 热诚的; 狂热的genealogist 系谱学者geographic 地理的；地理学的support 支持，提供require 需要; 依靠collect 收集; 采集; 收藏cell 细胞swab 蘸取saliva 口水observer 观察者; 观测者skeptical 怀疑的; 心存疑惑的false 假的，错误的，虚伪的precision 精确; 准确;hawk 沿街叫卖，兜售，散布consider 考虑，认为either...or.... 或者ancestry 祖先sociologist 社会学家individual 单独的; 个别的ancestor 祖宗; 祖先lineage 世系; 宗系; 家系; 血统chromosome 染色体inherit 继承genetic 基因的;pass down 传递，传下来great-grandparent 曾祖父母great-great-grandparent 高祖父母critics 评论员as good as 和...几乎一样commercial 贸易的; 商业的reference 参考，参照collection 收集物，收藏品sample 样本，样品database 数据库rely 依赖; 依靠systematically 有系统地; 有组织地lump 块, 把…归并一起region 地区，区域addition 加;增加物; 添加物; 增加; 添加; in addition 另外mitochondrial 线粒体的bloodline 血统谱系ancestry testing 祖先，家族检测pass down 传下来，遗传estimate 判断relationship 关系，联系patent 专利权;获得专利权evaluation 估计；评价subject 受...支配，服从于not...but rather 不是...而是...lump together 把...归并一起或合起来考虑peer review 同行评审availability 可用的，可获得的flexibility 灵活性promotion 提升；促进；晋升；促销popularity 受欢迎; 普及; 流行household 一家人; 家庭locate 找出，定居promote 促进; 推动; 促销parent-child 父母与子女之间的kinship 亲属关系trace 找到; 发现distant 遥远的; 远处的rebuild 重建; 重组reliable 可信赖的; 可依靠的bloodline 世系; 血统claim 宣称; 声称accuracy 准确(性); 精确(程度) disorganized 杂乱无章的overlap 重叠，重复lack 缺乏; 匮乏sample 样本，样品excessive 过分的，过多的fors and against 支持与反对text3relationship 关系；联系formal 正式的；正规的formal education 正规教育misunderstood 误解的；误会的alike 一样，相似的；progress 进步；发展undoubtedly 无疑地conventional 传统的priority 优先考虑的事,优先权；优先high priority 优先考虑的事项promote 促进rapid 急速的；迅速的；快的fortunate 幸运的，庆幸的put through 顺利完成institution 机构；制定finding 调查find发现，找到consistently 始终如一地，一致的achieve 完成；达到；实现radically 根本上higher 更高的，提高productive 生产的；有成效的ironically 讽刺地；not long ago 不久前recession 后退；enter a recession 进入衰退期primary cause 主要原因workforce 劳动力deride 嘲笑global 全球性的；总的；automotive-assembly 汽车装配assembly 装配，安装，组装factory 工厂；制造厂counterpart 两方面地位，职业相当的人或物，相对应的人或物more recently 更近一些construction 建设；结构；take efforts 做出努力，花费力气house construction 房屋建造meet standards 符合标准best practice 最佳实践，最佳做法illiterate 不识字的non-english-speaking 不讲英语的labor 劳动，工作labor force 劳动力complexity 复杂suspect 推测，猜想productive 富有成效的，有效益的more productive 更有效率，更有成效productivity potential 生产力潜能ancestor 祖宗；祖先gatherer 收集者hunter 搜寻者humanity 人类；人性；人道competitive 竞争的；有竞争力的competitive environment 竞争环境afford 支付得起，有时间做in turn 依次，轮流，反过来sufficient 充分的condition 条件；情况require 要求；需要advance 前进；进展escape 逃跑；逃脱；逃避poverty 贫困；贫乏trap 困境broader 更宽广的，更广阔的constrain 限制，约束substantially 大幅度，本质上地foreseeable 可预见的contrary 相反的explain 说明；解释subject 主题，话题，遭受到... important subject 重要主题groundless 无根据的doubt 怀疑；疑惑fallen 落下的victim 受害者fall victim of 成为...的受害者bias 偏见downgrade 低估overestimate 估计过高demand 要求；需求discipline 使...守纪律quote 引用，引述prior 优先的；在前的pressure 压力，施压text4thoroughly 彻底地intellectual 知识分子，脑力劳动者minister 部长，牧师New England 美国东北部六个州philosophy 哲学nowhere 无处，任何地方都不nowhere else 没有其他地方colonial 殖民地的attach 附上；贴上；使附属establish 建立pursuit 兴趣，爱好，追求，追赶，复数就是兴趣爱好的意思preoccupation 全神贯注unfold 逐渐展现，表露，阐明dominant 主要的；dominate 支配；控制；统治encourage 鼓励endeavor 尽力；努力liberal 自由的；obsess 着迷；困扰famous 著名的；有名的gain 获得的affairs 私通；事件；事情，事务abandoned 被抛弃的；无约束的abandon的过去式tradition 传统normally 正常地，通常的Puritan 清教徒attach importance to/place importance on 重视approach 方式，方法theological 神学的innovation 创新position 位置，职位neglect 忽略；忽视examination 考查distinctive 独特的original 最初的carrier 携带人，承载者adjust 适应circumstance 环境；scene 地点，现场episode 一个事件（一连串实践中的）civility 文明礼仪virtuosity 技艺settler 定居者，移居者，移民take an approach to 以某种方式处理/看待...in keeping with 与...保持一致in the pursuit of 追求....impressive 令人印象深刻的or so 大约（表示数量）besides 除...之外，beside在...旁边besides....，there were... 除....，还有....left 左边，可能也是leave的过去式，翻译为离开，留下thinking 思考，思想，思维learned 有学问的，博学的learn 学会，学习，得知crown 王国，王国政府journey 旅行；旅程audience 听众；观众extensively 广泛的reach 被...看到（或听到）intellectual earnestness 渴望求知atmosphere 气氛；大气farmer 农夫；农民craftsman 工匠dependent 仆人，侍从servant 仆人tailor 裁缝emigrate 移居；移民an account of 关于...的报告或账目，叙述bible 圣经fill 充满的，填充，装满superstitious 迷信的sign 迹象，征兆frustration 挫折influence 影响superstition 迷信frustrate 挫败earn 收入，所得，挣得decisive 决定性的moment 片刻；瞬间settle 解决，定居meanwhile 同时slighter 轻微的；纤弱的；微小的clergyman 牧师magical 神奇的sermon 说教let alone 更不用说literary composition 书面作品superstitious quality 迷信色彩sexual confusion 性困惑economic frustration 经济挫折settle one's fate 决定命运shall 应该，将要wonder 惊奇，想知道commitment 献身，投入clergyman 牧师confront 遇到，面临folk 普通百姓coast 海岸mock 嘲弄motivate 激励illusory 虚幻的religious commitment 宗教信仰main end 主要目的engaged 忙碌的；使用中的prospect 前景；希望record 记录reference 参考；参照。
09考研英语翻译常考和必考词汇集锦
09考研英语翻译常考和必考词汇集锦DAgree vi.一致; 相合同意, 赞成约定, 允诺, 答应,相宜, 调和, 符合,和睦相处Almost adv.几乎, 差不多, 差一点; 将近Amount n.量, 数量, 数额, 总额, 总数. vi.合计, 共计Approach vt. & vi.接近, 走近, 靠近; vt.接洽, 交涉; 着手处理; n.靠近, 接近, 临近Appropriate adj.适当的, 恰当的; vt.挪用; 占用; 盗用Argue vt. & vi.争吵, 辩论; vt.坚决主张, 提出理由证明, 说服, 劝说Arise vi. & link v.呈现; 出现; 发生; vi.起身, 起来, 起立Aspect n.方面,方位, 朝向Assert vt.声称, 断言,维护, 坚持Assume vt.假设, 臆断, 猜想, 假装,担, 担任, 就职Attempt n. 尝试, 企图vt. 尝试, 企图Augment vt.增加, 提高, 扩大；n.增加, 提高, 扩大Availability n.可用性,有效性,实用性Base n.基础, 底座，基地, 根据地vt.把…建立在, 以…为基础Behavioral adj.动作的，行为方面的Branch n.树枝, 枝条，支, 分科, 分系；vi.出枝，树叉Cause n.原因, 起因，故, 理由vt.成为…的原因; 导致，促使, 使发生Centralize vt.使…处于中央的控制之下, 把…集中于中央，成为...的中心, 把..集中起来Challenge n.挑战, 邀请比赛，怀疑, 质问，艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑Change vt.改变, 变革，交换, 替换以...兑换，把...变成... (into) ；n.改变, 变化, 变更Character n.品质, 特性, 特色，特征, 好的品质，人物, 角色(书写或印刷)符号, (汉)字Charge vt.装(满), 使饱含; 控告, 指责(with); 把...归咎于(to, on, upon)要(价), 收(费);n.电[载, 负]荷; 主管, 负责, 委托, 管理; 受照料者，费用, 价钱,Choice n.选择, 挑选，供选择的东西adj.上等的; 精选的Circumstance n.环境, 条件, 情况，境遇, 经济状况Closely adv.接近地，亲密的adv.精密地，严密地Comment n.评论, 意见, 解释, 批评vt. & vi.评论; 谈论Comparative adj.比较的, 相比的，相比之下的, 相比而言的, 相对的Compensate vt. & vi.补偿, 报酬Competent adj.适当的，称职的，胜任的，有能力的，有资格的，权限内的，充足的；耐久的Complete adj.完整的，整个的；完成的，圆满的，十足的，完美的；(设备等)齐全的vt.完成，结束Complex adj.由许多部分组成的, 复杂的, 难懂的n.综合体, 集合体Concept n.【哲】概念，观念，思想，(基本)原理，定则，意想Conclusion n.结束, 结论, 结尾, 推论Concreten. 凝结物, 混凝土a. 具体的, 实在的, 混凝土的vt. (使)凝结, 用混凝土浇筑vi. (使)凝结, 用混凝土浇筑Condition n.状况, 状态; 地位,健康状况, 可使用的状况条件, 先决条件环境, 情况疾病;vt.制约, 限制Conduct vt. & vi.引导, 带领, 担任指挥n.举止, 行为Connection n.连接, 联结, 联系; 关系Consequence n.结果，后果；【数】后承；【逻】结论,重要(性)；重大意义Consideration n.考虑，思考；顾虑(为别人)着想；体谅, 考虑的结果Contend vi.抗争，争论，争辩, 斗争，n.竞［斗］争者，争论者Continue vt.继续(做某事)，使延长［伸］,持续，接着说Control n.控制, 支配, 管理, 调节, 抑制, 控制器, 调节装置vt.控制, 支配, 管理(物价等), 操纵, 抑制Convey vt.传导，运［传，输］送Convince vt.使相信［信服］，说服, 使承认；使悔悟；使认错［罪］Cosmos n.宇宙，世界, 完整的体系, 秩序，和谐Create vt.创造, 建立, 造成, 引起, 产生Critics n.评论. 评论家.Cultural adj.文化的, 与文化有关的Custom n.风俗, 习惯, 惯例, 常规, 传统, [the Customs]海关; [pl. ]关税Deal with 惠顾; 与…交易, 和…做买卖, 应付, 处理; 对待Decade n.十年, 十年间Define vt.精确地解释; 界定, 给...下定义Delightful adj.令人非常高兴的, 讨人喜欢的Demand vt.要求, 请求, 需要, 查问, 询问Demonstrate vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明, 演示，论证, 证明Depend vi.[通常与on, upon 连用]依靠, 依赖，相信, 信赖，取决于, 由...而定Design vt.设计; 作图案; 打图样, 绘制，盘算, 筹划, (在心中)计划, 设计，企图, 预谋Detail n.细节; 详细; 详情; 琐事; 枝节; 琐碎Determine vt.决心, 决意vi.决定;决心Difficulty n.困难; 艰难，难事; 困境Digital adj.数字式的, 数码的Directly adv.直接地, 径直地, conj.一…就…Discipline vt.训练, 训导，处罚, 惩罚n.训练,纪律Distinctly adv.独特的; 清晰的; 明显的; 确定无疑的Divert vt.使转向, 使转移, 使消遣, vi.转移, 转向, 转入Effective adj.有效的; 生效的, 事实上的,Efficiency n.效率, 效能Either…or(两者之中)任何一个, (否定句中)也Elect vt.(进行)选举, 推举, 决定(做某事)Electronic adj.电子的; 电子器件的Elegant adj.优美的, 文雅的; 讲究的,简洁的,Elementary adj.基本的, 初级的, 小学的, 简单的, 容易的Elsewhere adv.在别处, 到别处Emphasis n.强调, 重点Enhance vt.提高, 增加, 加强Entitle vt.给...题名, 给…称号[尊称], 给予...权利[资格] (to);Environment n.周围; 围绕, 环境(周围的状况); 自然外界Equality n.同[平]等, 均一[等]; 一样Equip vt.装备, 配备, 装束, 使具备Essential adj.重要的, 根本的,本质的, 实质的,不可少的; n.[pl. ] 本质, 实质, 精华Establish vt.成立,建立, 开设, 确立,Event n.事件, 大事, [pl. ]时事, 时局; 偶然可能发生的事Evidence n.证词; 证据; 迹象vt. 表明, 显示Exaggeration n.夸大[张], (艺术等的)夸张手法Exclude vt.排除; 不包括在内Exist vi.存在, 有, 生存; 活着Expand vt. & vi.使…变大, 扩大, 扩张, 张开, 展开Expect vt.预料; 预期vi. 期望, 期待, 希望Expense n.消耗, 花费, 费用Experience n.经验, 体验, 经历; 阅历; vt.经历, 感受,Explanation n.解释, 说明; 注释, 辩解[明]Exploration n.探险旅行; 搜寻, 考察, 探索Explosion n.爆炸; 爆发, 激增, 扩大Expose vt.曝光, 暴露; 显露Extent n.长度, 面积, 范围, 程度, 限度External adj.外面的, 外部的, 外观的, 表面的Extreme adj.尽头的, 末端的, 极度的, 极端的; n.极端, 过分Fabricate vt.编造, 捏造, 虚构; 伪造far-reaching adj.深远的Fascinating adj.迷人的, 有极大吸引力的Fault n.缺点, 缺陷; 过失, 过错Favorable adj.赞成的,有利的,赞许的, 讨人喜欢的, 起促进作用的Feeling n.知觉,感觉, 感触, 态度, 看法Force n.力; 力量; 武力; 暴力vt.强制, 迫使, 逼迫Form n.组成, 结构, 形式; 表格vt.塑造, 养成，成立Formulate vt.构想出, 规划，确切地阐述Function n.功能; 作用; 职责vi.工作, 运行, 起作用Fundamental adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则Furthermore adv.而且, 此外General adj.普遍的, 全面的; 总体的, 一般的，通常的Glory n.光荣, 荣誉，壮丽，非常美的事物; 给人荣耀的事, 值得称赞的事Grasp vt.抓住,理解, 领会n.抓住; 理解Host n.主人(对宾客而言)，(广播, 电视的)节目主持人vt.主办(宴会等); 款待, 作主人招待Humbly adv.谦恭地，卑贱地; 粗陋地Identity n.身份，个性, 特性，同一性, 一致性Ignore vt.不顾, 不理, 忽视Immediate adj.立即的, 即刻的; 紧迫的，当前的Improve vt. & vi.改善, 改进, 提高Include vt.包住, 关住，包含, 包括，算[计]入Increase vt. & vi.增加, 增大, 增多n.增长;增进Individual adj.个别的, 单独的, 个人的，独特的n.个人Industry n.工业, 制造业，工业界，[总称]企业; 产业Inflation n.(充气而引起的)膨胀，通货膨胀Injurious adj.伤害的，中伤的，不公正的Innovation n.改革, 革新, 创新，新观念, 新方法, 新发明Inquiry n.打听, 询问，调查, 查问Insight n.洞察力, 洞悉, 深刻的见解，领悟, 顿悟Instinct n.本能; 天性; 直觉Institution n.创立; 制度; 惯例; (社会或宗教等)公共机构; 协会, 事业机构Instrument n.器具, 仪器, 乐器Integrate vt.使结合成为整体vt. & vi.(使)融入Intellectual adj.智力的; 理智的, 善于思维的n.知识分子Interest n.兴趣; 爱好, 利益vt.使产生兴趣, 引起…的意愿Internal adj.内(部)的,内在的; 心灵的, 精神的,国内的;Interpret vt.解释; 说明vt. & vi.口译; 翻译Invention n.发明(才能), 创造(力), 发明物, 捏造, 虚构Involve vt. 使卷入; 使陷入; 使参与, 牵涉Issue n.问题, 议题; 争论点, vt.出版, 发行, 发表, 发布vi.冒出, 传出Judge n.法官,裁判员, vt. & vi.审判; 评判; 断定Largely adv.在很大程度上, 大半地,主要地Lead vt. & vi.带路, 领路, 指引, 领导; 指挥Lie vi.躺, 卧, 位于vi. & link v.平放n.谎话Link vt. & vi.连接, 联系n.环, 联系, 纽带Maintain vt.保持; 继续,维护,Mass n.团, 块, 堆, 大量, 众多vt. & vi.(使)集中; 聚集adj.许多的, 大规模的, 群众的Mathematics n.数学Means n.方法, 手段Measure vt. & vi.量出; 记录,估计, 估量, 仔细考虑n.尺寸, 尺度;Media n.媒体Method n.方法, 办法，秩序, 条理Moral adj.道德上的, 有道德的n.教育意义, 寓意，道德, 品行,Move vt. & vi.移动; 搬动vt.使感动, 激起n.动, 移动Native adj.出生地的, 故乡的, 当地(人)的; 原产于某地的n.当地人, 本地人no less than 不少于, 多达Notion n.概念, 观念，意愿, 打算, 意图Oblige vt. & vi.迫使做; 使负义务，满足请求; 施惠vt.感激Observe vt. & vi.观察; 研究vt.看到; 注意到，遵守; 遵循Obvious adj.明显的; 显而易见的Occur vi.(事件等)发生，想起，出现; 被发现Offend vt.触怒; 冒犯，使反感vi.犯规, 触犯Operation n.操作, 运转(方式)，作用, 效力，【医】手术Ordinary adj.普通的, 平常的; 平庸的, 平淡的Owing to 由于, 因为Parallel adj.(指至少两条线)平行的，类似的; n.平行线[面]，极相似的人[事物]，类似(点), 相似(之处) Particular adj.特定的, 某一的，特殊的, 特有的n.详情; 细目Partly adv.在一定程度上，部分地, 不完全地Passion n.热情, 强烈感情(尤指爱、恨、怒)，爱情; 情欲，爱好;Past adj.以前的, 过去的n.过去,昔时; 往事prep.(表示时间)迟于,晚于，(表示关涉)从…旁边通过Pattern n.型, 样式，花样, 图案vt.模仿; 仿制Perform vt.履行, 执行, 完成(事业), 演奏, 演出Personality n.人, 人的存在; 个性; 【心理】性格; 人格, 品格Phenomena n.现象(单数) Philosopher n.哲学家，思想家; 学者Point n.要点, 论点, 观点vt.削尖vt. & vi.指; 指向Possible adj.可能的, 可能存在[发生, 做到]的; 潜在的Practice n.练习, 实习，实践, 实际Predict vt. & vi.预言; 预测; 预示Prediction n.预言; 预言的事物Preserve vt.保护; 维护，保藏, 蜜饯(水果); 腌制(蔬菜等);Primary adj.首要的; 主要的; 最初的; 初级的Principle n.原理, 原则，主义; 本质,Privilege n.特权, 特别待遇或权益vt. 给与...特权, 特免Process n.过程, 进程vt.加工; 处理vi.列队行进Produce vt. & vi.生产, 产生, 出产，制作, 创作Prove vt. 证明, 查验, 检验, 勘探, 显示vi. 证明是，【经】证实Psychological adj.心理的; 精神的，心理学的; 关于心理学的Quarrel n.争吵, 不和, 口角vi.争吵, 争辩Rage vi.大发脾气, 动怒n.狂怒, 盛怒rather than (要)…而不…, 与其…倒不如…，宁可, 宁愿Realize vt.实现，了解; 认识到vt. & vi.变卖; 赚得Reason n.理由; 原因，理性, 理智vt. & vi.推理; 思考Recognize vt.认出, 识别出某人[某事物]Refer vi. 谈[涉, 提]及, 提到, 指(的是)，关系到vt.送交; 提交Refine vt.精炼; 精制; 使纯净，使文雅高尚; 使去掉粗俗言行; 使变得完善Reflection n.反映, 反射; 映像, 倒影，折射,Regard vt.把...视为, 看作vi.注意; 注视n.注重,考虑，Reject vt.拒绝, 谢绝; 驳回n.被拒货品, 不合格产品Relate vt. & vi.(把…)联系起来Relevant adj.有关的, 切题的rely on 信赖, 依赖Require vt.需要，要求; vi.命令, 要求Research n.研究; 探讨vi.做研究, 探究，探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究Resolve vt. & vi.决定; 决心，解决(问题、疑问等)rests upon 有赖于，取决于Result n.结果; 效果; 后果; 成效vi.发生, 产生; 导致, 结果是Reveal vt.显示; 露出，泄露; 透露Revolution n.革命，彻底改变, 重大变革Revolve vt.使旋[绕]转; 使周转，细想, 盘算Science n.科学, 科学研究，(一门)学科; 自然科学，理科Seem link v.好像; 仿佛Select vt.选择; 挑选adj.精选的, 挑选出来的Serve vt. & vi.(为…)服务; 任(职)，提供, 端上Show vt. & vi.给…看, 显示，说明; 表明Significant adj.重要的, 重大的, 可观的，有意义的,Situation n.地点; 场合，局面, 情况, 境遇,Smart adj.整洁漂亮的; 思维敏捷的, 伶俐的; 聪明的vi.感到刺痛n.创伤Social adj.社会(上)的，社交的, 喜爱交际的Sound n.声音; 响声vt. & vi.(使)发出声音; 响Source n.源头, 根[来]源，消息来源，出处,Special adj.特别的, 特殊的，专门的, 专用的,Specific adj.明确的, 确切的, 具体的, 特定的Standard n.标[基, 水]准, 规格[范], 典范, adj.标准的,权威的, 模范的State n.状态, 状况，国家, 政府，州; 邦vt.陈述; 敘述Stress n.压力, 紧张，重力，重音vt.重读，强调Strikingly adv.醒目地,引人侧目地，突出的, 鲜明的,Structure n.结构, 构造vt.组织; 制定Subject n.主题; 题目; 科目; 课程adj.常有[常患, 常遭受]…的; 倾向于…的vt.使服从, 征服,Superior adj.(级别、地位)较高的; (品质、程度)优良的, 较好的n.上级, 长官, 上司Support vt.支撑; 撑扶; 托住; 支持n.支撑, 赞助Survive vi.幸存, 活下来vt.比…活得长, 经历…之后还存在System n.系统; 体系,制度, 体制Technique n.技巧, 手法, 技术Technology n.科技(总称); 工艺; 应用科学,工业技术Therefore adv.因此, 为此, 所以, 故…; 由此得出Thought n.思索, 思维能力; 思想, 思潮Trait n.人的个性, 显著的特点, 特征, 一点点, 少许(of)Transfer vt. & vi.转移; 迁移n.转移; 转让; 转录Transport n. 运输, 运输工具,流放犯vt. 传送, 运输, 流放Treat n.款待, 招待vt.对待, 看待, 处理Trend n.(海岸、河流、山脉等)走向, 方向,趋势, 倾向, 流行, 时尚Undergo vt.经历, 承受Understanding n.了解; 相互理解, 谅解; adj谅解的; 通情达理的Unique adj.独一无二的, 仅有的, 特有的, 少见的Until prep.到…为止,在…以前conj.到…为止,在…以前,直到…才Validate vt.证实; 确证,使生效; 使有法律效力Vanish vi.消失, 突然不见, 绝迹Various adj.各种不同的, 各种各样的View n.展望, 视野, 眼界, 观点, 看法Whereas conj.但是, 而Whether…or是…还是位置方向关系1.by-表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath，bypass（弯路）2.circum-，circu-，表示“周围，环绕，回转”circumstance，circuit3.de-，表示“在下，向下”descend，degrade4.extra-，表示“额外”extraction（提取)5.inter-，intel-，表示“在……间，相互”international，interaction，internet6.over-，表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook，overhead，overboard7.pre-，表示“在前”在前面“ prefix，preface，preposition 8.pro-，表示“在前，向前”progress，proceed，9.sub-，suc-，suf-，sug-，sum-，sup-，sur-，sus-，表示“在下面，下”submarine，suffix，suppress，supplement 10.trans-，表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translate，transform，transoceanic二、表示否定意义1.纯否定前缀a-，an-，asymmetry（不对称)dis-dishonest，dislikein-，ig-，il，im，ir，incapable，inability，ignoble，impossible，immoral，illegal，irregular ne-，n-，none，neither，nevernon-，noesenseun-unable，unemployment2.表示错误的意义male-，mal-，malfunction，maladjustment（失调）mis-，mistake，misleadpseudo-，pseudonym（假名），pseudoscience三、表示时间序列关系1.ante-，anti-，表示“先前，早于，预先”antecedent，anticipate，2.ex-，表示“先，故，旧”expresident，exhusband3.pre-，pri-，表示“在前，事先，预先”preheat，prewar，prehistory4.pro-，表示“在前，先，前”prologue（序幕.，prophet（预言家）。
2009年考研英语单词(部分)
09年完形填空fruit flyn.果蝇(幼虫在植物组织中的孵化)bulbD.J.[bʌlb]n.1 球茎2 电灯泡brightD.J.[brait]adj.1 光亮的, 闪光的, 发光的2 鲜艳的, 鲜亮的3 生气勃勃的, 愉快的; 幸福的4 聪明的, 伶俐的5 前途光明的, 有希望的high-priced['hai'praist]adj.高价的昂贵的upkeepD.J.['ʌp,ki:p]n.1 保养;维修;维持2 保养费,维修费fuelD.J.[fjuəl]n.燃料, 燃烧剂vt.1 给…加燃料, 给…加油2 激起vi. 补充燃料instinctD.J.['instiŋkt]n.本能; 天性; 直觉plentyD.J.['plenti]n.充裕, 大量, 富庶adv.1 相当地, 充分地2 十分; 非常speciesD.J.['spi:ʃi:z]n.1 物种, 种2 种类; 类型adaptiveD.J.[ə'dæptiv]adj.适应的wistfulD.J.['wɪstfəl]adj.惆怅的;渴望的;思念的;怀旧的adv.惆怅地;渴望地n.惆怅;渴望;思念glanceD.J.[ɡlɑ:ns]vi.1 一瞥, 扫视; 略视2 闪耀, 闪光n.1 一瞥, 瞥视2 闪光3 滑过, 掠过implicitlyD.J.[ɪm'plɪsɪtlɪ]adv.1 含蓄地;暗示地2 无疑问地；无保留地；绝对地operantD.J.['ɔpər nt]n.发生作用的人或物,工作的人或物adj.动作的conditioningD.J.[kən'diʃəniŋ]n.条件作用；训练；健身训练patienceD.J.['peiʃəns]n.1 耐性, 忍耐力, 耐心2 坚忍, 坚持, 毅力faithfulnessn.忠诚,正确,诚实inconclusiveD.J.[,ɪnkən'klu:sɪv]adj.非决定性的,无结果的adv.非决定性地,无结果地n.非决定性,无结果threatenD.J.['θretən]vt.&vi.1 恐吓, 威胁2 预示(某事)vi.似将发生stabler厩主,棚主dimmerD.J.['dimə]n.调光器tendencyD.J.['tendənsi]n.倾向, 趋势inclinationD.J.[,ɪnklə'neɪʃən]n.1 爱好, 癖好, 意向2 倾向, 趋向, 趋势3 倾斜, 弯腰, 曲身, 点头4 斜坡, 斜面priorityD.J.[prai'ɔriti]n.1 优先权, 重点2 优先考虑的事insist on坚持; 强调sum up1 是…的总和〔数〕; 合计2 总结, 概括3 向陪审团概述案情incredibleD.J.[in'kredəbl]adj.1 不能相信的, 不可信的2 〈非正〉难以置信的, 不可思议的, 惊人的spontaneousD.J.[spɔn'teiniəs]adj.1 自发的, 无意识的2 自然的, 天真率直的inevitableD.J.[in'evitəbl]adj.1 不可避免的, 必然发生的2 〈非正〉总会发生的, 照例必有的, 惯常的gradualD.J.['ɡrædjuəl]adj.渐渐的, 逐步的indefiniteD.J.[in'definit]adj.1 无限期的2 不明确的, 含糊的featureD.J.['fi:tʃə]n.1 特征, 特色2 面貌, 相貌3 特写, 专题节目4 (电影的)正片, 故事片features容貌deliverD.J.[di'livə]vt.&vi.递送, 交付vt.1 发言2 助产3 发动, 提出in contrast相比之下contrastD.J.['kɔntræst]n.1 对比, 对照2 差异, 差别3 对照物, 明显的对比物vt.&vi.对比, 对照forinstance例如, 比如instanceD.J.['instəns]n.例子, 实例moderateD.J.['mɔdərit]adj.1 中等的, 适度的, 不很大的2 温和的; 有节制的3 中庸的, 稳健的, 不走极端的vt.&vi.(使)减轻[缓和]; 节制determineD.J.[di'tə:min]vt.&vi.(使)下决心, (使)做出决定vt.1 确定, 测定2 限定; 制定; 支配fundamentalD.J.[,fʌndə'mentəl]adj.基本的; 重要的, 必要的n.基本原则, 基本法则comprehensiveD.J.[,kɔmpri'hensiv]adj.广泛的, 综合的equivalentD.J.[i'kwivələnt]adj.相等的, 相当的hostileD.J.['hɔstail]adj.1 怀有敌意的, 不友善的2 敌人的, 敌方的09年阅读1formationD.J.[fɔ:'meiʃən]n.1 形成, 构成2 形成物3 编队, 排列mindlessD.J.['maɪndlɪs]adj.1 没有思维能力的,愚笨的,无知的2 不注意的,不顾…的n.没有思维能力,愚笨,无知;不注意autopilotD.J.['ɔ:təpailət]n.自动驾驶仪unconsciousD.J.[ʌn'kɔnʃəs]adj.1 失去知觉的2 不知道的, 未察觉的3 无意识地做出或说出的n.<心>潜意识routineD.J.[ru:'ti:n]n.例行公事, 惯例, 惯常的程序adj.例行的; 常规的unreflectingD.J.['ʌnri'flektiŋ]adj.不反射的,不反省的,无思虑的,浅薄的herdD.J.[hə:d]n.1 兽群, 牧群2 人群, 群众vt.&vi.群集, 纠结vt.放牧implicationD.J.[,ɪmpli'keiʃən]n.1 卷入, 牵连2 含义, 暗示, 暗指paradoxical[,pærə'dɔksikl]adj.1 事与愿违的; 出乎意料的; 怪诞的2 自相矛盾的contextD.J.['kɔntekst]n.1 背景, 环境2 上下文, 语境creativityD.J.[,kri:eɪ'tɪvətɪ]n.创造性，创造力；创作能力innovationD.J.[,ɪnəu'veiʃən]n.1 改革, 革新, 创新2 新观念, 新方法, 新发明parallelD.J.['pærəlel]adj.1 (指至少两条线)平行的2 类似的; 相对应的n.1 平行线[面]2 极相似的人[事物]3 类似(点), 相似(之处)4 比较5 纬线, 纬圈vt.与…平行; 与…相当pathD.J.[pɑ:θ]n.1 小路, 小径2 路线, 途径, 路径, 轨迹creatureD.J.['kri:tʃə]n.1 生物, 动物2 人inherently[in'hiərəntli]adv.天性地,固有地rutD.J.[rʌt]n.1 车辙; 犁沟2 常规, 老规矩vt.在(某物上)形成车辙procedureD.J.[prə'si:dʒə]n.1 程序, 步骤2 手续deliberatelyD.J.[dɪ'lɪbərɪtlɪ]adv.1 慎重地;谨慎地2 故意地,蓄意地3 从容不迫地,不慌不忙地bypassD.J.['baipɑ:s]vt.1 绕过, 避开2 不顾n.旁道fascinationD.J.[,fæsə'neɪʃən]n.1 魅力;有魅力的东西2 迷恋,陶醉primaryD.J.['praiməri]adj.1 首要的; 主要的; 基本的2 最初的; 初级的analytically[,ænə'litikəli]adv.分析地，分析法地procedureD.J.[prə'si:dʒə]n.1 程序, 步骤2 手续relationalD.J.[ri'leiʃənəl]adj.亲属的,相关的,有关的collaborative[kə'læbəreitiv]adj.合作的,协作的,协力完成的innovativeD.J.['inəuveitiv]adj.1 新发明的, 新引进的; 革新的;有改革精神的2 乐于引进新观念的capacityD.J.[kə'pæsiti]n.1 容量, 容积2 才能, 能力3 身份, 职位emphasisD.J.['emfəsis]n.强调, 重点standardized ['stændə,daizd]adj.标准的,定型的inherently[in'hiərəntli]adv.天性地,固有地perpetuate D.J.[pə'petʃu:,eɪt]vt.使永存;使人记住不忘commonness ['kɔmənnəs]n.普通,平凡,共性mechanical D.J.[mi'kænikəl] K.K.[mɪ'kænɪkəl]adj.1 机械的, 力学的2 机械似的; 呆板的formationD.J.[fɔ:'meiʃən]n.1 形成, 构成2 形成物3 编队, 排列regulateD.J.['reɡjuleit]vt.1 控制, 管理2 调整; 调节traceD.J.[treis]vt.1 追踪; 追溯2 发现; 找到3 描绘; 标出vt.&vi.缓慢而困难地书写n.1 踪迹; 痕迹; 形迹2 极微的量decisiveD.J.[di'saisiv]adj.1 决定性的2 坚定的, 果断的fantasticD.J.[fæn'tæstik]adj.1 荒诞的, 奇异的, 古怪的2 极大的, 异乎寻常的3 极好的, 极出色的, 了不起的curiosityD.J.[,kjuəri'ɔsiti]n.1 好奇心, 爱打听的癖性2 奇人, 奇物, 珍品standardized['stændə,daizd]adj.标准的,定型的emphasizeD.J.['emfəsaiz]vt.强调; 加强语气; 重读inherentD.J.[in'hiərənt]adj.固有的; 内在的。
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考研英语（一）高频重点单词详解—2009年翻译（上）这是一篇社会生活类教育学题材的文章，来源于John Dewey的专著Democracy and Education，主题围绕“对年轻人的教育”展开。
在试卷中，命题专家对部分句子进行了改写，以符合考研英语的考点。
相对于其他题材而言，教育类话题是更为考生们所熟悉的话题，语言和概念相对容易理解，并不特别抽象难懂。
以下是本文中出现的10个高频重点单词，就让我们一起来学习吧！1. 6deliberate [dɪ'lɪbərət]adj. 故意的;深思熟虑的;从容的vt. 仔细考虑;商议【词根记忆】：de(表示加强)+liber(=libra,拉丁文名词，“天平，磅”)+ate(动词后缀)→将事物定下来掂算重量→仔细考虑;商议→深思熟虑的→故意的;从容的【短语搭配】：take time to deliberate 做事要深思熟虑【真题例句】：There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. 在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
(2009年翻译)2. 4incidental ['ɪnsə'dɛntl]adj. 附带的;偶然的;容易发生的n. 附带事件;偶然事件【词根记忆】：in(强调)+cid(忽然落下、降临)+ent(名词后缀)+al(形容词后缀)→忽然落下的事情→偶然的→偶然事件【真题例句】In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是(社会)联系的直接原因。
(2009年翻译)3.13association [ə,soʃɪ'eʃən]n. 协会，联盟，社团;联合;联想【词根记忆】：a(a+双写的辅音字母表示强调)+socia(社会)+tion(名词后缀)→与社会(或他人)紧密的结合→联合→联盟，社会联系【真题例句】In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. 在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是(社会)联系的直接原因。
(2009年翻译)4. 12institution [ɪnstɪ'tjuːʃ(ə)n]n. 制度;建立;(社会或宗教等)公共机构;习俗【词根记忆】：in(里面)+stit(=stand，站立、建立)+ution(名词后缀)→根植于里面的东西→设立出的制度【真题例句】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
(2009年翻译，46)5. 11enlarge [ɪn'lɑːdʒæk'tɪvɪtɪ]vi. 扩大;放大;详述vt. 扩大;使增大;扩展【词根记忆】：en(使动前缀)+large(大)→使变大→扩大;使增大;扩展【短语搭配】：enlarge on 详述【真题例句】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
(2009年翻译，46)6. 19original [ə'rɪdʒənl]n. 原件;原作;原物;原型adj. 原始的;最初的;独创的;新颖的【词根记忆】：ori(=rise，升起，开始)+gin(捕获，引申为生命)+al(形容词后缀)→生命开始的→原始的;最初的→【短语搭配】：original edition 原版【真题例句】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
(2009年翻译，46)7. 3motive ['məʊtɪv]n. 动机，目的;主题adj. 发动的;成为动机的vt. 使产生动机，激起【词根记忆】：mot(动)+ive(形容词后缀)→动的→发动的;成为动机的→动机，目的→使产生动机，激起【真题例句】It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. 可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
(2009年翻译，46)8. 20religious [rɪ'lɪdʒəs]adj. 宗教的;虔诚的;严谨的;修道的n. 修道士;尼姑【词根记忆】：relig=rely(依靠，依赖)+ious(形容词后缀)→内心所依赖的→虔诚的→宗教的→严谨的;修道的→修道士;尼姑【真题例句】Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力;家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下;而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
(2009年翻译)9. 5secure [sɪ'kjʊə]adj. 安全的;无虑的;有把握的;稳当的vt. 保护vi. 获得安全【词根记忆】：se=away(离开)+cure(=care，关心、担心)→远离担心的→安全的;无虑的;有把握的;稳当的→保护→获得安全【短语搭配】：a secure job稳定的工作【真题例句】Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力;家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下;而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
(2009年翻译)10. 1overrule [əʊvə'ruːl]vt. 过度统治;强权;镇压【词根记忆】：over(过度，过分)+rule(统治)→过度统治→强权;镇压【真题例句】Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力;家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下;而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
(2009年翻译)总之，作为2009年考研英语翻译部分，该篇文章词汇部分的难度适中，考生需要掌握常见的词根词缀。
本文是由凯程英语教研室教师参考凯程考研系列词汇解析和权威的词根词缀字典，结合历年考研真题为大家解析的2009年考研英语真题中的翻译部分的重点高频词汇。
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